2. Ecological Surveys; Distribution Studies Including Introductions and Migration; Relations toEnvironmentSource: Journal of Animal Ecology, Vol. 44, No. 2 (Jun., 1975), pp. 679-682Published by: British Ecological SocietyStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3626 .

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711. Potter, D. W. B. & Learner, M. A. (1974). A study of the benthic macro-invertebrates of a shallow eutrophic reservoir in South Wales with emphasis on the Chironomidae (Diptera); their life-histories and production. Arch. Hydrobiol. 74, 186-226.

The life-histories of eleven species of chironomid (95% of the chironomid population), five species of tubificid, Helobdella stagnalis and Asellus aquaticus were studied. Total annual production was estimated at 37 g dry weight/m2, of which 53% was chironomid production, but there were considerable differences in the production of individual species or groups from year to year. Carnivores accounted for 17% of total production. The ratio of annual production to mean biomass for the different species ranged from 1.6 to 12-5.

712. Rowe, D. T. Rowe- (1972). The African weasel, Poecilogale albinucha Gray. Observations on behaviour and general biology. Lammergeyer, 15, 39-58.

Detailed account of observations of ten live specimens kept in captivity for 3 years.

713. Sadleir, R. M. F. S. (1974). The ecology of the deer-mouse Peromyscus maniculatus in a coastal coniferous forest. II. Reproduction. Can. J. Zool. 52, 119-31.

See also Abstracts 717, 734, 747, 750, 754, 775, 788, 820.

2. ECOLOGICAL SURVEYS; DISTRIBUTION STUDIES INCLUDING INTRODUCTIONS AND MIGRATION;

RELATIONS TO ENVIRONMENT

(a) MARINE AND BRACKISH

714. Bleakney, J. S. & McAllister, D. E. (1973). Fishes stranded during extreme low tides in Minas'Basin, Nova Scotia. Can. Fld Nat. 87, 371-6.

Twenty-one species of fish are susceptible to stranding owing to the extreme tides, semi-diurnal with 50-ft amplitude, in the Minas Basin. Because of the lower salinity of the basin, 1/3 of the species are euryhaline, either anadromous, catadromous, or brackish water tolerant. Benthic fish with flattened bodies, e.g. skates, flounder; or broad-base heads, e.g. sculpins, liparids, are tolerant of stranding as they can maintain normal comportment. Species able to feed in very turbid waters, i.e. with chemotactic barbels, e.g. Tom cod, hake can also survive. The question of adaptation to filtering water and so reducing clogging of the gills is considered.

715. Dale, N. G. (1974). Bacteria in intertidal sediments: factors related to their distribution. Limnol. Oceanogr. 19, 509-18.

Direct counts of bacteria from intertidal deposits support previous suggestions of a strong relationship between bacterial numbers and sediment properties. There is a negative correlation with grain size and a positive correlation with both organic carbon and total nitrogen, which themselves are both negatively correlated with grain size.

716. Duguy, R. (1973). Rapport annuel sur les Cetaces et Pinnipedes trouves sur les cotes de France. II. Annee 1972. Mammalia, 37, 669-77.

717. Hurley, A. C. (1973). Fecundity of the acorn barnacle Balanus pacificus Pilsbry: a fugitive species. Limnol. Oceanogr. 18, 386-93.

The distribution of Balanuspacificus along the coasts of California and Baja California indicates that it is probably a fugitive species. This barnacle usually occurs on small ephemeral objects in the sand rather than in established many-species communities on rock. It occurred in only 11% of the 94 rocky areas but in 83% of the 53 sandy areas examined. It is well suited for such an existence; when compared with other barnacles, it shows a high fecundity and an early age of maturity. It also breeds continuously throughout the year and is thus able to take advantage of suitable sub- strates as they become available.

711. Potter, D. W. B. & Learner, M. A. (1974). A study of the benthic macro-invertebrates of a shallow eutrophic reservoir in South Wales with emphasis on the Chironomidae (Diptera); their life-histories and production. Arch. Hydrobiol. 74, 186-226.

The life-histories of eleven species of chironomid (95% of the chironomid population), five species of tubificid, Helobdella stagnalis and Asellus aquaticus were studied. Total annual production was estimated at 37 g dry weight/m2, of which 53% was chironomid production, but there were considerable differences in the production of individual species or groups from year to year. Carnivores accounted for 17% of total production. The ratio of annual production to mean biomass for the different species ranged from 1.6 to 12-5.

712. Rowe, D. T. Rowe- (1972). The African weasel, Poecilogale albinucha Gray. Observations on behaviour and general biology. Lammergeyer, 15, 39-58.

Detailed account of observations of ten live specimens kept in captivity for 3 years.

713. Sadleir, R. M. F. S. (1974). The ecology of the deer-mouse Peromyscus maniculatus in a coastal coniferous forest. II. Reproduction. Can. J. Zool. 52, 119-31.

See also Abstracts 717, 734, 747, 750, 754, 775, 788, 820.

2. ECOLOGICAL SURVEYS; DISTRIBUTION STUDIES INCLUDING INTRODUCTIONS AND MIGRATION;

RELATIONS TO ENVIRONMENT

(a) MARINE AND BRACKISH

714. Bleakney, J. S. & McAllister, D. E. (1973). Fishes stranded during extreme low tides in Minas'Basin, Nova Scotia. Can. Fld Nat. 87, 371-6.

Twenty-one species of fish are susceptible to stranding owing to the extreme tides, semi-diurnal with 50-ft amplitude, in the Minas Basin. Because of the lower salinity of the basin, 1/3 of the species are euryhaline, either anadromous, catadromous, or brackish water tolerant. Benthic fish with flattened bodies, e.g. skates, flounder; or broad-base heads, e.g. sculpins, liparids, are tolerant of stranding as they can maintain normal comportment. Species able to feed in very turbid waters, i.e. with chemotactic barbels, e.g. Tom cod, hake can also survive. The question of adaptation to filtering water and so reducing clogging of the gills is considered.

715. Dale, N. G. (1974). Bacteria in intertidal sediments: factors related to their distribution. Limnol. Oceanogr. 19, 509-18.

Direct counts of bacteria from intertidal deposits support previous suggestions of a strong relationship between bacterial numbers and sediment properties. There is a negative correlation with grain size and a positive correlation with both organic carbon and total nitrogen, which themselves are both negatively correlated with grain size.

716. Duguy, R. (1973). Rapport annuel sur les Cetaces et Pinnipedes trouves sur les cotes de France. II. Annee 1972. Mammalia, 37, 669-77.

717. Hurley, A. C. (1973). Fecundity of the acorn barnacle Balanus pacificus Pilsbry: a fugitive species. Limnol. Oceanogr. 18, 386-93.

The distribution of Balanuspacificus along the coasts of California and Baja California indicates that it is probably a fugitive species. This barnacle usually occurs on small ephemeral objects in the sand rather than in established many-species communities on rock. It occurred in only 11% of the 94 rocky areas but in 83% of the 53 sandy areas examined. It is well suited for such an existence; when compared with other barnacles, it shows a high fecundity and an early age of maturity. It also breeds continuously throughout the year and is thus able to take advantage of suitable sub- strates as they become available.

Abstracts Abstracts 679 679

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718. Jeffries, H. P. (1972). Fatty-acid ecology of a tidal marsh. Limnol. Oceanogr. 17, 433-40. A salt marsh has differing biochemical patterns; the grasses have a terrestrial pattern rich in

16-18 C fatty acids, the animals a marine pattern dominated by long-chain polyunsaturates. The patterns vary, but they remain far more distinct than at corresponding positions in the structure of an offshore community. Each pattern is reflected in the diet of two species of marsh fishes. Their most probable diet is a mixture of five parts detritus to one part marine invertebrates. This ratio is also a boundary condition; it cannot go any higher and still account for the patterns occurring in the digestive tracts. Food is so abundant during spring that despite identical diets the two species could avoid competition.

719. Phillips, O. M. (1974). The equilibrium and stability of simple marine biological systems. Arch. Hydrobiol 73, 310-33.

In a homogeneous aquatic biological system in which different species of primary consumer compete for the available nutrients and various species of herbivore crop some or possibly all of the species of primary nutrient user, it is shown that the principle of competitive exclusion holds only for species not subject to cropping or predation. The principle fails for species of primary nutrient user that are consumed by herbivores, confirming the idea that predation increases species diversity. In a saturated ecological system the primary consumers not being cropped serve as a buffer to the system against variations in the nutrient supply.

720. Wirtz, P. (1974). The fish of the Inland Sea. Nature Wales, 14, 2-3. An account is given of the fish population in this very shallow sea area, which is subject to

unusually high extremes of temperature and peculiar tidal movements.

See also Abstracts 705, 757.

(b) FRESHWATER

721. Meadows, P. S. & Bird, A. H. (1974). Behaviour and local distribution of the freshwater oligochaete Nais pardalis Piguet (Fam. Naididae). Hydrobiologia, 44, 265-75.

This small transparent worm was found in the top 2-5 cm of sand in shallow water near the shore of Loch Leven, Scotland. Laboratory-kept animals formed passageways as they moved through the sand, but active tube-building was not observed. Ingestion was limited to the smallest grains. The ingestion rate ranged from 5 to 60 grains/h, the excretion rate from 3 to 6 grains/h, but only 3 out of 28 animals observed over 120 h actually ingested sand-grains.

See also Abstracts 708, 709, 742, 768.

(c) LAND

722. Bartonek, J. C. & Gibson, D. D. (1972). Summer distribution of pelagic birds in Bristol Bay, Alaska. Condor, 74, 416-22.

723. Bieber, H. & Hilger, D. (1973). Die geographische Variabilitat von Fellfarbe und Haar- farbemuster der Gelbhalsmaus, Apodemus flavicollis (Melchior, 1834). Saugetierk. Mitt. 21, 308-13.

The total length of the hair, the brightness of the belly coat and the amount of black hair on the back vary significantly between samples of yellow-necked mice taken in different areas of West Germany.

724. Brown, R. G. B. (1973). Transatlantic migration of dark-phase fulmars from the European Arctic. Can. Fld Nat. 87, 312-3.

Based on comparative bill lengths, it is suggested that dark-phase fulmars (Fulmarus glacialis) captured off the coast of Labrador were migrants from the European Arctic. Such migrations are well known for light-pase fulmars and other seabirds.

680 Abstracts

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725. DeBlase, A. F. & Martin, R. L. (1973). Distributional notes on bats (Chiroptera: Rhino- lophidae, Vespertilionidae) from Turkey. Mammalia, 37, 598-602.

Bats, including Rhinolophus ferrumequinum, Myotis myotis, Pipistrellus pipistrellus and Plecotus auritus are recorded from Turkey.

726. Ferns, P. N. (1972). Spring passage of waders on the Monmouthshire coast, 1972. Mon- mouthshire Birds, 1, 363-4.

An account is given of waders captured by netting techniques and includes speculations con- cerning the migrational movements being undertaken by birds caught in the Severn Estuary.

727. Gibbs, R. G. & Wood, J. B. (1974). A 1968 survey of the status of the stonechat in Wales. Nature Wales, 14, 7-12.

A survey of breeding pairs of stonechats (Saxicola torquata) carried out on a county basis during 1968 and compared with a similar survey for Great Britain undertaken in 1961.

728. Griffiths, J. (1972). Further notes on wader migration. Breconshire Birds, 3 (3), 26-38. The breeding status and associated migrational movements of waders in Breconshire is reviewed

and illustrated with graphical representation of annual patterns.

729. Hallam, J. S., Edwards, B. J. N., Barnes, B. & Stuart, A. J. (1973). The remains of a late glacial elk associated with barbed points from High Furlong, near Blackpool, Lan- cashire. Proc. Prehist. Soc. 39, 100-28.

In addition to morphological details of the skeletal remains and discussion on the palaeopath- ology, there are also some interesting speculations of the palaeoecology within the area at the time when the elk was killed.

730. Jones, P. Hope (1974). Wildlife records from Merioneth parish documents. Nature Wales, 14, 35-43.

An investigation of 18th and 19th century parish records from the County of Merioneth, suggests that bounties paid for various birds and mammals does not necessarily reflect the status of these animals during those times, but might have greater significance if compared with similar records from other areas.

731. Massey, M. E. (1972). Breeding bird census on two upland sites in Breconshire. Brecon- shire Birds, 3 (3), 39-42.

Populations of skylarks (Alauda arvensis) and meadow pipits (Anthus pratensis) are monitored as an indication of changing land-use in Welsh upland areas.

732. Nadler, C. F., Korobitsina, K. V., Hoffmann, R. S. & Vorontsov, N. N. (1973). Cytogenetic differentiation, geographic distribution, and domestication in Palaearctic sheep (Ovis). Z. Siugetierk. 38, 109-25.

Old world wild sheep are divided into four groups with different diploid chromosome numbers and morphological characters. The systematic status of sheep from Europe to Central Asia (sub- genus Ovis) is uncertain. Domestic sheep appear to be derived from a mouflon ancestor in the Near East.

733. Nettleship, D. N. (1974). Seabird colonies and distributions around Devon Island, and vicinity. Arctic, 27, 95-103.

Several new and important colonies of glaucous gull (Larus hyperboreus), Thayer's gull (L. thayeri) and fulmars (Fulmarus glacialis) are recorded. These findings are discussed with regard to the present and future welfare of these arctic seabirds.

734. Norris, A. & Colville, B. (1974). Notes on the occurrence of Vertigo angustior Jeffreys in Great Britain. J. Conch., Lond. 28, 141-54.

The distribution and ecology of one of the smallest and rarest of British snails which has recently been found to be abundant in one locality in Norfolk.

Abstracts 681

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735. Pallant, D. (1974). Daytime nesting sites of Agriolimax reticulatus (Miiller) and Arion intermedius Normand on grassland. J. Conch., Lond. 28, 185-91.

Surveys of the distribution of these slugs on pasture showed a definite preference for tussocks of the grass Deschampsia caespitosa, which provide shelter and protection from grazing animals.

736. Preece, M. (1972). October migration in the Usk Valley. Breconshire Birds, 3 (3), 22-5.

Counts made daily over a period of one month of migrating species of birds, are correlated with weather patterns.

737. Singer, E., Wymer, J., Gladfelter, B. G. & Wolff, R. G. (1973). Excavation of the Clactonain industry at the golf course, Clacton-on-Sea, Essex. Proc. Prehist. Soc. 39, 6-74.

The analysis of faunal remains from this site includes a discussion on the animal numbers involved and speculation concerning the topography of the area during a supposed temperate climate phase of the Middle Pleistocene.

738. Vericad, J.-R. & Meylan, A. (1973). Resultats de quelques piegeages de micromammiferes dans le.sud-est de l'Espagne. Mammalia, 37, 333-41.

Small mammal trapping in eleven localities (thirty habitats) in south-east Spain. The most frequent species were Apodemus sylvaticus, Crocidura russula and Mus musculus.

739. Yalden, D. W., Morris, P. A. & Harper, J. (1973). Studies on the comparative ecology of some French small mammals. Mammalia, 37, 257-76.

A study of the small mammals in various habitats at Cap Griz Nez (Pas de Calais) during three summers. Describes the activity pattern of shrews (Sorex araneus) and changes in the relative abundance of Sorex araneus, Crocidura russula, Apodemus sylvaticus, Clethrionomys glareolus, Microtus agrestis and Pitymys subterraneus. The ecological positions (niches) of the species not found in England are discussed.

See also Abstracts 748, 749, 750, 754, 755, 759, 768, 796.

3. POPULATION STUDIES

740. Beaver, 0. (1974). Laboratory studies on competition for food of the larvae of some British sciomyzid flies (Diptera: Sciomyzidae) I. Intra-specific competition. Hydro- biologia, 44, 443-62.

In experiments with small numbers of eight species of Sciomyzidae the snail Lymnaea stagnalis was used as food. Reducing the food supply retarded development, but did not significantly increase mortality or reduce the final size of the larvae.

741. Birkhead, T. R. (1974). Jackdaw numbers on Skomer Island. Nature Wales, 14, 15-7.

A census of jackdaw nests in 1973 suggested little numerical increase beyond the apparently stabilized ceiling reached in 1964, but also gave no hint that control measures to limit breeding had been successful. Inter- and probably intra-specific competition for nesting burrows and food is discussed.

742. Cox, N. & Young, J. 0. (1974). Some observations on two populations of Dalyellia viridis (G. Shaw) (Turbellaria: Neorhabdocoela) living in temporary habitats in England. Hydrobiologia, 44, 161-76.

Changes in the numbers and size-structure of populations of this turbellarian were studied in a dune slack and a drainage ditch, both of which were dry for several months annually. Hatching of cocoons commenced earlier after the longer drought of the second year; animals in both populations continued to grow until the habitats dried out. Cocoon formation started when animals reached 2 mm in length. Observations on the size and form of the penis stylet and other data are compared with those of continental workers.

735. Pallant, D. (1974). Daytime nesting sites of Agriolimax reticulatus (Miiller) and Arion intermedius Normand on grassland. J. Conch., Lond. 28, 185-91.

Surveys of the distribution of these slugs on pasture showed a definite preference for tussocks of the grass Deschampsia caespitosa, which provide shelter and protection from grazing animals.

736. Preece, M. (1972). October migration in the Usk Valley. Breconshire Birds, 3 (3), 22-5.

Counts made daily over a period of one month of migrating species of birds, are correlated with weather patterns.

737. Singer, E., Wymer, J., Gladfelter, B. G. & Wolff, R. G. (1973). Excavation of the Clactonain industry at the golf course, Clacton-on-Sea, Essex. Proc. Prehist. Soc. 39, 6-74.

The analysis of faunal remains from this site includes a discussion on the animal numbers involved and speculation concerning the topography of the area during a supposed temperate climate phase of the Middle Pleistocene.

738. Vericad, J.-R. & Meylan, A. (1973). Resultats de quelques piegeages de micromammiferes dans le.sud-est de l'Espagne. Mammalia, 37, 333-41.

Small mammal trapping in eleven localities (thirty habitats) in south-east Spain. The most frequent species were Apodemus sylvaticus, Crocidura russula and Mus musculus.

739. Yalden, D. W., Morris, P. A. & Harper, J. (1973). Studies on the comparative ecology of some French small mammals. Mammalia, 37, 257-76.

A study of the small mammals in various habitats at Cap Griz Nez (Pas de Calais) during three summers. Describes the activity pattern of shrews (Sorex araneus) and changes in the relative abundance of Sorex araneus, Crocidura russula, Apodemus sylvaticus, Clethrionomys glareolus, Microtus agrestis and Pitymys subterraneus. The ecological positions (niches) of the species not found in England are discussed.

See also Abstracts 748, 749, 750, 754, 755, 759, 768, 796.

3. POPULATION STUDIES

740. Beaver, 0. (1974). Laboratory studies on competition for food of the larvae of some British sciomyzid flies (Diptera: Sciomyzidae) I. Intra-specific competition. Hydro- biologia, 44, 443-62.

In experiments with small numbers of eight species of Sciomyzidae the snail Lymnaea stagnalis was used as food. Reducing the food supply retarded development, but did not significantly increase mortality or reduce the final size of the larvae.

741. Birkhead, T. R. (1974). Jackdaw numbers on Skomer Island. Nature Wales, 14, 15-7.

A census of jackdaw nests in 1973 suggested little numerical increase beyond the apparently stabilized ceiling reached in 1964, but also gave no hint that control measures to limit breeding had been successful. Inter- and probably intra-specific competition for nesting burrows and food is discussed.

742. Cox, N. & Young, J. 0. (1974). Some observations on two populations of Dalyellia viridis (G. Shaw) (Turbellaria: Neorhabdocoela) living in temporary habitats in England. Hydrobiologia, 44, 161-76.

Changes in the numbers and size-structure of populations of this turbellarian were studied in a dune slack and a drainage ditch, both of which were dry for several months annually. Hatching of cocoons commenced earlier after the longer drought of the second year; animals in both populations continued to grow until the habitats dried out. Cocoon formation started when animals reached 2 mm in length. Observations on the size and form of the penis stylet and other data are compared with those of continental workers.

682 682 Abstracts Abstracts

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