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Lecture 2- Problem Solving

BASIC ENGINEERING DESIGN

GEN- N003FRESHMAN 2007-2008

FALL SEMESTER

1cr - 3conStudio Course

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Lecture 2- Problem Solving

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Throughout history, many different peoplehave tried to map problem solving as aprocess which individuals and groups couldfollow to success.

PROBLEM SOLVING

THINKING

Thinking is the most complicated andadvanced brain activities

It is a product of human ability to processsymbols and thoughts, hence using it insolving problems in different situations

A.INTRODUCTION

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A.INTRODUCTION

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PROBLEM PROBLEM SOLVING

The case in which ahuman has two

situations, one isknown while theother is relativelyunknown.

Ways and methodsused to achieve a

solution orobjective to bridgethe gap between thetwo situations

B.DEFINITIONS

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ALGORITHM

A sequence

of steps thatcan befollowed tosolve theproblem.

HEURISTICS

A set of

actions oractivities thatcan help infinding asolution.

PROBLEM

SPACE

Is the all

possibleactions thatcould bedone toachieve asolution.

B.DEFINITIONS

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C. PROBLEM SOLVING METHODS

1 THE DIFFERENCE REDUCTION METHOD

Reducing the gap between the basic phase andthe final phaseThis technique is used when the problem is notfamiliar.

Example: We have 3 bottles: A, B & C,Bottle A has the capacity of 8 cups of waterBottle B has the capacity of 5 cupsBottle C has the capacity of 3 cupsAssume A is full, and B &C are empty, then find a wayto divide the amount of water in bottle A equally in A &B, so they became equally filled with 4 cups of water

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C. PROBLEM SOLVING METHODS

2 MEANSENDS ANALYSIS

Start with analyzing the main problem intosecondary problems

Example:You need to go to the University from HomeWhat is the difference between the basic situation and

the final situation? (the difference is the distancebetween university and home)How can this dereference (i.e., distance) beovercome? (using a Car)The car is not working, then start by fixing the car.

This technique assumes the following:There are two situations: Basic and FinalUse actions to eliminate or minimize the difference

This process can be used repetitively as long as there is aprogress in finding a solution

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C. PROBLEM SOLVING METHODS

3 WORKING BACKGROUND TECHNIQUE

Start from the End, start from the objective

Find appropriate sub-objectives to achieve

the main objective

Find appropriate decisions to achieve sub-objectives

Deal with each sub-objective individually

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C. PROBLEM SOLVING METHODS

4 PROBLEM SOLVING BY ANALOGY

Use a technique that succeeded in solving asimilar problem

Resemblance to a wall

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I. DESIGN PROBLEMS CANNOT BECOMPREHENSIVELY STATEDDesign problems are complicated & requirea wide range of information

II. DESIGN PROBLEMS REQUIRESUBJECTIVE INTERPRETATION

Design problems are subjectivelyunderstood

CHARACTERISTICS OF DESIGN PROBLEMS

III. DESIN PROBLEMS TEND TO BEORGANIZED HIERARCHICALLY

Design problems are conflicting yet couldbe arranged during to priorities

D.DESIGN PROBLEMS

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SOURCES OF DESIGN PROBLEMS

HumanSources

Client

User

Designer

Constraints asProblems

Functional Problems

Context & environment

Building regulations & codes

Technologies & materialavailable

Budget

D.DESIGN PROBLEMS

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E. ENGINEERING METHOD

ETTER (1995) presented a model used by students tosolve engineering problems.

THE ENGINEERING MODEL

Define the problem - state it clearlyGather information - describe input and output

Generate and evaluate potential solutions

Refine and implement solutions

Verify and test solution method and result

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THE ENGINEERING METHOD

RECOGNIZE AND UNDERSTAND THE PROBLEM

GATHER DATA (AND VERIFY ITS ACCURACY)SELECT GUIDING THEORIES AND PRINCIPLES

MAKE ASSUMPTIONS WHEN NECESSARY

SOLVE THE PROBLEM

VERIFY THE RESULTSPRESENT THE SOLUTION

E. ENGINEERING METHOD

G G O

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Create a New Product

ENGINEERING PROBLEM TYPES

Invention/conceptualizationNew/modified design of existing product

E. ENGINEERING METHOD

Cost ReductionDo it faster, cheaper, betterExample: Personal computers

Develop or change a Procedure

Example: Warehouse inventory -- Instead of having 3

month's inventory go to "just in time"Human Factors

Make our lives longer, better, easierExamples: cruise control, moving sidewalks,management tools

L 2 P bl S l i E ENGINEERING METHOD

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E. ENGINEERING METHOD

TYPES OF INFORMATION FOR PROBLEM SOLVING

GIVENS

OPERATIONS

GOALS

PROBLEM STATE

SOLUTION

The initial condition of the problem

The various actions we are allowed

to perform

The desired final condition of the problem

The state of the problem at any specific

point in time

Completely specified the GIVENS,OPERATIONS, GOALS, and succession

of PROBLEM STATES to get to GOALstate

L 2 P bl S l i E ENGINEERING METHOD

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IDENTIFY THE PROBLEM

STEPS IN PROBLEM SOLVING

YOU CANT FIX IT IF YOU DONT KNOW WHAT IS

BROKEN.

E. ENGINEERING METHOD

DETERMINE WHAT IS REQUIRED FOR THESOLUTION

WHAT IS KNOWN?

WHAT IS UNKNOWN?

ANY RESTRICTIONS OR LIMITATIONS?

ANY SPECIAL CASES?

L t 2 P bl S l i F EXERCISES

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F. EXERCISES

HOW WOULD YOU

DEVIDE THE SQUARE

INTO FOUR EQUALPIECES?

L t 2 P bl S l i F EXERCISES

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F. EXERCISES

HOW WOULD YOU

DEVIDE A SQUARE OF

CARDBOARD TO GIVEAN L SHAPE WITHTHE SAME AREA OF

THE SQUARE?

L t 2 P bl S l i F EXERCISES

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F. EXERCISES

1. JOIN BETWEEN ALL

CIRCLES USING 4CONNECTED LINES

2. JOIN BETWEEN ALL

CIRCLES USING 3CONNECTED LINES