2-3 CARBON COMPOUNDS TEKS:

9A: STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF BIOMOLECUES

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Carbon is found in every living creature.

Elemental carbon can be black (graphite), or hard and beautiful (diamonds).

Building block of fossil fuels (gasoline and oil)

Basis of organic chemistry

THE CHEMISTRY OF CARBON CompoundsCompounds that contain CARBONCARBON are

called organicorganic.

Why is Carbon (C) so Important?Why is Carbon (C) so Important?1. 1. CarbonCarbon has 4 electrons4 electrons in outer shell.

CarbonCarbon can form strong covalent bondsbonds with other elements to become stable.

Such as H, N H, N, P, S

Example:Example: see book p. 44see book p. 44

Why is Carbon (C) so Important?Why is Carbon (C) so Important?2. Carbon can bond to other carbon atoms Can form chains that are almost unlimited

in length C to C bonds can be single, double, or

triple covalent bonds. Chains of carbon can close upon

themselves to form rings

STRUCTURAL FORMULAS

Benzene

MacromoleculesMacromolecules

MacromoleculesMacromolecules Large organic molecules are created by the process Large organic molecules are created by the process

ofof POLYMERIZATIONPOLYMERIZATION.. Made up of smaller “building blocks” called

MONOMERSMONOMERS. (mono=one –meros=part) Monomers join to form POLYMERSPOLYMERS. (poly=many -meros= part)

4 Polymers found in living things:4 Polymers found in living things:1. Carbohydrates1. Carbohydrates2. Lipids2. Lipids3. Proteins3. Proteins4. Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)4. Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)

Question:Question: How are Macromolecules formed?How are Macromolecules formed?

Answer:Answer: Dehydration Synthesis Dehydration Synthesis

Also called “condensation reaction”“condensation reaction” Forms polymerspolymers by combining monomersmonomers by

“removing water”“removing water”.

HO H

HO HO HH

H2O

Question:Question: How are Macromolecules separated or How are Macromolecules separated or

digested?digested?

Answer: Answer: HydrolysisHydrolysis Separates monomersmonomers by “adding water”.“adding water”.

HO HO HH

HO H

H2O

1. Carbohydrates1. Carbohydrates Made of C, H, O in a ratio of 1:2:1 Main source of energy for organisms Also used for structural purposes Examples:Examples:

A.A. monosaccharidemonosaccharide

B.B. disaccharidedisaccharide

C.C. polysaccharidepolysaccharide

1. Carbohydrates1. CarbohydratesA.A. Monosaccharide (monomer: one sugar unit)Monosaccharide (monomer: one sugar unit)

Examples:Examples: glucose (glucose (C6H12O6)

deoxyribosedeoxyribose

riboseribose

glucoseglucose

1. Carbohydrates1. CarbohydratesB. disaccharide: two sugar unitB. disaccharide: two sugar unit

Example:Example: maltose - 2 glucose moleculesmaltose - 2 glucose molecules

glucoseglucoseglucoseglucose

1. Carbohydrates1. CarbohydratesC.C. polysaccharide: many sugar unitspolysaccharide: many sugar units

Examples:Examples: starch (bread, potatoes)starch (bread, potatoes)

glycogen (beef muscle)glycogen (beef muscle)

cellulose (lettuce, corn)cellulose (lettuce, corn)

glucoseglucoseglucoseglucose

glucoseglucoseglucoseglucose

glucoseglucoseglucoseglucose

glucoseglucoseglucoseglucose

cellulosecellulose

2. Lipids2. Lipids General term for compounds which

are not soluble in waternot soluble in water. Made mostly from C and H Examples:Examples: 1. Fats1. Fats

2. Phospholipids2. Phospholipids3. Oils3. Oils4. Waxes4. Waxes5. Steroid hormones5. Steroid hormones6. Triglycerides6. Triglycerides

2. Lipids2. Lipids Six functions of lipids:Six functions of lipids:

1.1. Long term energy storageLong term energy storage

2.2. Protection against heat loss (insulation)Protection against heat loss (insulation)

3.3. Protection against physical shockProtection against physical shock

4.4. Protection against water lossProtection against water loss

5.5. Chemical messengers (hormones)Chemical messengers (hormones)

6.6. Major component of membranes Major component of membranes (phospholipids)(phospholipids)

2. Lipids2. Lipids Triglycerides:Triglycerides: composed of 1 glycerol 1 glycerol

(monomer)(monomer) and 3 fatty acids (monomer)3 fatty acids (monomer). H

H-C----O

H-C----O

H-C----O

H

glycerol

O

C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3

=

O

C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3

=

O

C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH=CH-CH2 -CH

2 -CH2 -CH

2 -CH3

=fatty acids

Fatty AcidsFatty Acids There are two kinds of fatty acidsfatty acids you may see these

on food labels:

1.1. Saturated fatty acids:Saturated fatty acids: no double bonds (bad) no double bonds (bad)

2.2. Unsaturated fatty acids:Unsaturated fatty acids: double bonds (good) double bonds (good)

O

C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3

=

saturatedsaturated

O

C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH =CH-CH2 -CH

2 -CH2 -CH

2 -CH3

=

unsaturated

3. Proteins (Polypeptides)3. Proteins (Polypeptides) Amino acids (monomers) bonded together by peptide peptide

bondsbonds (polypeptidespolypeptides). 20 different kinds of amino acids found in nature Six functions of proteins:Six functions of proteins:

1.1. Storage: albumin (egg white)Storage: albumin (egg white)2.2. Transport: Transport: hemoglobinhemoglobin3.3. Regulatory:Regulatory:hormoneshormones4.4. Movement:Movement: musclesmuscles5.5. Structural:Structural: membranes, hair, nailsmembranes, hair, nails6.6. Enzymes:Enzymes: cellular reactionscellular reactions

3. Proteins (Polypeptides)3. Proteins (Polypeptides) Four levels of protein structure:Four levels of protein structure:

A.A. Primary Structure (1°)Primary Structure (1°)

B.B. Secondary Structure (2°)Secondary Structure (2°)

C.C. Tertiary Structure (3°)Tertiary Structure (3°)

D.D. Quaternary Structure (4°)Quaternary Structure (4°)

A. Primary Structure (1°) Amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds.peptide bonds.

aa1 aa2 aa3 aa4 aa5 aa6

Peptide Bonds

Amino Acids (aa)

4. Nucleic acids4. Nucleic acids Two types:Two types:

a. deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA-double helix)a. deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA-double helix)b. ribonucleic acid (RNA-single strand)b. ribonucleic acid (RNA-single strand)

Nucleic acidsNucleic acidsare composed of long chains of nucleotidesnucleotides linked by dehydration synthesisdehydration synthesis.

4. Nucleic acids4. Nucleic acids Nucleotides (monomers):Nucleotides (monomers):

phosphate groupphosphate group

sugar (5-carbon)sugar (5-carbon)

nitrogenous basesnitrogenous bases

adenine (A)adenine (A)

thymine (T) in DNA uracil (U) RNAthymine (T) in DNA uracil (U) RNA

cytosine (C)cytosine (C)

guanine (G)guanine (G)

NucleotideNucleotide

OO=P-O O

PhosphatePhosphate GroupGroup

NNitrogenous baseNitrogenous base (A, G, C, or T)(A, G, C, or T)

CH2

O

C1C4

C3 C2

5

SugarSugar(deoxyribose)(deoxyribose)

DNA - double helixDNA - double helix

P

P

P

O

O

O

1

23

4

5

5

3

3

5

P

P

PO

O

O

1

2 3

4

5

5

3

5

3

G C

T A

Summary of the Organic Molecules