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CHAPTER 2: ENERGY AND MATTER
2-1 Energy
2-2 Temperature
2-3 Matter
2-4 Elements and Compounds
2-5 Mixtures
2-1 ENERGY
Name 3 basic forms of nrg
State the law of conservation of nrg
NEED FOR NRG Heat water for cooking, bathing, etc. Provide nourishment for our bodies Travel long distances in comfort
NRG The capacity to do work or to produce
heatWork is the ability to move an object over a
distance against a resisting force A locomotive moves a train against the resisting
force of the air and friction of the wheels Sunlight striking solar panels to power a motor
against the resistance of the attached appliance A chocolate bar gives you nrg to climb a steep
hill against the resisting force of gravity
FORMS OF NRG nrg can be grouped under
3 headings Radiant nrg: light nrg
sunlight Kinetic nrg: nrg of motion
Locomotive down the tracks Mechanical nrg – moving
parts of a machine Thermal nrg – random
internal motion of particles w/in matter
Potential nrg: stored nrg because of position/ arrangement of particles Stored rain water wheel
MEASURING NRG calorie (cal): measures the amount of heat
needed to raise the temp of 1g of water 1˚C 1 cal = 1g x 1˚C
How many calories of heat would be needed to raise 5g of water 1˚C ?5g x 1˚C = 5 cal
Calorie (Cal): measures the nrg stored in food 1 Cal = 1000 cal or 1 kilocalories
Chocolate bar w/ 200 Cal = 200 kcal = 200 000 cal
Joule (J): SI unit of nrg Lifting 1 apple the length of 1 meter = 1 joule 1 cal = 4.184 J
SAMPLE PROBLEM A student uses 30. J of nrg putting books
on a shelf in the classroom. Convert this amount of nrg from joules to calories.
30. J 1 cal4.184 J = 7.2 cal
LAW OF CONSERVATION OF NRG In any process, nrg can not be created
or destroyedProcess: any situation where nrg is
converted Examples:
Hitting a baseball transfers kinetic nrg of the bat to the ball
Striking a match transforms chemical nrg into heat and light
THE NRG CRISIS If nrg is never created or destroyed, how
can we be running out of nrg?The nrg gets turned in to another form of
nrgrenewable
8%nuclear
8%
coal22%
natural gas24%
petrolium38%
2-1 SECTION REVIEW Page 60 (1-5)
2-2TEMPERATURE
Compare the Fahrenheit, Celsius, and Kelvin temperature scales
Explain what is meant by absolute zero
WHY CAN’T WE USE TOUCH TO MEASURE TEMPERATURE? There are nerves on our skin that are
sensitive to temp Some people are more sensitive than
othersA room that feels comfy to 1 person, may
feel cold to another Must use a more precise method
Thermometer – accurate and precise Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) doctor who
invented the 1st thermometer to measure the fevers in his patients.
PARTS OF A THERMOMETERFilled w/ colored alcohol
As thermometer is heated, the liquid expands and rises
As thermometer is cooled, the liquid contracts and falls
Bulb
Stem
COMPARISON OF CELSIUS AND FAHRENHEIT
Example Temperature(˚C)
Temperature(˚F)
Lowest temp in US (Prospect Creek, AK)
-62 -80
Melting ice 0 32
Room temp 21 70
“Normal” body temp 37.0 98.6
Highest temp in US (Death Valley, CA) 57 134
Boiling water 100. 212
Oven temp for baking 163 325
Surface of sun 6 000 10 000
KELVIN TEMPERATURE SCALE Unit = kelvin (K) No degree symbol (˚) is used A temperature change of 1 kelvin is the
same as a change of 1 Celsius degree Kelvin has absolute zero
The point at which all motion of particles ceases
All kinetic nrg stopsAbsolute zero = -273.15˚C
˚C = K – 273 K = ˚C + 273
EXAMPLE Temps close to absolute zero are
incredibly cold, at 50. K air will freeze into a solid! Convert 50. K to the Celsius scale.
˚C = K – 273˚C = 50. – 273˚C = -223 ˚C
PRACTICE Normal body temp is 310 K. Convert to
˚C37˚C
Antifreeze, or ethylene glycol, boils at 197˚C. Convert this to kelvin.470 K
PURSUING ABSOLUTE ZERO Read w/ your partner the Connection on
page 64Answer this questions when you are done
reading Why would it be good for scientists to reach
Absolute Zero?
2-3 MATTER
Name and describe the 4 states of matter
Compare physical and chemical properties of matter
State the law of conservation of mass
MATTER
Matter is anything that has mass and volumeAnything that
takes up space
STATES OF MATTER 4 states:
Solid Holds a particular shape, has definite volume
Molecules are rigid and structured Liquid
Does not hold shape but does have definite volumeMolecules are disordered
Gas No definite shape or volume It expands to fill the shape of the container
Molecules in constant motion Plasma
Inside stars
VIDEO
Short explanation of the matter and the 4 states of matter
PROPERTIES OF MATTER When you were at lunch today, how did
you find your friends to eat with? What did you do to find them?
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Characteristics of a substance you can
observe w/o changing it Examples:
DensityColorMassTextureMost anything you find through using your
senses
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES Characteristics of a substance that
cannot be observed w/o changing it Examples:
Flammability – tendency to burn in air If it is a property that will change the
substance to be something else and is unreturnable, it is a chemical property
CHANGES IN MATTER Physical changes
Do not alter the identity of the substance If I tear a piece of paper into 2, 3, or even
20 pieces, it is still paper Chemical changes/Chemical reactions
Do alter the identity of the substance If I set those pieces of paper on fire, they
would no longer be paper
DIFFERENCE B/W CHEMICAL PROPERTY AND CHEMICAL CHANGE
A property is describing what could happen
A change is describing what is or what already happened
Which is the property, which the change?Leaves change colors in the FallWhen I looked out my window this morning,
I noticed the leaves are starting to change color.
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
Identify whether the underlined phrases are chemical or physical change or neither
PROBLEM #1Dear Aunt Linda,
Prom night was great fun! Tony, my date, looked very handsome in his rented tux – it was a shame the dog tore that little hole in his trousers. First we went to dinner at Chez Chemie. I was a little surprised that we had to light the candle on our own table and put ice water in the glasses, but the restaurant was vey busy and we didn’t mind. (The ice melted right away, too, and we had to add more.)
PROBLEM #2We both ordered shrimp Creole. While
we waited, we cut slices from a loaf of warm French bread – yum! My shrimp Creole was delicious. But poor Tony! The waiter was hurrying so much he spilled the whole plate on him. Tony was sweet about it, though. We got him cleaned up pretty well. He ordered a hamburger after that. He also ordered a baked potato, but he had to send it back to be cooked some more because it was still hard. It came back looking rather block, but Tony said it tasted fine.
PROBLEM #3Thank goodness it was a warm evening. We had to drive with
the windows rolled down because Tony was starting to smell like a fish market.
At the prom, we actually danced in the moonlight! (We couldn’t dance indoors on account of you know who.) We had a wonderful time. It really wasn’t anyone’s fault that Tony caught the edge of his sleeve on fire reaching over the snack table – I think too many little candles were burning on it. Mrs. Donaldson was mad that Tony dunked his arm in the punch bowl to put the fire out, but honestly what else could he do? He tipped over a vase of flowers to get to the punch bowl in time, and it shattered into a thousand pieces. Everyone stopped and stared, but no one got hurt.
On the way home, we happened to pass the tuxedo rental store, and I saw a “Help Wanted” sign. That was lucky, said Tony – he was going to need a job to pay for what happened to his suit!Love, JaniceP.S. Tony loves his new job, and just been promotes to assistant manager!
CONSERVATION OF MATTER Matter can never be created or
destroyedMeans the molecule that were here at the
beginning of time are still hereLaw of conservation of matter in effect for
the universe
ANTOINE LAVOISIER (1743 – 1794)
Uncovered the law of conservation of matter
Known for his accurate and precise measurements
The balance was his most treasured tool
Worked with his wife Killed at the guillotine
after the French Revolution b/c he was a part of a group who collected taxes for the gov’t
2-4 ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS
Explain the difference b/w an element and compound
ELEMENTS A substance that cannot be
separated into simpler substances by a chemical change
A little over 100 elements known today
Named after the scientist, country, state, or even planets einsteinium, americium,
californium, plutonium Use element symbols to
abbreviate names 1st letter always capital while
2nd, if there is one, will be lowercase Al for aluminum, H for hydrogen,
He for helium
Use the periodic table to organize the elements
COMPOUNDS 2+ elements combine in a chemical
reaction In fixed proportions
When magnesium is burned in air, it reacts with the oxygen in the air to produce magnesium oxide
+ air
2-5 MIXTURES
Compare heterogeneous and homogeneous mixtures
Describe several techniques to separate mixtures
MIXTURES A combination of 2 or more pure
substances in which each pure substance keeps its individual chemical propertiesThis means you can separate them after
you mix them It’s not a permanent change
Most substances want to mix, it is hard to find and keep a substance pure
EXAMPLES OF MIXTURES Sand + Water
How could we separate these?
Table salt + WaterHow could we separate these?
COMPOUND VS MIXTURE Compounds
Same composition 2 hydrogen and 1 oxygen always make water
MixturesVaried composition
Collection of elements and compounds
PURE SUBSTANCES Can be elements or
compounds How do you decide which?
Electrolysis – an electric current is passed through a sample If the sample is an element,
nothing will happen If the sample is a
compound, it will separate into the elements that make it up.
Same composition Always has the same
physical and chemical properties
Mixtures can be separated into pure substances
TYPES OF MIXTURES
HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURES Mixture that is the
same throughout Also called a
solution Examples
Sport drinksSalt waterAir you breathBrass (copper + zinc)
HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURE Mixture that has
different properties in different regions
ExamplesSand and waterCerealPizzaChocolate Chip
Cookies
HOW DO WE SEPARATE MIXTURES? Distillation Filtration Chromatography
DISTILLATION Used to separate 2 liquids Based on boiling points of each liquid
FILTRATION Used to separate a solid from a liquid
CHROMATOGRAPHY Used to separate the colors out of dyes
CHAPTER 2 REVIEW Multiple Choice
# 1-7 True or False
#8-17 Concept Mastery
#18, 19, 21(a –b), 22(a-b)
Critical Thinking and Problem Solving#26-29