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1 Empowering the Rural Poor to Adapt to Climate Change and Variability in West and Central Africa Proceedings of CORAF/WECARD 3 rd Agricultural Science Week; 14 to 17 May, 2012 Editors Paco Sérémé & Harold Roy-Macauley
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Page 1:  · 2 Inside front cover. Citation . CORAF/WECARD: Proceedings of CORAF/WECARD 3rd Agricultural Science Week and 10th General Assembly, Ndjamena, Chad, 2012; Editors Paco Sereme &

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Empowering the Rural Poor to Adapt to Climate Change

and Variability in West and Central Africa

Proceedings of CORAF/WECARD 3rd Agricultural Science Week;

14 to 17 May, 2012

Editors

Paco Sérémé & Harold Roy-Macauley

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Inside front cover

Citation

CORAF/WECARD: Proceedings of CORAF/WECARD 3rd

Agricultural Science Week and 10th General Assembly,

Ndjamena, Chad, 2012; Editors Paco Sereme & Harold Roy-

Macauley

© CORAF/WECARD 2012

CORAF/WECARD encourages the fair use, without

permission, of the materials published in this book of

proceedings for agricultural research, development and

educational purposes. Proper citation is requested. The

designations used in the presentation of materials in this

publication do not in any way imply the expression of any

opinion whatsoever of CORAF/WECARD concerning the

legal status of any country, territory city, area or of its

authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or

boundaries.

Published by CORAF/WECARD

7, Avenue Bourguiba BP 48 Dakar, cp 18523 Senegal

Email: [email protected]

Website: www.coraf.org

CORAF/WECARD Development Partners

CIDA, USAID, AusAID, EU, DFID, SDC (Swedish), MAE,

WB, UNDP, IFAD, SIDA, AfDB, ECOWAS, CEEAC,

UEMOA, CEMAC, the CGIAR, FARA, CSIRO, FARA

FAO, CTA, etc.

Cover illustration shows a chronologic climate induced-

change of Lake Chad. Retrieved August 4, 2012 from

http://www.unep.org/dewa/vitalwater/article116.html

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Table of contents

Abbreviations ..................................................................................................................................... 6

Preface ........................................................................................................................................... 8

Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................... 9

Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................ 10

A] Main Issues Raised In Plenary Sessions .................................................................... 10

B] Main Recommendations from Plenary Sessions ..................................................... 12

Opening Session by the Head of State, His Excellency the President of Chad, Mr. Idriss Deby Itno ........................ 14

Discours du DG de l’ITRAD, Dr Ibet Outhman Issa....................................................... 14

Address by the Chairman of CORAF/WECARD Governing Board Professor Yusuf B. Abubakar ............................................................................................................................ 15

Discours d’Ouverture du Président de la République, M. Idriss Deby Itno............. 17

Technical Sessions ............................................................................................................................. 19

Keynote Address: Empowering the Rural Poor to Adapt to Climate Change and Variability in West and Central Africa - Dr Ramadjita Tabo....................................... 19

Report on keynote address ............................................................................... 27

Rapport sur le discours liminaire ....................................................................... 28

Sub-Theme 1: Research, Technologies and Innovations Aimed at Influencing the Strategies and Practices of Adaptation to Climate Change ....................................... 29

Technologies and Innovations for Sustainable Agriculture under a Changing Climate - Dr. Elias T. Ayuk ................................................................................ 29

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Phenotypic Evaluation of Groundnut Germplasm under Drought and Heat Stress - F Hamidou and V Vadez ................................................................................. 36

Identifications Des Variétés De Niébé [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] Tolérantes à la Sécheresse en Phase Reproductive - Halimé Mahamat Hissene ................. 43

Report on sub-theme 1 ...................................................................................... 49

Rapport sur le sous-thème 1 ............................................................................. 50

Sub-Theme 2 – Strategic and Policy Options To Improve Adaptation To Climate Change ................................................................................................................................. 51

Options Stratégiques et Politiques pour Améliorer L’Adaptation Aux Changement Climatiques - Colette Benoudji .......................................................................... 51

Analyse des Stratégies et Mesures de Politique pour l’Adaptation aux Changements Climatiques en Afrique de l’Ouest et du Centre : une Etude de Cas du Bénin - Aminou Arouna, Patrice Y. Adégbola, Ulrich Arodokoun et Abdul-Baaki Bankolé ................................................................................................... 55

L’Assurance Agricole Indicielle En Afrique De L’Ouest : Principes, Premières Réalisations Et Perspectives - Bertrand Muller, Moussa Sall, Antoine Leblois, Alpha Balde, Moustapha Fall, Patrice Kouakou et François Affholder............... 62

Report on sub-theme 2 ...................................................................................... 68

Rapport sur le sous-thème 2 ............................................................................. 69

Sub-Theme 3: Strengthen and Coordinate Partnerships Between Key Stakeholders to Consolidate and Exchange Ideas on Issues of Adaptation to Climate Change .................................................................................................................. 70

Partnership for Strengthening Capacity for Adaptation to Climate Change in West Africa: the case of WASCAL - Mamadou I. Ouattara, Paul Vlek, Manfred Denich and Boubacar Barry .............................................................................. 70

Recherche Action En Partenariat Et Innovations Face Aux Changements Globaux De L’Afrique Subsaharienne - Eric Vall, Mélanie Blanchard, Mahamoudou Koutou, Kalifa Coulibaly, Mohamadoun A Diallo, Eduardo Chia, Lacina Traoré, François Tani, Nadine Andrieu, Bernadette Ouattara, Patrick Dugué, and Patrice Autfray, .............................................................................. 75

Participatory Radio Campaigns: How Radio Partnerships Can Increase Adoption of Climate Change Adaptation Practices - Coulibaly, M.G, Perkins, K, and Huggins-Rao, S. ................................................................................................ 81

Report on Sub-Theme 3 .................................................................................... 83

Rapport sur le sous-thème 3 ............................................................................. 85

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Sub-Theme 4: Effective Utilization of Knowledge On Adaptation To Climate Change .............................................................................................................. 86

Effective Utilization of Knowledge on Adaptation to Climate Change: Fisheries and Marine Protected Areas - Anna Mbenga Cham .......................................... 86

Rural Community Innovations in Climate Change Adaptation in Central Benin - Coovi Gerard Zoundji ........................................................................................ 92

Meteorological and Indigenous Knowledge-Based Forecasting for Reducing Poor Populations’ Vulnerability to Climate Change and Variability - Fréjus Thoto and Saïd Hounkponou ....................................................................................... 96

Report on sub-theme 4 .................................................................................... 102

Rapport du sous-thème 4 ................................................................................ 103

Panel Discussion of Ministers on Stakes and Perspectives for Agricultural Productivity Related to Climate Change ........................................................... 104

Discussion de groupe des ministres sur les perspectives et enjeux de Productivité Agricole liés aux changements climatiques ...................................................... 106

Poster Session and Visits to stand .................................................................... 109

Poster Session and Visits to stand .................................................................... 109

Agricultural Science Week Prizes ..................................................................... 113

Side Events in Parallel Sessions ........................................................................ 114

Journée du SNRA du Tchad .............................................................................. 125

Présentation Du Système National De La Recherche Du Tchad .................... 125

Report on Chad’s NARS Day .......................................................................... 127

Rapport sur la journée du Tchad ..................................................................... 129

Photos from Field Visit to Lake Chad .............................................................. 130

Photos from Field Visit to fermes d'élevage Baghara ...................................... 131

Agricultural Science Week Gala night Dinatoire Photos .................................. 132

List of Participants at the 3rd Agricultural Science Week ........................................ 136

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Abbreviations

ACMAD African Centre of Meteorological Applications for

Development

AfDB African Development Bank

AFRRI African Farm Radio Research Initiative

AGRHYMET Centre Régional de Formation et d’Application en

Agrométéorologie et Hydrologie Opérationnelle

ANAFE African Network for Agroforestry Education

ASTI Agricultural Science technology and Innovation

AusAID Australian Agency for International Development

AVRDC Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center

CAADP Comprehensive Africa Agricultural Development

Program

CCNUCC Convention Cadre des Nations Unies sur les

Changements Climatiques

CCV Comités de Concertation Villageois

CEEAC Communauté économique des Etats de l'Afrique central

CEMAC Commission de la communauté économique et

monétaire de l'Afrique central

CERAAS Centre d’Etude Regionale pour l’Amélioration de

l’Adaptation à la Sècheresse

CGIAR Consultative Group for International Agricultural

Research

CIDA Canadian International Development Agency

CIRAD Centre de coopération internationale en recherche

agronomique pour le développement

CIRDES Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur

l'Elevage en Zone Subhumide

CNAR Centre National d’Appui à la recherche

COP Conference of Parties

CORAF/WECARD Conseil ouest et centre africain pour la recherche et le

développement agricoles/West and Central African

Council for Agricultural Research and Development

CRDI Centre de Recherche pour le Développement

International

CRRAM Centre Régional de Recherche Agricole pour le

Développement, Cameroun

CSIRO Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research

Organization

CTA Centre technique de cooperation agricole et rurale

ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States

EU European Union

FAO Food and Agricultural Organization

FARA Forum for Agricultural Research in Africa

GCP Generation Challenge Program

GDP Gross Domestic Product

GES Gaz à effet de serre

GGW Great Green Wall

GHG Green House Gas

GIEC Groupe Intergouvernemental sur l’Evolution du Climat

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ICRAF International Center for Research in Agro-Forestry

ICRISAT International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid

Tropics

IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development

IFPRI International Food Policy Research Institute

IITA International Institute for Tropical Agriculture

INADES Institut Africain pour le développement économique et

social

INRAB Institut national des recherches agricoles du Bénin

IPCC Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change

IRAD Institut de Recherche Agricole pour le Développement

(Cameroun)

IRD Institut de Recherche pour le Développement

ISRA Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles

ITRAD Institut Tchadien de Recherche Agronomique pour le

développement

LRVZ Laboratoire de Recherches Vétérinaires et

Zootechniques (Tchad)

MAE Ministère des Affaires Etrangères (France)

NARS National Agricultural Research Systems

NEPAD New Partnership for Africa’s Development

NGO Non-Governmental Organization

ONG Organisation non gouvernementale

PAM Programme alimentaires mondiale

PANA Programme d’Action National d’Adaptation

PDDAA Programme détaillé pour le développement agricole en

Afrique

PIB Produit intérieur brut

PNUE Programme des Nations Unies pour l’Environnement

RAP Recherche-Action-en-Partenariat

REDD+ Reducing Emission from Deforestation and Forest

Degradation

RUFORUM Regional Universities Forum for Capacity Building in

Agriculture

SDC Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation

SIDA Swedish International Development Agency

SLARI Sierra Leone Agricultural Research Institute

SSA Sub-Saharan Africa

TAE Technical Agricultural Education

UEMOA Union économique et monétaire ouest-africaine

UNDP United Nations Development Agency

UNFCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate

Change

UNICEF United Nations Children's Fund

USAID United States Agency for International Development

WASCAL West African Science Service Center on Climate

Change and Adapted Land Use

WB World Bank

WFP World Food Program

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Preface

CORAF/WECARD instituted a tradition of organizing an Agricultural Science Week

biannually since 2008. The present Agricultural Science Week is the 3rd and it comes

after the first that was held in Yaoundé in 2008 and the second that took place in

Cotonou in 2010. This 3rd session is focused on the challenges of Climate Change,

and how the agricultural system of West and Central Africa may cope with this new

phenomenon which has added to the list of agricultural productivity constraints

facing producers in rural communities. Climate change is probably the most

challenging productivity constraint facing the sub-region. Iit is worsening dry spells

in the Sahel zone, and increasing flooding in the coastal areas and humid zones. The

choice of the theme: “Empowering the rural poor population to adapt to climate

change and variability in West and Central Africa” could not have come at a better

time. Climate change effect is elaborately demonstrated in the rapid drying-up of the

historic Lake Chad – the Lake’s low water level in 2012 is recorded to be a most

dramatic negative impact of climate change in the sub-region. The Lake, which is no

longer visible from space, used to support the livelihoods of more than 33 million

people.

Several causes have been invoked for such expression of climate change effects

globally. Unsustainable use of forests causes about 17 per cent of the world’s

greenhouse gas emissions. The Congo Basin forest in the Central Africa zone of the

CORAF/WECARD region is rapidly being depleted by unregulated logging which

has been worsened by a series of civil conflicts. Such natural resources depletion

degrades ecosystems, causes biodiversity loss, and has detrimental impact on the

livelihoods of rural communities. In West and Central Africa, about 200 million

people rely on forests and woodlands for their livelihoods. Agriculture is the main

source of income in West and Central Africa, but most farmers work on small,

subsistence parcels of land. The region’s farmers depend mostly on rainfall to grow

their crops. This dependence on rainfall makes them vulnerable to the changing

rainfall patterns and climactic variability caused by global warming. The

agricultural production systems of the countries of the sub-region must therefore

operate more climate-resilient systems so as to sustain livelihoods of the population.

The countries need access to advanced technologies to adapt to the consequences of

a changing climate as well as achieve better economic growth and social

development without adding to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. There are barriers

to the rapid adoption of such resilient technologies, including high costs, import and

export restrictions, inadequate government policies, institutional barriers, and a

lack of experience and knowledge to operate and maintain such technologies.

This 3rd session on the CORAF/WECARD Agricultural Science Week was designed

to address these challenges. These Proceedings contain scientific papers presented

and recommendations of each plenary session. Although the opening and closing

speeches of CORAF/WECARD Board chairperson, the Chadian President and Head

of State, the Chadian Prime Minister, and the Chadian Minister of Agriculture have

been paraphrased to some extent, they have been reported more or less verbatim,

and were not meant to be translated. The Abstract for each technical paper has been

presented in both English and French languages. The contributions to these

Proceedings by the authors of the technical papers, skilled chairpersons of the

various sessions, and the highly competent rapporteurs are gratefully acknowledged.

Paco Sérémé & Harold Roy-Macauley

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Acknowledgements

The production of this book of proceedings was made possible by the initial

reports prepared by the various chairpersons and rapporteurs of the various

sessions of the 3rd Agricultural Science Week, notably Prof. Yusuf Abubakar,

Dr Hamadé Kagoné, Dr Abdou Tenkouano, Dr Adolphe Adjanohoun, Dr

Colette Diguimbaye-Djaibé, : Prof Antoine Somé, Dr Abderamane Mahamat

Abdel-Aziz, Ernest Aubee, Chikwendu Damian, Bahoutou Lahouté, Dr Yayé

Aïssatou Dramé, Dr Kiema André, Banbo Bebanto Antipas, Dr Djondang

Koye, Dr Fidèle Molélé Mbaindingatoloum, Dr Ali Zougoulou.

The following members of the CORAF/WECARD Executive Secretariat

played the following roles: Mika Ndongo and Dr Anatole played a special role

in securing the reports from the various sessions, and in retrieving the various

speeches of dignitaries during the week. Alassane Dia provided the

photographs of the sessions.

Enormous support was provided by the entire CORAF/WECARD Executive

Secretariat staff to ensure a prompt production of this book. The circulation of

the document to ‘toutcoraf’ and to the CORAF/WECARD Scientific and

Technical Committee by the CORAF/WECARD Director of Programs, Dr

Aboubakar Njoya, catalyzed specific reactions from several individuals and

groups.

The critiquing of the initial draft of these proceedings by the

CORAF/WECARD Scientific and Technical Committee contributed

immensely to improving the quality of this document. These included the

specific inputs from Dr Brigitte Courtois, Dr Alassa Mouliom Pefoura, Dr

Bamidele Omitoyin, Prof. Eric Tollens, Prof. Claude Adandedjan and Prof.

Ajaga Nji.

The search for the original version of the cover page illustration on the

chronological recession of Lake Chad was inspired from the lead presentation

of Dr Ramadjita Tabo. The cover page illustration was retrieved from UNEP

site.

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Executive Summary

A] Main Issues Raised In Plenary Sessions

1. Surface water loss: Climate change induced loss of surface water reserves

such as observed at Lake Chad and major rivers of the West and Central

Africa region was raised by the delegates as a major concern that needed

immediate action. The urgency to take action in order to secure the

livelihoods of the communities, especially for the 33 million people who

depended on the Lake Chad basin resources for their livelihoods was

echoed throughout the agricultural science week.

2. Technology development and use: The participants stressed the

compelling need for investments in new technology development and in

technology uptake systems to tackle the increasing susceptibility of crops

to new diseases, insect pests, and worsening drought as a result of climate

change. Given the known stability of plant physiological characteristics,

therefore, the delegates called for more inclusion of physiological

evidence in plant breeding and in new variety selection meant for climate

change adaptation. With respect to intellectual property issues that might

arise from new technology development, the plenary participants stressed

the need for out-scaling research outputs through the private sector with

full recognition of the intellectual property rights of scientists and their

affiliated institutions.

3. Socio-political issues: Cognizant of the negative impacts of climate

change, the need to address the socio-political dimensions of technology

and innovation development, transfer and adoption was raised in plenary.

The delegates posited that such socio-political dimensions should be

considered and treated as important as the innovations themselves. This

should include the development of computer models for science-based

decision making for the benefit of the smallholder farmers. The plenary

participants emphasized that advocacy for farm and crop insurances

propositions should be appropriately conveyed, avoiding any

miscommunication that may convey an impression of an additional

financial burden on the poor rural farmer.

4. Multi-stakeholder partnerships: The participants called for a

strengthening of multi-stakeholder partnerships towards affirmative action

in battling the effects of climate change in the sub-regional agriculture.

Such efforts should include creating awareness amongst the youths,

educating the communities on the challenges of climate change and the

inclusion of gender issues in climate science.

5. Governance of agriculture: The future agriculture in the sub-region

should emphasize improved governance and integrated management

systems, including integrated soil fertility management as well as

integrated pests and diseases management in crops. Such strategies

should, as a necessary condition, include value chain actors in planning

and decision-making.

6. Livestock and fisheries: The delegates posited that issues related to

livestock and wildlife, forestry and fisheries development should be

integrated into adaptation and mitigation strategies for climate change and

climate variability. Intensification of research on crop-livestock

integration especially as concerns wildlife protection and management

need to be increased. This was seen as especially useful in these times as

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nomadic pastoralists begin to cover wider areas through free-grazing as a

result of pasture degradation due to climate change, thus leading to

increased conflicts between farmers and pastoralists. The plenary

expressed the need to initiate extensive ex-situ conservation of fisheries

genetic resources since some species were being rapidly lost as their

natural spawning grounds get modified by climate change and increased

human activity. Discussions in plenary revealed that some fish species

were rapidly becoming extinct as a result of climate change. Some

endemic species of fish at Lake Chad would be in this category of species

which might become completely extinct were the lake to be completely

dried-up. Also the plenary expressed the need for climate change

adaptation strategies meant for coastal communities to include an

intensive development of pisciculture and aquaculture systems so as to

reduce dependence on marine resources.

7. Climate Science The participants expressed an urgent need to revise the

curricular of the Universities in the sub-region to include climate science

education. Explicitly integrating climate science education into

agricultural and rural development research, training, outreach and

decision-making initiatives in the sub-region should adequately equip the

institutions and communities to face the challenges of climate change. The

plenary expressed that climate science should provide a window of

opportunity to generate, collate, share and use appropriate and quality

data, as well as provide analytical procedures which enhance science-

based decision-making in the sub-region.

8. Indigenous knowledge systems (IKS): The participants noted that the sub-

region had a rich reservoir of IKS relevant to agricultural research and

rural development. Therefore sustained efforts to include the knowledge

of local farmers into scientific research and the work of change agents

through participatory research and development should facilitate

innovation, technology development and transfer, and adaptation to

climate change in the sub-region.

9. Value chains and market access: The delegates stressed on the

improvement of value chain research as a key factor for agricultural

research and sustainability in the sub-region. The importance of value

chains and gender-related issues in the development of climate change

adaptation strategies was emphasized. It was expressed that food

processing and appropriate grain storage facilities needed to be

emphasized in adaptation strategies to assist producers overcome the

likelihood of accelerated food spoilages caused by changing temperatures

and humidity as a result of climate change.

10. Human resource needs: The challenge of recruiting, training and

retaining appropriate human capital to conduct research for development

was emphasized. The need for human resources development plans in the

national agriculture research systems was also discussed. The plenary

called on the engagement of more scientists, and the provision of enabling

research facilities for climate science.

11. Publication of NARS research results: The dearth of scientific

publications from research outputs in the sub-region was decried by

participants. They called for a more concerted effort to assist NARS

Scientists publish their research results. This should encourage the use of

scientifically generated knowledge in development in general, and in

climate change adaptation specifically.

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B] Main Recommendations from Plenary Sessions

Recommendations to CORAF/WECARD and to NARS

1. Sensitize policy makers on strategic options for combating climate change

and variability.

2. Promote a mechanism involving multi-stakeholder collaborative platforms

in which policy-makers, producers, private sector and value chain actors

are engaged with the aim of developing a win-win solution in initiatives

for adaptation to climate change.

3. Take into account indigenous knowledge systems of producers in regional

and national initiatives aimed at combating climate change.

4. Strengthen regional and national efforts towards the conservation and

sustainable use of biodiversity.

5. Propose policy options which encourage the re-orientation of educational

curricular to include issues of climate change and variability, including the

possibility of introducing climate science at the B.Sc. level.

6. Encourage research on the development of production systems with low

carbon foot-prints geared towards generation of more climate change

resilient technologies. 7. Regional and national research should emphasize value chains which

ensure sustainability of production.

8. Involve decision-takers in the technological innovations development,

dissemination and adoption to increase buy-in and encourage public and

private investments.

9. Establish and sustain a mechanism which encourages scientists in the

national research systems of the sub-region to publish their research

outcomes.

10. Ensure that gender and youth-related issues are integrated in policy

options and in the implementation and evaluation of research projects on

climate change.

11. Promote integration of livestock issues in the regional and national

research programs on climate change and variability.

12. Create gene banks on threatened species of fisheries, crops and livestock.

13. Strengthen mechanisms to out-scale isolated successes on farmers’

innovation and participatory approaches.

Recommendations to CORAF/WECARD 14. Strengthen the agricultural knowledge management mechanism of the

sub-region.

15. Create a data base on success stories relative to food processing.

16. Ensure that the value chain approach is an integral part of adaptation to

climate change

17. Participate in the vision to re-invigorate scientific research at LRVZ.

18. Provide support to the Baghara project, and promote research on forage

crops

Recommendations to Governments of countries of West and Central

Africa

19. Promote investments in rural infrastructure to facilitate grain storage,

transportation of farm produce; food processing, etc.

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20. Enforce policies which guarantee the intellectual property rights of

scientists, and appropriate knowledge management.

21. Develop a robust mechanism for indemnifying producer beneficiaries with

respect to agricultural insurance so as to encourage farmers to embrace

agricultural insurance schemes.

22. Promote the development of aquaculture and pisciculture projects as

alternative means of livelihoods for communities that depend on marine

resources for their livelihoods.

23. Strengthen the integration of indigenous knowledge systems in climate

change adaptation strategies.

Recommendations to Government of Chad:

24. Operationalize the NARS of Chad and ensure a veritable coordination of

national agricultural research by various institutions and development

actors.

25. Revisit the vision and management of LRVZ to ensure it responds to both

national and regional needs in livestock development.

26. Re-capacitate the Baghara project to ensure its complete and logical

completion

27. Work with neighboring countries to transfer water to Lake Chad so as to

arrest its degeneration and eventual complete disappearance.

Recommendations to ITRAD scientists and to CORAF/WECARD

28. Re-double research efforts channeled towards saving Lake Chad

29. Provide a mechanism which could lessen the burden of producers that are

already victims of the drying-up of Lake Chad. This should include the

control of ravaging insect pests, and agricultural produce conservation

techniques.

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Proceedings of 3rd Agricultural Science Week of CORAF/WECARD, May 14-17, 2012 14

Opening Session by the Head of State, His

Excellency the President of Chad, Mr. Idriss

Deby Itno

Discours du DG de l’ITRAD, Dr Ibet Outhman Issa

Email: [email protected]

‘Excellences ; Mesdames et

Messieurs…………

Il y a juste deux ans, c’était en mai 2010, le

CORAF/WECARD organisait à Cotonou au

Bénin sa 2ème semaine scientifique sur le thème

« Gestion de poste-récolte pour améliorer la

productivité et la compétitivité en Afrique de

l’Ouest et du Centre ». Cette semaine fut un

grand succès. Nous sommes aujourd'hui réunis

ici à N’Djaména, au Tchad pour la 3ème

semaine scientifique agricole de l’Afrique de

l’Ouest et du Centre et la 10ème Assemblée

Générale du CORAF/WECARD. Je voudrais

d'abord, en ma qualité de Ressortissant du Pays

qui accueille et Vice Président du

CORAF/WECARD, vous souhaiter la

bienvenue à cette semaine qui se tient ici a

N’Djaména et espère que votre séjour sera à la

fois agréable et studieux. Je tiens à vous

signaler au passage que le Tchad est un pays

sahélien et en pareil moment, c’est une période

de forte chaleur qui annonce les pluies en juin

au niveau de la capitale. Mais

exceptionnellement cette année, les pluies

paraissent précoces.

Pour en venir au sujet qui nous réunit ici, il est

reconnu de tous que le secteur agricole

constitue le pilier essentiel du développement

économique de nos pays et la base de la

sécurité alimentaire des populations africaines,

qu'elles soient rurales ou urbaines. Or, les

menaces du changement et variabilité

climatiques constituent les défis les plus

importants au système de production agricole

dans la sous-région de l’Afrique de l’Ouest et

du Centre ces dernières années.

Bien que notre compréhension du changement

climatique et de ses impacts potentiels se soit

améliorée, la disponibilité d’orientations

pratiques sur l’adaptation au changement

climatique n’a pas évolué aussi rapidement.

L’adaptation est un processus par lequel les

individus, les communautés et les pays

cherchent à faire face aux conséquences du

changement climatique. Le processus

d’adaptation n’est pas nouveau. En revanche,

l’idée d’intégrer le risque climatique futur dans

l’élaboration des stratégies, elle, est nouvelle.

Pendant six jours, nous allons discuter des

thèmes qui ont été savamment retenus par le

CORAF/WECARD. Nous nous attendons donc

à ce que les chercheurs rapportent les résultats

de leurs activités pour permettre des débats

francs, constructifs et que les orientations

soient prises pour le futur.

Tout en vous souhaitant un agréable séjour

dans le pays de Toumaï, je demande votre

indulgence pour les imperfections que vous

auriez à constater ça et là.

Je vous remercie de votre aimable attention.’

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Proceedings of 3rd Agricultural Science Week of CORAF/WECARD, May 14-17, 2012 15

Address by the Chairman of CORAF/WECARD Governing Board

Professor Yusuf B. Abubakar

Email: [email protected]

“Your Excellency, Mr. Idriss Deby Itno,

The President of Republic of Chad, ,

By convening, from 14th to 19th May, 2012,

CORAF/WECARD and its main partners from

all around the World, your beloved country,

Chad, highly honors us. By accepting to

personally chair the opening session of this 3rd

Agricultural Science Week and 10th General

Assembly, in spite of your very busy schedule,

you are courteously confirming your

consideration for regional and international

collaboration on agricultural research for

development. His Excellency, sir, may I

therefore on behalf of CORAF/WECARD and

representatives of its 22 member NARS,

Governing Board and our various partners,

express our infinite gratitude to the valiant

people of Chad, its Government and to Your

Excellency, Mr. President, for the warm

welcome to the legendary capital of Ndjamena.

‘Choukrane Raïs!’ And to all of you coming

from all around the globe to respond to our call

of duty and friendship in research cooperation

for development, let me also wish you a warm

welcome: ‘Djital Djite!’

His Excellency, two years ago when we

met in Cotonou for the CORAF/WECARD’s

2nd Agricultural Science Week and 9th General

Assembly the world was facing acute financial

and food crisis. Our sub-region’s economy

which depends mainly on agriculture was

seriously affected. Therefore, our choice of

post-harvest systems as the central theme for

the Cotonou meeting was very relevant. Today

the recommendations of that meeting are being

implemented through various researches for

development projects executed in our various

countries with a view to developing

appropriate and sustainable solutions to major

productivity constraints. The

CORAF/WECARD 2007-2016 Strategic Plan

and its Operating Plan 2008-2013 continues to

serve as the basis for the Science-based

identification of sustainable solutions to West

and Central Africa agriculture development

challenges. In 2011, the CORAF/WECARD

Operating Plan underwent a mid-term review

aimed at ensuring that the institution remains

on track to achieving its vision, and its

mission. The strategic goals of

CORAF/WECARD are being pursued via 8

robust Programs, and 38 regional projects.

Your Excellency, our choice of the theme:

‘Empowering the rural poor to adapt to

climate change and variability in West and

Central Africa’ was meant to catalyze a

collective reflection on the devastating effects

of climate change on the sub-region’s

agricultural productivity and livelihoods of the

rural poor with a view to proffering sustainable

solutions. One of the handiest examples of the

nefarious effects of climate change is seen

today in the near and dramatic loss of the

waters of Lake Chad with 90% of its water lost

within the last 20 years. This phenomenal loss

is directly endangering the life of about 33

million of people from 6 countries that directly

depend on the lake. His Excellency, Mr.

President of the Republic, we hope this 3rd

Agricultural Science Week will enable us to

proffer some workable solution to this

phenomenon.

May I conclude this statement, His

Excellency, by specially expressing our

gratitude to the various development partners

for working with CORAF/WECARD in the

implementation of its Strategic Plan and

Operational Plan. More than 98% of the

US$112 million needed for the funding of the

2008 – 2013 Operational Plan, have been

mobilized. The World Bank funded and

CORAF/WECARD-led WAAPP which started

with Ghana, Mali and Senegal as pilot

countries in 2008 has now been embraced by

13 out of the 15 ECOWAS countries. Your

Excellency, may I, with all due respectful,

request that you be CORAF/WECARD’s

spokesperson with your peers in Central Africa

in order to make the Central Africa

Agricultural Productivity Program (CAAPP) to

also be a dream come true in the sub-region

with the first three countries of its pilot phase,

since Chad, Cameroon and Congo have

already expressed interests, through their

Ministries of Agriculture. Your Excellency,

may I also use this opportunity to make a

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Proceedings of 3rd Agricultural Science Week of CORAF/WECARD, May 14-17, 2012 16

special mention of thanks to the Executive

Secretariat and its exceptionally dedicated

staff, led by Dr Paco Sereme, the outgoing

Executive Director that is leaving

CORAF/WECARD management after a

faithful service to the sub-region. Let me also

express my gratitude to the Director General of

ITRAD and to the whole Local Organizing

Committee that organized this meeting. To all

of you, I make an appeal to redouble your

efforts for the continued motivation and

strengthening of our NARS. May I also invite

our various countries to increase their efforts to

fund agricultural research for development as

stated in the Maputo declaration. Your

Excellency, the President of the Republic,

thank you for your continued support to the

Chadian NARS. May I also congratulate His

Excellency for devoting your current mandate

to rural development, an example to follow by

all of us. ‘Choukran Kattir’. Thank you. Long

live CORAF/WECARD! Long live Chad!

Long live FARA! Long live Africa!”

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Proceedings of 3rd Agricultural Science Week of CORAF/WECARD, May 14-17, 2012 17

Discours d’Ouverture du Président de la République, M. Idriss Deby

Itno

‘Madame la 1ère Dame, Monsieur le 1er

Ministre, Chef du Gouvernement, Mesdames,

Messieurs les Membres du Gouvernement,

Honorables Mesdames et Messieurs les

Députés, Mesdames, Messieurs les

Représentants des Organisations

Internationales, Mesdames, Messieurs les

Représentants des Organisations non

gouvernementales, Mesdames, Messieurs les

Invités, Chers Participants,

Je voudrais tout d’abord saisir l’occasion de

cet important événement qui nous réunit, pour

saluer la décision du Conseil Ouest et Centre

Africain pour la Recherche Agricole

(CORAF/WECARD), de tenir une semaine

scientifique agricole sur les questions des

Changements Climatiques. Cela traduit sa

volonté à intégrer systématiquement les

questions d’actualité dans ses stratégies à

promouvoir le développement agricole dans la

sous région.

En effet, le changement climatique, s’il était

encore besoin de le préciser, est le problème

critique du Développement Humain pour notre

génération. Il constitue pour ces dernières

décennies, une des menaces les plus sérieuses

de notre système planétaire, pouvant saper les

efforts internationaux déployés pour lutter

contre la pauvreté.

Les pays en développement, déjà assez

éprouvés par la pauvreté, doivent de plus en

plus faire face aux difficultés consécutives aux

modifications du climat qui affectent des

secteurs vitaux comme l’industrie,

l’agriculture, l’environnement et la santé des

populations. Les efforts des millions de

personnes, qui, dans ces pays, essaient de bâtir

un avenir meilleur pour leurs enfants et pour

elles-mêmes, sont ralentis parce qu’elles sont

plus exposés à la sécheresse, à des tempêtes

tropicales plus intenses, aux inondations et au

stress environnemental.

Le Tchad, classé parmi les pays les moins

avancés, n’est pas à l’abri des perturbations

causées par la variabilité et les changements

climatiques. Au contraire, sa position

géographique et la fragilité de ses écosystèmes,

le rendent particulièrement sensibles aux

impacts négatifs de ces changements

climatiques.

Conscient de la gravité de la question relevant

du réchauffement global de la Terre, le Tchad

a signé et ratifié respectivement en 1992 et

1993, la Convention Cadre des Nations Unies

sur les Changements Climatiques (CCNUCC).

Par cet acte, le Tchad s’engage à respecter les

clauses de la Convention, notamment

l’intégration dans son plan national de

développement, les stratégies d’adaptation aux

effets néfastes des changements climatiques.

C’est dans ce contexte que mon pays a élaboré

en 2009, son Programme d’Action National

d’Adaptation aux changements climatiques

(PANA) en 2009.

Mesdames, Messieurs les Participants,

Cette semaine scientifique qui est consacrée

spécialement aux questions agricoles est la

bienvenue au Tchad. En effet, faut-il le

rappeler, j’ai placé les trois (3) premières

années de mon nouveau quinquennat sous le

signe du développement rural. En effet, je

voudrais faire en sorte que l’agriculture de

mon pays puisse connaitre un certain essor.

Le thème que vous traitez au cours de vos

assises, à savoir «Renforcement des moyens

d’adaptation des populations rurales pauvres

au changement et à la variabilité climatiques

en Afrique de l’Ouest et du Centre » est

d’actualité.

Je ne doute pas un seul instant en votre

capacité à trouver des solutions pour aider nos

populations rurales pauvres à s’adapter au

changement et à la variabilité climatiques.

Cependant, comment faire pour que ces

résultats parviennent aux populations rurales

pauvres pour que l’impact puisse être ressenti ?

Je voudrais donc vous encourager à aborder la

question avec toute l’attention nécessaire car

de là dépendront les bénéfices que nos pays

pourraient en tirer et de l’investissement que

vous-même aviez accepté de consentir en

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Proceedings of 3rd Agricultural Science Week of CORAF/WECARD, May 14-17, 2012 18

quittant vos pays et vos familles respectives

pour être ici.

Je suis confiant dans la suite de vos travaux et

je voudrais remercier le Président du CORAF

pour sa marque de reconnaissance à l’endroit

de ma modeste personne.

Pour finir, je voudrais encore profiter de cette

tribune pour réitérer l’engagement du

Gouvernement du Tchad à vous accompagner

dans la recherche des voies et moyens en vue

de promouvoir et définir une solution intégrée

vis-à-vis des changements climatiques.

Vive la coopération scientifique sous

régionale.

Je vous remercie.’

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Proceedings of 3rd Agricultural Science Week of CORAF/WECARD, May 14-17, 2012 19

Technical Sessions

Keynote Address: Empowering the Rural Poor to Adapt to Climate

Change and Variability in West and Central Africa

Dr Ramadjita Tabo

Forum for Agricultural Research in Africa (FARA)

Accra, Ghana, Email: [email protected]

Abstract

Africa is one of the most vulnerable continents to climate change and climate variability, a

situation aggravated by the interaction of ‘multiple stresses’, occurring at various levels, in

addition to its low adaptive capacity. Africa’s major economic sectors are vulnerable to

current climate sensitivity, with huge economic impacts. This vulnerability is particularly

exacerbated by existing developmental challenges such as endemic poverty, complex

governance and inappropriate institutional arrangements; limited access to capital,

including market infrastructure and technology; ecosystem degradation; complex disasters

and conflicts. These in turn have contributed to Africa’s weak adaptive capacity,

increasing the continent’s vulnerability to climate change. African farmers have developed

several adaptation options to cope with current climate variability, but such adaptations

may not be sufficient for future changes of climate. This paper examines some expected

climatic changes and their possible impacts on agriculture and food systems. It also

reviews some adaptation measures; policy options; need for strengthening partnerships

and capacity of actors within the context the Comprehensive Africa Agricultural

Development Program (CAADP).

Keywords: climate change and climate variability, vulnerability, adaptation, CAADP

Appuyer les populations rurales pauvres à s'adapter aux changements et à la variabilité

climatiques en Afrique de l’Ouest et du Centre

Résumé L'Afrique est l'un des continents les plus vulnérables au changement climatique et à la

variabilité climatique, une situation aggravée par l'interaction de «stress multiples», se

produisant à divers niveaux, et une faible capacité d'adaptation. Les grands secteurs

économiques en Afrique sont vulnérables à la sensibilité actuelle du climat, avec d'énormes

répercussions économiques. Cette vulnérabilité est particulièrement exacerbée par des

problèmes de développement existants tels que la pauvreté endémique, la gouvernance

complexe et les dimensions institutionnelles; l'accès limité aux capitaux, y compris les

marchés, les infrastructures et la technologie; la dégradation des écosystèmes et les

catastrophes et conflits complexes. Ces faits ont, à leur tour, contribué à faible capacité

d'adaptation de l'Afrique, ce qui augmente la vulnérabilité du continent face au

changement climatique prévu. Les agriculteurs africains ont développé plusieurs options

d'adaptation pour faire face à la variabilité climatique actuelle, mais ces adaptations ne

peuvent pas être suffisantes pour faire face aux changements climatiques futurs. Le

présent document examine certains des changements climatiques attendus et leurs impacts

possibles sur l'agriculture et les systèmes alimentaires. Il passe également en revue

certaines des mesures d'adaptation, les options politiques; le besoin de renforcer les

partenariats et les capacités des acteurs; et les perspectives que le Programme détaillé

pour le développement agricole en Afrique (PDDAA) pourraient avoir besoin d’adopter.

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Proceedings of 3rd Agricultural Science Week of CORAF/WECARD, May 14-17, 2012 20

Mots-clés : changement climatique et la variabilité climatique, vulnérabilité, adaptation, le

PDDAA

Introduction

Agriculture is challenged to produce

substantially more food to feed a fast growing

population which is estimated to reach 9

billion people in 2050. However, scientific

assessments identify climate change as a

growing threat to agricultural yields and food

security. Recent droughts and floods in the

Sahel and in the Horn of Africa adversely

affected food production and food prices which

resulted in widespread famine. The

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

(IPCC) predicts that the frequency of such

extreme weather events will increase, which,

when combined with other multiple stress

factors such as poverty, diseases, lack of

adequate infrastructure, poor governance,

conflicts and poor access to markets may lead

to widespread famine and civil instability. At

the same time, agriculture is also a culprit as it

exacerbates climate change when greenhouse

gases (GHGs) are released through land

clearing and deforestation, inappropriate use of

fertilizers and other inputs, and un-adapted

agronomic practices. It is believed that if we

spend more efforts in anticipating stresses and

shocks and in designing preventive or tolerant

responses we reduce the likelihoods of severe

damage and the costs of interventions are cut

down as well. This paper reviews the literature

on some expected climatic changes and their

impacts on agriculture and food systems,

adaptation measures and policy options, on-

going initiatives, partnerships and capacity

building, and the Comprehensive Africa

Agricultural Development Program (CAADP).

Expected climatic changes and their impacts on agriculture and food systems

Warming trends since 1979, when satellite

measurements started, indicate that: i)

warming is occurring everywhere at surface

except in eastern Pacific, Southern Ocean and

parts of Antarctica; ii) land is warming

significantly faster than ocean over the last 20

years; and iii) mid-troposphere warming is

consistent with that at the surface. Under the

medium-high emissions scenario used with 20

General Circulation Models (GCMs) for the

period 2080-2099, annual mean surface air

temperature in Africa is expected to increase

by between 3 and 4°C compared with the

1980-1999 period, with less warming in

equatorial and coastal areas (Christensen et al.,

2007).

Carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations in the

atmosphere fluctuated between 180 and 280

ppm as a consequence of net transfer of carbon

from land via the atmosphere to the ocean.

This trend was maintained for almost half a

million years until the commencement of

industrial activities (Scholes, 2002).

Anthropogenic activities injected about 480

PgC (IPCC, 2001), and pushed the CO2 levels

to 370 ppm. Future predictions indicate further

increases of between 540 and 970 ppm in the

absence of abatement measures. Carbon

sequestration is one option to reduce

atmospheric CO2 levels, the other two options

being carbon conservation and carbon

substitution.

Ecosystems changes are already being

detected. In southern African, for instance,

faster rates of changes are anticipated than in

many places in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA).

Climate change-human interactions such as in

deforestation and forest fires, are threatening

Africa’s forest ecosystems. Changes in

grasslands and marine ecosystems are also

noticeable. It is estimated that, by the 2080s,

the proportion of arid and semi-arid lands in

Africa are likely to increase by 5-8%. Climate

change impacts on Africa’s ecosystems will

probably have a negative effect on tourism

since between 25 and 40% of mammal species

in parks in SSA will become endangered

(Thuiller et al., 2006). Isolated plant

communities, particularly at high altitudes, will

be affected by warmer temperatures. It is

estimated that 10 to 15% of species will likely

be lost with an increase of 2°C. SSA contains

four biodiversity hotspots that together host

3.5% of the worlds’ endemic plant species and

1.8% of endemic vertebrate species. The

habitat areas of these species might be reduced

from their original extent by between 73.2%

and 93.3%, and these statistics indicate

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Proceedings of 3rd Agricultural Science Week of CORAF/WECARD, May 14-17, 2012 21

potentially high level of threat to Africa’s

endemic biodiversity even in the absence of

anthropogenic climate change (Myers et al.,

2000). Climate change and variability would

also affect mangroves and coral reefs, with

additional consequences for fisheries and

tourism. The projection that sea-level rise

could increase flooding, particularly on the

coasts of eastern Africa, will have implications

for human health. Sea-level rise will probably

increase the high socio-economic and physical

vulnerability of coastal cities. The cost of

adaptation to sea-level rise could amount to at

least 5-10% of gross domestic product (Niang-

Diop, 2005).

Hydrological cycle amplifies climate

variability. In West and Central Africa there

has been an approximately 25% decrease of

precipitation during the 1980s and 1990s

decades, translating into about 50% reduction

in annual flows. A small change in the total or

in temporal patterns of precipitation can have

considerably larger tangible effects on the

water resources (Mahe et al., 2000). If

reduction in precipitation is maintained for too

long, river flows may show a marked drop,

with the associated consequences for the

different users of water, and habitats. Niger

River stream flow fell by 30% while Senegal

and Gambia stream flow decreased by 60 %. In

1963, Lake Chad measured 25,000 square

kilometers but its size has since shrunk to a

mere 5 % of its original size (Gleick, 1998).

Climate change will aggravate the drought

currently experienced by some countries, and

more countries face increased dry-spells (Boko

et al. 2007). Even without climate change,

several countries in Africa, particularly in

northern Africa, will exceed their limits of

economically usable land-based water

resources before 2025. About 25% of Africa’s

population (about 200 million people)

currently experience high water stress. The

population at risk of increased water stress in

Africa is projected to be between 75-250

million and 350-600 million people by the

2020s and 2050s, respectively (Arnell, 2004).

Human health could be further negatively

impacted by climate change and climate

variability, e.g., climate change induced

introduction of malaria to southern Africa and

the East African highlands. It is likely that

climate change will alter the ecology of some

other disease vectors in Africa, and

consequently the spatial and temporal

transmission of such diseases. Most

assessments of health have concentrated on

malaria and there are still debates on the

attribution of malaria resurgence in some areas

in Africa. By 2050, some of the western Sahel

and southern-central Africa will become

unsuitable for malaria transmission, whereas

currently malaria-

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Proceedings of 3rd Agricultural Science Week of CORAF/WECARD, May 14-17, 2012 22

Degraded soils in the Sahel

free areas in southern and eastern Africa might

become suitable for malaria transmission by

2050 (Hartmann et al., 2002). There is also a

need to examine the vulnerabilities and

impacts of future climate change on other

infectious diseases such as dengue fever,

meningitis and cholera, among others (Baylis

and Githeko, 2006). These would take their toll

on productivity and growth.

GDP losses: Declining agricultural yields are

likely to be worsened due to increasing

drought and land degradation, especially in

marginal areas. Yields from rain-fed

agriculture can fall by as much as 50 % by

2020. In a few regions climate change may

lengthen the growing season increasing

agricultural output (Thornton et al., 2006).

Due to climate change, the Sahel and IGAD

countries are likely to suffer losses of between

2 and 7% of GDP; and West and Central

Africa losses of between 2 and 4% of GDP

(Mendelsohn et al., 2000)

Adaptation measures and policy options

Water harvesting systems: A more sustainable

agricultural growth should be associated with

resilience. Furthermore, green growth will help

achieve both a high level of growth and a high

degree of resource use efficiency. Resilience

may be strengthened in many different ways,

including political, economic, sociological or

technological interventions. For example

efficient irrigation systems; improved rain

water harvesting techniques such as the zai or

half moon systems and diguettes; conservation

farming; fertilizer micro-dosing; the dryland

ecosystem (i.e. diversified rain-fed system);

the use of drip irrigation systems to grow

various crops as was introduced through the

African Market Garden program of ICRISAT;

improved fisheries and aquaculture; urban and

peri-urban agriculture and drought tolerant or

resistant crops and livestock can be used to

counter drought and increase productivity.

Open trade policies to facilitate trans-border

access to food can also strengthen resilience of

production systems. This underlines the

adoption of climate-smart agriculture through

awareness creation and empowerment.

Enhanced resilience to future periods of

drought stress may also be supported by

improvements in existing rain-fed farming

systems (Rockström, 2003), such as water-

harvesting systems to supplement irrigation

practices in semi-arid farming systems.

Improved early warning systems and their

application may also reduce vulnerability to

future risks associated with climate variability

and change.

Preparation of diguettes for water harvesting Zai grown crops (left); non-zai (right)

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Resilient systems: Resilient markets enable

resource poor farmers to increase production,

take risks and generate more income through

innovations. Resilient markets minimize the

effects of stresses and shocks, and are

characterized by sound institutional

arrangements, transparency of price formation

and affordable transaction costs which result in

some degree of price stability, benefiting both

producers and consumers. Underlying resilient

markets are significant investments in

agricultural growth and in the creation of

appropriate enabling environments such as the

inventory credit system or “warrantage”,

insurance and social safety nets. The covariant

mix of climate stresses and other factors in

Africa means that for many in Africa

adaptation is not an option but a necessity

(Thornton et al., 2006). A range of factors

including wealth, technology, education,

information, skills, infrastructure, access to

resources, and various psychological factors

and management capabilities can modify

adaptive capacity. Adaptation is shown to be

successful and sustainable when linked to

effective governance systems, civil and

political rights and literacy (Brooks et al.,

2005).

Livelihoods diversification: In a study

conducted by Osman-Elasha et al. (2006) on

the emerging range of adaptation practices

being observed by climate change affected

populations in Africa, the following issues

featured prominently: diversification of

livelihood activities; modification of

institutional architecture; adjustments in

farming operations; move to income

generation projects and selling of labor (e.g.,

migration for possible higher income earning)

and the move towards off- or non-farm

livelihood means. Reducing risks with regard

to possible future events will depend on the

building of stronger livelihoods to ensure

resilience to future shocks. The role of

migration as an adaptive measure, particularly

as a response to drought and flood, is also well

known. Recent evidence, however, shows that

such migration is not only driven by periods of

climate stress but is also driven by a range of

other possible factors. Migration is a dominant

mode of labor (seasonal migration), providing

a critical livelihood source. The role of

remittances derived from emigrants provides a

key coping mechanism in drought and non-

drought years but is one that can be

dramatically affected by periods of climate

shock, when adjustments to basic goods such

as food prices are impacted by food aid and

other interventions (Devereux and Maxwell,

2001). Effective Institutions play a critical role

in successful adaptation. The role of such

institutions (both formal and informal

institutions) at local scales, in awareness

creation and policy-making needs to be better

understood.

Increased technology generation intensity:

Increased research intensity, including

advances in biotechnology, could also yield

tremendous benefits in producing drought- and

pest-resistant crops (ECA, 2002). A study of

current crop selection as an adaptation strategy

to climate change in Africa (Kurukulasuriya

and Mendelsohn, 2006b) shows that farmers

select sorghum and maize-millet in the cooler

regions of Africa; maize-beans, maize-

groundnut and maize in moderately warm

regions; and cowpea, cowpea-sorghum and

millet-groundnut in hot regions. The study

further shows that farmers choose sorghum and

millet-groundnut where conditions are drier,

cowpea, cowpea-sorghum, maize-millet and

maize when medium-wet, and maize-beans and

maize groundnut when very wet. As the

weather becomes warmer, farmers tend to shift

towards more heat-tolerant crops. Depending

upon whether precipitation increases or

decreases, farmers will shift towards water-

loving or drought-tolerant crops, respectively.

Need for synergy amongst on-going

initiatives on climate change

Some ongoing initiatives dealing with climate

change in West and Central Africa include: a)

Review of climate in West and Central Africa

[funded by AusAID]; b) West African Science

Service Center for Climate Change and

Adapted Land Use (WASCAL) [funded by

Germany], c) Study on vulnerability of

agriculture to climate change (CCAFS/IFPRI);

d) the platform for exchange between

researchers and policy makers on climate

change adaptation in Africa [funded by IDRC]

that is led by CORAF/WECARD with the

support from the Forum for Agricultural

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Proceedings of 3rd Agricultural Science Week of CORAF/WECARD, May 14-17, 2012 24

Research in Africa (FARA), and e) Danish

funded climate change initiative. It is crucial

that synergies are established between these

different initiatives to ensure that the outcomes

and recommendations are useful to the

smallholder farmers in rural settings.

Partnership and capacity strengthening for

climate change adaptation

Global food insecurity is bad for all, with

various implications including possible civil

unrests, emigration, predisposition to

extremism, etc. Southern countries cannot do it

alone because of their limited capacity to

undertake some strategic and basic research.

There is therefore a need for a wider

collaboration between various policy and

research institutions deploying modern

teaching and learning tools to widen impact.

Synergies are crucial since African countries

could benefit from advanced laboratories while

scientists from the international research

community could also gain opportunities to

work in various African agro-ecologies.

Capacity strengthening should address areas

such as the facilitation of skills in linking

information to producers and information

users. Functional platforms for collaborative

actions and for information sharing, exchange

of experiences and lessons learning are needed.

There is a need to create tools for collecting a

minimum set of essential data needed to

monitor key performance indicators relevant to

all levels of actors and in response to the newly

emerging research needs on adaptation to

climate change. There is a compelling need for

strengthening of human and institutional

capacities to assess risks and to develop

mitigation and adaptation measures. Rural

communities should be empowered and trained

to utilize the outputs of these research

activities to adapt to climate change and

variability.

The Comprehensive Africa Agricultural

Development Programme (CAADP).

The Comprehensive Africa Agricultural

Development Program (CAADP), the

continent-wide framework for revitalizing

agricultural development for food self-

sufficiency; the elimination of hunger and

malnutrition; and the reduction of dependence

on food imports has several dimensions that

helms-in climate change. These include aspects

on food production intensification, and

management of land and water resources

coupled to research. CAADP’s targets a 6%

growth in agricultural output per year,

achieved through investment of at least 10%

national budget into the agricultural sector.

This target could be achieving via an

integrated and interactive planning for more

effective implementation of agricultural

development programs which includes climate

issues in a holistic and participatory manner.

By so doing sustainable systems which links

agricultural research, advisory services,

agricultural education and training and climate

science are brought together in more logical

ways that respond to the productivity

constraints of vulnerable rural communities.

CAADP has been acclaimed as a sound

framework within which strategies and options

for adaptation to climate change and variability

should be developed and scaled-out for use by

rural communities.

Conclusions: Climate change is an emerging

reality that must be recognized and deliberate

actions take to enhance rural communities

adapt their livelihoods as these environmental

changes occur. But the nature, rate and

magnitude of climate change remains very

uncertain. Farmers need robust strategies to

adapt to changes in climate as they emerge. It

is believed that the immediate priority is to

build the livelihoods of vulnerable and risk-

prone farmers to enable them cope better with

current climate variability as an essential first

step required for them to be able to adapt to

climate change in the future. Making

development more sustainable would require

enhancements in both mitigating and adaptive

capacity to climate change. Serious actions are

needed to reduce GHG emissions and the

vulnerability of rural communities.

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Proceedings of 3rd Agricultural Science Week of CORAF/WECARD, May 14-17, 2012 26

Africa. Report to the Department for

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Proceedings of 3rd Agricultural Science Week of CORAF/WECARD, May 14-17, 2012 27

Report on keynote address

Chair: Prof. Yusuf Abubakar; Email [email protected]

Rapporteur: Dr Hamadé Kagoné ; Email : [email protected]

Summary of session: The keynote address

presented by Dr Ramadjita Tabo focused on

the reasons why urgent affirmative action was

needed to combat the negative effects of

climate change on agricultural productivity and

livelihoods of the rural poor in West and

Central Africa. The presentation stressed the

need for scientists and decision-takers to direct

their collective energies towards futuristic

strategizing to combat climate change and

variability. It also emphasized the need for an

integrated synergistic collaboration between

ongoing regional initiatives on climate change

and the sharing of knowledge on the new

climate challenge.

Key points raised in plenary

The delegates expressed concern on the

loss of surface water reserves such as

observed at Lake Chad, which was not

longer observable from outer space. The

negative impact of the loss of this resource

to the 33 million people that depended on

the Lake for their livelihoods.

The participants also remarked that there

was a reduced resistance of crops to insect

pests as a result of climate change.

The participants called for an urgent need

for investments in new and innovative

technologies for adaptation to climate

change.

A call was made for the use of computer

models aimed at assisting policy-making

and in strategizing for adaptation to

climate change for the benefit of the

smallholders.

A need was expressed for the

strengthening the implementation of

policies and multi-stakeholder partnerships

towards affirmative action in battling

effects climate change in the sub-regional

agriculture.

A need for increasing awareness creation

and in educating the youths on the

challenges of climate change was also

expressed.

Recommendations to CORAF/WECARD

and to NARS

Sensitize policy makers on strategic

options for combating climate change and

variability.

Promote a mechanism involving multi-

stakeholder collaborative platforms in

which producers, private sector and value

chain actors are engaged with the aim of

developing a win-win solution in

initiatives for adaptation to climate change.

Take into account indigenous knowledge

systems of producers in regional and

national initiatives aimed at combating

climate change.

Integrate safe biotechnology as part of the

tools needed in climate science

Strengthen regional and national efforts

towards the conservation and sustainable

use of biodiversity.

Propose policy options which encourage

the re-orientation of educational curricular

to include issues of climate change and

variability.

Encourage research on the development of

production systems with low carbon foot-

prints geared towards generation of

resilient technologies.

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Proceedings of 3rd Agricultural Science Week of CORAF/WECARD, May 14-17, 2012 28

Rapport sur le discours liminaire

Président: Prof Yusuf Abubakar ; Email [email protected]

Rapporteur: Dr Hamadé Kagoné ; Email : [email protected]

Résumé de la session

Le discours liminaire présenté par le Dr

Ramadjita Tabo, Directeur exécutif adjoint du

FARA, a porté sur les raisons pour lesquelles

une action positive urgente a été jugé

nécessaire maintenant pour lutter contre les

effets négatifs du changement climatique sur la

productivité agricole et les moyens de

subsistance des populations rurales pauvres

d’Afrique de l’Ouest et du Centre. La

présentation a souligné la nécessité pour les

scientifiques et décideurs d’orienter leurs

énergies collectives vers des stratégies

futuristes pour combattre le changement et la

variabilité climatiques. Il a également souligné

la nécessité d’établir une coopération intégrée

des initiatives régionales en cours sur le

changement climatique ainsi que de

promouvoir le partage des connaissances sur le

défi climatique nouveau.

Les points de discussion de la session ont

compris :

Perte de réserves de surface d’eaux telles

qu'on les observe au niveau du Lac Tchad,

qui n'est plus visible depuis l'espace.

L'impact négatif de la perte de cette

ressource pour les 33 millions de

personnes qui dépendent des eaux du lac

pour leurs moyens de subsistance.

Réduction de la résistance des cultures

aux insectes nuisibles ou ravageurs à la

suite du changement climatique.

Besoin de technologies nouvelles et

novatrices aux fins d'adaptation au

changement climatique.

Développement de modèles informatiques

visant à aider le processus décisionnel et à

l'élaboration de stratégies d'adaptation au

changement climatique dans l'intérêt des

petits exploitants.

Besoin d’action positive de partenariats

multi-acteurs en faveur de la lutte contre

les effets du changement climatique dans

l'agriculture sous-régionale.

Sensibilisation et éducation de la jeunesse

sur les défis du changement climatique.

Recommandations à l'intention du

CORAF/WECARD et des SNRA

Déployer le mécanisme de plates-formes

collaboratives multi-acteurs impliquant les

producteurs, le secteur privé ainsi que les

acteurs de la chaîne de valeur dans les

initiatives d'adaptation au changement et à

la variabilité climatiques.

Les systèmes de connaissances

autochtones des producteurs devraient être

intégrés dans des initiatives visant à lutter

contre le changement climatique.

Sensibiliser les décideurs sur les options

stratégiques pour la lutte contre le

changement et la variabilité climatiques.

Une biotechnologie sans risque devrait

faire partie intégrante comme l'un des

outils nécessaires au développement des

technologies sur le changement climatique.

Renforcer les efforts régionaux et

nationaux vers la conservation et

l'utilisation durable de la biodiversité.

Encourager la réorientation des curricula

d'enseignement à inclure les questions du

changement et de la variabilité

climatiques.

Encourager la recherche sur le

développement des systèmes de production

à faible bilan carbone orientée vers la

génération de technologies résilientes.

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Sub-Theme 1: Research, Technologies and Innovations Aimed at

Influencing the Strategies and Practices of Adaptation to Climate

Change

Technologies and Innovations for Sustainable Agriculture under a

Changing Climate1

Dr. Elias T. Ayuk United Nations University Institute for Natural Resources in Africa (UNU-INRA)

2nd Floor, International House, Annie Jiagge Road, University of Ghana, Legon

Accra, Ghana

Email: [email protected] and [email protected]

Abstract

Sustainable agriculture faces numerous challenges under a changing climate. Smallholder

farmers have adopted strategies that enable them to surmount some of these challenges.

This paper reviews some of such technologies and innovations available to the rural poor

and vulnerable farmers to respond to climate variability. It also summarizes the

manifestations of climate change and its impact on agriculture. The paper argues that

threats posed by climate change are spatially variable and that therefore there are ‘no-

one-size fits-all’ solutions. It also posits that innovative technologies are necessary but not

sufficient to address challenges posed by climate change, and that appropriate institutions

and policies are also required.

Keywords: climate change, technological innovations, farmers’ vulnerability,

institutional arrangements

Technologies et Innovations pour une agriculture durable dans le cadre d'un changement

climatique

Résumé

L'agriculture durable est confrontée à de nombreux défis dans le cadre du changement

climatique. Les petits exploitants ont adopté des stratégies qui leur permettent de

surmonter certains défis. Ce document passe en revue certaines des technologies et les

innovations disponibles pour les populations rurales pauvres et les agriculteurs

vulnérables en vue de répondre à la variabilité du climat. Ceci résume également les

manifestations du changement climatique et son impact sur l'agriculture. La

communication fait valoir que les menaces posées par le changement climatique sont

variables dans l'espace et qu’il n’y a donc pas «des solutions uniques et miracles». Et de

noter également que les technologies innovantes sont nécessaires mais pas suffisantes pour

relever les défis posés par le changement climatique, et que des institutions et des

politiques appropriées seraient également nécessaires.

Mots-clés: changement climatique, innovations technologiques, agriculteurs vulnérables,

arrangements institutionnels

1 Mr. Kwabena Asubonteng, research fellow at the United Nations University Institute for Natural Resources in Africa,

contributed substantially to the preparation of this paper. All omissions and shortfalls are the responsibility of the author.

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Proceedings of 3rd Agricultural Science Week of CORAF/WECARD, May 14-17, 2012 30

Introduction The importance of agriculture to Sub-Saharan

African (SSA) economies no longer needs to

be demonstrated. Productive land is one of

Africa’s most important natural resources on

which agriculture depends. Agriculture is

considered to be the engine for the continent’s

economic growth and development. The World

Bank (2011) again summarizes the importance

and potential of the agriculture sector in the

livelihoods and economies of African states.

Figure 1 shows the relative importance of

agriculture to employment and to GDP in

Africa. It is clear that agricultural sustainability

is imperative to the achievement of the

millennium development goals (MDG),

especially those related to poverty reduction

and to food security.

The agricultural sector in Africa has seen

tremendous growth over the past few decades

– it grew from a mere 2.3% in the 1980’s to

3.8% per annum between 2000 and 2005

(World Bank 2011). As shown in Figure 2, a

common feature of SSA agriculture is that it is

mainly rain-fed. SSA has the lowest total

agricultural area under irrigation in the world.

This heavy dependence on climatic elements

and on the environment has increased

agriculture’s vulnerability to current and future

changes in climate in Africa. This paper

therefore examines some technologies and

innovations that are available to the rural poor

and vulnerable farmers in SSA to adapt to

climate change – a phenomenon that has been

added recently to the list of productivity

constraints in Africa.

Figure 1 Contribution of the agriculture sector to employment and

GDP (1965 -2004) (Data source: World Resources Institute)

Figure 2: Continental trends in percentage irrigated agricultural lands (1963

-2003) (Data source: World Resources Institute)

Manifestations of Climate change The manifestations of climate change are

numerous and include rising surface

temperatures; changes in rainfall quantity per

annum, seasonality and spatial distribution;

high frequency and magnitude of extreme

events such as droughts, windstorms and

floods; melting of ice caps at high altitudes and

sea water expansion from warming oceans

resulting in sea-level rises; and a decrease in

river basin run-off and water availability

(Beddington et al., 2011; NEPAD, 2008).

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Proceedings of 3rd Agricultural Science Week of CORAF/WECARD, May 14-17, 2012 31

Figure 3. Observed annual temperature changes in Africa (IPCC, 1997)

Figure 4. Observed annual precipitation changes in Africa (IPCC,

1997)

Figure 3 illustrates the trend in temperatures

since 1900 through the 90s. It is clear that

average temperatures have risen in the later

part of the century. The situation with respect

to the rainfall patterns is demonstrated in

Figure 4. The general trend suggests a

significant decrease in rainfall below the

average in the later segments of the figure. The

figure also suggests an uneven distribution

pattern of rainfalls. These manifestations have

some impact on agriculture, especially when it

is rain-fed.

Impacts of Climate change on agriculture

There are some complex relationships between

agriculture and the climate. Agriculture is both

a culprit and a victim of climate change.

Although agriculture plays a critical role in

carbon sequestration, preserving biodiversity

and in the management of watersheds, it also

contributes to underground water depletion,

agrochemical pollutions, soil exhaustion and in

greenhouse gas emissions thus contributing to

climate change. Climatic elements such as

rainfall, humidity and temperature influence

agricultural productivity by contributing to

environmental conditions required for crop

growth. Whereas crops grown for food and

commercial purposes absorbs atmospheric

CO2, thus serving as carbon sink, livestock

production and plant residues, on the other

hand, contribute to releases of CO2, CH4 and

N2O, hence also serving as sources of

greenhouse gases.

High local temperatures may reduce crop yield

and quality. They also induce root necrosis,

thus ability of soil water absorption by the

plant. Climate change actually expands the

range of pests and diseases afflicting both

crops and livestock, hence productivity

decreases. Increasing drought and dry spells

have continued to reduce the available

rangelands for African livestock farmers. In

the Sahel of West Africa, this has continued to

provoke conflicts between nomadic cattle

farmers and crop producers as the nomads

venture southwards for greener forage for their

animals. Livestock distribution and

productivity could be indirectly influenced via

changes in the distribution of vector-borne

livestock diseases, such as nagana

(trypanosomiasis) and the tick-borne East

Coast Fever and Corridor Disease. It is

important to mention that high CO2

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Proceedings of 3rd Agricultural Science Week of CORAF/WECARD, May 14-17, 2012 32

concentrations reduce the carbon-to-nitrogen

ration of forage leading to protein dilution.

Also temperature levels beyond the ‘climate

envelope’ Bos indicus results in decline in milk

and meat production. Such declines are usually

result from the livestock’s continual stay in

shade instead of foraging.

The fisheries sector is also affected by climate

change. Species combination of fishes might

be severely altered. Dry-spells also has effects

on the habitats of fishes especially fisheries on

coral reeves and intertidal zones. Such effects

thus constitute an adverse effect on fishers and

their livelihoods.

.

Technologies and Innovations for adaptation

Agronomic research over the past several years

has made considerable effort to develop

technologies and innovations for adaptation by

rural poor and vulnerable farmers to climate

change. The goal of all technological

advancements and innovations is to shift

agricultural production towards some level of

sustainability. Sustainable agriculture seeks to

encourage pathways that lead to increases in

productivity and incomes; adapts to climate

change and reduces greenhouse gases;

improves resource use efficiency; ensures

environmental protection and maintenance of

ecosystem services. No one technological

innovation can meet all these conditions for

sustainable agriculture. There are trade-offs

and the ideal is to minimize the adverse effects

of climate.

Switching to better soil and water conservation

farming practices holds a promise to

addressing the negative impacts of

deteriorating soil conditions and soil water

deficits. Enhancing resilience to drought

periods with water harvesting systems to

supplement irrigation practices in semi-arid

conditions holds a lot of promise for the

vulnerable farmers in these regions. Similarly,

policy and institutional measures geared

towards constructing riverside dams to serve as

water reservoirs in flood plains would be

useful in dry seasons. A broader strategy of

promoting irrigation is of critical importance.

The changes in rainfall distribution due to

climate change call for the need to also vary

the timing of farm operations to coincide with

the new rainfall periods and conditions. Hence

there is a need to strengthen the capacity of the

rural farming communities in adjusting

accordingly. The early onset or late rains and

droughts have been addressed by scientists

through the development of high yielding

varieties that are drought-resistant, early

maturing and disease and pest tolerant. In this

line with, technologies have also been

developed that improve pests and weed control

through biological agents. Similarly, there

have been shifts towards water-loving or

drought-tolerant crops depending on whether

the crop is associated with a flood or with a

drought. Farmers need to uptake some of these

technologies with the assistance of scientists

extension and advisory services. In a similar

vein the application of protein and

micronutrient feed supplements and other

animal diet management practices have been

shown to improve livestock productivity.

Introducing breeding programs to produce

disease and climate stress tolerant breeds of

livestock will respond to the new ‘climate-

induced’ pests and diseases of livestock. These

are a few indications that there are a variety of

technological innovations that research has

developed over the years to enable the rural

farming communities cope with climate

change. However, enormous challenges

relative to climate change adaptation remain.

Constraints and challenges to adaptation

The capacity of the rural farmer to adapt the

farming system to changing climate and

variability is a function of his/her natural

resource endowment coupled with economic,

social, cultural and political assets. Given the

variability of capacities amongst rural farmers,

their diverse socio-cultural and their economic

backgrounds, there is a need for a variety of

options to address climate change adaptation

strategies. It should be mentioned here that the

high transaction costs in new technology

development relative to climate adaptation is

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Proceedings of 3rd Agricultural Science Week of CORAF/WECARD, May 14-17, 2012 33

especially a constraint. Institutional

arrangements which lead to the reduction and

or a rebate on these costs should facilitate

uptake of adaptive technologies. Policy makers

and decision takers need to be convinced with

empirical data that the costs-benefits analyses

of not adapting to the adverse effects of

climate change would be over and above the

cost of adaptation. Rural farming communities

need public institutional arrangement that

provide early warning systems and related

support in addressing climate change affects.

Another important factor is the infrastructure

base of the farming communities. The dearth

of such publicly provided facilities as

irrigation, paved roads, electricity, portable

water, telecommunication, etc. remains a

challenge. For example, the unavailability of

roads hampers the timely evacuation of farm

products to markets. And since these farmers

lack adequate grain storage capacity, grain

losses resulting from climate change induced

increases ig humidity and higher temperatures

lead to increases in spoilage of produces. Thus

these communities need to possess some

effective capability to manage their means of

livelihoods where robust institutional

arrangements are made for them by decision-

takers. It appears, however, that sometimes

government policies and socio-political

postures are at variance with goals of

adaptation to climate change. For example, the

deficiencies in public investments in irrigation

infrastructure make it difficult for the rural

poor to move into irrigated agriculture.

Key messages and Conclusions

1. The threats posed by climate change are

spatially variable. The implication is that

there are ‘no one-size fits all solutions’.

The evidence appears to indicate that

innovative technologies exist. The

evidence also indicates that while these

technologies are necessary they were not

sufficient to ensure that the rural poor

farmers take advantage of innovations and

technologies that might enable them to

adapt to climate change.

2. A number of factors would be required

along with the innovative technologies.

These include i) appropriate institutions

and policies; ii) adequate governance at all

levels; iii) requisite ingenuity in

developing adaptive strategies; and iv)

public investments in sustainable

agriculture via the provision of supporting

infrastructure, and the governments’

efforts in restoration of degraded

ecosystems.

3. Government interventions should include

the need to develop specific programs and

policies aimed at assisting the vulnerable

populations. This might require the need to

create and support safety nets such as cash

and in-kind transfers. It might also be

useful to create funds that respond to

climate shocks so as to provide rapid relief

when extreme weather events occur

(Beddington et al, 2011).

4. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate

Change had also concluded that

agricultural yields will suffer negative

consequences without appropriate

interventions (IPCC, 2007). SSA is

particularly vulnerable to changes in

rainfall since over 95% of its agriculture is

rain-fed (African Centre for Biosafety,

2009). It is clear that droughts impacts

more harshly on crop yields in Africa than

in regions where there is access to water

for irrigation. Vulnerability and adaptation

are urgent developmental challenges that

SSA continent faces and urgent action is

needed.

References

African Centre for Biosafety (2009) Patents,

Climate Change and African

Agriculture: Dire Predictions, briefing

paper No. 10

Beddington, J., Asaduzzaman, M., Fernandez,

A., Clark, M., Guillou, M., Jahn, M.,

Erda, L.,Mamo, T., Van Bo, N., Nobre,

CA., Scholes, R., Shamma, R.,

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Proceedings of 3rd Agricultural Science Week of CORAF/WECARD, May 14-17, 2012 34

Wakhungu, J. (2011) Achieving Food

Security in the face of climate change:

summary for policy makers from the

commission on Sustainable Agriculture

and Climate Change. CGAIR Research

Program on Climate Change,

Agriculture and Food Security

(CCAFS). Copenhagen, Denmark

IPCC WG2 (2007) Climate Change 2007:

Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability.

Contribution of the

Working Group II to the Fourth

Assessment Report of the

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate

Change, Cambridge University Press,

Cambridge UK, 433-467.

NEPAD (2008). Background paper on Africa

and climate change. The 10TH meeting

of the Africa Partnership Forum (APF)

Tokyo, Japan 7 – 8 April 2008

World Bank. (2011). Factsheet: World Bank

and Agriculture in Africa. Retrieved 05

2012, from The World Bank.

World resources Institute. (2012). Agriculture

and Food – labor: Agricultural labor

force as a percent of total labor force.

Retrieved May 2012, from Earth Trends

Searchable Database Results:

http://earthtrends.wri.org

World resources Institute. (2012). Economics,

Business, and the Environment – GDP:

Percent GDP from agriculture. Retrieved

May 5 2012, from Earth Trends

Searchable Database Results:

http://earthtrends.wri.org

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Proceedings of 3rd Agricultural Science Week of CORAF/WECARD, May 14-17, 2012 35

Cross-section of participants in plenary sessions of the 3rd Agricultural Science Week

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Proceedings of 3rd Agricultural Science Week of CORAF/WECARD, May 14-17, 2012 36

Phenotypic Evaluation of Groundnut Germplasm under Drought and Heat

Stress2

F Hamidou1*, V Vadez2 1International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Sahelian

Center, BP 12404, Niamey, Niger; E-mail: [email protected] ; 2International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), India

*Corresponding author

Abstract

A groundnut germplasm (268 genotypes) was evaluated in four trials over a period of two

years, under intermittent drought and fully irrigated conditions. Two trials were exposed to

moderate temperature during the rainy season while the two others were subjected to high

temperature during summer. The objectives were to segregate the components of the

genetic variance and their interactions with water treatment, year and environment

(temperature) for agronomic characteristics so as to select high yielding genotypes under

hot conditions and to identify traits putatively related to heat and/or intermittent drought

tolerance. Under high temperature conditions, drought stress reduced pod yield up to 72%

compared to 55% at moderate temperature. The haulm yield decrease due to drought was

34% at high temperature and 42% under moderate temperature. Haulm yield tended to

increase under high temperature. For the three traits, genotype by environment interaction

(GxE) was significant under well-watered (WW) and water stressed (WS) treatments. The

genotype and genotype by environment (GGE) biplots analyses revealed several mega

environments under WW and WS treatments indicating that high yielding genotypes under

moderate temperature were different from those at high temperature. The GGE biplots

analyses also revealed several genotypes with high performance and stability across year

and temperature environments under both WW and WS conditions. Regression analyses

indicated that among several traits measured during plant growth, only the partition rate

was significantly correlated to pod yield suggesting that this trait was contributing to heat

and drought tolerance and could be a reliable selection criterion for groundnut breeding

program for this stress.

Keywords: High temperature; Genotype-x-Environment interaction; yield; harvest index,

reproduction, groundnut

Evaluation phénotypique du matériel génétique de l'arachide en conditions de sécheresse et de

stress thermique

Résumé

Un matériel génétique de l'arachide (268 génotypes) a été évalué dans quatre essais au

cours de deux ans en conditions de sécheresse intermittente et entièrement irriguées. Deux

essais ont été exposés à température modérée en saison des pluies, tandis que les deux

autres ont été soumis à des températures élevées en été. Les objectifs étaient de

décomposer la composante de la variance génétique et de leurs interactions avec le

traitement de l'eau, l'année et l'environnement (température) pour les caractéristiques

agronomiques, sélectionner des génotypes à rendement élevé en conditions chaudes, et

identifier les traits supposés liés à la chaleur et/ou tolérant à sécheresse intermittente.

Dans des conditions de haute température, la baisse du rendement de cabosses due au

stress de la sécheresse réduit à hauteur de 72% par rapport à 55% à température modérée.

2 A grant to the Tropical Legume Project from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation through Generation Challenge

Program managed by CIMMYT made this work possible. Authors are grateful to Boulama K Taya for field assistance

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Proceedings of 3rd Agricultural Science Week of CORAF/WECARD, May 14-17, 2012 37

La baisse de rendement des fanes due à la sécheresse était de 34% à haute température et

de 42% à température modérée. Le rendement des fanes tend à augmenter sous haute

température. Pour les trois traits, par l'interaction du génotype par l’environnement (GXE)

était importante sous traitements à arrosage abondante (WW) et au stress hydrique (WS).

Les analyses biplots de génotype et du génotype par l'environnement (GGE) a révélé

plusieurs méga-environnements sous traitements WW et WS indiquant que les génotypes à

haut rendement à température modérée étaient différentes de celles à haute température.

Les analyses biplots GCE ont également révélé plusieurs génotypes à haute performance et

stabilité au cours de l'année et des environnements de température sous conditions du WW

et du WS. Les analyses de régression ont indiqué que parmi plusieurs traits mesurées au

cours de la croissance des plantes, que seul le taux de partition a été significativement

corrélée au rendement en cabosses suggérant que ce trait a contribuait à la tolérance à la

chaleur et la sécheresse et pourrait être un critère de sélection fiable pour les programme

de sélection de l'arachide.

Mots-clés: Température élevé; interaction Génotype-x-Environnement; rendement; indice

de récolte, reproduction, arachide

Introduction

Climatic changes and variability in the Sahel,

resulting in increased drought intensity and

high temperatures, will decrease groundnut

yield up to 11 to 25% by 2025 (Van

Duivenbooden et al., 2002). Plant responses to

high temperatures vary with plant species and

phonologic stage (Wahid et al., 2007). In most

plants, high temperatures affect the

reproductive processes and lead to reduced

crop yield. Although, under field conditions

drought stress is often associated with high

temperature stress in the Sahel, the impacts of

drought and high temperature stress on

groundnut productivity have mostly been

studied, one independent of the other.

However, some works have reported the

existence of a strong relationship between the

plant water status and temperature, thus

making it very difficult to separate the

contributions of heat and drought stress under

field conditions (Vara Prasad et al. 2008).

Temperature tolerance is an important

component of drought resistance and a

necessary attribute for varieties destined for the

Sahel. This is because large gaps in the rains

that cause drought are also accompanied by

high temperatures. Moreover, some authors

have shown that heat tolerance results in

improved photosynthesis, enhanced assimilate

partitioning, water and nutrient use efficiency,

and membrane stability (Momcilovic and

Ristic, 2007). Therefore, in order to improve

groundnut productivity in the Sahel as the

climate changes, and to predict the

consequences of climate change on its

productivity, combined effects of heat and

drought on physiological traits, yield and its

attributes needs to be investigated. The goal of

this study was therefore to identify genotypes

with specific or combined tolerance to drought

and heat.

Materials and Methods

Experimental conditions: Trials were

undertaken in the field at the ICRISAT

Sahelian Centre (ISC) in Sadore, Niger, 45 km

south of Niamey. Two trials were conducted

during the rainy seasons of 2008 and 2009

characterized by moderate temperatures

(MT08 and MT09) between August and

December, and two others during conducted in

the summer seasons of 2009 and 2010

characterized by high temperature (HT09 and

HT10) between February and June. The

moderate temperature experiments were used

here to test the genotypic and genotype-by-

environment interactions with the high

temperature trials. The field was irrigated

twice before sowing. Two hundred and sixty

eight (268) genotypes, consisting of 259

entries of the groundnut reference collection

and 9 farmers preferred varieties, were

evaluated. The experimental design was an

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Proceedings of 3rd Agricultural Science Week of CORAF/WECARD, May 14-17, 2012 38

incomplete randomized block design with

water treatment as main factor and genotypes

as sub-factor randomized within each factor

and replicated five times. Plants were irrigated

with 20 mm, two times in a week, until the

time to impose drought stress.

Irrigation Management: In all experiments,

two irrigations of 20 mm were done per week

for all plots until flowering time (i.e. 30-35

days after sowing). During this period half of

the plots were exposed to intermittent stress

until maturity. The intermittent drought stress

was imposed by irrigating water stress (WS)

plots only once; whereas well-watered (WW)

plots continued to receive normal irrigation.

Thus, 40 mm were provided for irrigating all

plots (WW and WS) before onset of flowering.

Thereafter, irrigation was supplied to the WW

plots only, based on the estimated

evapotranspiration. The next irrigation was

supplied to all plots (both WW and WS) and

the decision to irrigate was based on a leaf

wilting assessment of the WS plots, irrigation

being supplied when the wilting score of the

WS plots reached a value of 3 (Ratnakumar et

al. 2009; Bhatnagar-Mathur et al. 2007).

Measurements: The following were measured

during crop growth period: soil temperature at

5cm and 10 cm at the hottest period of the day;

ambient air temperatures and relative

humidity; time of emergence and time to

flowering; time to maturity and time to harvest.

To record the maturity date, border plants were

randomly picked, pods number was counted

and the internal pod wall was examined for

pod maturity. At harvest, the entire two rows

per plot were sampled (2 m2). The plants were

air-dried, and pods were separated from

haulms. For each plot, haulm weight and pod

weight were recorded. Crop growth rate (CGR,

kg ha-1 per day), pod growth rate (PGR, kg ha-1

168 per day); and partitioning (P, proportion of

dry matter partitioned into pods) were

estimated according to Ntare et al., 2001.

Results

Weather: The VPD of the four experiments

indicate that the VPD of HT09 and HT10 (3.68

and 3.66 kPa respectively) were higher than

the VPD of MT08 and MT09 (2.0 kPa and 1.8

kPa respectively). The highest temperature

(410C in average) was also observed during

high temperature experiments. The soil

temperature recorded at 5cm reached 49oC

during high temperature compared to 420C

during the moderate temperature season

experiments. At 10cm, the soil temperature in

the high temperature season was also higher

than in the moderate temperature season.

Water, genotype and genotype x water

interaction: Analyses of variance (ANOVA)

revealed significant water treatment (Trt),

genotype (G) and genotype by treatment

(GxTrt) effects for pod yield (Py), haulm yield

(Hy) and harvest index (HI) of the 268

genotypes for both HT09 and HT10

experiments. The magnitude of G and GxTrt

effects was similar for each of the traits in both

years. Under fully irrigated conditions the trial

mean for pod yield was similar in the high

temperature and the moderate temperature

seasons. The pod yield ranged from 1.1 to 3.4 t

ha-1 under WW conditions and from 0.4 to 1.7 t

ha-1 under WS treatment indicating a large

genotypic variation in the germplasm. The

haulm weight during the high temperature

regime was higher than in the moderate

temperature seasons, especially in the HT09

trial (Figure 1). Interestingly, HI in moderate

temperature seasons (0.38 and 0.37) was

slightly higher in the high temperature seasons

(0.25 and 0.34). The duration of the

experiments in high temperature seasons was

130 days compared to 120 days in the

moderate temperature seasons. The three

agronomic traits, Py, Hy and HI, decreased

significantly under drought conditions in both

moderate and high temperature experiments

(Figure 1). For pod yield, the decrease due to

drought stress was lower in the MT08 and

MT09 (55 and 38% respectively) than in the

HT09 and HT10 regimes (72 and 59%

respectively). These results indicate that the

intermittent drought stress had a more severe

effect on pod yield during high temperature

than during the moderate temperature regimes.

Drought stress decreased the HI under the high

temperature regimes (50 and 33% in HT09 and

HT10, respectively) than under moderate

temperature (25% for both MT08 and MT09).

This was not the case for the haulm yield

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Proceedings of 3rd Agricultural Science Week of CORAF/WECARD, May 14-17, 2012 39

which decreased less in the high temperature

seasons (34 and 11%) than in the moderate

temperature regimes (42 and 31%).

Genotype and Genotype x Environment: In

order to test the hypothesis that ‘the selection

of high yielding genotypes under WW and or

WS conditions in the moderate temperature

regimes would be different from those selected

during high temperature regime a GGE biplot

analysis was performed. ANOVA analysis

indicated that large GxE took place. Several

GGE biplot analyses revealed the existence of

mega environment effects, and this helped in

identifying higher yielding genotypes under

WW and WS conditions within and across

moderate and high temperatures. GGE biplot

represents graphically the genotype (G) main

effects plus genotype-by-environment

interaction (G×E) effects (Figure 2). It also

shows each genotype’s position across the

environments based on its mean performance

and stability. Under WW conditions, four

mega environments were observed while there

were three mega environments under WS

conditions. The existence of mega

environments under both WW and WS

indicates that genotypes behaved differently

across environments. Figure 2 shows also that

genotypes located at the vertex of the polygon

were the highest yielding in each environment.

In addition to their specificity to stress

adaptation, some genotypes such as 111 and

205 were shown to be adapted to both

moderate and high temperature regimes. Thus,

based on GGE biplot analyses for ranking the

genotypes, the most adapted (or highest

yielding) and least adapted (or lowest yielding)

in moderate (MT), high (HT) and across both

moderate and high temperature (MTHT)

environments were selected.

Correlations between pod yield and traits:

Amongst the traits measured during the four

experiments MT08, HT09, MT09 and HT10,

only the partition rate (P) showed significant

correlation with pod yield under both WW ( r2

= 0.17, r2 = 0.25, r2 = 0.18, r2 = 0.22,

respectively) and WS (r2 = 0.47, r2 = 0.19, r2 =

0.16, r2 = 0.21).

Discussion

Wide genotypic variations were observed in

this study for pod yield, haulm yield and

harvest index under control (WW) and drought

(WS) conditions across seasons. The negative

effect of drought stress on pod yield was

higher under high temperature seasons (72%)

than under moderate temperature seasons

(55%) confirming earlier studies (Girdthai et

al., 2010; Mothilal et al., 2010). The HI

decrease during high temperature treatment

under WW conditions suggests an effect of the

high temperature on the reproductive

processes, but not on plant growth. The

differences in pod yield between moderate

temperature and high temperature seasons

could be explained by a higher growth during

high temperatures during which there is a

longer duration of the crop growth, than in the

moderate temperature season. Also, the

differences in VPD between the seasons could

have played a major role in pod development.

Under high temperatures combined with

drought stress, the effect of heat on the

reproductive processes was very high. Thus, in

additions to drought which affected several

physiological processes, high temperatures had

a further depressing effect on the reproductive

processes thus resulting to the observed low

pod yield and harvest index. It had been

previously reported that reproductive processes

in groundnut were sensitive to temperature

changes (Craufurd et al. 2003). In addition,

Ntare et al. (2001) showed that pod yield of

groundnut genotypes declined by more than

50% when flowering and pod formation

occurred as temperatures averaged 40°C.

Results obtained from this current study

indicate a difference in partitioning of

photosynthates during high and moderate

temperature regimes.

Songsri et al (2008) reported that the ability to

partition dry matter into harvestable yields

under limited water supply was an important

trait for drought tolerant genotypes. In this

study, genotypic and genotype by water

treatment interactions (GxTrt) were both

significant and had a similar magnitude in their

effects for both high temperature regimes in

2009 and in 2010, thus indicating the need to

select genotypes under each specific water

treatment. The magnitude of GxE therefore

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Proceedings of 3rd Agricultural Science Week of CORAF/WECARD, May 14-17, 2012 40

suggests that the selection for best genotypes

was specific to the screening environment,

which was confirmed by GGE biplots. The

mega environments observed under both WW

and WS conditions revealed that genotypes

behaved differently across environments. This

indicated that for each water regime the

highest yielding genotype in the moderate

temperature regime differed from those in the

high temperatures.

Conclusions: Contrasting genotypes (highest

and lowest yielding for WW and WS) were

identified during this study. Such contrasting

material could be used in a breeding program

to develop cultivars for specific environments

with differing temperatures during water stress.

The results obtained from these studies have

further demonstrated the segregating responses

of groundnut genotypes to drought and/or heat

stress thus contributing to understanding the

interaction of different mechanisms operating

conjointly during these stresses. The highest

yielding genotypes were those with high yields

in different environments, with consistent

production from year to year. Using GGE

biplots, the broadly adapted genotypes across

year and temperature for each of WW and WS

treatments were selected. These genotypes

could be considered as having the most

“stable” yields across seasons. Thus, according

to the target environment (moderate or high

temperatures), the water treatment (WW, WS)

and, the yield and stability, some of the

genotypes could be recommended for specific

environmental conditions. Finally, based on

the correlation with pod yield, photosynthate

partition rate could be used as selection criteria

for improving intermittent drought and heat

tolerance in groundnut. This would require

further studies so as to identify additional traits

putatively related to combined drought and

heat stress.

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

WW WS WW WS WW WS

Hy Py HI (%)

Yie

ld (

g m

-2)

MT08

MT09

HT09

HT10

Figure 1: Trial means of pod yield (Py), haulm yield (Hy) and harvest index (HI) during MT08, MT09, HT09 and HT10 experiments at Sadore

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Proceedings of 3rd Agricultural Science Week of CORAF/WECARD, May 14-17, 2012 41

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Camejo, D., Rodr´ıguez, P., Morales, M.A.,

Dell’amico, J.M., Torrecillas, A.,

Alarc´on, J.J., 2005. High temperature

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Craufurd P.Q, Prasad P.V., Kakani G.V.,

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Girdthai, T., Jogloy, S., Vorasoot, N.,

Akkasaeng, C., Wongkaew, S., Holbrook,

C.C. Patanothai, A., 2010. Heritability of,

and genotypic correlations between,

aflatoxin traits and physiological traits for

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Field Crops Res. 118, 169–176.

Momcilovic, I., Ristic, Z., 2007. Expression of

chloroplast protein synthesis elongation

factor, EF-Tu, in two lines of maize with

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Mothilal, A., Vindhiya Varman, P.,

Manivannan, N., 2010. Phenotypic

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Ntare B. R. , J. H. WILLIAMS and F.

DOUGBEDJI, 2001. Evaluation of

groundnut genotypes for heat tolerance

under field conditions in a Sahelian

environment using a simple physiological

model for yield. Journal of Agricultural

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Ratnakumar P., V. Vadez, S. N. Nigam, L.

Krishnamurthy, 2009. Assessment of

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system. Plant Biology, 11, 124-130.

Songsri P., S. Jogloy, T. Kesmala, N.

Vorasoot, C. Akkasaeng, A. Patanothai,

and C. C. Holbrook, 2008. Response of

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resistant peanut genotypes to drought.

Figure 2: GGE biplot indicating the existence of mega environment under well-watered (ww) and water stress (ws) conditions in moderate (MT08, MT09) and high (HT09, HT10) temperatures.

245267

111

112

246

113248

114

250

115

252

116

254117

256118258

119

260

120

Scatter plot (Total - 71.61%)

121

263

122

265 123

1

124

3

125

5

126

7

127

9

12811 129

13

130

15 131

17

132

19

133

21

134

23

135

25

136

27137

29

138

31

139

33

140

35

141

37

142

39

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14443

145

45

146

47147

49148

51

14953

150

55

151

57

15259153

61

154

63

155

65

156

67

157

69

158

71

159

73

160

75

161

77

162

79163

81164

83 165

85

166

87

16789

168

91

169

93170

95

171

97

172

99

173

101174

103

175

105

176

107

177

109

178

268179249180

253

181

257

182

261183

264

184

2

185

6

186

10

18714

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189

22

190

26

191 30

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34

193

38

194

42

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196

50

197

54

198

58

199

62

20066

201

70

202

74203

78

20482

205

86

206

90

207

94

208

98

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102

210106

211

110

212

251

213

259

214

266

215

8

216

16

217

24

218

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219

40 220

48

221

56222 64

223

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80

225

88

226

96

227104

228247

229

262 230

12

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44

23360

23476

235

92236

108

237

4

238

36

239

68 240

100

241

20

84

255

52242

243

244HT10

HT09

MT08

MT09

PC

2 -

28.8

4%

PC1 - 42.77%

Environment scores

Sectors of convex hull

Convex hull

Mega-Environments

Genotype scores

WW

128

240

263

121

129

122

245

114123

115

261

116

259

117

267

118

265

119

258

120

Scatter plot (Total - 63.13%)

250

255

249253

251

124

2

125

4

126

6

127

8

248

10

24712130

14

131

16

132

18

133

20 134

22

135

24136

26

137

28

138

30

139

32

140

34

141

36

142

38

143

40

14442

145

44

146

46

147

48

148

50

149

52150

54

151

56

152

58

15360

154

62

155

64156

66

15768

158

70

159

72

160

74161

76

162

78

163

80

164

82

165

84

166

86167

88

168

90

169

92

170

94

171

96

172

98

173

100

174

102

175

104

176

106

177

108

178110179 112

180

262

181

268

182

264183

256

184252

185

3

186

7187

11

188

15

189

19

190

23

191

27

192

31

193

35

19439

195

43

196

47

1975119855

199

59

200

63

201

67

202

71

203

75

204

79

205

83

206

87

20791

208

95

209

99

210

103

211

107

212

111

213

260214

257 215

1216

9

217

17

218

25

219

33

22041

221

49

222

57

223

65

224

73

225

81

226

89

227

97

228105

229

113

230254

231

13

232

29233 45

234

61

235

77

236

93

237

109

238

5

239

37

246

69

241

101

2153

85

266

242

243

244

MT09

HT10

HT09

MT08

PC

2 -

27.3

1%

PC1 - 35.83%

Environment scores

Sectors of convex hull

Convex hull

Mega-Environments

Genotype scores

WS

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Proceedings of 3rd Agricultural Science Week of CORAF/WECARD, May 14-17, 2012 42

Asian Journal of plant sciences, 7(5), 425-

439.

Van Duivenbooden N., S. Abdoussalam, A.

Ben Mohamed, 2002. Impact of Climate

Change on Agricultural Production in the

Sahel – Part 2. Case Study for Groundnut

and Cowpea in Niger. Climate change, 54,

3, 349-368.

Vara Prasad, P.V and S.A. Staggenborg, 2008:

Impacts of Drought and/or Heat Stress on

Physiological, Developmental, Growth,

and Yield Processes of Crop Plants.

Advances in Agricultural Systems

Modeling Serie 1, 301-355.

Wahid A., S. Gelani, M. Ashraf and M.R.

Foolad, 2007. Heat tolerance in plants: An

overview. Environmental and

Experimental Botany 61, 199–223.

Page 43:  · 2 Inside front cover. Citation . CORAF/WECARD: Proceedings of CORAF/WECARD 3rd Agricultural Science Week and 10th General Assembly, Ndjamena, Chad, 2012; Editors Paco Sereme &

Proceedings of 3rd Agricultural Science Week of CORAF/WECARD, May 14-17, 2012 43

Identifications Des Variétés De Niébé [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.]

Tolérantes à la Sécheresse en Phase Reproductive3

Halimé Mahamat Hissene Institut Tchadien de la Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement Boulevard Pompidou,

BP 3055, N'Djamena N’Djamena, Tchad

Phone: + 235 62 54 25 25 : Email : [email protected]

Résumé

Des variétés tolérantes à la sécheresse ont été identifiées par des programmes de sélection.

Vu l’irrégularité des pluies dans la zone soudano-sahélienne, la sélection des variétés de

niébé capables de produire un bon rendement sous déficit hydrique, est primordiale.

L’essai s’est fait au champ avec 16 génotypes de niébé. Un dispositif en bloc complètement

randomisé a été réalisé sous 2 conditions expérimentales, une où les plantes ont eu une

alimentation régulière en eau et une où on a arrêtée l’alimentation en eau à 50% de

floraison. La durée de la phase végétative et du cycle entier sont corrélées positivement

avec la matière fraiche et sèche et négativement avec les rendements en gousses et en

graines. Les génotypes IT96D-610, IT99K-529-2, IT97K-819-118, IT00K-1263 et IT97K-

390-2 ont eu des rendements en graines supérieurs à 1000 Kg/ha sous sécheresse en phase

reproductive, et peuvent donc entrer dans la sélection pour des variétés à haut rendement

tolérantes à la sécheresse. D’autres études avec plus de génotypes et sous différents sous-

climats permettront d’obtenir des variétés à haut rendement adaptées à différentes régions.

Mots clés : niébé, tolérance à la sécheresse, soudano-sahelienne, rendements

Identification of Cowpea Varieties Tolerant [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] to Drought at the

Reproductive Phase

Abstract

Drought tolerant varieties of cowpea were identified through a selection program for the

purposes of ensuring some sustainable crop yield following the irregularity of rainfall

being encountered in the Sudano-Sahelian zone. The trial was conducted in the field at on

16 cowpea genotypes. A completely randomized block design was used under 2

experimental conditions: one where the plants were regularly irrigated and another where

irrigation was stopped during the 50% flowering stage. The duration of the vegetative

phase and the entire cycle were positively correlated with fresh and dry matter, and these

parameters were negatively correlated with pod and grain yield. The genotypes IT96D-

610, IT99K-529-2, IT97K-819-118, IT00K-1263 and IT97K-390-2 produced yields above

1,000 kg/ha under drying conditions at the reproductive phase. The results suggest that

these genotypes might hold some promise in a varietal selection program for cowpea under

drying conditions. Further studies on more genotypes and under varying climatic

conditions are, however, needed so as to adequately select high-yielding varieties adapted

to different target zones.

Key words: Cowpea, drought tolerance, Sudano-Sahelian, yield

3Ces travaux ont été réalisés dans le cadre d’un stage de fin d’études pour l’obtention d’un master en biologie et technologie

végétale de l’université d’Angers. J’adresse mes sincères remerciements à Dr OUSMANE BOUKAR de l’IITA, et aux

responsables du Centre Régional de Recherche Agricole pour le Développement de Maroua et au Dr ALLARANGAYE

MOUNDIBAYE de l’ITRAD.

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Proceedings of 3rd Agricultural Science Week of CORAF/WECARD, May 14-17, 2012 44

Introduction Le déficit hydrique et l’absence de pratiques

culturales adaptées (Daoust et al., 1985,

Emechebe et Florini, 1997) sont parmi les

principaux facteurs limitant la production chez

le niébé. La sécheresse est le stress

environnemental majeur dans plusieurs pays

africains. En l’occurrence, la zone soudano-

sahélienne (pluviométrie de 400 à 1000 mm

par an) est l’une des zones qui connait de

moins en moins des précipitations (Sarr,

Traore, Salack personal communication). Le

niébé est naturellement tolérant à la sécheresse.

Des variétés tolérantes à la sécheresse ont été

identifiées et développées par des programmes

de sélection, mais les rendements restent très

réduits sous condition de déficit hydrique.

Ainsi, ce travail avait pour objectif

l’identification, parmi 16 génotypes de niébé,

celles qui sont les plus tolérantes à la

sécheresse en phase reproductive, avec un haut

rendement et adaptées à la zone soudano-

sahélienne.

Matériels et méthodes

Cadre de l’étude : Les expérimentations sont

réalisées au CRRAM (Centre Régional de

Recherche Agricole pour le Développement de

Maroua) de l'Institut de Recherche Agricole

pour le Développement, de Cameroun. La

moyenne totale annuelle des pluies été 750

mm ; la longueur des périodes de culture été de

120 à 150 jours ; la température moyenne été

de 32,5°C en avril et 24,8°C en décembre.

Matériel végétal : Seize génotypes améliorés

de niébé, (variétés stables, génération F8), de

l’IITA ont été utilisés. Ils sont les suivants :

IT98K-491-4 ; IT98K-628 ; IT96D-610 ;

IT99K-529-2 ; IT99K-7-21-2-2 ; IT98K-128-3;

IT97K-819-118; IT98K-166-4; IT99K-1122;

IT98K-412-13; IT89KD-288; IT00K-1263;

IT97K-390-2; IT99K-216-24-2; IT98K-311-8-

2; et IT97K-1069-6.

Méthodes : Deux conditions expérimentales

ont été considérées pour déterminer les pertes

dues à la sécheresse au champ: 1) condition

optimale où les plantes ont reçu une

alimentation régulière en eau du semis à la

maturité ; 2) condition de stress où les plantes

ont reçu une alimentation en eau jusqu'à la

floraison (50%) et pas d’alimentation en eau

jusqu'à la récolte. Les 2 conditions ont été

mises en place suivant un dispositif en bloc

complètement randomisé avec 3 répétitions

(blocs). La parcelle expérimentale a été

constituée de 3 lignes de 3 m distantes de 0.75

m. L’essai a couvert une superficie d’environ

625 m2. Quatre traitements insecticides ont été

réalisés suite à des attaques des insectes.

L’irrigation a été effectuée avec la méthode

suivante : 2 jours avant le semis, le jour suivant

le semis, et une à 2 fois par semaine, de la

germination à la floraison. A partir de la

floraison, l’irrigation a continué suivant le

même rythme pour les plantes témoins, et a été

arrêtée pour les plantes qui étaient mises en

déficit hydrique.

Paramètres mesurés : Hauteur, diamètre,

surface foliaire, nombre de feuilles et nombre

de branches à 4 semaines après le semis; date

50% floraison et 95% de maturité ; a la

récolte : rendement en gousses et en graines

par unité expérimentale, par ha et par plante,

matières fraiches (MF, plante entière avec

gousses), matières sèches (MS).

Analyses statistiques : Le logiciel statistique

statbox2007 a été utilisé pour analyser les

données de l’essai. Des analyses de variances

(Anova, modèle linéaire générale), des

Classifications Ascendantes Hiérarchiques

(CAH) et des Analyses en Composantes

Principales (ACP) et des statistiques

descriptives ont été réalisées.

Résultats et Discussions

Les variables végétatifs : Il existe des

corrélations significatives entre les variables

(P-value associée inférieure à 10-3). La surface

foliaire est corrélée positivement avec les

rendements en gousses (r =0,304) et en graines

(r=0,28) (figure1). L’ACP a donné des

corrélations significatives entre les variables

(P-value associée inférieure à 10-3). La surface

foliaire est corrélée négativement avec la durée

de la phase végétative (r = -0,23) (figure 2).

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Proceedings of 3rd Agricultural Science Week of CORAF/WECARD, May 14-17, 2012 45

Figure 1 : ACP des 16 génotypes des 2 conditions

en fonction des 4 variables et des rendements en

gousses et graines, de la matière fraiche et sèche.

Figure 2 : ACP des 16 génotypes des 2 conditions en

fonction des 4 variables précédentes et de la durée de la

phase végétative et du cycle entier.

Paramètres phénologiques : Des corrélations

significatives ont été obtenues par l’ACP des

16 génotypes des 2 conditions en fonction de la

durée de la phase végétative (semis - 50%

floraison), la durée du cycle entier (semis -

95% maturité), des rendements en gousses et

en graines, et des matières fraiches et sèches à

la récolte. La P-value associée été inférieure à

10-3. La corrélation entre la floraison et la

maturité a été positive avec un coefficient de

Pearson égal à 0,655 (Tableau I). Les

corrélations entre la durée de la phase

végétative et les rendements en gousses (r= -

0,377) et en graines (r= -0,366) sont négatives,

celles entre la durée de la phase végétative et

les matières fraiches (r=0,212) et sèches

(r=0,295) ont été positives (Tableau I).

Récolte : Un effet Variété et un effet traitement

significatifs a été obtenus par l’analyse de

variance des 16 génotypes des 2 conditions en

fonction de la matière fraiche (tableau non

présenté). L’analyse de variance des 16

génotypes des 2 conditions en fonction de la

matière sèche, a permis de mettre en évidence

un effet variété significatif (tableau non

présenté). Il n’y avait pas d’effet Traitement

significatifs.

Tableau 1 : L’ACP des 16 génotypes des 2 conditions en fonction de la durée de la phase végétative, la durée du cycle entier,

des rendements en gousses et en graines, et des matières fraiches et sèches (tableau de Pearson)

Floraison Maturité Gousses (Kg) Graines

(Kg)

Matière Fraiche

(Kg)

Matière Sèche

(Kg)

Floraison 1,0 0,655 - 0,377 - 0,366 0,212 0,295

Maturité 0,655 1,0 - 0,420 - 0,414 0,468 0,268

Gousses (Kg) - 0,377 - 0,420 1,0 0,989 - 0,082 - 0,047

Graines (Kg) - 0,366 - 0,414 0,989 1,0 - 0,094 - 0,046

Matière Fraiche (Kg) 0,212 0,468 - 0,082 - 0,094 1,0 0,505

Matière Sèche (Kg) 0,295 0,268 - 0,047 - 0,046 0,505 1,0

En gras : valeurs significatives au seuil alpha= 0,05 (test bilatéral)

Un effet variété et un effet bloc significatifs

ont été obtenus par l’analyse de variance des

16 génotypes des 2 conditions en fonction du

rendement en gousses. Il n’y avait pas d’effet

traitement significatif. L’analyse de variance

des 16 génotypes des 2 conditions en fonction

du rendement en graines, a permis de mettre en

évidence un effet Variété, un effet traitement et

un effet bloc significatifs. Le déficit hydrique a

un effet négatif sur le rendement en graines des

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Proceedings of 3rd Agricultural Science Week of CORAF/WECARD, May 14-17, 2012 46

plantes vu sa moyenne (0,443) inférieure à

celle des plantes témoins (0,577). IT96D-610 a

la matière fraiche la plus réduite, et IT99K-7-

21-2-2 a obtenu la matière fraiche la plus

élevée. IT97K-819-118 a montré la matière

sèche la plus réduite et IT99K-7-21-2-2 a la

matière sèche la plus élevée (Tableau 1).

IT89KD-288 a le rendement en gousses le

plus réduit et IT97K-390-2 a le rendement en

gousse le plus élevé (Tableau 2). La

comparaison multiple des moyennes des 16

variétés des rendements en graines a donné un

résultat similaire à celle du rendement en

gousses (Tableau 2). IT98K-166-4 a la phase

végétative la plus réduite. Les génotypes

IT98K-491-4, IT98K-311-8-2, IT89KD-288 et

IT97K-1069-6 ont la phase végétative la plus

longue (Tableau 1). IT98K-628 et IT96D-610

ont un cycle court (64 et 66 jours

respectivement) et les génotypes IT89KD-288,

IT98K-311-8-2 et IT97K-1069-6 ont un cycle

assez long (83 jours) (Tableau 2).

La surface foliaire à 4 semaines après le semis

est corrélée positivement avec les rendements

en gousses (r =0,304) et en graines (r =0,28).

Au niveau de la plante, la taille de la plante et

la demande en eau sont surtout exprimées par

l’index de surface foliaire, qui est la surface

totale des feuilles vivantes par unité de surface

de sol (m² m-²). L’évapotranspiration, et donc

l’apport en eau de la plante augmente avec

l’index de surface foliaire jusqu’à ce qu’il

arrive à un seuil maximum au-delà duquel

l’évapotranspiration n’augmente plus (Blum,

2007). La surface foliaire a été corrélée

négativement avec la durée de la phase

végétative (r = -0,23). Les génotypes à phase

végétative courte ont par conséquent des

grandes surfaces foliaires, et ceux à phase

végétative longue ont des faibles surfaces

foliaires. En conséquence, les génotypes à

courte phase végétative produisent des gousses

précocement, mais avec un rendement moins

important que pour les génotypes à cycle

moyen. Et ceux à longue phase végétative

produisent peu de gousses mais beaucoup de

feuilles à petites surfaces.

Les corrélations négatives entre la durée de la

phase végétative et les rendements en gousses

(r = -0,377) et en graines (r = -0,366), et

positives avec les matières fraiches (r =0,212)

et sèches (r =0,295), prouvent que les

génotypes à phase végétative longue ont un

faible rendement en graine et en gousse et

produisent plus de fanes que de gousses. La

sélection pour des lignées à floraison précoce

et avec un rendement amélioré sous condition

de déficit hydrique a été utilisée pour

développer des cultivars adaptés à des régions

à faible pluviométrie du Sahel (Hall et Patel,

1985; Cissé et al. 1995).

Tableau 2 : Comparaisons multiples de moyennes des 16 génotypes (Anova)

Génotype

Matière

fraiche

Matière

sèche

Rendement

gousses/ha

Rendement

graines/ha

Durée phase

végétative

Durée du

cycle entier

IT98K-491-4 0,462 0,122 883,333 644,444 41,000 74,667

IT98K-628 0,215 0,123 1352,778 858,333 35,500 63,667

IT96D-610 0,185 0,097 1088,889 788,889 35,500 65,833

IT99K-529-2 0,367 0,170 2294,444 1611,111 37,333 72,000

IT99K-7-21-2-2 0,633 0,298 722,222 477,778 39,500 77,333

IT98K-128-3 0,373 0,123 1033,333 713,889 40,000 78,167

IT97K-819-118 0,192 0,073 1519,444 1163,889 37,000 67,833

IT98K-166-4 0,448 0,192 1436,111 916,667 34,667 67,667

IT99K-1122 0,217 0,147 1377,778 955,556 38,000 67,667

IT98K-412-13 0,247 0,097 1288,889 822,222 38,600 74,833

IT89KD-288 0,413 0,185 97,222 66,667 42,000 83,000

IT00K-1263 0,390 0,200 2225,000 1522,222 37,000 72,000

IT97K-390-2 0,350 0,208 3000,000 2055,556 36,667 70,000

IT99K-216-24-2 0,505 0,177 400,000 263,889 39,167 77,333

IT98K-311-8-2 0,565 0,255 272,222 180,556 41,500 83,000

IT97K-1096-6 0,467 0,157 775,000 555,556 42,000 83,000

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Proceedings of 3rd Agricultural Science Week of CORAF/WECARD, May 14-17, 2012 47

La maturité a été corrélée négativement avec

les rendements en gousses (r = -0,42) et en

graines (r = -0,414) et positivement avec les

matières fraiches (r =0,468) et sèches (r

=0,268). Autrement dit, les génotypes à cycle

court et moyen ont un bon rendement en

gousses et graines, et ceux à cycle long ont un

bon rendement en matières fraiches et sèches.

Ces résultats rejoignent ceux de la durée de la

phase végétative très corrélée avec la durée du

cycle entier. Il y avait un effet traitement

significatif sur le rendement en graines mais

pas sur le rendement en gousses. La différence

est peut être au niveau du remplissage de

graine. En général, le niébé est très sensible à

la sécheresse durant la formation et le

remplissage des gousses (Turk et al., 1980).

Le manque d’assimilât et parfois la

disponibilité de l’azote sont des causes

majeures de l’arrêt de croissance de grain et de

fruit sous le stress hydrique. Le stress hydrique

durant le développement de la graine de

céréale réduit la durée de remplissage de

graine. L’IT89KD-288 a les rendements en

gousses et en graines les plus réduits suivi de

IT98K-311-8-2 et IT99K-216-24-2. On

retrouve ici les génotypes à longue phase

végétative et à cycle long qui n’ont pas produit

beaucoup des gousses. Le génotype IT97K-

390-2 a les rendements en gousses et en

graines les plus élevés. Ces génotypes ont des

phases végétatives et des cycles moyens et

courts. Les génotypes IT96D-610, IT99K-529-

2, IT97K-819-118, IT00K-1263 et IT97K-

390-2 ont des rendements en graines par

hectare supérieurs à 1000 Kg/ha sous déficit

hydrique (1044,44 ; 1472,22 ; 1211,11 ;

1088,89 ; et 1644,44 Kg/ha respectivement),

comparés aux cultivars locaux produisant

autour de 300 Kg/ha (Hall, 2004).

Dans une étude similaire d’évaluation des

variétés de niébé, la variété Mouride a montré

une grande résistance à la sécheresse de mi-

saison mais une capacité à échapper à la

sécheresse de fin de saison (de la floraison à la

maturité) moindre que la variété Melakh.

Mouride a produit autour de 3000 Kg/ha dans

la frontière humide du Sahel du Sénégal avec

plus de 450 mm de pluviométrie comparé au

rendement en graine autour de 2400 Kg/ha

pour les variétés Melakh et Ein El Gazal sous

bonnes conditions d’irrigation (Hall et Patel,

1985). Les génotypes IT98K-628, IT96D-610,

IT98K-128-3 et IT97K-819-118 ont des

rendements en gousses/ha sous déficit

hydrique supérieurs aux rendements des

plantes témoins. En outre, IT96D-610 et

IT97K-819-118 ont des rendements en

graines/ha sous déficit hydrique supérieurs aux

témoins. Ces génotypes sont à cycles courts et

ont donc échappé à cette sécheresse de fin de

saison. Il y a un effet Traitement significatif

sur la matière fraiche mais pas sur la matière

sèche. Le déficit hydrique n’a pas eu d’effet

sur la matière sèche. Mc Cree et al. (1990)

trouvent une large diminution de la

photosynthèse du niébé due aux effets de la

sénescence foliaire avec l’augmentation du

déficit hydrique. Dans notre essai, on n’a pas

observé une grande sénescence foliaire

éventuellement à cause du déficit hydrique peu

prolongé dans le temps, ce qui explique

probablement l’absence d’effet du stress sur la

matière sèche.

Conclusions : Les génotypes IT96D-610,

IT99K-529-2, IT97K-819-118, IT00K-1263 et

IT97K-390-2 ont des rendements en graines

supérieurs à 1000 Kg/ha sous déficit hydrique

en phase reproductive, et peuvent donc être

utilisés dans la sélection pour des variétés à

haut rendement tolérantes à la sécheresse et

adaptées à la zone soudano-sahélienne.

Références

Cissé N, N’diaye M., Thiaw S., Hall A.E.,

1995. Registration of Mouride cowpea.

Crop science, 35: 1215-1216

Daoust R.A., Roberts, D.W. and Das Neves,

B.P., 1985. Distribution, biology and

control of cowpea pests in Latin America.

Wiley, New York, pp. 249-264

Emechebe A.M. and Florini, D.A., 1997. Shoot

and pod diseases of cowpea induced by

fungi and bacteria.

Hall A.E., Patel, P.N., 1985. Breeding for

resistance to drought and heat. In: Singh,

S.R., Rachie, K.O. (Eds.), Cowpea

Research, Production, and Utilization.

Wiley, New York, pp. 137–151.

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Proceedings of 3rd Agricultural Science Week of CORAF/WECARD, May 14-17, 2012 48

Hall Anthony E., 2004, Breeding for

adaptation to drought and heat in cowpea,

Europ. J. Agronomy 21 (2004) 447–454.

McCree K. J., C. J. Fernandez, and R. F. de

Oliveria, 1990: Visualizing interactions of

water stress responses with a whole-plant

simulation model. Crop Sci. 30, 294-300

Singh B. B. (1987) Breeding cowpea varieties

for drought escape. In: Menyonga JM,

Bezuneh T, Youdeowei A (eds) Food seed

production in semi-arid Africa.

OAU/STRCSAFGRAD, Ouagadougou, pp

299–306

Turk J., A. E. Hall, and C. W. Asbell, 1980:

Drought adaptation of cowpea. I. Influence

of drought on seed yield. Agron. J. 72, 413-

420

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Proceedings of 3rd Agricultural Science Week of CORAF/WECARD, May 14-17, 2012 49

Report on sub-theme 1

Chair : Dr Abdou Tenkouano, Email : [email protected]

Rapporteur 1 : Dr Adolphe Adjanohoun, Email : [email protected];

Rapporteur 2 : Dr Colette Diguimbaye-Djaibé, Email : [email protected]

Summary of session

The lead paper demonstrated that Africa had

enormous natural resources, especially with

respect to productive land which Africa needed

to take advantage of. It argued that the

relationship between climate change and

agriculture was not lineal, but rather complex.

Hence climate change adaptation would need

robust systems working together for

sustainable livelihoods amongst the poor rural

communities. It posited that whereas

technological innovations were necessary, that

they were not in themselves enough to face the

challenges of adaptation to climate change and

variability. The complementary papers, on the

other hand, demonstrated the need for

increased investments in varietal selection

based on robust physiologic and genetic

evidence so as to sustainable crop yields

following climatic changes. The papers also

argued that since both drought and heat

stresses occurred together in the Sahel, that

these factors be studied together, rather than

separately.

Key points raised in plenary

The plenary stressed the need for more

inclusion of physiological evidence in

plant breeding and variety selection

It was noted that whereas out-scaling

research outputs through the private sector

was needed such out-scaling should

recognize the intellectual property rights of

scientists.

It was noted that whereas scientific

research was highly necessary in climate

change adaptation studies, that socio-

political dimensions should also be taken

into account in climate change adaption

strategies.

The plenary stressed that the trend of the

agriculture of the future was towards a

better governance and integrated

management systems, which should

emphasize integrated soil fertility

management; integrated pests and diseases

management of crops; and improved crop-

livestock integration.

Recommendations to CORAF and Research Institutions

Encourage the creation of multi-

disciplinary and multi-institutional

research teams to tackle the challenge of

adaptation to climate change.

Research should emphasize value chains.

Continue emphasizing the priorities of

producers in the conceptualization and

implementation of research projects.

Involve decision-takers in the innovation

development and technology use process;

in technology dissemination and adoption

so as to increase buy-in and encourage

public and private investments.

Encourage scientists to publish their

research outputs.

Recommendations to Governements

Promote investments in rural infrastructure

to facilitate grain storage, evacuation of

farm produces; food processing, etc.

Enforce policies which guarantee the

intellectual property rights of scientists,

and in knowledge management.

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Proceedings of 3rd Agricultural Science Week of CORAF/WECARD, May 14-17, 2012 50

Rapport sur le sous-thème 1

Président: Dr Abdou Tenkouano, Email : [email protected]

Rapporteur 1 : Dr Adolphe Adjanohoun, Email : [email protected];

Rapporteur 2 : Dr Colette Diguimbaye-Djaibé, Email : [email protected]

Résumé de la session

La présentation principale de la session a

démontré que l'Afrique disposait d'énormes

ressources naturelles, notamment en ce qui

concerne la productivité des sols. Celle-ci a

souligné que la relation entre le changement

climatique et l'agriculture n'était pas simple et

linéaire, mais plutôt complexe. Ainsi

l'adaptation au changement climatique

nécessitait la mise en place de solides systèmes

agricoles. Elle a également indiqué, que bien

que des innovations technologiques étaient

nécessaires, celles-ci n'étaient pas suffisantes

pour faire face aux défis de l'adaptation à la

variabilité et aux changements climatiques. Les

présentations complémentaires, ont d'autre

part, démontré qu'une sélection variétale basée

sur des preuves physiologiques et génétiques

solides était nécessaires pour l'adaptation des

cultures à la sécheresse et aux contraintes

thermiques.

Les points clés soulevés en séance plénière

La nécessité d'une plus grande inclusion

des éléments de preuve physiologique dans

la sélection végétale et variétale

Si la mise à l'échelle des résultats de

recherche par le secteur privé est

nécessaire, celle-ci devrait reconnaître la

propriété intellectuelle des chercheurs.

La recherche scientifique est indispensable

dans les études d'adaptation au changement

climatique. Toutefois, la dimension

sociopolitique devrait être également prise

en compte dans les stratégies d'adaptation

au changement climatique.

L'agriculture du futur a tendance à

promouvoir une meilleure gouvernance et

des systèmes de gestion intégrés- y

compris la gestion intégrée de la fertilité

des sols, des ravageurs et des maladies des

cultures. Il est nécessaire de mettre

davantage l’accent sur ce point dans la

sous-région.

Recommandations à l'endroit du CORAF et des institutions de recherche

Mettre l'accent sur la recherche portant sur

la chaîne de valeur

Encourager la création d'équipes de

recherche multidisciplinaire et multi-

institutionnelle pour relever le défi de

l'adaptation au changement climatique.

Continuer à mettre l'accent sur les priorités

des producteurs dans la conceptualisation

et la mise en œuvre de projets de

recherche.

Impliquer les décideurs politiques dans la

génération des innovations technologiques,

la diffusion et l'adoption en vue d'accroître

leur adhésion et encourager les

investissements.

Encourager les chercheurs à publier les

résultats de leur recherche.

Recommandations aux GOUVERNEMENTS

Promouvoir l'investissement dans les

infrastructures rurales - pour faciliter le

stockage du grain, le transport des produits

agricoles, transformation des aliments, etc.

Mettre en œuvre les politiques qui

garantissent la propriété intellectuelle des

chercheurs et la gestion des connaissances

appropriées.

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Proceedings of 3rd Agricultural Science Week of CORAF/WECARD, May 14-17, 2012 51

Sub-Theme 2 – Strategic and Policy Options To Improve Adaptation

To Climate Change

Options Stratégiques et Politiques pour Améliorer L’Adaptation Aux

Changement Climatiques

Colette Benoudji [email protected]

Résumé

Le continent africain est celui qui émet le moins de gaz à effet de serre avec 3,8% des

émissions globales, et pourtant il constitue le continent le plus exposé aux effets néfastes

des changements climatiques. Cette vulnérabilité concerne toutes les zones, que ce soient

les zones côtières ou forestières, désertiques ou non, du nord au sud et de l’est à l’ouest. Et

les effets redoutés comprennent l’érosion côtière, les inondations, la réduction des

ressources en eau, la réduction de la production agricole, l’insécurité alimentaire,

l’augmentation des maladies avec la multiplication des vecteurs, les conflits, etc. Pour

faire face à cette vulnérabilité et augmenter la résilience du continent et de ses populations

les plus vulnérables, un certain nombre d’actions, de projets et programmes ont été mis en

œuvre. Cependant ces actions ne sont pas concertées et sont menées isolément. Pour

changer d’échelle et réussir véritablement de manière durable les actions d’adaptation aux

changements climatiques sur le continent, il sera nécessaire de mettre en place des

politiques et stratégies intégrées qui prennent largement compte du genre comme facteur

de développement durable. Ces politiques et stratégies doivent porter sur la mise en place

de cadres législatifs et règlementaires, l’augmentation de l’accès aux ressources

énergétiques propres, le transfert de technologies propres, le renforcement des acteurs

locaux et la mise en œuvre d’une agriculture intelligente.

Mots clés : Changements climatiques ; vulnérabilité; adaptation ; options politiques ;

genre inclusive; agriculture intelligente

Strategic Options and Policies for Improving Adaptation to Climate Change

Abstract

Africa is the continent with the least greenhouse gas emissions with only 3.8% of global

emissions, yet the continent would bear most of the brunt of the harmful effects of climate

change. This vulnerability covers all zones – coastal, forest, and desert zones, and from

north to south, east to west. The dreadful effects include sea erosion, floods, reduction in

surface water resources, reduction in agricultural production, food insecurity, increase in

diseases with multiplication of disease vectors, conflicts, etc. To deal with this vulnerability

and increase the resilience of the continent and its most vulnerable populations, a certain

number of actions, projects and programs are currently being implemented. However,

these actions need to be taken in a more concerted manner rather than in isolation. To

change the scale and achieve sustainable success, the policies, strategies and activities on

climate change adaptation on the continent need to integrate gender issues. Such policies

and strategies need to also include the adoption of legislative and regulatory frameworks

that embrace clean energy resources, transfer of clean technologies, strengthening of local

actors and the adoption of smart agriculture.

Key words: Climate change, adaptation, policy options, gender inclusive, intelligent

agriculture

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Proceedings of 3rd Agricultural Science Week of CORAF/WECARD, May 14-17, 2012 52

Introduction

La vulnérabilité de l’Afrique ne fait plus aucun

doute et d’après les simulations faite au cours

de ces dernières années, notamment pat le

Programme des Nations Unies pour

l’Environnement (PNUE) et GRID Sénégal et

rassemblées par Ballance (NEF, 2005) en

Afrique de l'ouest, cette vulnérabilité aux

changements climatiques concerne toutes les

zones. Les zones côtières sont notamment

menacées avec l'érosion côtière et l'élévation

du niveau de la mer. Dans les zones forestières,

c'est la déforestation et la perte de la qualité

des forêts; l'accentuation de la désertification;

qui entraineront des conséquences sur la

sécurité alimentaire. En Afrique centrale, en

plus des conséquences mentionnées plus haut,

il s'y ajoutera la réduction de la disponibilité en

eau, et la recrudescence de la malaria. En

Afrique australe, il y aura en plus la

dégradation des zones forestières. Toutes ces

vulnérabilités ont été réaffirmées encore par le

Groupe Intergouvernemental sur l’Evolution

du Climat (GIEC) à travers son dernier

Rapport d'évaluation (4e rapport, 2007) qui

indique des conséquences sur les ressources en

eau, la productivité agricole, la sécurité

alimentaire, les inondations, la désertification,

la croissance ou la décroissance du paludisme

(selon les endroits), etc.

Dans les années à venir, de nombreuses

sources sont concordantes pour prédire que

plusieurs secteurs primaires de production

seront menacés. Ainsi, en ce qui concerne les

ressources en eau par exemple ;– il y aura un

accroissement des pénuries d’eau dans

beaucoup de pays touchant entre 75 et 220

millions de personnes en 2020, et 350-600

millions en 2050. L’agriculture et la sécurité

alimentaire seront menacées d’ici 2100 avec la

régression du PIB agricole jusqu’à 8% en

Afrique Sub-saharienne ; la diminution de la

période de croissance de plus de 20% dans

certaines zones sahéliennes et des zones

d’agriculture pluviale ; et l’augmentation des

terres arides et semi arides de 60 à 90 millions

d’hectares. L’effet sur la santé sera significatif

avec le changement spatial et temporel des

vecteurs de transmission des maladies comme

le paludisme, la méningite, la dengue, etc. Les

écosystèmes terrestres deviendraient beaucoup

plus secs avec une avancée significative au sud

du Sahara; une augmentation de la perte des

forêts, des feux de brousse et de la

désertification ; les prairies seront dégradées ;

et 25-40 % des espèces animales seront en

danger au sud du Sahara. Dans les zones

côtières il y aura également l’accélération de

l’érosion côtière, l’inondation des zones

basses, la salinisation des sols et des eaux

douces, notamment les aquifères, la

modification des populations de poissons, et

l’augmentation des évènements extrêmes tels

que les tempêtes.

Changements Climatiques et situation socio-économique en Afrique

L’Afrique émet seulement environ 3,8% des

émissions globales de gaz à effet de serre

(GES) mais reste parmi les continents les plus

vulnérables aux changements climatiques à

cause de plusieurs facteurs: le niveau de

pauvreté élevé; la forte dépendance vis-à-vis

des secteurs sensibles au climat (par exemple

l’agriculture, la pêche, les forêts, le tourisme,

etc.) ; les infrastructures économiques et

sociales peu développées ; la santé et le bien-

être marqués par le VIH-SIDA;

l’analphabétisme ; les conflits armés; la faible

capacité d’adaptation (humaine,

institutionnelle, technologique et financière)

aux changements climatiques ; le système

d’observation du climat faible ou défaillant

(Washington, 2004). Le nombre de stations

météorologiques sur le continent est 8 fois

inférieur au niveau minimum recommandé (et

ainsi de vastes régions de l’Afrique centrale ne

sont pas surveillées du tout).

A cause de la situation peu reluisante que

présente le continent, de nombreuses actions

d’adaptation ont commencé à voir le jour.

Cependant, compte tenu de leur timidité, des

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Proceedings of 3rd Agricultural Science Week of CORAF/WECARD, May 14-17, 2012 53

actions plus avancées sont encouragées car

l’adaptation aux changements climatiques est

une question de survie.

Actions Menées et Perspectives

Parmi les actions d’adaptation déjà engagées,

nous pouvons citer quelques exemples de

projets et programmes: 1) Climate Change

Adaptation in Africa (CCAA) mis en œuvre

par le Centre de Recherche pour le

Développement International (CRDI) en

collaboration avec le PNUE; 2) AfricaAdapt

mis en œuvre par un consortium de 3

organisations du Sud; 3) African Adaptation

Programme (AAP) mis en œuvre par le PNUD;

4) ClimDev-Africa mis en œuvre par la

Banque Africaine de Développement (BAD),

la Commission Economique pour l’Afrique

(CEA) et l’Union Africaine; 5) Projets PANA

(Programme d’Action National pour

l’Adaptation) des Pays les Moins Avancés

(PMA) ; 6) Projets du Fonds d’Adaptation

(Sénégal) ; etc. Cependant, on constate un

déficit de mise en œuvre d’actions concertées

et dans une perspective durable. Il est donc

nécessaire d’encourager et de tendre vers la

mise en œuvre d’actions concrètes dans le

cadre d’options innovantes.

En ordre dispersé, les pays d’Afrique de

l’Ouest et du Centre auront des difficultés à

faire face aux changements climatiques. Du

fait de leur faiblesse économique et ainsi que

de leur forte interdépendance dans le partage

de certaines ressources naturelles vitales telles

que l’eau. Ces pays ont intérêt à ce que les

efforts d’adaptation qu’ils envisagent à

l’échelle nationale soient complétés par des

actions de collaboration interétatique. De telles

actions permettent d’atténuer les coûts

d’adaptation par la réalisation d’économies

d’échelle, la réplication des bonnes pratiques et

le partage du fardeau de réalisation de gros

investissements transfrontaliers. La sécurité

alimentaire et les changements climatiques

sont des problèmes qui peuvent être résolus

ensemble en transformant l’agriculture et en

adoptant des pratiques intelligentes face au

climat (Anonyme, 2012). Des systèmes de

production sont déjà utilisés par les

agriculteurs et les producteurs pour réduire les

émissions de gaz à effet de serre, adapter

l’agriculture et réduire sa vulnérabilité aux

changements climatiques (AVSF, 2011).

Aussi, l’accent doit être sérieusement mis sur

le genre en tant que facteur déterminant du

développement durable dans toutes les

politiques et stratégies. Les femmes constituent

l’une des communautés les plus affectées par

la pauvreté et les changements climatiques

contribuent à aggraver cette vulnérabilité.

L’aspect genre est fondamental lorsqu’on

considère les changements climatiques dans

ses dimensions sociale et humaine:

- la femme n’est pas seulement une victime

des changements climatiques, elle fait

aussi partie des solutions en puissance.

- en réalité, les femmes jouent un rôle pivot

dans la vie socio-économique : la sécurité

alimentaire, la santé, l’énergie et

l’agriculture.

- Les femmes sont des actrices-clé de la vie

locale et permettent déjà de préparer leurs

communautés à s’adapter aux impacts des

changements climatiques, grâce à leurs

connaissances traditionnelles.

- Les changements climatiques doivent

devenir une opportunité pour réduire les

vulnérabilités de la femme, et non un

obstacle additionnel à leur bien-être.

Recommandations sur les Options politiques et stratégiques

Renforcer des instituions/agences et

améliorer de la Gouvernance à tous les

niveaux (local, national, régional et

mondial)

Optimiser les rôles de la société civile dans

la gouvernance des financements climats :

Explorer les options de financement des

coûts de l’adaptation et augmenter les

ressources pour l’adaptation et

l’atténuation (200 milliards de ressources

publiques des pays industrialisés par an).

Renforcer le leadership des acteurs locaux

Prise en compte effective du genre dans

les politiques et stratégies comme facteur

déterminant de développement durable

Mise en place de cadres législatifs et

réglementaires pour faciliter la mise en

œuvre des politiques et stratégies

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Proceedings of 3rd Agricultural Science Week of CORAF/WECARD, May 14-17, 2012 54

Promotion de la recherche pour le

développement relatif aux technologies

appropriées avec une implication des

universités, les instituts de recherche et les

acteurs de la société civile pour la

vulgarisation des résultats de ces

recherches et leur lisibilité par les

communautés

Identifier, promouvoir et diffuser des

technologies, techniques et pratiques

appropriées d’adaptation aux changements

climatiques

Promouvoir la recherche sur les

changements climatiques et leur traduction

dans un langage lisible par les

communautés locales

Promouvoir les Investissement dans des

projets d’énergie propre et appui

conséquent y compris transfert de

technologie propre pour éviter des activités

de déforestation ;

Vulgariser le concept de l'agriculture

intelligente qui consiste à avoir recours à

des techniques, pratiques et approches

avérées pouvant aider à atteindre la

sécurité alimentaire, l'adaptation aux

changements climatiques et l'atténuation

de ses effets

Promouvoir l’adoption des pratiques

durables d’utilisation des terres y compris

l’accès équitable.

Conclusion : L’adaptation aux changements

climatiques est question primordiale de survie

pour l’Afrique. Compte tenu de son ampleur et

de son lien très étroit avec les questions de

développement, il est nécessaire de mettre dès

à présent en place des politiques et des

stratégies qui puissent contribuer à une justice

sociale tout en sauvegardant l’intégrité de

l’environnement. Il s’agit de mettre en œuvre

des mesures d’adaptation soutenues par des

politiques qui prennent en compte pleinement

la dimension genre et l’intérêt des populations

les plus vulnérables dans une perspective de

durabilité.

Références

Anonyme 2012. Agriculture Intelligent

face au climat Retrieved June 2012

from

www.fao.org/climatechange/climates

mart/fr/

AVSF, 2011. Perceptions et stratégies

d’adaptation paysannes face aux

changements climatiques à Madagascar.

Antananarivo : Rapport de l’Agronomes

& Vétérinaires Sans Frontières (AVSF).

Ed : Helene Delille. 108 p.

Balance, A 2005. Africa – Up in Smoke? The

second report of the Working Group on

Climate and Development, London:

NEF, 2005. 44 p.

IPCC, 2007. Intergovernmental Panel on

Climate Change. 4th Assessment Report

on Climate Change. Synthesis Report.

Geneva: IPCC, 2007.

Washington, R. 2004. African Climate Report:

a report commissioned by the UK

Government to review African climate

science, policy and options for action

(DEFRA, London). Retrieved from

http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/cl

imatechange/ccafrica-

study/pdf/africaclimate.pdf

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Proceedings of 3rd Agricultural Science Week of CORAF/WECARD, May 14-17, 2012 55

Analyse des Stratégies et Mesures de Politique pour l’Adaptation aux

Changements Climatiques en Afrique de l’Ouest et du Centre : une Etude

de Cas du Bénin4,

Aminou Arouna 1,2,*, Patrice Y. Adégbola1, Ulrich Arodokoun1 et Abdul-Baaki Bankolé1 1 Institut National des Recherches Agricoles du Bénin (INRAB).

2 Centre du Riz pour l’Afrique (AfricaRice).

* Auteur correspondant : BP 128 Porto-Novo, email : [email protected]

Résumé

En Afrique, les changements climatiques menacent la stabilité et la productivité des

systèmes de production agricoles. Pour y faire face, les producteurs utilisent des stratégies

endogènes et exogènes. Cette étude vise à analyser ces stratégies et à identifier les mesures

de politiques pouvant optimiser le renforcement des capacités des communautés agricoles

pour l’adaptation aux changements climatiques. Des données qualitatives et quantitatives

ont été collectées dans les quatre zones agro écologiques vulnérables du Bénin. Outre le

test concordance de Kendall, des indices de rang et des analyses multicritères ont été

utilisées pour évaluer les stratégies les plus performantes. Les stratégies plus connues et

les plus utilisées sont : l’adoption de variétés à cycles courts, la modification de la période

de semis, l’adoption de nouvelles de cultures, le semis échelonné, l’agroforesterie et la

construction de cage pour les animaux. Mais ces technologies sont jugées peu adaptées par

les producteurs. En se basant sur les attentes des populations, les risques climatiques

majeurs et les facteurs d’adoption, les stratégies et mesures de politiques efficaces ont été

identifiées et hiérarchisées pour le renforcement des capacités d’adaptation des

producteurs aux changements climatiques.

Mots clés : Changements climatiques, adaptation, techniques et technologies, agriculture.

Analysis of Strategies and Policy Measures for Adaptation to Climate Change in West and

Central Africa: A Case Study of Benin

Abstract

In Africa, climate change is threatening the stability and productivity of agricultural

production systems. Consequently, producers are adopting indigenous knowledge coupled

to orthodox scientific methods. This study analyzed some of these strategies and also

identified some policy measures that could assist in optimizing the capacity of the farming

communities to adapt to climate change. Qualitative and quantitative data were collected

in four vulnerable agro-ecological zones in Benin. The Kendall concordance test, rank

indices and multi-criteria analyses were conducted to determine the most efficient

strategies. The strategies best known and most used by the communities included: the

adoption of short-cycle varieties, modification of the planting period, adoption of new

crops, spaced out planting, agro-forestry and shifting from free-range livestock herding to

penned livestock keeping. However, this study found that most of the farmers were not

adopting these strategies. Therefore, based on the expectations of the communities, the

major climate risks and the enabling factors for adopting the strategies and effective policy

measures were identified and prioritized to assist in strengthening the capacities of

producers to adapt to climate change.

Key words: climate change, adaptation, techniques and technologies, agriculture

4 Papier accepté pour une présentation orale à la 3ème Semaine Scientifique Agricole de l’Afrique de l’Ouest et du

Centre, 14-19 mai 2012 - N’Djamena, TCHAD.

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Proceedings of 3rd Agricultural Science Week of CORAF/WECARD, May 14-17, 2012 56

Introduction

Les tendances actuelles suggèrent que de

vastes régions africaines pourraient subir un

réchauffement de l’ordre de 3 à 6° Celsius d’ici

à 2100. Les régimes pluviométriques seront

touchés de plein fouet et pourraient accuser

une baisse de plus de 20% par rapport aux

niveaux de 1990 (GIEC, 2007). Plus de 95 %

de l’agriculture africaine est une agriculture

pluviale. La production agricole sera fortement

compromise par le changement et la variabilité

climatiques. En effet, les superficies de terres

arables, la durée des saisons de culture et le

rendement par hectare sont susceptibles de

baisser, ce qui pourrait compromettre la

sécurité alimentaire et accentuer la

malnutrition. Des analyses en Afrique

indiquent que le changement et la variabilité

climatiques pourraient engendrer une baisse

d’environ 20% de la production agricole dans

certaines zones si aucune réforme des

politiques et stratégies agricoles n’est faite

pour comprendre et gérer les changements

climatiques. En Afrique centrale, un

réchauffement d’environ 0,5°C en moyenne a

été observé au 20ième siècle (CEA, 2011) et l’on

s’attend à un réchauffement entre 2 et 3°C d’ici

la fin du 21ième siècle. Au Bénin, le secteur

agricole fortement tributaire des aléas

climatiques, se trouve sérieusement menacé

par les changements climatiques (Bokonon-

Ganta et al., 2009). Afin de pouvoir réduire les

effets néfastes, directs ou indirects potentiels

des changements climatiques, les populations

doivent s’adapter et les systèmes économiques

devront être adaptés aux nouveaux contextes

climatiques (Sombroek et Gommes, 1997). Cet

impératif, les producteurs des zones agro

écologiques du Bénin s’en sont bien rendu

compte et ont développé plusieurs stratégies

endogènes. En outre les composantes du

Système Nationale de la Recherche Agricole

du Bénin ayant fait des changements

climatiques une de ses préoccupations

majeures, développe depuis plusieurs années

un certain nombre d’options pour renforcer les

capacités d’adaptation des acteurs ruraux

béninois. Des études ont été réalisées sur ces

stratégies (PANA, 2008 ; Gnanglè et al.,

2011), mais aucune d’entre elles n’a abordé ni

l’analyse des stratégies d’adaptation dans

toutes les zones agro écologiques marginales

du Bénin ni l’identification des techniques et

technologies les plus efficaces. La présente

étude vise à identifier et à affiner les choix

pertinents des technologies les plus

performantes du point de vue technique et

économique, et dont les coûts

environnementaux sont les plus insignifiants,

afin de permettre aux populations de mieux

s’adapter aux effets néfastes des changements

climatiques.

Matériels et méthode

Zone d’étude : Les caractéristiques

pluviométriques de ces 4 zones de cette étude

se présentent comme suit : 1) Zone extrême

Nord-Bénin - Son climat est de type soudano-

sahélien, elle ne connaît qu’une seule saison de

pluie qui dure 5 à 6 mois avec une pluviosité

de 700 mm à 1 200 mm. Le taux moyen

d’humidité relative de l’air est de 35 à 70% ; la

température moyenne de 29,1°C avec un fort

écart entre les maxima de la journée (40,2°C

en avril et 31°C en août). 2) Zone Ouest-

Atacora - Le climat dans cette zone est en

général du type soudanien à deux saisons (la

saison pluvieuse de juin à octobre et la saison

sèche de novembre à mai) avec une forte

disparité de la pluviométrie moyenne, allant de

800 à 1500 mm ; 3) Zone Cotonnière du

Centre Bénin - Son climat est de type soudano-

guinéen à deux saisons des pluies, avec une

tendance vers le type soudano-sahélien à une

seule saison des pluies dans le secteur nord de

la zone ; pluviométrie de 600 à 1400 mm

répartie ; 4) Zone des pêcheries - Cette zone

possède un climat subéquatorial à deux saisons

des pluies ; pluviométrie de 1 000 à 1 400 mm

répartie.

Collecte des données : Les données

qualitatives relatives aux techniques et

technologies actuellement utilisées par les

paysans pour s’adapter aux effets néfastes de la

variabilité climatique ont été collectées dans

neuf communes au cours de la phase

exploratoire. Dans chaque localité, des

entretiens ont été menées avec des personnes

ressources et les responsables des institutions.

Durant la seconde étape de la phase

exploratoire des entretiens de groupe ont été

réalisés dans chacun des 9 villages parcourus.

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Proceedings of 3rd Agricultural Science Week of CORAF/WECARD, May 14-17, 2012 57

Dans chaque village, trois focus-groupes ont

été organisés (un focus-groupe a d’abord réuni

tous les producteurs agricoles du village, un

avec le sous-groupe hommes producteurs et un

avec le sous-groupe des femmes productrices).

Les données primaires quantitatives ont été

collectées à l’aide d’un entretien individu avec

un questionnaire. La collecte de ces données a

porté sur un échantillon raisonné et aléatoires

des producteurs agricoles dans chacun des 9

villages. Dans une première phase, une liste

exhaustive des producteurs agricoles ayant au

moins une expérience de 10 ans dans la

production agricole a été réalisée. Dans une

deuxième phase, 8 producteurs ont été

sélectionnés de façon aléatoire avec le logiciel

SPSS. Au total, 72 producteurs agricoles ont

été enquêtés dans les 9 villages.

Méthode d’analyse des données : Deux

méthodes ont été utilisées pour analyser les

données. 1) Pour analyser les conséquences

des changements climatiques sur les

différentes activités agricoles l’indice pondéré

de rang (Adégbola et Sodjinou, 2003) a été

utilisé. 2) Le test W de Kendall est un test non

paramétrique qui a permis de faire

l’hiérarchisation des risques climatiques perçus

par les producteurs.

3) L’analyse multicritère a été effectuée

suivant une procédure similaire à celle

développée par le Groupe d’Experts des Pays

les Moins Avancés (LEG/UNFCCC, 2004).

L’avantage de l’analyse multicritères est qu’il

prend en compte aussi bien des critères

quantitatifs que qualitatifs. Dans cette étude,

l’analyse des données qualitatives des focus-

groups avec les producteurs et les données

quantitatives des enquêtes individuelles ont

permis de retenir les critères importants pour le

choix des techniques et technologies

d’adaptation aux changement climatiques. Au

total, six critères ont été retenus. Il s’agit de : la

performance ; le niveau d'utilisation par les

producteurs ; le risque climatique

correspondant ; les attentes des producteurs ;

l’impact sur l’environnement et le coût

d’installation/acquisition de la technologie. Les

notes attribuées ont été attribuées à chaque

critère par les producteurs. Par ailleurs en

raison de leurs importances, chaque critère a

été affecté d’un poids pour l’analyse

multicritère. Les notes et les poids ont été

utilisés pour calculer l’indice sélection chaque

stratégie d’adaptation. Cet indice est obtenu en

faisant la somme de la note pondérée de tous

les critères.

Résultats et discussions

Perception paysanne des changements

climatiques et conséquences sur les ménages

agricoles : Selon les perceptions des

producteurs, les principaux risques climatiques

perçus par les producteurs concernent les

modifications pluviométriques, les

modifications thermiques et solaires et les

modifications du vent. L’analyse des données

avec le test de concordance de Kendall montre

que de façon précise les cinq risques

climatiques les plus perçus sont : le retard dans

le démarrage des pluies ; l’apparition des

poches de sécheresses en saisons pluvieuses ;

l’arrêt précoce des saisons pluvieuses ;

l’augmentation de la température journalière et

l’apparition de vents violents (Tableau 1). Il

ressort donc les changements climatiques les

plus perçus par les producteurs sont les

modifications pluviométriques.

Tableau 1 : Principaux risques climatiques perçus par les producteurs

Indicateurs Rang moyen Ordre d’importance

Retard dans le démarrage des pluies 2,55 1

Apparition des poches de sécheresses en saisons pluvieuses 2,64 2

Arrêt précoce des saisons pluvieuses 2,73 3

Augmentation de la température journalière 4,64 4

Apparition de vents violents avant les pluies 4,82 5

Apparition fréquente des pluies torrentielles 5,09 6

Mauvaise répartition spatiale des pluies 5,55 7

Nombre d’observations 52

W de Kendall 0,366***

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Proceedings of 3rd Agricultural Science Week of CORAF/WECARD, May 14-17, 2012 58

Indicateurs Rang moyen Ordre d’importance

Retard dans le démarrage des pluies 2,55 1

Apparition des poches de sécheresses en saisons pluvieuses 2,64 2

Arrêt précoce des saisons pluvieuses 2,73 3

Augmentation de la température journalière 4,64 4

Chi-Square 24,156

Degré de liberté 6

Les modifications pluviométriques concernent

la réduction de la durée des saisons pluvieuses

(effet conjugué du retard dans le démarrage

des pluies et l’arrêt précoce des saisons

pluvieuses) et la perturbation des saisons

pluvieuses par l’apparition des poches de

sécheresses. Les producteurs estiment

également que ces changements concernent la

diminution de la hauteur des pluies. Ces

résultats sont conformes à ceux de plusieurs

études qui ont montré que sur les cinquante

dernières (1960 et 2008), le Bénin a enregistré

une diminution perceptible de la pluviométrie

(-5,5 mm/an en moyenne) et du nombre moyen

annuel de jours de pluie (Gnanglè et al. 2011).

Les changements climatiques ont des

conséquences néfastes aussi bien sur les

activités des producteurs que sur leurs

conditions de vie. Cependant, les producteurs

estiment que les conséquences des

changements climatiques ne sont pas les

mêmes qu’il s’agisse de la production végétale,

de l’élevage et de la pêche. Ces activités étant

non seulement les principales sources de

revenus des producteurs mais aussi leurs

sources de nourriture. Ainsi, les producteurs

estiment que la première conséquence des

changements climatiques sur leur ménage est

la baisse des revenus. En effet, les

changements climatiques réduisent la

productivité des systèmes agricoles et par

conséquent, les niveaux de production. Les

producteurs disposent alors de moins de

produits pour leur alimentation et pour le

marché et il en résulte une baisse de leurs

revenus.

Analyse des stratégies d’adaptations utilisées

par les producteurs : Les stratégies utilisées

face aux changements climatiques varient en

fonction des risques climatiques. Plusieurs

stratégies sont développées par les producteurs

pour faire face à chacun des cinq risques

climatiques les plus importants. En utilisant les

taux de connaissance et d’adoption, les

principales stratégies ont été identifiées. Les

trois les plus utilisées pour s’adapter aux

principaux risques climatiques sont présentés

dans le Tableau 2. Il ressort du Tableau 2 que

l’adoption de variétés à cycles court, la

modification des périodes de semis et

l’adoption de nouvelles cultures sont les

stratégies les plus utilisées par les producteurs

pour s’adapter au retard dans le démarrage des

pluies. Ces stratégies sont connues

respectivement par 43,5%, 12,9% et 8,1% des

producteurs interviewés. Il ressort que

l’adoption de variétés à cycles court est la

stratégie la plus connues mais elle est adoptée

par 85% des producteurs qui le connaissent.

Cela voudrait dire qu’une stratégie pourra être

adoptée par plusieurs producteurs s’ils la

connaissent. L’adoption de nouvelles cultures

comme stratégie pour s’adapter au retard dans

le démarrage des pluies est seulement connue

par 8% des enquêtés mais elle est aussi adoptée

par tous ceux qui l’ont adopté.

Sélection des stratégies et mesures de

politiques efficaces pour l’adaptation aux

changements climatiques : Cette section

présente les techniques et technologies les plus

pertinentes en matière d’adaptation aux

changements climatiques. Elle fournit donc des

directives concrètes sur les politiques, options

et mesures nécessaires pour le renforcement

des capacités d’adaptation aux changements

climatiques. Ces différentes techniques et

technologies, sélectionnées via l’analyses

multicritères sont présentées pour chacune des

quatre zone agro écologiques ayant fait objet

de l’étude.

Zone 1 : Zone extrême Nord Bénin : Les

principales stratégies susceptibles de renforcer

le plus efficacement possible les capacités

d’adaptation des populations rurales qui vivent

dans la zone agro écologique de l’extrême

Nord Bénin sont présentées dans le tableau 3.

Les trois stratégies les plus efficaces pour cette

zone sont par ordre croissant d’importance : la

mise à la disposition (production et

distribution) des producteurs des semences des

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Proceedings of 3rd Agricultural Science Week of CORAF/WECARD, May 14-17, 2012 59

variétés à cycles courts essentiellement de maïs

et de riz ; l’installation des forages pouvant

atteindre les nappes phréatiques profondes et

l’appui aux producteurs et productrices pour

l’obtention des motopompes. En effet, le risque

climatique majeur dans cette zone est la

réduction de la durée des saisons pluvieuses et

les variétés à cycles courts constituent une

bonne stratégie d’adaptation.

Tableau 2: Principales stratégies utilisées pour faire face aux risques climatiques majeurs

Risques

climatiques Stratégies d’adaptations

Taux de connaissance

des stratégies (%)

Taux d’adoption des

stratégies (%)

Appréciation

(adaptée) (%)

Retard dans le

démarrage des

pluies

Adoption de variétés à cycles courts 43,5 85,2 76,9

Modification de la période de semis 12,9 100,0 75

Adoption de nouvelles cultures 8,1 100,0 80

Poches de

sécheresses

Attirer les pluies par des pratiques

traditionnelles 26,9 85,7 57,1

Semis échelonné 19,2 90,0 80

Adoption de variétés à cycles courts 13,5 85,7 100

Arrêts précoces des

pluies

Adoption de variétés à cycles courts 30,8 91,7 66,7

Semis échelonné 23,1 100,0 88,9

Attirer les pluies par des pratiques

traditionnelles 12,8 100,0 60

Zone 2 : Zone Ouest Atacora: Les stratégies

pertinentes pour le renforcement des capacités

d’adaptation des producteurs de la zone Ouest

Atacora (Zone 4) portent notamment sur les

sensibilisations, l’introduction et la

vulgarisation de nouvelles techniques et

technologies, le renforcement de capacités et

l’installation d’équipements et

d’infrastructures. L’introduction de variétés de

cultures à cycles courts constitue l’option

prioritaire pour l’adaptation aux changements

climatiques (Tableau 3). Les cultures les plus

concernées sont le maïs, le riz et le sorgho.

Dans les communes concernées, les feux de

brousses précoces sont récurrents et causent de

graves dommages à l’environnement, aux

plantations et aux champs. Les campagnes de

sensibilisation sur les effets néfastes des

incendies et feux de brousse constituent donc,

la troisième option prioritaire nécessaire pour

réduire la vulnérabilité de ces ménages

agricoles face aux changements climatiques.

Zone 3 : Zone Cotonnière du Centre Bénin :

Les résultats de l’analyse multicritère pour la

sélection des options pertinentes d’adaptation

dans les communes de la Zone Cotonnière du

Centre Bénin sont présentés dans le Tableau 3.

Il en ressort que la formation sur les techniques

de restauration de la fertilité des sols vient au

premier rang des principales stratégies. Les

changements climatiques sont aujourd’hui un

facteur aggravant des conséquences de la

pauvreté des sols sur la productivité des

exploitations. Il est important de mobiliser les

agents de vulgarisation et des ONG pour le

renforcement des capacités des populations sur

les techniques de gestion intégrée de la fertilité

des sols telles que : la culture sous mucuna,

l’usage d’amendements organiques, les

associations avec les légumineuses à

croissances rapides, etc. L’agriculture au Bénin

étant essentiellement pluviale, il s’impose de la

rendre moins dépendante vis-à-vis des retards

de pluies, et des poches de sécheresses. Les

barrages hydro agricoles sont donc la

deuxième solution. L’impact serait meilleur si

ces installations étaient couplées à

l’aménagement des bas fonds existants dans la

commune.

Zone 4: Zone des pêcheries

Le reboisement est l’option prioritaire

identifiée dans les communes de la zone des

pêcheries. Le reboisement de ces berges serait

la stratégie opportune pour fournir de la

mangrove pour la multiplication des espèces

halieutiques et la réduction de l’érosion.

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Proceedings of 3rd Agricultural Science Week of CORAF/WECARD, May 14-17, 2012 60

Tableau 3 : Stratégies et mesures de politiques pour l’adaptation aux changements climatiques dans la zone extrême

Nord Bénin

Zones agro

écologiques Techniques et technologies pour l’adaptation aux changements climatiques

Indice de

sélection Rang

Zone extrême

Nord Bénin

Mise à disposition des producteurs des semences des variétés à cycle court du maïs

et du riz 0,95 1

Installation des forages pouvant atteindre les nappes phréatiques profondes 0,90 2

Appui aux producteurs et productrices pour avoir des motopompes 0,88 3

Zone Ouest

Atacora

Mise à disposition des producteurs des semences des variétés à cycle court du maïs,

du riz et du sorgho 0,95 1

Formation sur les techniques de cultures attelées 0,87 2

Sensibilisation sur les effets néfastes des incendies et feux de brousse 0,86 3

Zone

Cotonnière du

Centre Bénin

Formations sur les techniques de restauration de la fertilité des sols 0,88 1

Installation des barrages hydro agricoles 0,81 2

Mise à disposition des producteurs des semences des variétés à cycle court de maïs,

du niébé et du riz 0,79 3

Zone des

pêcheries

Reboisement 0,91 1

Former sur les techniques piscicoles (formulation des provendes, techniques de

croisement pour la reproduction des alevins) 0,912 2

Formation sur la production d’engrais organiques 0,88 3

Conclusion: Du point de vue de leurs

performances, les stratégies développées

épousent des appréciations qui varient des

producteurs d’une commune à une autre et ceci

en fonction des différents risques climatiques.

Il en ressort que les stratégies et mesures de

politiques les plus efficaces pour l’adaptation

aux changements climatiques sont : la mise à la

disposition (production et distribution) des

producteurs des semences des variétés à cycles

courts essentiellement de maïs et de riz ;

l’installation des forages pouvant atteindre les

nappes phréatiques profondes et l’appui aux

producteurs et productrices pour l’obtention

des motopompes ; la formation sur les

techniques de culture attelée, les campagnes de

sensibilisation sur les effets néfastes des

incendies et feux de brousse ; renforcement des

capacités des populations sur les techniques de

gestion intégrée de la fertilité et le reboisement

de ces berges. Cette étude suggère donc

comme axes d’adaptations : les

sensibilisations, l’introduction et la

vulgarisation de nouvelles techniques et

technologies, le renforcement de capacités et

l’installation d’équipements et

d’infrastructures.

Références

Adégbola P. Y. et E. Sodjinou. 2003. Analyse

de la filière riz au Bénin. Rapport définitif.

INRAB-PADSA/MAEP, Bénin, 244 p.

Bokonon-Ganta E., S. Hounkponou, G.

Nouatin, C. Gnangassi et M. Ahounou.

2009. Changements climatiques au Bénin :

Vulnérabilité et stratégies d’adaptation.

Changements Climatiques Entre Résilience

et Résistance 24 (4) : 8-10.

CEA, 2011. Impact, vulnérabilité et adaptation

aux changements climatiques en Afrique

Centrale. ECA/SRO-CA/WORKSHOP

CLIMATE. 18 pages.

GIEC (2007). Changements climatiques 2007 :

Les éléments scientifiques. Contribution du

Groupe de travail I au quatrième Rapport

d’évaluation du Groupe d’experts

intergouvernemental sur l’évolution du

climat. Genève, Suisse.

Gnanglè C.P., R.K. Glèlè, A.E. Assogbadjo, S.

Vodounon, J. Yabi et N. Sokpon. 2011.

Tendances climatiques passées,

modélisation, perceptions et adaptations

locales au Bénin. Climatologie 8 : 27-40.

Hassan R. et C. Nhemachena. 2011.

Determinants of African farmers’ strategies

for adapting to climate change: Multinomial

choice analysis. AfJARE 2 (1) : 83­104.

PANA. 2008. Programme d’Action National

d’Adaptation aux Changements

Climatiques du Benin (PANA-BENIN).

Sombroek W.G. et R. Gommes. 1997.

L’énigme : changement de climat-

agriculture”. In : A: Bazzaz, F. A.;

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Proceedings of 3rd Agricultural Science Week of CORAF/WECARD, May 14-17, 2012 61

Sombroek, W.G. (Eds.) Changements du

climat et production agricole. Rome Paris:

FAO, Polytechnica, 1997.

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Proceedings of 3rd Agricultural Science Week of CORAF/WECARD, May 14-17, 2012 62

L’Assurance Agricole Indicielle En Afrique De L’Ouest : Principes,

Premières Réalisations Et Perspectives

Bertrand Muller1*, Moussa Sall2, Antoine Leblois3, Alpha Balde4, Moustapha Fall5,

Patrice Kouakou5 et François Affholder6

1Cirad, UMR AGAP, Cirad TA A-104/01, Avenue Agropolis, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France ;

en poste à AfricaRice Sahel Regional Station, BP 96 Saint-Louis, Sénégal, et à Isra-Ceraas, BP 3320

Thiès Escale, Thiès, Sénégal 2ISRA-BAME, Route des hydrocarbures, BP 3120 Dakar, Sénégal

3CNRS-CIRED, Campus du Jardin Tropical, 45 bis, avenue de la Belle Gabrielle, 94736 Nogent-sur-

Marne Cedex, France. 4AfricaRice, Sahel Regional Station, BP 96 Saint-Louis, Sénégal

5ISRA-CERAAS, BP 3320 Thiès Escale, Thiès, Sénégal 6Cirad, UPR 102 (SCA), Cirad TA B-102/07, Avenue Agropolis, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France

* Auteur correspondant : [email protected]

Résumé

L’assurance agricole arrive tout juste en Afrique de l’Ouest avec la mise en place récente

et/ou en cours de projets pilotes de développement d’assurance agricole indicielle, en

particulier au Mali (coton, maïs), Burkina Faso (coton, maïs), Bénin (maïs) et Sénégal

(arachide, maïs). Dans ces systèmes les indemnisations ne reposent pas sur des évaluations

directes mais sur des indices climatiques ou de rendements agrégés, pour les rendre moins

onéreux. Elles apparaissent comme un outil de développement car elles permettent de

protéger les agriculteurs et organismes de crédit des conséquences des pertes liées à des

aléas. Mais leur mise en place est fastidieuse car il s’agit d’un domaine nouveau et qui

implique la participation de nombreux acteurs allant des agriculteurs aux réassureurs

internationaux. Cela nécessite un important travail d’explication et des compromis entre la

science et les réalités, et aussi des investissements (pluviomètres, informations

satellitaires). L’Etat et les grands bailleurs ont un rôle majeur à jouer en finançant les

études et en subventionnant en partie les primes. Pour le moment elles n’apparaissent

compatibles qu’avec un certain niveau d’intensification. Sur la base des expériences en

cours nous dégagerons quelques points qui nous semblent importants à considérer. Nous

plaidons pour que la recherche accompagne concrètement les initiatives en cours.

Mots clés : Assurance agricole indicielle, variabilité climatique, risque agricole, politique

stratégique, Afrique de l’Ouest

Index-Based Agricultural Insurance in West Africa: Principles, Prelimnary Achievements and

Perspectives

Abstract

Agricultural insurance is currently being introduced to Africa. Recently, pilot projects on

the development of index-based agricultural insurance, have commenced in Mali (cotton,

maize), Burkina Faso (cotton, maize), Benin (maize) and Senegal (groundnut and, maize).

In order to ensure that the affordability of agricultural insurance premiums, a system of

insurance compensations has been designed based on non-dependence on direct

assessments but on climatic indices or aggregate returns. Such insurance services

constitute some credible development tool meant to assist in protecting farmers and credit

agencies from the consequences of losses from environmental hazards. But their

implementation are still challenging since these services are new and involve the

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Proceedings of 3rd Agricultural Science Week of CORAF/WECARD, May 14-17, 2012 63

participation of several stakeholders including farmers and insurance brokers, with some

of brokers having international status. Given that this is a new arrival in West Africa, it

requires a great deal of appropriate marketing, and also in-depth studies. It also requires

more investments in rainfall and satellite information collection and collation systems. The

governments and the major donors have a major role to play by funding studies and

subsidizing some of the insurance premiums. At the moment, these insurance services

appear only compatible with a certain level of farming intensification. This paper

advocates need for more studies so as to provide quality data needed for more concrete

support for ongoing insurance initiatives.

Key words: indexed agricultural insurance, climate change, agricultural risk, strategic

policies, West Africa

Des contraintes à l’intensification qui peuvent justifier les assurances

La variabilité spatio-temporelle des pluies des

régions soudano-sahéliennes est parmi les plus

importantes du monde et constitue une

contrainte majeure. Les paysans s’y sont

adaptés par des systèmes de culture extensifs

qui garantissent des récoltes faibles à

moyennes sans investissement alors que les

pratiques modernes sont synonymes de pertes

d’investissement lors des années défavorables

qui sont rédhibitoires pour les paysans quand

bien même elles produisent plus en moyenne

(Affholder, 1997). D’autres risques majeurs

existent tels que les invasions acridiennes et

aviaires. Ainsi les contextes socio-

économiques et naturels expliquent pourquoi

les agriculteurs n’ont pas adopté pour leurs

céréales les recommandations visant à

l’intensification (Hallstrom, 2004) et pourquoi

les productions sont faibles. La réalité est

différente pour les cultures ayant pu bénéficier

d’un marché et d’une filière organisée comme

l’arachide ou le coton, qui sont souvent

intensifiées. Aussi, malgré le développement

des périmètres irrigués rizicoles, des zones

d’Afrique de l’Ouest pâtissent d’insécurité et

dépendance alimentaires. Or, la population

africaine va tripler d’ici à 2050. L’Afrique

devra donc produire plus, et ce dans un

contexte climatique contraignant marqué par

des événements extrêmes.

Les questions soulevées sont celles de l’intérêt

des paysans à investir pour produire plus et

celle de la gestion des risques entraînés. Elles

renvoient à l’analyse des variations de leurs

revenus et aux outils à développer pour lisser

ces variations. Ainsi l’idée de développer des

assurances agricoles adaptés au petit paysannat

a émergé récemment (Barnett et Mahul, 2007 ;

Skees et Collier, 2008) avec l’invention des

« assurances indicielles » qui reposent sur une

estimation indirecte des dégâts au moyen

d’indicateurs climatiques ou autres. L’objectif

est de sécuriser les revenus et les systèmes de

crédit pour développer des systèmes plus

intensifs et productifs.

Ce sujet est actuellement « à la mode » en

Afrique de l’Ouest et tous les acteurs du

développement s’y intéressent, des ONGs aux

grands organismes, auxquels s’ajoutent les

assureurs du Nord et du Sud. Mais les

systèmes nationaux sont encore peu impliqués

et semblent ne pas trop y croire.

L’assurance agricole indicielle : comment ça marche ?

Une assurance agricole a pour objectif de

protéger les agriculteurs en les indemnisant en

cas de dégâts, et pertes de revenu, découlant de

certains (ou tous) problèmes qui ne peuvent

être maîtrisés normalement. Le coût de ce

service dépend de la valeur moyenne des

indemnisations qu’il y aura à faire, de coûts de

gestion, d’une marge commerciale, et du coût

de la réassurance. Celle-ci est nécessaire pour

pouvoir indemniser en même temps un très

grand nombre d’assurés, cas fréquent du fait de

la covariance élevée des principaux risques

(sécheresse, invasions acridiennes et aviaires).

L’assuré doit payer une prime d’assurance.

Parmi les coûts importants il y a l’évaluation

des pertes et de leur cause, surtout si l’on a à

faire à de petites parcelles disséminées,

hétérogènes, etc., où il peut y avoir des points

de vue contradictoires. C’est ce qui justifie les

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Proceedings of 3rd Agricultural Science Week of CORAF/WECARD, May 14-17, 2012 64

systèmes indiciels pour lesquels il n’y a pas

d’évaluation directe des dégâts mais leur

estimation indirecte par le biais de la valeur

d’un indicateur dit indice ou index. De plus,

ces indices ayant une valeur spatiale, ils

permettent de gérer d’un coup l’ensemble des

assurés d’une zone, ce qui diminue les coûts.

Le client peut aussi être un groupe de paysans,

ce qui minimise les frais. Les coûts peuvent

aussi être réduits si l’assurance est couplée à

un crédit géré par le même organisme. Enfin

on peut moduler le niveau de protection pour

modérer les primes : en jouant sur

l’importance, et donc la fréquence, des

sinistres pris en compte, et aussi sur le montant

des indemnisations, qui souvent est fixé sur les

seuls investissements réalisés pour permettre

de rembourser un crédit.

Les valeurs de l’indice doivent être bien

corrélées aux pertes. Cela implique des études

sérieuses. Cependant, quel que soit l’indice et

même si l’on réduit les zones de référence, il y

aura toujours une probabilité qu’il n’indemnise

pas bien certains agriculteurs parce que la

réalité sera toujours plus ou moins hétérogène,

ne serait-ce que sur le plan pluviométrique. Ce

risque est dit « risque de base ». Il faut le

minimiser et aussi réduire les sources

d’hétérogénéités par des recommandations.

Deux types d’indice sont principalement

utilisés : le rendement moyen (« rendement

agrégé ») d’une zone, et un indice basé sur des

valeurs pluviométriques. D’autres assurances

indicielles existent, par exemple sur des

températures. L’assurance sur rendement

agrégé est de type « tous risques ». Les

indemnisations dépendent de la valeur

moyenne des rendements dans la zone, selon

qu’elle est inférieure ou non à un pourcentage

de référence de la moyenne historique. Elle

requiert un système fiable de mesures (usine,

centre de collecte), des systèmes intensifiés, et

des moyens d’appui et de contrôle des

productions sont propices (Figure 1).

Les assurances basées sur des relevés

pluviométriques visent la plupart du temps à

protéger les agriculteurs contre les sécheresses.

Cependant il est possible aussi de considérer

les risques liés aux périodes trop pluvieuses.

En pratique on a privilégié un système facile à

comprendre par tous (World Bank, 2009) : un

indice composite de plusieurs sous-indices

établis chacun pour une phase-clé (2 à 4 phases

considérées) de la culture. Chacun permet de

gérer une éventuelle indemnisation selon la

pluviométrie sur la phase et deux paramètres :

un seuil « trigger » qui est la pluviométrie en

deçà de laquelle il y aura indemnisation, et un

seuil « exit » pour lequel l’indemnisation sera

maximale, sachant qu’entre eux

l’indemnisation est proportionnelle. Le

système impose aussi une fenêtre optimale de

semis et chaque année les calculs des indices

se font en fonction d’une culture virtuelle dont

le semis est déterminé par un cumul

pluviométrique. Les seuils doivent être

déterminés en relation à des niveaux

d’évapotranspirations relatives des cultures

ayant un sens. On doit s’appuyer pour cela sur

des modèles de simulation des cultures. Il faut

proscrire les indices basés sur des

considérations statistiques car ils ne sont pas

bien reliés à l’état des cultures et introduisent

des inégalités de protection selon les zones.

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Proceedings of 3rd Agricultural Science Week of CORAF/WECARD, May 14-17, 2012 65

Période P1 Période P2 Période P3

Installation

de la culture

Développement

et floraisonMaturation

Durée (jours) 30 40 30

Triggers (mm) 55 155 40

Exits (mm) 20 30 5

Taux (FCFA/mm/ha) 3.671 1.144 4.571

Somme assurée (FCFA/ha) 128.500 143.000 160.000

Pluviomètre de référence

Période de semis

Cumul décadaire de semis

Variété recommandée

Bornage décadaire des pluies

Prime (FCFA/Ha)

Non contractuel : seulement pour information

Contrat arachide

Nioro - Paoscoto

Paoscoto DMN-SDDR

10 juin - 20 juillet

30 mm

73-33

70 mm

15.771

Figure 1 : Fonctionnement d’un indice « sécheresse » : principes de l’indice Banque mondiale et exemple de contrat

En pratique la mise au point d’indices relève

autant sinon plus de l’expertise que de la

science. Au final on ajuste les paramètres en

tenant compte des fréquences et montants des

indemnisations, des primes impliquées, et de la

protection apportée : indemnisations absentes

ou insuffisantes, non justifiées, impacts sur les

revenus. La réalité est donc à la fois plus

complexe et plus simple que les approches

théoriques.

Initiatives en cours en Afrique de l’Ouest

Elles sont rares et touchent peu d’agriculteurs.

Les principales sont développées par PlaNet

Guarantee (PG)

(http://www.planetguarantee.com/) au Mali et

au Burkina Faso, et bientôt au Bénin et au

Sénégal, dans le cadre du programme Global

Insurance Index Facility émanant de la Banque

Mondiale

(www.ifc.org/ifcext/gfm.nsf/Content/Insurance

-GIIF). Les intervenants sont nombreux:

locaux (ONG, OPs) ou internationaux (Oxfam,

USAID, Fondation Grameen, PlaNet Finance),

assureurs et réassureurs (CNAAS, Allianz

Africa, Allianz Mali, SwissRe), une société

vendant des informations satellite (EARS) et

récemment des institutions de recherche

comme ISRA et CIRAD comme conseillers

scientifiques. L’ambition de PG est d’assurer

60.000 agriculteurs en 2016. Mais cela

démarre juste : assurance rendement coton au

Mali et au Burkina Faso : 326 agriculteurs en

2010 ; assurance sécheresse PG-EARS maïs au

Mali et au Burkina Faso : 361 agriculteurs

(555 Ha) en 2010. Ici l’indice sécheresse

utilise des évapotranspirations relatives

décadaires fournies par pixel de 4 km x 4 km

par EARS à partir d’images Météosat. Au

Sénégal les initiatives en démarrage portent sur

le maïs et à l’arachide, et on vise 1000

agriculteurs en 2012 à partir d’indices basés

sur des relevés pluviométriques au sol,

développés par le CIRAD. 16 pluviomètres

automatiques vont être installés.

Il faut citer aussi une initiative de la BOAD

visant à développer les assurances agricoles

dans la zone UEMOA, mais dont les études de

faisabilité n’ont pas encore été concrétisées.

Enfin un projet «Innovative Insurance

Products for the Adaptation to Climate Change

Project Ghana» financé par la GTZ va

démarrer au Ghana.

Les questions qui se posent

Il y a peu d’expériences en Afrique de l’Ouest

et il convient donc d’être mesuré. Et même à

l’échelle mondiale des auteurs incitent à la

prudence (Duffau et al., 2011). La littérature

est abondante mais émane souvent de ceux qui

promeuvent l’assurance. Des analyses de

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Proceedings of 3rd Agricultural Science Week of CORAF/WECARD, May 14-17, 2012 66

synthèse des projets développés sur d’autres

continents et en Afrique de l’Est commencent

cependant à apparaître (IFAD/WFP, 2010 ;

Hellmuth et al, 2009 ; Leblois et Quirion,

2010). Nous insisterons sur les éléments qui

nous semblent importants. Il faut bien

évidemment partir d’un bon diagnostic des

situations agricoles et de leurs risques et

contraintes et bien valider les analyses et

conclusions auprès des acteurs.

Le fait d’avoir à payer une prime restreint a

priori l’assurance aux situations dans

lesquelles les paysans investissent déjà, ne

serait-ce que pour les intrants de base. De plus

l’assurance ne peut vraiment fonctionner que si

les autres leviers du développement (crédit,

accès aux intrants, appuis techniques) sont

fonctionnels, car son rôle n’est que de gérer les

risques non maîtrisables. L’assurance ne

semble donc pouvoir aller qu’avec une certaine

intensification et un circuit commercial. Il

conviendrait d’étudier les revenus des

agriculteurs et leur aversion au risque.

Techniquement le point clé est la minimisation

du risque de base. La densification des réseaux

de pluviomètres ayant ses limites, l’utilisation

d’informations satellitaires semble être la

solution et cela permettra aussi l’extension de

l’assurance. Mais cette technologie n’est pas

encore à la portée de tous, et par ailleurs il y a

débat sur sa précision. Des initiatives de

l’Agrhymet et du PAM vont démarrer pour

évaluer cela.

Il nous semble aussi qu’il faut améliorer les

indices, en particulier tenir compte des dates de

semis. Vu les moyens de télécommunication

(dont SMS) et informatiques, on doit y arriver.

PlaNet Guarantee étudie cette option. On doit

aussi chercher à travailler avec des indices qui

seraient des rendements simulés par des

modèles.

Enfin il faut tenir compte de l’évolution de la

pluviométrie en Afrique de l’Ouest : vu qu’elle

a été positive nous recommandons de ne

travailler que sur les 15 ou 20 dernières

années. Mais il faudra être attentif aux pluies

dans les prochaines années. La question

complexe qui va se poser bientôt est celle de

l’intégration des prévisions climatiques.

Sur le plan organisationnel la mise en place

d’assurance agricole implique la participation

de nombreux acteurs qui n’ont pas les mêmes

niveaux de connaissance de l’agriculture et des

assurances, ni les mêmes intérêts au départ car

certains cherchent leur profit et d’autres à

protéger les agriculteurs. Cela requiert

beaucoup d’efforts et de communication. Les

acteurs doivent comprendre le fonctionnement

du système et ses imperfections, même si cette

transparence implique des difficultés. En ce

sens il est important que des chercheurs

s’impliquent non seulement pour les analyses

mais aussi comme intermédiaires

« facilitateurs ».

L’assurance indicielle implique des

investissements matériels (pluviomètres,

satellites) et humains (expertises) et beaucoup

de temps de préparation. L’expérience montre

que les Etats et grands bailleurs doivent

intervenir pour soutenir ces efforts. De plus,

dans de nombreux projets ils interviennent

aussi un certain temps en subventionnant les

primes (Leblois et Quirion, 2010 ; Duffau et

al., 2011). Sans cela les chances de succès sont

faibles. Au Sénégal l’Etat s’est engagé à

subventionner les primes d’assurance agricole

à 50%. A noter que l’Etat peut aussi contribuer

à créer de l’équité : par exemple en

subventionnant plus les primes dans les zones

sèches par rapport aux zones plus humides.

Cela est en cours au Sénégal.

A noter que l’on peut développer un système

indiciel de protection sociale et/ou humanitaire

généralisé pour les grandes catastrophes. Cela

a été fait en Ethiopie par le PAM et l’assureur

Axa sur des indices pluviométriques.

Enfin, le rôle de l’État est de légiférer et de

réguler les assurances, ce dans le cadre des

règles internationales. Les États devront être à

la fois vigilants et souples pour ne pas brider

les initiatives qui émergeront, tout en évitant

les dérapages.

Conclusions : un champ d’interventions pour la recherche

L’assurance agricole n’est pas « la solution

miracle » mais un outil parmi d’autres qui en

gérant les risques qui ne peuvent être contrôlés,

peut permettre de sécuriser les revenus et

crédits, et contribuer ainsi au développement

de systèmes plus productifs. Mais elle apparait

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Proceedings of 3rd Agricultural Science Week of CORAF/WECARD, May 14-17, 2012 67

comme un outil assez complexe à paramétrer

et qui entraîne des investissements initiaux

importants (équipements, experts, temps de

dialogue, subventions) que seuls peuvent

assumer les états et grands bailleurs. Il

convient d’ailleurs de l’inscrire dans les

politiques publiques. Il faut aussi que les

paysans y aient un intérêt et pour le moment de

vraies assurances ne semblent possibles que

pour quelques spéculations rémunératrices

(coton, arachide, maïs, semences, riz irrigué,

maraîchage etc..). Leur développement

dépendra des filières et marchés. La recherche

doit se pencher sur ces sujets pour conseiller

les états et éviter que cela ne reste qu’une

mode bénéficiant à des opportunistes. Les

chercheurs doivent s’investir dans des projets,

participés aux formations des acteurs. Sans

cela on aura des échecs qui donneront une

autre image des assurances agricoles, ce qui

rendrait très problématique leur

développement.

Pour paraphraser Clémenceau nous dirons que

« l’assurance agricole est un sujet trop sérieux

pour être confiée aux seuls assureurs, ré-

assureurs et acteurs du crédit et de la micro-

finance ».

Références

Affholder, F., 1997. Empirically modelling the

interaction between intensification and

climatic risk in semiarid regions, Field

Crops Research, 52 (1/2), 79-93.

Barnett, B., Mahul, O., 2007. Weather index

insurance for agricultural and rural areas

in lower-income countries, American

Journal of Agricultural Economics,

89 (5), 1241-1247.

Duffau, A., Lagandré, D., Chetaille A., 2011.

Assurance indicielle et warrantage, quel

intérêt pour les petits agriculteurs ? Coll.

Études et travaux, série en ligne n° 28,

Éditions du Gret, www.gret.org, 2011, 44

p.

Hallstrom, D.G., 2004. Interannual climate

variation, climate prediction, and

agricultural trade: The costs of surprise

versus variability, Rev. Int. Econ., 12,

441-455.

Hellmuth M.E., Osgood D.E., Hess U.,

Moorhead A. and Bhojwani H. (eds)

2009. Index insurance and climate risk:

Prospects for development and disaster

management. Climate and Society No. 2.

International Research Institute for

Climate and Society (IRI), Columbia

University, New York, USA. ISBN 978-

0-9729252-5-9

IFAD/WFP, 2010. The potential for scale and

sustainability in weather index insurance

for agriculture and rural livelihoods.

International Fund for Agricultural

Development and World Food

Programme. Hazell, P., Anderson, J.,

Balzer, N., Hastrup Clemmensen, A.,

Hess, U. and Rispoli, F. Rome. ISBN 978-

92-9072-147-5.

http://www.ifad.org/ruralfinance/pub/weat

her.pdf

Leblois, A., Quirion, P., 2010. Agricultural

insurances based on meteorological

indices: Realizations, methods and

research agenda, FEEM Working Paper

n° 71.2010. [online] URL:

http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?ab

stract_id=1628022

Skees, J.R., Collier, B., 2008. The potential of

weather index insurance for spurring a

Green Revolution in Africa,

GlobalAgRisk Inc., in The AGRA

(Alliance for a Green Revolution in

Africa) Policy Workshop, Nairobi, Kenya,

June 23-25, www.globalagrisk.com.

World Bank, 2009. Index-based crop

insurance in Senegal: Promoting access

to agricultural insurance for small

farmers, The World Bank, Sustainable

Development, Africa Region, Finance and

Private Sector Development, April, 89.

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Proceedings of 3rd Agricultural Science Week of CORAF/WECARD, May 14-17, 2012 68

Report on sub-theme 2

Chair: Prof Antoine Somé, Email: [email protected]

Rapporteur: Dr Abderamane Mahamat Abdel-Aziz, Email: [email protected] Summary

The lead paper on this sub-theme enumerated

the socio-economic costs of climate change

and variability. It posited that policy-makers

needed to convincingly be brought on board

for a more decisive approach to combating

climate change. It called for the inclusion of

gender issues in research and development

activities on climate change. The

complementary papers identified community-

based policy elements which could be

integrated in strategies for adaptation to

climate change. These included crop and

harvest insurance being introduced to

producers in the sub-region. The papers

posited that climate variability posed some

serious risks to the assets of producers, and

called for measures to protect such assets.

Key points raised in plenary

The delegates called for studies on climate

change to adequately focus on impact of

this phenomenon on gender.

The participants emphasized need to

ensure that the advocacy for farm and crop

insurances do not convey an impression of

some additional financial burden on the

poor rural farmer.

The delegates also stressed the need for

food processing and adequate grain storage

facilities to be integrated in climate change

adaptation.

The participants also tabled the need to

integrate the challenges facing the

livestock sub-sector into strategies for

adaptation to climate change and

variability.

Recommendations to CORAF/WECARD

Create a data base on success stories

relative to food processing.

Promote the principles of value chains,

ensuring that this principle of value chain

is integrated into adaptation strategies to

climate change.

Promote the interactions of policy-makers

and decision-takers with scientists and

producers during the conceptualization and

implementation of research on climate

change.

Recommendations to Governments

Develop a robust mechanism for

indemnifying producer beneficiaries with

respect to agricultural insurance.

Recommendations to CORAF/WECARD and Governments:

Ensure that gender and youth-related

issues are integrated into policy options on

climate change, and also in the

conceptualization, implementation and

evaluation of research projects on climate

change.

Promote a holistic integration of livestock

issues in the regional and national research

programs on climate change and

variability.

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Proceedings of 3rd Agricultural Science Week of CORAF/WECARD, May 14-17, 2012 69

Rapport sur le sous-thème 2

Président: Prof Antoine Somé, Email: [email protected]

Rapporteur: Dr Abderamane Mahamat Abdel-Aziz, Email: [email protected]

Résumé de la session

La présentation principale de la session a

énuméré les coûts socio-économiques de la

variabilité et du changement climatique. Celle-

ci a montré qu'il était nécessaire d'impliquer de

façon convaincante les décideurs politiques

pour une approche plus décisive à la lutte

contre le changement climatique. Ceci

nécessitait la prise en compte des questions du

genre dans les activités de recherche et de

développement sur le changement climatique.

Les présentations complémentaires ont défini

des éléments de politiques communautaires qui

pourraient être intégrées dans les stratégies

d'adaptation au changement climatique. Il

s'agit notamment de l’assurance culture et

récolte, présentement utilisée par certains

producteurs dans la sous-région. Ceux-ci

avancent que la variabilité du climat pose de

graves risques pour les actifs des producteurs,

et que de tels actifs nécessitent d’être protégés.

Les points clés soulevés en séance plénière

Les études réalisées sur le changement

climatique n'ont pas suffisamment pris en

compte l'impact de ce phénomène sur le

genre

Nécessité de veiller à ce que le plaidoyer

pour les assurances agricoles et cultures ne

donne pas l'impression d'être un fardeau

financier additionnel sur le pauvre paysan.

Des installations de transformation des

aliments et de stockage adéquat des

céréales devraient être intégrées dans

l'adaptation au changement climatique.

Les questions relatives à l'élevage

devraient être intégrées dans l'adaptation

au changement climatique et la variabilité.

Recommandations à l'intention du CORAF/WECARD:

Créer une base de données sur les réussites

en matière de transformation des aliments.

Veiller à ce que l'approche chaîne de

valeur soit partie intégrante du processus

d'adaptation au changement climatique

Promouvoir l'interaction des décideurs

politiques avec les chercheurs et les

producteurs lors de la conceptualisation et

la mise en œuvre de la recherche sur le

changement climatique.

Recommandations à l'intention des gouvernements:

Elaborer un robuste mécanisme

l’indemnisation des producteurs

bénéficiaires de l'assurance agricole.

Recommandations à l'intention du CORAF/WECARD et des Etats :

Veiller à ce que les questions du genre et

de la jeunesse soient intégrées dans les

options politiques et dans la mise en œuvre

et l'évaluation des projets de recherche sur

le changement climatique.

Promouvoir l'intégration des questions

d'élevage dans les programmes de

recherche régionaux et nationaux sur la

variabilité et le changement climatique.

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Proceedings of 3rd Agricultural Science Week of CORAF/WECARD, May 14-17, 2012 70

Sub-Theme 3: Strengthen and Coordinate Partnerships Between Key

Stakeholders to Consolidate and Exchange Ideas on Issues of

Adaptation to Climate Change

Partnership for Strengthening Capacity for Adaptation to Climate Change

in West Africa: the case of WASCAL

Mamadou I. Ouattara*, Paul Vlek, Manfred Denich and Boubacar Barry *Corresponding author Email: [email protected] and [email protected]

Abstract

The West African Science Service Center on Climate Change and Adapted Land Use

(WASCAL) is an initiative of Western Africa countries and the German Federal

Government. The center is intended to assist in generating some knowledge base and in

developing the analytical capability to tackle current and future challenges of climate

change and land use in the region. WASCAL’s approach in this respect is based on

partnerships between relevant regional institutions, Germany scientific community and the

international community with specificity on data collection, data collation and modeling,

research and graduate training. The WASCAL’s approach to partnerships development is

based on a set of common interest and goals, ownership and appropriation of the center,

mutual benefits between partners and equity.

Key words: WASCAL, climate change, land use, West Africa, partnership

Partenariat pour le renforcement des capacités pour l'adaptation au changement climatique en

Afrique de l'Ouest: le cas de WASCAL

Résumé Le Centre ouest-africain des Services Scientifiques sur les changements climatiques et

l'utilisation des terres Adaptées (WASCAL) est une initiative des pays d'Afrique de l'Ouest

et le Gouvernement fédéral allemand. Le centre vise à aider à générer la base de

connaissances et à développer la capacité d'analyse dans la région afin de relever les défis

actuels et futurs du changement climatique et l'utilisation des terres. L’approche WASCAL,

à cet égard, se fonde sur des partenariats entre les institutions régionales concernées, la

communauté scientifique allemande et la communauté internationale avec une spécificité

sur la collecte, la compilation et la modélisation des données, la recherche et la formation

des diplômés. Le développement du partenariat comprend notamment la fixation d’intérêt

et des objectifs communs, l’appropriation, le bénéfice mutuel et l'équité.

Mots clés: WASCAL, changement climatique, utilisation des terres, Afrique de l'Ouest,

partenariat

Introduction

Recent climatic events in the Sahel and parts of

coastal West Africa have shown that the region

has limited adaptive capacity to climate change

and climate variability. The studies of the

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

(IPCC) have demonstrated uncertainties

surrounding climate change projections,

especially in the changes in spatio-temporal

patterns of rainfall. These hamper the design

and implementation of adaptation measures.

These uncertainties are due to inadequate

scientific understanding of the drivers of the

West African climate and their complex

interactions (e.g. the Inter Tropical

Convergence Zone and the West African

Monsoon), lack of long-term local weather

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Proceedings of 3rd Agricultural Science Week of CORAF/WECARD, May 14-17, 2012 71

data required for validating climate models and

inadequate local human capacities and

restricted computational facilities (Vlek and

Denich, 2010 WASCAL, 2012).

There is strong commitment of the African

governments in general and West Africa in

particular with regard to climate change

adaptation (African Union, 2009; ECOWAS,

2010). This commitment has opened the path

to various initiatives and cooperation efforts

between Africa and the international

community. This led to the establishment of

the "West African Science Service Center on

Climate Change and Adapted Land Use

(WASCAL)" by West African and German

scientists.

WASCAL objectives: The specific objectives

of WASCAL are four-fold:

Significantly improve the climate change

research infrastructure and capacity in

West Africa;

Explore science-based scenarios and

options for enhancing the resilience of

human and environment systems in the

face of climate change;

Assist policy and decision makers in

design and implementation of land use

patterns at watershed level that ensure the

provision of the essential ecosystem

services while supporting the livelihoods

of local communities; and

Participate in educating the next generation

of scientists and policy makers so as to

create an in-depth knowledge of the

different climate related issues that can

assist the region in developing sustainable

coping strategies

WASCAL was borne out of the desire of the

German Federal Ministry of Education and

Research (BMBF) to establish a center of

competence on climate change and adapted

land use in partnerships with West African

institutional partners. The center is expected to

contribute in generating the knowledge and in

development of requisite analytical skills the

region needs in resolving current and future

land management challenges caused by

changing climate and weather conditions. The

following countries are currently involved in

WASCAL: Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte

d‘Ivoire, The Gambia, Ghana, Mali, Niger,

Nigeria, Senegal, and Togo.

The science of climate change is relatively

complex and involves multidisciplinary

approaches (DISCCRS, 2003). Partnership

development and strengthening is therefore a

key condition for the success of WASCAL.

Partnership is defined here as coordination,

cooperation and coalition building efforts for

joint solving of problems. Partnership also

involves bringing together institutional

capabilities and human resources in the forms

of skills, experiences and ideas to tackle

common problems that are often beyond the

capacity of a single organization and group

(FAO, 2003). Indeed no institution in isolation

can successfully accomplish the complex tasks

of capacity building and knowledge generation

for improving the understanding of interactions

between climate change and land use in West

Africa. Hence WASCAL is being established

by bringing several actors and stakeholders

from the ECOWAS region, from Germany and

from the international community.

Brief Discussion of WASCAL Partnership Development

The WASCAL partnership development has

been constructed around the three main pillars

of WASCAL, namely: 1) establishment of an

observation network charged with obtaining

quality data to feed WASCAL research and

modeling efforts at the Competence Center; 2)

mobilizing scientists from Germany and West

Africa to conduct joint research programs on

climate change and land use; and 3) training

West African scientists who could effectively

contribute to the capacity of the region to

predict and cope with the complex issues of

climate change.

The WASCAL Competence Center’s core

roles are as follows:

Coordinate regional partners in data-

gathering, analysis and data sharing

networks within a “climate modeling

window” using where possible a common

sampling frame.

Provide infrastructure and expertise to

analyze the impacts of climate change; and

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Proceedings of 3rd Agricultural Science Week of CORAF/WECARD, May 14-17, 2012 72

to develop strategies and policies to cope

with climate change.

Enhance expertise in climate science,

hydrology, land use, economics and social

sciences, each with a robust modeling

competence.

Identifying key stakeholders and setting

common goals: An important step in building

the WASCAL partnership was in ensuring the

inclusion of key stakeholders and actors in

identifying a set of common interest and goals.

The identification of main stakeholders in the

area of climate change and land use was

challenging due to the complexity and

multidisciplinary nature of the subject. On

WASCAL’s request, propositions were

received from Government agencies, UNFCC

(United Nations Framework Convention on

Climate Change) focal points, networks

established under previous regional projects,

regional and international organizations.

Stakeholders’ consultations that brought

together more than 200 scientists from West

African countries, Germany and regional and

international organizations were also

organized. These workshops were instrumental

to the final identification of key actors, and in

the familiarization and establishment of

partnership relationships. However, the

identification of other potential actors would

need to be continued by partners at the national

and sub-national levels. This is particularly

needed in the case of farmers’ organizations.

This also concerns active actors in areas of

interest to WASCAL such as biodiversity

study, household surveys and monitoring of

land use and land cover. One important

recommendation derived from the

stakeholders’ identification workshops was the

need for coordination and information

dissemination at national level, so that key

contributions from other partners could be

captured.

Given the awareness of the proven or

presumed impact of climate change on socio-

economic development and natural resources

management in the region, setting of common

vision and goals for WASCAL was relatively

easy. Consultation of key stakeholders made it

possible, for example, to agree on the

WASCAL initial modeling window, on key

priority thematic areas to be addressed by the

graduate training programs, and on initial

target research area.

Beneficial and equitable partnership:

WASCAL’s partnership drive aims at

achieving specific benefits for all stakeholders

in West Africa, especially in enhancing

scientific and operating capacity. It is

noteworthy to mention here that the various

planning workshops and surveys created a

platform for the focused identification of major

institutional constraints so as to facilitate the

development of result-orientated activities

during project implementation. The identified

constrains included the weak density of

observation stations, obsolete or non-

functioning equipment, weak access to internet

for information exchange, weak data storage

capacity, lack of capacity for maintenance of

equipment, lack of field equipment and

transport logistics. The observation networks

cover the meteorological, hydrological

network of stations; satellite imagery

laboratories for land use and land cover

measurements; biodiversity monitoring by

inventory surveys; and household socio-

economic surveys. The various stakeholders

and actors include those from national

services, universities and research institutions,

River Basin Development Authorities,

regional, international and several German

partner institutions. WASCAL is designed to

address most of these constraints in order to

improve the capacity of these actors to

accomplish their mission. The support may not

cover all the needs, but is meant to create

motivation and eventually enhance partners’

capacity to attract or mobilize additional

resources. In return, partners would allow

WASCAL to use the data so generated for

scientific purposes. The intellectual property

rights of WASCAL partners’ are guaranteed as

climate and land use data are generated and

commonly used.

Building coalition: example of the Graduate

Research Program: One of WASCAL’s

mandate for which partnership is already

functional is its Graduate Research Program

(GRP). This program involves some coalition

building between West African and Germany

universities and research institutions, and also

amongst West African universities themselves.

The WASCAL GRP aims at engaging

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Proceedings of 3rd Agricultural Science Week of CORAF/WECARD, May 14-17, 2012 73

representatives of some West Africa

universities, encouraging the establishment of

graduate programs in climate change thematic

areas, and working in partnerships with

universities in Germany. Each graduate

program is based in the participating countries’

campuses (Lead University) and addresses one

of the agreed priority thematic areas (see Table

1).

Table 1: List of Graduate Programs and Lead Universities

Doctoral Program Lead Universities

1. West African Climate System Federal University of Technology, Akure, FUTA, Nigeria

2. Change and Water Resources University Abomey Calavi, Cotonou, Benin

3. Climate Change Economics University Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal

4. Change and Land Resources Kwame Nkrumah University of Technology, Kumasi, Ghana

5. Climate Change and Agriculture Agricultural Training and Research Institute (IFRA), Katibougou, Mali

6. Climate Change and Biodiversity University Cocody Abidjan, UCA, Abidjan, Cote d’Ivoire

Master’s Program Lead Universities

7. Climate Change and Human security University of Lomé, UL, Togo,

8. Climate Change and Adapted Land Use Federal University of Technology, FUT Minna, Nigeria

9. Climate Change and Energy5 University Abdou Moumouni, Niamey, Niger

10. Climate Change and Education6 University of the Gambia, UTG, The Gambia

5 In preparation 6 In discussion

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Proceedings of 3rd Agricultural Science Week of CORAF/WECARD, May 14-17, 2012 74

Selection of Lead Universities was based on

existing programs, staff strength, level of

regional partnership, etc. Lecturers of partner

universities are expected to contribute to

strengthening the teaching faculty of each of

the lead universities and also participate in

students’ supervision. In addition, some

lecturers from universities in Germany would

contribute to teaching and/or supervision of

students. The lead university awards the

doctoral or master’s degree. But an advisory

Board composed of representatives of partners’

and German universities agrees on the

curriculum, the criteria for faculty

membership, allocation of courses, students’

selection, etc.

English is the common language of instruction

of all graduate programs. WASCAL offers

intensive language training to French speaking

students selected in the program. Through its

exchange of lecturers and the common

language of instruction, WASCAL GRP would

also be contributing to strengthening regional

integration and in furthering the partnerships

between francophone and Anglophone

universities in the area of climate change and

land use.

Conclusions

Partnership development has been a key

component of WASCAL. This initiative has

attracted major actors of the region forming

strong partnerships expected to enhance the

capacity of the West Africa to cope with and

adapt to the impacts of climate change and

land use. The strategy for developing the

partnership was based on common interests

and goals, ownership, mutual benefits and

equity. Although the WASCAL initiative is

relatively new, it is already implementing

result-oriented activities in quality training of

young scientists and increased exchange

between francophone and Anglophone

universities of West Africa. The WASCAL

initiative has enormous potential in

strengthening partnerships with respect to

climate change adaptation in the ECOWAS

region.

References

African Union. 2009. Decision on the African

Common Position on Climate Change.

Doc. Assembly/AU/8(XII) Add.6.

DISCCRS. 2003. The Ideal Ph.D. Program for

Climate-Change Studies. Working

Group Report.

http://aslo.org/phd/disccrsclimatechang

e.pdf

ECOWAS. 2010. Final communiqué: Meeting

of the Specialized Ministerial

Technical Committee on Agriculture,

Environment and Water Resources of

the ECOWAS Commission. March

2010.

FAO. 2003. A handbook for trainers on

participatory local development: The

Panchayati Raj model in India. FAO

Regional Office for Asia and the

Pacific, Bangkok, Thailand.

WASCAL (West African Science Service

Center on Climate Change and

Adapted Land Use) (2012): Core

Research Program: Revised version ‐ February 2012, 368 p.

Vlek, P. and Denich, M. (2010): Establishing a

West African Science Service Center

on Climate Change and Adapted Land

Use (WASCAL), Center for

Development Research (ZEF),

University of Bonn, 16 p.

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Proceedings of 3rd Agricultural Science Week of CORAF/WECARD, May 14-17, 2012 75

Recherche Action En Partenariat Et Innovations Face Aux Changements

Globaux De L’Afrique Subsaharienne

Eric Vall1*, Mélanie Blanchard1, Mahamoudou Koutou2, Kalifa Coulibaly2,

Mohamadoun A Diallo2, Eduardo Chia1, Lacina Traoré3, François Tani4, Nadine

Andrieu1, Bernadette Ouattara5, Patrick Dugué1, and Patrice Autfray1,

1CIRAD, UMR Selmet, F-34398, Montpellier, France

2CIRDES, URPAN, BP 454, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso 3UNPCB, BP 1677, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso

4UPPCT, BP 88, Houndé, Burkina Faso 5INADES, BP 1022, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso

* Auteur correspondant : [email protected]

Résumé

En Afrique subsaharienne, les paysans, confrontés aux changements globaux (climatiques,

démographiques…), doivent innover en modifiant leurs pratiques pour accroitre leur

productivité et garantir la sécurité alimentaire de leur groupe familial et du reste de la

population. Cette communication présente les principaux résultats d’un dispositif de

recherche en partenariat opérationnel dont l’objectif était de co-construire des innovations

visant à relever la fertilité du sol pour améliorer la sécurité alimentaire en appliquant une

démarche de Recherche-Action-en-Partenariat (RAP). La démarche s’appuie sur des

plateformes d’innovations villageoises et se déroule en 4 phases - diagnostics, élaboration

de solutions, actions, évaluation des résultats et impacts. Les Comités de Concertation

Villageois (CCV) sont des associations de groupements paysans permettant d’enrôler les

agriculteurs et éleveurs dans toutes les phases de la co-construction de l’innovation. La

phase de diagnostic a permis de dresser un état des lieux des systèmes de production. La

phase d’exploration des solutions s’est déroulée à travers de réunions participatives dans

les CCV, des voyages d’études et des formations. La phase de mise en œuvre a permis

d’expérimenter des innovations techniques (1.600 fosses fumières/compostières, 600

expérimentations de techniques culturales innovantes) et organisationnelle (1 charte

foncière locale). La phase d’évaluation a permis d’estimer l’impact des innovations sur les

connaissances, les exploitations et leur diffusion. En créant des liens permanents et en

favorisant les échanges de connaissances entre les paysans, les acteurs de l’environnement

des exploitations et les chercheurs la RAP permet d’agir efficacement pour co-construire

des innovations et s’adapter aux changements globaux.

Mots clés : recherche action, partenariat, innovation, changements globaux, Afrique

Subsaharienne

Partnership and Innovative Research Actions in the Face of Global Changes in Sub-

Saharan Africa

Abstract

Sub-Saharan African farmers that are being confronted by climatic and

demographic changes need to adopt more innovative measures in order to sustain

and even increase productivity and ensure food security for their families and the

rest of the population. This paper presents the main results of a study in a

functional partnership. The study code-named Fertipartners Project,

Food/2007/144/075, 2008 – 2012, was aimed at jointly developing innovations on

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Proceedings of 3rd Agricultural Science Week of CORAF/WECARD, May 14-17, 2012 76

soil fertility enhancement to improve food security by applying a Research-Action-

Partnership (RAP) approach. The approach was based on village innovative

platforms (Village Consultation Committees, CCV) and it was implemented in four

phases, namely: diagnostics; exploratory phase for working out solutions; actions;

and result and impact assessment. The CCVs were associations of farmers groups

that facilitated the enrolment of farmers and pastoralists into the phases for the

joint development of the innovations. Stock of the production systems were taken

during the diagnostic phase. The exploratory phase consisted of a phase for

solutions seeking, and it was organized through participative meetings of the CCVs,

field trips and training of the farming communities. Technical innovations were

experimented during the implementation phase. This consisted of 1,600

manure/compost pits, 600 experiments of innovative planting techniques. The

evaluation phase was used to assess the impact of the innovations on knowledge,

their on-farm use and their wider dissemination. By establishing permanent links

and supporting exchange of knowledge among farmers, the actors of the farming

environment and the researchers of RAP acted effectively in the jointly

development of innovations needed to adapt to general change.

Key words: research action, partnership, innovation, global change, Sub-Saharan

Africa

Introduction

En Afrique subsaharienne, l’accroissement de

la productivité de l’agriculture et

l’amélioration de la durabilité

environnementale sont deux priorités

fondamentales des politiques agricoles, dont la

finalité première et légitime est de garantir la

sécurité alimentaire des populations ainsi

qu’un revenu décent aux paysans.

L’augmentation des productions agricoles ne

se fait cependant pas à un rythme suffisant et

se trouve aujourd’hui confrontée aux

conséquences des changements globaux

(CORAF/WECARD, 2008). Dans ce contexte,

notre problématique de recherche peut se

décliner en deux volets : Comment concevoir

avec les paysans des systèmes de production

plus productifs, plus flexibles, plus économes

en intrants, en eau et en énergie fossile, moins

consommateurs d’espaces, et répondant aux

enjeux de sécurité alimentaire et de durabilité

environnementale ; associer les paysans aux

processus de conception des systèmes

innovants et appuyer les processus

d’innovations qu’ils mettent en œuvre.

Force est de constater qu’en Afrique

subsaharienne les techniques et les modèles de

production agricoles conçus et proposés par la

recherche pour améliorer la productivité et la

durabilité des systèmes de production ont été

peu adoptés par les paysans. Ceci peut

s’expliquer par une implication insuffisante

des paysans dans le processus de recherche et

de production de connaissances (Chia, 2004).

La recherche agronomique doit donc changer

de paradigme est proposer des méthodes

impliquant les acteurs de terrain et la recherche

dans la co-construction des innovations. Pour

relever ce défi i) il faut non seulement

élaborer un dispositif organisationnel

permettant à tous les acteurs de prendre part

activement et en toute connaissance de cause, à

toutes les étapes du processus ; ii) mais

également élaborer une démarche précisant

leur rôle pour l’analyse des problèmes, pour

l’exploration des solutions, pour leur mise en

œuvre et enfin leur évaluation. C’est ce que

propose la démarche de Recherche Action en

Partenariat (Chia 2004).

Méthodologie

A partir d’une expérience de Recherche Action

en Partenariat (RAP) conduite au Burkina Faso

dans la province du Tuy (Fertipartenaires,

Food/2007/144/075, 2008 à 2012, CIRAD,

CIRDES, UPPCT, INADES) qui visait à

relever la fertilité des sols de la province du

Tuy pour garantir la sécurité alimentaire par la

co-construction d’innovations techniques

(production de fumure organique, insertion des

légumineuses dans l’assolement) et

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organisationnelle (charte foncière locale), cette

communication présente les conditions à

satisfaire pour établir un dispositif de RAP

permettant de produire des innovations. Dans

Fertipartenaires, la RAP s’est appuyée sur des

plateformes d’innovations villageoises,

dénommées Comités de Concertation

Villageois (CCV), mises en place dans les 7

sites d’intervention du projet. La RAP s’est

aussi appuyée sur une démarche de co-

construction de l’innovation itérative

composée de 4 phases principales : diagnostic

& problématisation, exploration des solutions,

mises en œuvre, évaluation (Figure 1).

Cadre de

Concertation

Villageois

(CCV)

Phase de

mise en œuvre

des Solutions

(Expérimentations)

Phase d’exploration

Des solutions

(Formations, Voyages

d’étude)

Phase de diagnostic

& d’identification

des problèmes

(Etudes)

Phase d’évaluation

(Etudes d’impacts)

Figure 1 : Démarche de co-construction des innovations en partenariat

Résultats

Dispositif partenarial – les CCV : Les CCV

mis en place sont des associations informelles

de groupements paysans permettant d’enrôler

les paysans dans toutes les phases de la co-

construction de l’innovation. En 2008, les

paysans et éleveurs soutenus par le projet ont

mis en place 7 CCV (environs 40 membres

actifs/CCV) regroupant en assemblée générale

des groupements de paysans engagés pour

atteindre un objectif partagé. Dans chaque

CCV, l’adhésion des groupements de paysans

était volontaire et gratuite, l’implication des

membres du bureau exécutif était bénévole et

chaque groupement était représenté par deux

membres. Les CCV étaient dominés par les

groupements de producteurs de coton,

majoritaires dans le Tuy, suivi des

groupements d’éleveurs et des groupements de

femmes impliqués dans des activités

agropastorale. Chaque CCV était composé

d’un bureau exécutif de 6 membres dont la

présidence et vice présidence étaient partagées

entre un agriculteur et un éleveur. Les CCV

ont été formés aux principes de la RAP dès le

démarrage du projet (octobre 2008). Cette

session a permis de préciser les objectifs

partagés par les paysans, les acteurs de

l’environnement des exploitations et les

chercheurs. Cette formation a aussi permis

d’élaborer un cadre éthique (rôles des

différents acteurs impliqués dans les CCV et

principes d’action) ainsi qu’une première série

d’outils d’animation des CCV (calendrier de

réunions, cahier de suivi des rencontres,

journal de suivi des comptes, etc.).

L’animation des CCV était assurée par le

bureau exécutif et un conseiller salarié de

l’UPPCT. Une convention de partenariat

UPPCT-CCV précisait les tâches des CCV, le

suivi des activités et les modalités de gestion

des fonds de fonctionnement. Chaque fin

d’année, les CCV tenaient leur assemblée

générale au cours de laquelle le bureau

présentait son bilan, l’équipe technique les

résultats des expérimentations, et l’assemblée

proposait des réorientations des activités pour

l’année suivante. Les 7 CCV ont fonctionné

durant toute la durée du projet. Aucun départ

de GP n’a été enregistré. Le nombre de GP

adhérents a augmenté passant de 75 à 83. Au

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terme du projet, l’adhésion des groupements de

producteurs aux CCV était élevée (87%). Au

terme du projet, les 7 CCV envisagent des

évolutions différentes pour poursuivre leurs

activités : 3 CCV envisagent de se constituer

en association ; 2 CCV envisagent de créer des

activités génératrices de revenus ; 2 CCV

envisagent une évolution au sein du conseil

villageois de développement sous la forme de

commissions spécialisées.

Phase de diagnostic et de problématisation :

La phase de diagnostic a permis de dresser au

démarrage du projet (2008) un état des lieux

des systèmes de production au moyen de

diagnostics agropastoraux (MARP) et

d’enquêtes d’exploitation (sur 350

exploitations). Elle a permis de confirmer que

les taux d’équipements en fosses des

exploitations étaient faibles (notamment pour

les fosses bord champ), que les légumineuses

occupaient une place marginale dans les

systèmes de culture, et enfin que les règles

traditionnelles d’accès aux ressources et de

gestion des conflits dans le territoire de

Koumbia n’étaient plus adaptées à l’évolution

de la situation, ce qui justifiait les actions

prévues par les activités 4, 5 et 6.

Exploration des solutions : Dans la phase

d’exploration des solutions, le principe était

d’hybrider les connaissances scientifiques avec

les savoirs et savoirs faire des paysans pour

explorer des options de solutions et pour

commencer à élaborer des référentiels

techniques innovants adaptés au contexte et

aux objectifs de paysans. Des voyages d’étude

ont été organisés pour permettre aux

représentants des CCV de rencontrer des

paysans qui avaient développé dans des

situations relativement comparables des

innovations s’apparentant aux objectifs visés

par le projet. Pour consolider ces premiers

acquis, l’INADES a dispensé aux membres des

CCV 7 sessions de formation : sur la RAP, la

production et l’utilisation de la fumure

organique, les techniques culturales innovantes

et durables, la gestion des ressources agro-

sylvo-pastorales et la démarche d’élaboration

d’une charte foncière. Au total, 222 paysans et

conseillers ont été formés directement et 1 300

indirectement lors des restitutions dans les

villages.

Expérimentations et action : La phase de mise

en œuvre a permis d’expérimenter en situation

réelle des principes innovants à l’échelle de

l’exploitation (1. Expérimentations chez et par

les paysans de production de fumures

organiques et 2. De techniques culturales

innovantes) et à l’échelle du territoire (3. Co-

construction d’une charte foncière locale

communale). Nous limiterons notre

présentation aux thèmes 1 et 3. Le projet a

permis de faire évoluer les techniques de

production de fumure organique en diversifiant

les modes de construction des fosses en

fonction des types de sols (sols durs ou sols

friables), et les modèles de fosses (fosses

simples, fosses doubles) selon les besoins des

paysans. Il a aussi permis de mettre au point

une technique simplifiée de compostage des

tiges de coton et des pailles de maïs, avec un

mélange initiale de 20-30% de déjections

animales et 70-80% de résidus végétaux, sans

autre apport d’eau que la pluie, sans

retournement et avec un hachage limité aux

tiges de cotonniers. Sur les 1694 fosses

prévues, 93% ont été creusées, 76% ont été

stabilisées au ciment, et 57% ont été remplies

des la première année. Les pratiques paysannes

de production de fumier et de compost, guidées

par les fiches techniques élaborées au cours

des formations, ont été étudiées et les

modalités permettant d’obtenir des fumiers et

composts riches en matières organiques et en

nutriments ont été identifiées. Le projet a

permis de mettre en place une charte foncière

locale dans la commune de Koumbia. Le

travail s’est déroulé en trois phases : phase

exploratoire, phase de rédaction de la charte et

phase d’application. Durant la phase

exploratoire, des cadres de concertation

transitoires ont été mis en place pour faire un

état des lieux participatif et identifier les

propositions de solutions en matière de gestion

des ressources naturelles. Durant la phase de

rédaction, un cadre de concertation ad hoc a

permis d’affiner les propositions de règles et

de proposer un projet de charte à la population,

et au tutelles. La charte a été adoptée par le

conseil municipal en novembre 2010. La

troisième phase à consisté à mettre en place les

commissions villageoises chargées de

l’application de la charte, et à les former.

Evaluation des impacts : L’évaluation visaient

à établir l’impact du projet sur : les

connaissances acquises par les paysans et plus

spécifiquement leur maîtrise des référentiels

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Proceedings of 3rd Agricultural Science Week of CORAF/WECARD, May 14-17, 2012 79

techniques co-conçus durant le projet ; sur

l’exploitation (fertilité du sol, sécurité

alimentaire et fourragère, charges et

dépenses…) ; et sur l’adoption et la diffusion

de ces référentiels innovants parmi la

population cible. Les données ont été

collectées par enquête auprès de paysans ayant

participé directement aux expérimentations

(expérimentateurs) et auprès de paysans ni

ayant pas participé (témoins). L’évaluation a

permis de montrer que le projet a eu un impact

significatif sur les connaissances techniques

acquises par les paysans (notamment chez les

expérimentateurs), sur le fonctionnement de

l’exploitation (avec des réponses différentes

selon les thèmes). Elle a montré qu’un début

d’adoption été observable chez les paysans

témoins pour les thèmes techniques (adoption

des fosses fumière, du compostage en fosse

bord champ et des associations de cultures par

20 à 55% des paysans témoins), mais aussi

pour la charte foncière (89% des paysans

déclarent en avoir connaissance, 8% ne pas en

avoir eu connaissance et 3% sont sans

opinion).

Discussion

Rôle des acteurs dans la RAP : Par rapport à

une démarche de Recherche-Développement

(RD) classique (Jouve et Mercoiret, 1987), la

RAP permet de construire un cadre socio-

technique au sein duquel les paysans sont

responsabilisés et les principes innovants

débattus, mis en mouvement et consolidés en

produisant de nouveaux référentiels. Mais

plusieurs conditions doivent être satisfaites

pour atteindre ce résultat. Pour impliquer les

acteurs, la RAP propose de mettre en place un

dispositif organisationnel leur permettant tous

(paysans, conseillers, chercheurs) de prendre

part activement et en toute connaissance de

cause à toutes les étapes du processus (Chia,

2004). C’est ce que les CCV du projet ont

cherché à réaliser. L’efficacité du

fonctionnement de ces dispositifs dépend de la

capacité des conseillers et des leaders paysans

à les animer en traduisant les messages, dans

un langage compréhensible par tous, entre la

sphère des chercheurs et celle des paysans.

Ainsi, la RAP contribue à améliorer la capacité

des producteurs à devenir plus autonomes

c'est-à-dire mieux formés, informés, organisés

mais surtout en position de négocier et

d’échanger avec l’ensemble des acteurs. Les

dispositifs partenariaux expérimentés à ce jour,

sont trop souvent circonscrits aux groupements

paysans villageois, ne permettant pas de

résoudre les problèmes d’accès aux intrants et

aux services et les questions d’écoulement des

produits qui impliquent les acteurs en amont et

en aval de la production. Pour éviter cet écueil,

les recherches pourraient donc être orientées

sur la constitution de plateformes

d’innovations multi-acteurs intégrant les

acteurs des chaines de valeurs, comme le

propose aujourd’hui l’approche l’IAR4D

(Hawkins et al., 2009).

Le temps de la co-construction de

l’innovation et de la RAP : La co-construction

de l’innovation est un processus à la fois

cumulatif et itératif. Les phases de la RAP,

présentées dans cet article sous forme de cycle

(diagnostic et problématisation, exploration

des solutions, mise en œuvre des solutions et

évaluation) permettent d’accompagner ce

processus de capitalisation de connaissances et

de savoirs faire. Lorsqu’un premier cycle est

bouclé, si l’objectif visé n’est pas atteint, les

acteurs peuvent décider de repartir sur un

nouveau cycle. Le dispositif de recherche en

partenariat s’inscrit donc dans une échelle de

temps. En Afrique de l’Ouest, il existe

plusieurs formes de dispositifs de recherche en

partenariat possibles, avec différentes

configurations d’acteurs (Vall et al., 2012).

Certains dispositifs sont transitoires, constitués

pour la période de la recherche, alors que

d’autres peuvent être constitués pour durer, au-

delà du terme de la recherche. Dans certaines

recherches, les dispositifs évoluent en passant

d’un statut transitoire pendant une courte de

période de « rodage » à un statut institué

(exemple : élaboration d’un dispositif de

gouvernance territoriale). Le devenir de ce

collectif inter-groupement est du ressort des

producteurs concernés. Si des possibilités de

poursuivre des collaborations avec la recherche

est possible, elles seront les bienvenues et ces

producteurs sont déjà bien outillés pour

partager et construire avec les chercheurs.

L’expérimentation au service de la co-

construction de l’innovation : Dans un

processus de co-construction de l’innovation,

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Proceedings of 3rd Agricultural Science Week of CORAF/WECARD, May 14-17, 2012 80

l’expérimentation chez et par les paysans

(ECCP) plutôt que l’expérimentation en milieu

paysan (EMP de la RD) nous semble être

préférable pour prendre en compte les

contraintes et les atouts des exploitations et

partant de réaliser des bilans techniques et

économiques proches de la réalité. Dans une

ECCP, on est conduit à expérimenter « toute

chose possible par ailleurs ». Dès lors, si

l’expérimentation est renseignée par un suivi

minutieux des interventions du paysan-

expérimentateur (dates, techniques…), il est

facile de repérer les variantes mises en œuvre

des options innovantes en ayant recours à des

analyses multifactorielles. En comparant ces

variantes à l’option innovante initiale théorique

on parvient aisément à identifier les variantes

intéressantes. Ce mode d’analyse des données

permet de définir les modalités et les

conditions de mise en œuvre des innovations.

Enfin, une analyse multicritères des résultats

permet d’enrichir les conclusions. Cette

approche permet de comprendre la diversité

des pratiques innovantes par rapport à un

modèle discuté collectivement durant la phase

de préparation. L’analyse de cette diversité est

riche d’enseignements. Toutefois elle est

difficile à analyser d’un point de vue technique

et scientifique. Par exemple il est difficile avec

ce type de protocole expérimental « ouvert »

d’établir des relations causales (linéaires ou

autres à entre le type de pratiques et les

performances obtenus (composantes du

rendement en particulier). La RAP apparait

donc comme une méthode de recherche

nécessaire pour la conception des Innovations

utiles aux producteurs mais elle doit être

associée à d’autres types de recherche (enquête

agronomique sur un nombre important de

situations (placettes) paysannes,

expérimentation contrôlée en station ou en

champ protégé avec répétitions.

Conclusion : La démarche de RAP permet de

créer des liens permanents entre les paysans,

les acteurs de l’environnement des

exploitations et les chercheurs dans des

dispositifs partenariaux contractualisés. La

démarche progressive et itérative par phase

permet de problématiser les situations,

d’explorer les solutions possibles, de les mettre

en œuvre en conditions réelles, et de les

évaluer sous plusieurs angles (technique,

économique, environnemental, et social). Les

échanges de savoirs et savoirs faire et la

production de connaissances issue de ce type

de démarche de recherche permettent d’agir

efficacement pour co-construire des

innovations et s’adapter aux changements

globaux

Références

Chia E., 2004. Principes, méthodes de la

recherche en partenariat : une proposition

pour la traction animale. Revue Elev.

Méd.vét. Pays trop., 57 (3-4) : 233-24.

CORAF/WECARD, 2008. Plan opérationnel

2008-2012. Déployer des systèmes

agricoles innovants en Afrique de l’Ouest

et du Centre. Dakar, Sénégal,

Coraf/Wecard, 10 p.

Hawkins R., Heemsker W., Booth R., Daane

J., Maatman A. and, Adekunle A.A.,

2009. Integrated Agricultural Research for

development (IAR4D). A concept paper

for the Forum for Agricultural Research in

Africa (FARA); Sub-Saharan Africa

Challenge Programme (SSA CP). Accra,

Ghana, FARA 92 p.

Jouve P. and, Mercoiret M.R., 1987. La

recherche-développement : une démarche

pour mettre les recherches sur les

systèmes de production au service du

développement rural. CRD, 16 : 8-13.

Vall E., Andrieu N., Chia E. and, Nacro H. B.

(éditeurs scientifiques), 2012. Partenariat,

Modélisation, Expérimentation : Quelles

leçons pour la conception de l’innovation

& l’intensification écologique. CIRAD,

Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso, Actes du

séminaire ASAP, 209 p. Cdrom.

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Proceedings of 3rd Agricultural Science Week of CORAF/WECARD, May 14-17, 2012 81

Participatory Radio Campaigns: How Radio Partnerships Can Increase

Adoption of Climate Change Adaptation Practices

Coulibaly, M.G1* Perkins, K2; Huggins-Rao, S2. 1Farm Radio International West Africa, Bamako, Mali, 2Farm Radio International, Canada.

*Corresponding author: Rue 270 Porte 172, Niamakoro Cité UNICEF, Bamako, Mali. Tel:

+223.2020.9517/ 6559.3479. Email: [email protected]

Abstract Radio is an excellent medium for providing climate change information to farmers in their

homes and fields. But radio is not without its limitations. Traditionally, radio is a one-way,

top-down communication method which is planned and produced by radio station staff. It

has limited means for including partners, farmers, or key experts in program research,

planning and design. The studies reported here were based on the involvement of farmers,

extension staff, agriculture experts and radio stations’ staff radio programs development.

The studies were meant to involve the target audience in the production of the radio

programs which should respond to the audience’s expressed needs. This approach was

found to be highly attractive to the wider farming and rural communities.

Keywords: Participatory radio campaigns; rural farming communities; climate change

Campagnes radio participative: Comment les partenariats entre les Radios peuvent contribuer à

accroître l'adoption des pratiques d'adaptation aux changements climatiques

Résumé

La radio est un excellent moyen de diffusion des informations sur le changement climatique

aux agriculteurs au niveau des foyers et des plantations. Mais la radio n'est pas sans ses

limites. Traditionnellement, la radio est une méthode à sens unique de communication du

haut vers le bas qui est planifié et réalisé par le personnel de la station de radio. Il dispose

de moyens limités pour y impliquer les partenaires, les agriculteurs, ou des experts clés en

matière de recherche de planification et de conception de programmes. Les rapports

d'études sont fondés sur la participation des agriculteurs, des vulgarisateurs, des experts

agricoles et du personnel des stations de radio. Les études avaient pour but d'impliquer le

public cible dans la production des programmes radiodiffusés qui devraient répondre aux

besoins exprimés des auditeurs. Cette approche a été jugée très attrayante pour les

agriculteurs et les communautés rurales.

Mots-clés: Campagnes radiodiffusés participatives; communautés rurales agricoles;

changement climatique

Participatory Radio Campaigns

Farm Radio International recently completed a

42 month action research project entitled

African Farm Radio Research Initiative

(AFRRI). The project took place in five radio

stations in each of the following five countries:

Mali, Ghana, Uganda, Malawi and Tanzania.

Together with station staff, farmer-listeners

and knowledge partners, a new methodology

of delivering agricultural radio called the

participatory radio campaign (PRC) was

designed. This was a carefully designed

package of radio programs, produced in

collaboration with farmers, extension workers,

agricultural experts and radio station staff. The

programs were meant to respond directly to the

expressed needs of the listening community.

Topics covered included climate adaptation

practices, such as soil and water conservation

practices, product diversification and use of

new crop varieties. The project included

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Proceedings of 3rd Agricultural Science Week of CORAF/WECARD, May 14-17, 2012 82

experimentation with a variety of ICT

packages, including call-in and call-out

facilities, and SMS alerts.

Results and Discussions

Using a controlled study featuring a 4800

household survey, FRI discovered that this

partnership based method of producing radio

was an effective tool for reaching farmers, and

enhance exchange and disseminate

information. The farming communities which

were engaged in the design, monitoring and

evaluation process of the study listened more

to the programs, and had better knowledge of

climate adaptation practices, such as soil and

water conservation practices, product

diversification and use of new crop varieties.

Indeed, AFFRI’s study confirmed that, on

average, farmers that listened to quality farm

radio programs were five times more likely to

adopt a featured agricultural practice than

farmers in communities that were not reached

by the broadcast. Our research indicated that

the adoption rate in listening communities was

3-5 times greater than in communities

receiving only traditional extension services;

and that almost 50% of surveyed female

farmers showed significant increases in the

knowledge of improved agricultural practices.

During AFRRI study, it was discovered that,

under specific circumstances, there was a

strong correlation between listening to a PRC

and adopting a new practice when the process

was inclusive and rewarding.

Perspectives: The next step in this initiative is

expected to include a similar partnership

approach in the CRP-PROMISO project in

climate change adaptation. This would be

focusing on increasing farmers’ adoption of

new sorghum varieties, and in diversifying

farming techniques which aid in adapting to

climatic changes being experienced in Mali.

The CRP-PROMISO project was developed in

partnership with ICRISAT, farmers’

organizations, extension service agents,

community leaders, women and youth

organizations.

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Proceedings of 3rd Agricultural Science Week of CORAF/WECARD, May 14-17, 2012 83

Report on Sub-Theme 3

Chair: Ernest Aubee: Email: [email protected]

Rapporteur 1: Chikwendu Damian: Email [email protected]

Rapporteur 2 : Bahoutou Lahouté: Email: [email protected]

Summary of session The lead paper focused on the operational

modalities of a new partnership program on

climate science named WASCAL. The paper

threw some light on the center’s drive on the

development and implementation of PhD and

MSc programs on West African climate system

– including the relationship between climate

change and agriculture; water resources;

economics; biodiversity; and land resources

use. The paper posited that knowledge-based

systems were needed in devising sustainable

climate change adaptation mechanisms in the

region. The first complementary paper dwelt

on innovation systems and the use of

innovation platforms (IPs) in facilitating

organizational and technological multi-

stakeholder innovation processes on climate

change at the community level. The second

paper focused on a new approach in

participatory and inclusive development of

radio programs meant for diffusion of

information to farmers and rural dwellers.

Key issues raised in plenary

The delegates expressed a desire for a

wider coverage of WASCAL to include

Central African countries.

The participants expressed the need for

explicitly linking research, education and

policy-making in climate science so as to

be adequately equipped for climate change

adaptation in the sub-region.

A desire was expressed for the provision of

more timely quality data, precision in data

analysis and in information sharing so as to

facilitate state-of-the-art research in

climate science, and coordination,

networking and learning between southern

and northern partners.

The participants also expressed the desire

to see the incorporation of farmers’

indigenous knowledge with that of

scientists and development agents in

participatory action research aimed at

facilitating the development of

innovations.

The delegates echoed the need for value

chains and market access to be included as

key sustainability factors in innovation

systems.

Recommendations to CORAF/WECARD and WASCAL Management

Ensure that WASCAL is extended to

countries of Central Africa, or a similar

program be developed.

Explore the possibilities of including

climate science into B.Sc. curricular to

prepare graduates for higher degree

training in climate science.

Recommendations to CORAF/WECARD and NARS

Ensure that that multi-stakeholder

innovation platform processes go hand-in-

hand with value chains so as to enhance

sustainability and improve livelihoods.

Strengthen mechanisms to out-scale

isolated successes on farmers’ innovation

and participatory approaches.

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Proceedings of 3rd Agricultural Science Week of CORAF/WECARD, May 14-17, 2012 85

Rapport sur le sous-thème 3

Président: Ernest Aubee: Email: [email protected]

Rapporteur 1: Chikwendu Damian: Email [email protected]

Rapporteur 2 : Bahoutou Lahouté: Email: [email protected]

Résumé de la session

La principale présentation a mis en lumière un

nouveau programme de partenariat, Wascal qui

a été désigné Centre d'Excellence en sciences

du climat qui propose des programmes de

deuxième cycle de Doctorat et de Maîtrise sur

le système climatique de l'Afrique de l'Ouest -

et sur la relation entre le changement

climatique et l'agriculture, les ressources en

eau, en économie, la biodiversité et les

ressources terrestres. La présentation soutien

que les systèmes basés sur les connaissances

sont essentiels à l'élaboration de mécanismes

durables d'adaptation au changement

climatique. L'une des présentations

complémentaires a mis l'accent sur les

systèmes d'innovation et l'utilisation des plates-

formes d'innovation (PI) dans l la facilitation

des processus d'innovations technologiques et

organisationnelles multi-acteurs au niveau

communautaire. La présentation qui a suivi a

porté sur une nouvelle approche d'élaboration

participative et inclusive des programmes radio

pour la diffusion de l’information à l'intention

des producteurs et des populations en milieu

rural.

Les questions clés

Nécessité d’une couverture plus large du

WASCAL dans plus de pays d'Afrique de

l'Ouest et du Centre.

Lier de manière explicite la recherche,

l'éducation et l'élaboration des politiques

en matière de Sciences du climat dans la

sous-région peut contribuer à préparer la

région pour l'adaptation au changement

climatique.

Fournir des données de qualité, l'analyse et

le partage de données afin de faciliter la

recherche en matière de sciences du climat,

de coordination, de réseautage et

d'apprentissage entre partenaires du Sud et

du Nord.

L'intégration des connaissances

autochtones des agriculteurs dans celles

des chercheurs et des agents de

développement lors de la réalisation des

activités de recherche participatives devrait

faciliter le développement des innovations.

Les chaînes de valeur et l'accès au marché

ont été jugés comme un succès important

et un facteur de durabilité des plates-

formes d'innovation.

Recommandations à l'intention de la Direction du CORAF/WECARD et Wascal

Etendre Wascal vers les pays d'Afrique du

Centre.

Explorer les possibilités d'intégrer la

Science du Climat dans les programmes

d'études B.Sc pour préparer les impétrants

aux formations supérieures diplômantes

Recommandations à l'intention du CORAF/WECARD et des SNRA

Veiller à ce que les processus des

plateformes d'innovation multi-acteurs

fonctionnent parfaitement avec les chaînes

de valeur afin d'améliorer la durabilité et

les moyens de subsistance.

Renforcer les mécanismes d'expansion des

succès isolés sur l'innovation des

agriculteurs et des approches

participatives.

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Proceedings of 3rd Agricultural Science Week of CORAF/WECARD, May 14-17, 2012 86

Sub-Theme 4: Effective Utilization of Knowledge On Adaptation To

Climate Change

Effective Utilization of Knowledge on Adaptation to Climate Change:

Fisheries and Marine Protected Areas

Anna Mbenga Cham Department of Fisheries, The Gambia

[email protected]

Abstract

The West African region has a flat coastline covered with masses of mangrove swamps, as

seen along The Gambian and Senegalese coasts. The River Gambia occupies one fifth of

the land area of The Gambia, running almost 1600 km from the Futa Djallon highlands in

the Republic of Guinea to the Atlantic Ocean, and dividing the country into two. The River

discharges into the Atlantic Ocean nurturing the continental shelves with nutrients within

the confluence of canary and gulf of guinea currents zone. Thus a rich biodiversity is seen

in this zone. The estuaries and the coastal areas have been subject to natural and

anthropogenic changes which have induced extensive coastal erosion, mangrove die backs,

salinisation of soil and loss of agricultural fields, frequent floods and drought, loss of

marine habitats, and drastic decline of fish stocks amongst others. Several programs and

projects have been put in place aimed at fashioning-out coping strategies for sustainable

livelihood for coastal communities and the entire nation. This paper presents some of the

local efforts aimed at managing the effects of climate change for the benefits of the coastal

communities.

Keywords: Climate change; coastal communities, coping strategies

Résumé

A l'instar de la Gambie et du Sénégal la côte ouest-africaine a un littoral plat et couvert de

masses de mangroves. Le fleuve Gambie occupe un cinquième de la superficie, avec une

étendue de presque 1600 km allant des massifs du Fouta Djallon de la République de

Guinée à l'Océan Atlantique en divisant le pays en deux. Le fleuve se déverse dans l'océan

Atlantique pour nourrir les plateaux continentaux à partir des nutriments au confluent des

courants du Golfe de Guinée. On assiste ainsi, à une riche biodiversité qui s’attaque aux

espèces marines migratrices dans cette zone du continent. Les estuaires et la zone littorale

ont été soumis à des changements naturels et anthropiques qui ont entrainé entre autres

une sévère érosion côtière, le dépérissement des mangroves, la salinisation du sol et la

perte de terres agricoles, de fréquentes inondations et de sécheresses, la perte des habitats

marins, et la diminution drastique des stocks de poissons. Plusieurs programmes et projets

ont été mis en place en vue de modifier les stratégies d'adaptation pour des moyens de

subsistance durables des communautés côtières et de toute la nation. Le présent article

présente quelques-unes des initiatives locales visant à gérer les effets du changement

climatique aux bénéfices des communautés côtières.

Mots-clés: changement climatique, communautés côtières, stratégies d'adaptation

Introduction

Climate change is a critical and complex

environmental threat facing humanity. The

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

(IPCC) concluded that atmospheric

concentrations of key greenhouse gases – i.e.

carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous

oxide (N2O) and tropospheric ozone (O3)

reached their highest recorded levels in the

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Proceedings of 3rd Agricultural Science Week of CORAF/WECARD, May 14-17, 2012 87

1990s. These increases were primarily due to

the combustion of fossil fuels, and agricultural

activities among others. Based on the

emissions, for example in The Gambia in

1993, it was found that CO2 will contribute

75%, CH4 about 24.5%, and N2O 0.2% of the

warming expected in the 100-year period

beginning in 1993. Alteration in the state of the

climate can be identified by changes and/or the

variability of its properties of these gases

which may persist for an extended period

(IPCC, 2012). Climate change has been

reported to induce sea level rise, alter sea

physical parameters, cause changes in

precipitation quantity and pattern, increase salt

intrusion in water tables with resultant

ecological and socio-economic effects. It is

known that climate change may result from

natural internal processes or external forces

such as persistent anthropogenic factors. This

paper highlights some strategies which could

be useful in the adaptation of rural

communities in coastal areas of West and

Central Africa. It touches on aspects of

biodiversity management, soil conservation

and management, and erosion control, amongst

others.

Fisheries and Climate Change

Fish reproduction, growth and migration

patterns are all being affected by ambient

temperatures, rainfall and hydrology. These

factors affect patterns of species abundance

and availability. Changes in fishery production

have the greatest impact on the people who

depended mostly on fisheries. In The Gambia

for example, inundation resulting from sea

level rise has been projected to lead to a loss of

92 km2 of land for every one-meter sea-level

rise. Given that The Gambia is at sea level

most of the country is vulnerable to inundation.

The country has fragile mangrove ecosystems,

and these provide valuable habitats for some

marine species. Even though the mangroves

are adapted to a certain level of periodic

inundation a permanent exposure to inundation

to this environment as may be caused during

permanent sea rise would be disastrous to the

ecosystem. For example, the intertidal

mangrove oysters which extensively colonize

fringe mangroves (Rhizophora racemosa)

along the estuary of the River Gambia are

adapted to frequent inundation and exposure as

a strategy to outwit its competitors on the

substrate (Mangrove roots). Permanent

inundation or reduced exposure time will result

in heavy predatory mortality on the oysters,

stunted individual growth and an eventual

collapse of the population of the oyster

fisheries. However, the fisheries communities

are taking measures to cope with some of the

emerging changes. These coping strategies

include diversification of production methods,

improvement of production capacity, and

improvement of consumer preferences for low

valued products, amongst others. A more

sustainable adaptation measure would be the

establishment of rural based fish culture

systems. There is apparent inadequate adaptive

capacity at the national level to address the

perceived risk of shellfish poisoning from

consumption of urban oysters that are

vulnerable to toxic bloom resulting from C02

enrichment and high surface water

temperatures. Rack culture of mangrove oyster

(Conus tulipa) using artificial substrates could

be an appropriate adaptation strategy in the

event that sea level rise permanently inundates

natural oyster habitats.

Overfishing reduces the adaptive capacity of

natural systems, decreasing resiliency and

ability of stressed communities and ecosystems

to rebound. The stress imposed on coastal

ecosystems through such anthropogenic events

as sand mining for construction, alteration of

water ways, human population pressure on

natural resources, would all leave rural

communities and the environment with

increased vulnerability to climate change.

A sea level rise in the estuarine zone of the

River Gambia may initially favor the

mobilization and export of materials from the

wetland sediments to marine environment, but

the same process could equally release

pollutants into aquatic systems. The loss of

estuarine mangrove resulting from sea level

rise would impact negatively on fisheries since

the refuge sites for spawning, nursery and the

feeding grounds these zones provide for

crustaceans, shellfish, oceanic nekton and

marine mammals would have been affected.

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Proceedings of 3rd Agricultural Science Week of CORAF/WECARD, May 14-17, 2012 88

Knowledge Sharing on Coastal and Marine Biodiversity Management

Changes in the coastlines and their

concomitant effects on marine fisheries are a

major concern for West and Central African

countries. The Gambia’s coastline for example

is an area that is under increasing human

pressure. The communities’ livelihood depends

on the coastal resources. The degradation of

cultivatable lands and the resulting decline in

agricultural productivity adds to the general

trend of inland populations relocating to

coastal zones, thus increasing the pressures on

marine resources. To address these issues at

the sub-regional level, series of networking

and visits on knowledge sharing were

conducted under the umbrella of Regional

Coastal and Marine Conservation Programs in

West Africa (PRCM). These programs have

been promoting exchange visits between

countries and fishers’ communities. Such visits

are aimed at promoting the uptake of best

practices from some communities that have

developed adaptive strategies. The techniques

being exchanged include those on mangrove

regeneration, management of protected areas,

oyster culture methods, erosion control

techniques, aquaculture practices, beach

cleaning, village gardening, women village

banking, etc.

Mangrove Regeneration: In 1980, The

Gambia had a total of about 68,000 ha of

mangrove forest. This mangrove forest area

declined to about 56 900 ha by 1983.

Communities living around these tributaries,

locally known as Bolongs in The Gambia and

Senegal, depend on subsistence agriculture.

With the decline in on-farm production, most

residents of these communities shifted to

fishing and exploitation of mangrove wood

products for construction, furniture-making

and for fuel-wood. This resulted in an

unprecedented pressure on the mangrove

ecosystem and the consequent hype in their

degradation and decline in its productivity,

thus impacting negatively on the communities’

livelihood. Such products as fuel-wood and

fisheries products that the communities had

taken for granted declined dramatically due to

the loss of biodiversity hitherto made possible

by the mangrove ecosystem. This further

resulted to siltation, acidification and

salinisation of lowland rice fields along the

Bolongs. The increase in saline intrusion

reduced the production of rice harvests. In

order to surmount this problem, communities

living within the Bolongs worked with the

World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) to

regenerate the mangroves. They participated in

all the required stages needed in the

reforestation process in order to develop their

skills and knowhow to ensure sustainability

through taking ownership of the initiative. The

project encouraged and promoted partnership

with community based organizations such as

Village Development Committees (VDCs).

The program included a wide sensitization

agenda on mangrove seedlings planting,

collection of propagules, and the tools or

materials required for mangrove seedlings

planting. The association has remained

responsible for the restoration of the degraded

sites.

Figure 1: Mangrove dieback

Figure 2: Team in pirogues collecting matured

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Proceedings of 3rd Agricultural Science Week of CORAF/WECARD, May 14-17, 2012 89

propagules

Figure 3: Storage method of the propagules

(put bags and laid in the water)

Figure 4: Planting 2 meters between rows and

1.5 meters between propagules

Protected Areas (PA) as adaptive measures:

Some West Africa countries have developed

some policies on protected marine areas aimed

at encouraging a reconstitution of the marine

biodiversity. Co-management and seasonal

closure of fisheries is an adaptive measure

taken by governments and fisher folks to

encourage rejuvenation of ecosystems and a

rebounding of the species. Artisanal Fisheries

Associations have taken the initiative to set

aside one nautical mile of a no-fishing zone

starting from the beach. The regular

monitoring of the species habitats is hence

done and necessary measures are taken to

ensure species rebound before the zone is

again opened to fisheries. In The Gambia these

surveys, which are being conducted by

Department of Parks and Wildlife, Fisheries

Department, National Environment Agency,

include ecological surveys on dolphins, marine

turtle surveys, PA rapid assessment, etc.

Aquaculture practices: As an alternative to

capture fisheries and by way of alleviating

poverty and facilitating improvement of the

nutritional standard of the population,

aquaculture is being developed and needs to be

intensified to encourage fish farming and

oyster culture for communities around the

coasts. The shellfish sub-sector of The Gambia

is characterized by sea oyster harvesting and

cockle gathering. This method damages the

mangroves when chopping off the oysters from

the stems of the mangroves. Such chopping

practices sometimes lead to harvesting

juveniles leading to destructive fishery. The

fishers from The Gambia, in a joint Gambia-

Senegal project on sustainable fisheries code-

named “Ba-Nafaa” organized an exchange

program to Senegal to understudy shellfish

workers (exploiters, processors, marketers and

capturers). The program focused on harvesting

and processing methods of oysters and cockles;

oyster culture methods in the mangroves; and

market channels.

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Proceedings of 3rd Agricultural Science Week of CORAF/WECARD, May 14-17, 2012 90

Figure 5: Picking cockles

Figure 6: Oysters on mangroves

Figure 7: Rope oyster culture

Figure 8: Ropes deep in the water for

oyster culture

Erosion Control: The coast of the Gambia is

characterized by low-gradient sandy beaches,

most of which consist of medium to fine white

sand of pure quarts grains, and sometimes with

a mix of concentrations of cockles’ shells. This

coast is being eroded at a furious rate causing

major challenges to the country. The sheltered

areas of the coast are dominated by mangroves

and mudflats and are some of the principal

assets of the country. Fisheries, one of the

main driving forces of the country’s economy

depends, to a large extent, are done along the

coast which is ecologically fragile.

Infrastructure for the economic exploitation of

these fisheries is almost always situated within

these areas. This infrastructure is equally being

challenged. Series of actions have been taken

by The Gambia to protect the coastlines and its

biodiversity. These include the use of Rhun

palm and beach nourishment, construction of

sea wall, etc. In addition community

development actions are continuously being

implemented involving the communities, using

stones bound in wire, and laid on flood paths to

reduce water flow rate which cause land

erosion.

Village Gardening: This was introduced to

assist the communities in diversifying their

means of livelihoods as climate changes with

progressively negative effects on their regular

sources of livelihoods. The perspective taken

with respect to village gardening was to

introduce modern beekeeping methods,

encourage ecotourism, improve horticultural

systems via the use of organic products, credit

and saving system for women all combined

with an adult literacy.

Concluding Statements

Preservation of fisheries biodiversity and their

habitats using a community-based approach

has elicited the interests of host communities

and some partners. The communities are aware

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Proceedings of 3rd Agricultural Science Week of CORAF/WECARD, May 14-17, 2012 91

of the derivable benefits, to their livelihoods,

of their holistic involvement and ownership of

the measures being implemented. Such

approaches need to be encouraged and out-

scaled. In general the communities appear

geared towards adapting to climate change and

variability. There is however a need to:

Strengthen resilience of the communities

to reduce poverty and enhance food

productivity.

Advanced climate science is needed to

quantify the changes in coastal and marine

environments and to assess their

vulnerability, with the aim of proffering

futuristic solutions.

Improve the enforcement of regulations

and resource management.

Identify pilot protection and adaptation

actions in hotspots vulnerable to climate

change in the coastal areas.

Identify projects focused on actions with

an integrated coastal management

approach (protection of mangroves,

reinforcement of sand dunes, restoration of

sustainable livelihoods, etc.).

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Proceedings of 3rd Agricultural Science Week of CORAF/WECARD, May 14-17, 2012 92

Rural Community Innovations in Climate Change Adaptation in Central

Benin

Coovi Gerard Zoundji Email: [email protected] or [email protected]

Abstract

Using focused group discussions, household surveys and observations, this study analyzed

farmers’ perceptions of climate change and some of their adaptation strategies in Dame

Community in Central Benin. Preliminary results indicated that farmers were aware of the

climate change phenomenon. The farmers in this community identified shifts in rainfall,

unequal distribution of precipitation, decline in quantity and length of the rainy season,

increases in temperatures, rampant erosion and unusual flooding of farm fields and

recurrent dry spells as climate change and climate variability events. A comparison of

recorded meteorological information over the years with the survey data from this study

tended to indicate that the farmers’ perceptions of climate change tallied with

meteorological records. However, the farmers’ comprehension of climate events was not

homogenous since causes and explanations reported by different farmers were not

unanimous within the studied rural community. The farmers’ adaptive strategies to climate

change included changing the cropping calendar; sharing experiences; making ritual

offerings to deities; planting different varieties of the same crop on different farms and;

articulated predictions of seasonal rainfall. This study concludes on the need to assist

farmers’ adaptation strategies so as to make such adaptation approaches reflect more

certainty and less haphazardness. This paper calls for a robust knowledge-based strategy

that is more anticipatory and or futuristic.

Keywords: Climate change, Benin farmers, adaptation strategies

Résumé

Basée sur les discussions de groupe ciblées, les enquêtes réalisées auprès des ménages et

des observations formulées, la présente étude a permis d’analyser les perceptions des

agriculteurs des changements climatiques et quelques unes des stratégies d'adaptation

pratiquées au sien de la Communauté Dame au centre du Bénin. Les résultats

préliminaires enregistrés indiquent que les agriculteurs étaient conscients du phénomène

du changement climatique. Les agriculteurs de cette communauté ont observé des

changements dans les précipitations, la répartition inégale des pluies, la baisse de

l'amplitude et de la longueur de la saison des pluies, l'augmentation des températures, de

l'érosion galopante et les inondations inhabituelles des champs agricoles et les périodes de

sécheresse récurrentes en fonction du changement et la variabilité des évènements

climatiques. La comparaison des informations météorologiques enregistrées au fil des

années avec les données de l'enquête de cette étude semble indiquer que les perceptions

des agriculteurs du changement climatique concordaient avec les relevés météorologiques.

Cependant, la compréhension des agriculteurs des événements climatiques n'était pas

homogène, car les causes et les explications rapportées par différents agriculteurs différent

au sein de la communauté étudiée en milieu rural. Stratégies d'adaptation des agriculteurs

au changement climatique: changement du calendrier cultural; partage d'expériences;

offrandes rituelles aux divinités, la plantation de différentes variétés de la même culture

sur des terres différentes et articulées; prévisions des précipitations saisonnières. En

conclusion l’étude recommande d'aider les agriculteurs dans l'élaboration des stratégies

d'adaptation au changement climatique de manière à plus refléter la réalité et réduire les

risques. IL est nécessaire qu’une stratégie robuste plus préventive ou futuriste et basée sur

les connaissances acquises soit développée.

Mots-clés: changement climatique, agriculteurs du Bénin, stratégies d'adaptation

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Proceedings of 3rd Agricultural Science Week of CORAF/WECARD, May 14-17, 2012 93

Introduction

Rural communities play a pivotal role in the

economic, social, and cultural heritage of

developing countries. At the same time, they

are at the forefront of multiple development

stressors, including the new climate

phenomenon. Today climate change is

adversely affecting sustainable development

and rural communities’ livelihoods. This

phenomenon is impacting negatively on Benin

through extreme temperatures, frequent

flooding and droughts. In 2010, for example,

Benin experienced some of the worst flooding

seen in recent memory. This flooding event

had direct and indirect negative consequences

on rural community’s livelihoods including

severe damage to farming assets; mass losses

in crops, livestock and food stocks; rapid

spread of infectious diseases; damage to rural

infrastructure; increased psychological stresses

to the farmers and rural communities; and

increased demands on health systems and

social security (Zoundji, 2011). In Benin and

in many countries in Africa, climate change

and variability are expected to affect

agricultural productivity – which remains the

main source of income for most rural

communities. Widespread poverty and high

dependence on rain-fed agriculture renders

Benin highly vulnerable to climate change.

Hence, adaptation of Benin’s agricultural

sector to climate change and variability needs

to be treated with utmost urgency so as to

protect the livelihoods of the rural

communities and to ensure the country’s food

security. Rural communities’ perceptions

(Danielsen et al., 2005) constitute real

reflections and concerns of the wider nation,

and it calls for a concerted focus on the actual

impacts of climate change on people’s lives

(Laidler, 2006). Some of such effects may not

always be adequately simulated through

computer models (van Aalst et al., 2008).

Therefore, a better understanding of rural

communities’ perceptions of climate change

and of their ongoing adaptation practices is

important to inform policies aimed at

promoting sustainable adaptation strategies for

the agricultural sector.

Materials and Methods

The study was conducted in the village of

Dame located in the Savalou municipality of

Benin (see Figure 1). The economic activities

of this community ranged from farming and

food processing to livestock production,

handicrafts and trade. This community adopts

a highly diverse cropping strategy in order to

mitigate climate risks especially in the

uncertainty of essential rainfall.

Fig 1: Study area

Study area

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Proceedings of 3rd Agricultural Science Week of CORAF/WECARD, May 14-17, 2012 94

The sample size of this study was fifty-one

(51) farmers. These farmers were selected

based on their farming experiences since their

perceptions of climate events were dependent

on years spent in field crops production

(Maddison, 2006) and their farming position,

given that the farmers were usually differently

affected by rainfall. Such effects varied based

on the location of the farmer’s fields – i.e.

whether the fields were located on slopes or on

plains. Purposive sampling was also used to

select the farmers. The study was launched

after a community meeting in which

representatives of the community were present.

The purpose of the meeting was to gain insight

into their perception of climate variability

within the last 20 years from a collective

memory view point. Secondary data was

obtained via literature review. A comparative

data analysis between farmers’ perceptions of

rainfall patterns and meteorological stations’

recorded data was also conducted.

Results and Discussion Preliminary results indicated that farmers in

the study area were aware of climate change

and variability. They identified recent shifts in

rainfall patterns, unequal distribution of

available precipitation, declining precipitation,

decrease in number of rainy days, increase in

ambient temperature, increased soil erosion,

furious flooding of farmlands and changes in

the frequency and length of dry spells as the

most remarkable events with which climate

change could be associated. Naturally, more

experienced and longer-time farmers much

more readily pointed-out changes in the

climate pattern. Precipitation and temperature

trends from meteorologically recorded data

compared to the survey report indicated that

rural communities’ perceptions of climate

change tallied with scientifically recorded

meteorological data. The study indicated that

rural communities’ understanding of the cause

of climate issues was not homogeneous given

that causes and explanations offered by the

community varied from one farmer to another.

Among local innovations being developed and

deployed in response to climate patterns, the

most important were:

Changing the cropping calendar: It helped

them to take advantage of the wet period

and to avoid extreme weather events

during the growing season;

Sowing different varieties of the same crop

on different land: The farmers hoped that if

the rainfall period was going to correspond

to the phases of growth of at least one

variety with regard to its land and sowing

date. The local communities considered

this to be one of the most important

adaptations strategies.

Experience sharing: Farming

communities’ traditionally shared

information on their experiences.

Experience sharing remains central to

providing appropriate solutions to their

common problems of adaptation to climate

change.

Prayers and rituals: The farmers believed

that lack of respect for divinities and social

norms constituted a major cause for

climate change. Therefore, under the

responsibility of rain makers, farmers

offered sacrifices to ancestral spirits; and

to “vodoun Xêbiosso”, the god of thunder

and harvest that controls rain.

Predictions of seasonal rainfall through

the observation of celestial bodies such as

the stars; the direction of the wind and

cloud movements; behavior of certain

animals and indigenous trees were also

used to predict climate variability.

Livelihood diversification: Development of

off-farm activities that might not be

dependent on rainfall are also used as

coping strategies. Such include setting up

small businesses (tea kiosks, market stalls,

firewood, charcoal, craft industry etc.)

Conclusion: This paper posits that the rural

communities’ adaptation strategies reflect

some levels of uncertainty since those

strategies seemed haphazard and accidental

rather than scientific, anticipatory and planned.

FAO (2008) had earlier arrived at a similar

conclusion and therefore stressed the need to

strengthen rural communities’ adaptation

strategies. This current paper similarly calls for

the need to assist farmers’ climate change

adaptation strategies with more science-based

approaches. A robust knowledge-based

strategy that is more anticipatory and futuristic

is needed.

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Proceedings of 3rd Agricultural Science Week of CORAF/WECARD, May 14-17, 2012 95

References

Danielsen, F., N. D. Burgess and A. Balmford,

(2005): Monitoring matters: examining the

potential of locally-based approaches.

Biodiversity and Conservation 14, 2507–

2542.

FAO (2008): Climate change adaption and

mitigation in the food and agricultural

sector, technical background document

from the expert consultation.

Laidler, G.J., (2006): Inuit and scientific

perspectives on the relationship between

sea ice and climate change: the ideal

complement? Climatic Change 78, 407–

444.

MEPN (2008): Programme d’Action National

d’Adaptation aux changements climatiques

du Bénin (PANA- Bénin). Cotonou. 81p.

Van Aalst, M.K., T. Cannon, and I. Burton,

(2008): Community level adaptation to

climate change: the potential role of

participatory community risk assessment.

Global Environmental Change 18, 165–

179.

Zoundji, C. G. (2011): Flood risks

management: Institutional adaptation

strategies in Zangnanado municipality of

Benin. Article published in the le

proceedings of African Academy of

Sciences (AAS), International Centre of

Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe) and

The Academy of Sciences for the

Developing World-Regional Office for

Sub-Saharan Africa (TWAS-ROSSA)

Conference on “Climate Change and Food

Security: The Road for Africa”, Nairobi,

Kenya

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Proceedings of 3rd Agricultural Science Week of CORAF/WECARD, May 14-17, 2012 96

Meteorological and Indigenous Knowledge-Based Forecasting for Reducing

Poor Populations’ Vulnerability to Climate Change and Variability7

Fréjus Thoto* and Saïd Hounkponou

*Corresponding author: PO Box: 660 Abomey-Calavi, Benin; Email: [email protected] Phone:+(229)96386015

Abstract

The extreme variability of climate in recent decades, is threatening the food security of

rural populations in Benin leading to a decline in farm yields. An early warning system and

agro-meteorological information that integrates indigenous knowledge on climate was the

focus of this project aimed at reducing vulnerability to climate change and variability. The

effective collection and communication of requisite information was made possible through

the implementation of a multi-stakeholders’ platform where climate data was collected

from various sources and tailored towards farmers’ needs. The data was processed at: 1)

national level where general forecasts were made by a multi-actors panel, and 2) local

community level where general forecasts were re-adapted to local context and during

which indigenous knowledge was integrated. The data was used to prepare bi-monthly

forecasts, which provided basic information which aided in providing functional

counseling to farmers. Seasonal forecasts, and climate related counseling were

disseminated to farmers through local radio, extension services and local pre-alert

committees to facilitate the farmers’ decision-taking. Given that most of the farmers within

the project area acknowledged the importance of this climate information, about 66% of

them expressed willingness to pay in order to receive such climate-related services. The

project’s farmers consistently reported higher yields, and correspondingly higher incomes

(10% to 80% increases relative to those not in project areas, i.e. than those producing

crops without the benefit of locally tailored weather data). This approach could further

strengthen the adaptive capacity of rural producers to climate change and variability.

Keywords: climate change, early warning system, indigenous knowledge, farmers, Benin

Prévision basée sur les données météorologiques et les connaissances autochtones pour la

réduction de la vulnérabilité des populations pauvres à la variabilité et aux changements

climatiques

Résumé

L'extrême variabilité du climat observée au cours des dernières décennies et traduite par

la diminution du rendement des cultures menace la sécurité alimentaire des populations

rurales au Bénin. L'élaboration d'un système d'alerte précoce et d'information agro-

météorologique qui intègre les connaissances autochtones sur le climat a fait l'objet du

projet visant à réduire la vulnérabilité au changement climatique et à la variabilité. La

collecte efficace et la communication de l'information requise a été rendue possible grâce

à la conception et la mise en œuvre de plates-formes multi-acteurs permettant de recueillir

des données climatiques à partir de sources diverses et adaptées aux besoins des

agriculteurs. Les données sont traitées : 1) au niveau national où les prévisions générales

sont faites par un panel multi-acteurs et 2) au niveau des communautés locales où les

prévisions générales sont adaptées au contexte local et les connaissances autochtones sont

intégrées. Ces données sont utilisées pour l’élaboration des prévisions bimensuelles en

fournissant des informations de base pour dispenser des conseils fonctionnels aux

agriculteurs. Des prévisions saisonnières et des conseils relatifs au climat sont diffusés aux

7 We acknowledge financial assistance from IDRC and DFID for the purposes of this study.

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Proceedings of 3rd Agricultural Science Week of CORAF/WECARD, May 14-17, 2012 97

agriculteurs à travers la radio locale, les services de vulgarisation et de des comités locaux

de pré-alerte en vue de faciliter la prise de décision par les agriculteurs. Vu que la plupart

des agriculteurs au sein de la zone du projet reconnaissent l'importance de ces

informations climatiques, environ 66% d'entre ceux-ci ont manifesté la volonté de payer

pour bénéficier de ces services climatiques. Les agriculteurs participant au projet

déclarent constamment des rendements plus élevés, et des revenus d'autant plus élevés

(Une augmente de 10 à 80% par rapport aux zones en dehors de la zone du projet), que

ceux des paysans qui ne bénéficient pas des données météorologiques locales adaptées.

Cette approche pourrait renforcer la capacité d'adaptation des producteurs ruraux aux

changements climatiques et à la variabilité.

Mots clés: changement climatique, système d'alerte précoce, connaissances autochtones,

agriculteurs, Benin.

Introduction The Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC

(2007) demonstrated conclusively that climate

change continues to pose serious threats to

growth and sustainable development in Africa,

hence impeding the achievement of the MDGs

(UNDP, 2007). This threat particularly puts

Benin on a delicate precipice because

agriculture remains the basis of its economy.

Although several studies have been conducted

on the adaptive capacities of Benin farmers

and rural communities to climate change and

variability, a holistic approach which involves

the communities themselves would be more

sustainable. Hence the relevance of this

approach which uses available climate

information to anticipate and manage annual

climate-related risks (Tarhule 2005;

Washington et al. 2006). Climate information

is usually available from two main sources:

meteorological seasonal climate forecasts

(SCFs) and indigenous knowledge-based

seasonal forecasts (IKFs) (Ziervogel, 2010).

SCFs are generated in Benin by the national

meteorological services using models and

empirical data. This specialized, scientific

institution generates weather and climate-

related products within the guidelines set by

the World Meteorological Organization. Their

work is supplemented by other regional and

international climate centers including the

African Centre of Meteorological Applications

for Development (ACMAD), the Centre

Régional de Formation et d’Application en

Agrométéorologie et Hydrologie Opérationelle

(AGRHYMET). On the other hand, IKFs are

produced locally by people who live in the area

for which the prediction is made. They are

often based on generations of experience and

include both biophysical and mystical

indicators. This paper highlights the experience

of Benin in providing farmers with climate

information and related counsel by integrating

seasonal climate forecasts and indigenous

knowledge-based seasonal forecasts to reduce

the vulnerability of the agricultural sector.

Methodology

Data collection: Rainfall and phenological

data are essential in the implementation of an

early warning and agro-meteorological

information system. Therefore, rainfall data

was collected from 20 meteorological stations

of the national meteorological services located

within six departments of Benin. The data was

supplemented by climate advisories, weather

prediction products made up by the African

Centre for Meteorological Applications for

Development. In order to strengthen the early

warning system, phenological data from 18

municipalities were collected every ten days.

And for each municipality, five farm

observations were made per decade.

Climate information system implementation:

The first component of the agro-

meteorological information production chain

was the National Committee for Early Warning

and Agro-meteorological Information. The

committee was made up of the following:

Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of

Environment, Universities, National

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Proceedings of 3rd Agricultural Science Week of CORAF/WECARD, May 14-17, 2012 98

Meteorological Service, and Farmers

Organizations. This committee was responsible

for the production and validation of the agro-

meteorological bulletin. With climate and

phenological data collected, a first draft of the

bulletin was developed by the national

meteorological service experts. Then a

workshop was held by the national committee

who gathered multidisciplinary and

complementary skills to improve and validate

the contents of the bulletin. The product

derived from this workshop was a weather

bulletin and general agriculture climate-related

advice that applied to farms throughout the

country. The second component of the agro-

meteorological information production chain

was the Local Committee for Early Warning

and Agro-meteorological Information. This

committee was made up of agricultural

extension services, farmers, local authorities

and local radios. The work of this committee

was based on the weather bulletin developed

by the national committee. The national

bulletin contained general information that was

not regionally targeted. Information was then

localized and adapted to particular conditions

of each region by the local stakeholders who

comprised the local committee.

Integrating indigenous knowledge

Several natural indicators such as the moon

and constellation movements, tree species and

birds were listed by traditional leaders, farming

communities with rich experience of several

weather events or climate risks since the

1950s. Cultural models used by local farmers

in predicting weather included various patterns

of upstream and downstream events during the

seasons. Some examples include the following:

Constellation movements and moon

predictions: According to the observation

of some group of men surveyed in the study

area, whenever clusters of stars (locally

known as eza) appeared in the East during

the month of May, it was a sign that the

rainy season would be good. When the

opposite occurred during this period,

producers should expect that the production

might not be good during the season. The

people surveyed in rural Adja community

also mentioned that whenever there was a

heavy rainfall within the period between

25th January and 5th February it was an

indication that the year would be a normal

year.

Use of plant species in predictions: Adja

communities revealed that when the first

rains from February to mid-March were

‘sweeping’ the flowers of the shrub species

Cryptolepis sanguinolenta, it was a sign of

a good season. Farmers claimed that some

tree species provided a benchmark during

the rainy season and especially so during

the second bimodal rainy season which is

characteristic of central parts of Benin. For

example, the appearance of red flowers of

Erythrina senegalensis in August or

September was an indication of an end of

the season. Analysis in connection with the

agricultural calendar showed that these

indigenous knowledge-based predictions

often coincided with scientific prediction.

Use of bird species in prediction:

According to farmers, the behavior of

certain species of birds could aid in

predicting a rainy season. Investigations

showed that the bird called toucan appeared

to be the most common indicator. The

communities hinted that whenever the

toucans multiplied the frequency of their

songs between February and March, it

meant that the rainy season was close. The

communities mentioned that this same

bird’s behavior usually boosted the

psychological morale of producers as they

prepared their farming plots – i.e. such

farmers got more and more convinced that

the rains would arrive within days. This

indicator seemed to be well known and

understood by rural communities

throughout Benin. The bird species

Bulbucus ibis was also stated as a good

indicator of on-coming weather events. The

appearance of the ibis in villages in Benin

indicated that the rainy season was over –

such a presence announced the beginning of

a dry season. At such instances, the

producers always began the construction of

‘fire fences’ to protect their plots from dry

season fires.

Customs and practices in the prediction:

Unlike the observation and use of natural

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Proceedings of 3rd Agricultural Science Week of CORAF/WECARD, May 14-17, 2012 99

indicators in weather prediction, the

practice of divination and other spiritual

practices in predicting or inducing rain are

the prerogative of traditional “rainmakers”.

In Benin some traditional leaders hold

mystical powers that help alleviate the

problems caused by absence of rainfall or

dry spells occurring during the rainy

season. The deities that are often talked

about are “Hêviosso”, “Sakpata” and

“Tohossou”. Societies in which such beliefs

are practiced were organized in a way that

at the end of the rainy season and after

harvesting, producers present gifts to

traditional leaders requesting them to

prepare for a better future season.

Ultimately, such indigenous knowledge are

sometimes integrated in the analysis of

scientific bulletin produced by the national

weather committee. This integration is done

at the local level by local committees that

involve experienced producers.

Information dissemination and feedback:

Data produced through these methods are used

to devise pieces of advice which are

disseminated by local committee’s members,

the agricultural extension officers and local

radio. In this manner, information feedbacks

from producers are provided to the national

committee for improvements of future weather

bulletins. This agro-meteorological

information dissemination usually began in

early growing season or March, and ended in

late season or November.

Generated knowledge

Relevant knowledge was generated from the

implementation of the early warning and agro-

meteorological information system. The first

was related to the strategy of setting up and

managing this kind of innovative system. It is

important to point out that originally the

weather data provided by the National

Meteorological Agency were used only for air

navigation purposes and were not usually

disseminated. But the project succeeded in

exploiting some of the data for agriculture

purposes. Thus, despite the fact that Benin

does not have the means of making detailed

seasonal forecasts for different climate zones,

this project demonstrated that it is possible to

establish trends in climate that may improve

the counseling provided to farmers on planting

and harvesting dates. On the other hand,

activities undertaken through this project

indicated that indigenous knowledge on

climate could also be useful for scientific

forecasts.

Impacts on food security

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Proceedings of 3rd Agricultural Science Week of CORAF/WECARD, May 14-17, 2012 100

The natural factor determining the evolution of

food insecurity in Benin remains

unquestionably climate variability. Small

farmers are trying to redefine the space-time

organization of their agricultural work.

Therefore an approach for agricultural

adaptation to climate change in Benin would

be related to the adjustment of how producers

manage their farms regarding climate change

and weather events. The technical itineraries

used hitherto in predicting weather in Benin,

were established within a context where

climatic factors were not a major constraint.

Today, however, climate change has become a

key variable, and the use of an adapted crop

management system would be an approach

second to none in Benin’s continued

agricultural development as the climate

changes. One solution to overcome this issue is

to provide tailor-made climate forecasts which

could facilitate the counseling services

provided to farmers in order to empower them

to better adapt to the present and future effects

of climate change and climate variability. Such

counsel should be related to agricultural

calendars and prevailing producer practices.

The decision to plant or even harvest depends

on climate risk factors faced by the farmer.

This is the core of this system that being

implemented as demonstrated in this project.

Information provided by the system helps

producers to minimize losses in the face of

unfavorable climate events. Results from this

study indicated that 92% of farmers who

received this climate-related agricultural

information were convinced of their relevance,

and they planned their activities based such

data. Moreover, 66% of these producers were

willing to pay to receive such agricultural

information. It was observed that farmers using

such information reported higher yields, and

correspondingly higher incomes, than those

producing crops without the benefit of locally

tailored climate information. The impacts of

this early warning system and agro-

meteorological information on reducing the

vulnerability of small producers and even food

insecurity in Africa have also been

demonstrated by similar studies conducted by

the Institut de Recherche pour le

Développement (IRD) in Senegal and Niger

(IRD, 2011). These studies revealed that

adjusting cropping strategies using forecasts

and agro-meteorological information could

allow up to 80% yield increases in areas where

cash crops such as groundnuts were grown, as

in the Saloum Delta. In Niger similar climate

prediction had been used to assist farmers

increase their revenues up to 30%. This

indicates that using agro-meteorological

information to adjust the cropping and other

technical itineraries in anticipation of climate

events could be helpful to farmers.

Conclusions

Preliminary results from this study indicate

that integrating climate prediction in the design

of counseling services provided to farmers

would be useful in countries heavily dependent

on rain-fed agriculture. The experience of the

early warning and agro-meteorological

information system could be a means to foster

the dynamics on the value of agro-

meteorological information in the agricultural

production system in Benin, especially within

the context of climate change. The adoption of

this approach has also facilitated multi-

institutional collaboration, the sharing of skills,

and creation of linkages to traditional

practices, beliefs and knowledge for the benefit

of the producers.

References

IRD (2011), Prédire la pluie pour réduire

l’insécurité alimentaire, Actualité

scientifique, n°372. 2 p.

M.L. Parry, O.F. Canziani, J.P. Palutikof, P.J.

van der Linden and C.E. Hanson (eds).

2007. Contribution of Working Group II

to the Fourth Assessment Report of the

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate

Change, Cambridge University Press,

Cambridge, United Kingdom and New

York, NY, USA.

Tarhule, A.A. 2005. Climate information for

development: an integrated

dissemination model. Presented at the

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Proceedings of 3rd Agricultural Science Week of CORAF/WECARD, May 14-17, 2012 101

11th General Assembly of the Council

for the Development of Social Science

Research in Africa, 6–10 December

2005, Maputo, Mozambique.

UNDP (2007), Human Development Report,

UNDP, 399pp

Washington, R.; Harrison, M.; Conway, D.;

Black, E.; Challinor, A.; Grimes, D.;

Jones, R.; Morse, A.; Kay, G.; Todd, M.

2006. African climate change: taking the

shorter route. Bulletin of the American

Meteorological Society, 87(10): 1355.

Ziervogel, G. and Opere, A. (editors). 2010.

Integrating meteorological and

indigenous knowledge-based seasonal

climate forecasts in the agricultural

sector. International Development

Research Centre, Ottawa, Canada.

Climate Change Adaptation in Africa

learning paper series.

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Proceedings of 3rd Agricultural Science Week of CORAF/WECARD, May 14-17, 2012 102

Report on sub-theme 4

Chair : Dr Yayé Aïssatou Dramé; Email : [email protected]

Rapporteur 1 : Dr Kiema André; Email : [email protected]

Rapporteur 2 : Banbo Bebanto Antipas : Email : [email protected]

Summary of session The lead paper in this session stressed the need

to capitalize on indigenous knowledge

systems, and to integrate such systems with

scientific knowledge in climate change

adaptation strategies. The paper particularly

demonstrated climate variability adaptation

mechanisms which coastal communities who

live-off marine systems could adopt. It also

emphasized the need to couple scientific

innovations to these mechanisms so as to

further enhance the strategies of the

communities to climate adaptation. The first

complementary presentation dwelt on the rural

communities’ level of knowledge on climate

change; their capacity to link changes in their

agricultural productivity to climate change;

and on their reactions to climatic variability.

The second complementary paper posited that

several rural communities had cultural and

traditional means of predicting the arrival of

seasons and weather changes following the

appearance of certain flora and or fauna. The

two complementary papers emphasized the

need for orthodox science to be coupled to the

indigenous knowledge systems so as to

strengthen the rural poor’s adaptation to

climate change.

Key points raised in plenary

The delegates observed that very little had

been done in the sub-region with respect to

ex-situ conservation of fisheries genetic

resources, and therefore called for action in

this respect. It was echoed that climate

change could lead to a rapid extinction of

some fish species.

It was roundly remarked that commonly

shared natural resources such as

rangelands, fisheries, etc. were fraught

with conflicts as each interest group strives

to possess significant control of the

resources. The delegates noted that climate

change was leading to the shrinking of

these resources, and thus a likelihood of

increase in the frequency of conflicts on

resource control.

The plenary expressed a glaring need to

integrate indigenous knowledge systems to

scientific innovations so as to enhance

adaptation to climate change and

variability.

The importance of value chains and

gender-related issues in the development

of climate changed adaptation strategies

was emphasized.

Recommendations to NARS and CORAF/WECARD

Create gene banks for threatened species

of fisheries, crops and livestock.

Recommendations to Governments

Promote the development of aquaculture as

alternative means of livelihoods for

communities that live-off marine

resources.

Strengthen the integration of indigenous

knowledge systems in climate change

adaptation strategies.

Encourage the integration of gender and

youth issues in climate change adaptation

activities.

Encourage the value chain approach in

climate change adaptation mechanisms.

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Proceedings of 3rd Agricultural Science Week of CORAF/WECARD, May 14-17, 2012 103

Rapport du sous-thème 4

Chair : Dr Yayé Aïssatou Dramé; Email : [email protected]

Rapporteur 1 : Dr Kiema André; Email : [email protected]

Rapporteur 2 : Banbo Bebanto Antipas : Email : [email protected] :

Résumé de la session La principale présentation de la session a

souligné la nécessité de capitaliser également

sur les systèmes des connaissances autochtones

intégrés aux connaissances scientifiques en

matière d'adaptation au changement

climatique. La présentation a particulièrement

mis en évidence les mécanismes d'adaptation à

la variabilité climatique des communautés

côtières qui vivent des systèmes marins en

soulignant la nécessité d'associer des

innovations scientifiques à ces mécanismes

afin d'améliorer davantage les stratégies des

communautés pour faire face aux aléas du

changement climatique qui éprouvent

fortement leurs moyens de subsistance. La

première présentation complémentaire a porté

sur le niveau de connaissance des

communautés rurales sur le changement

climatique; leur capacité à lier les changements

qui interviennent dans leur productivité

agricole au changement climatique, et sur leurs

réactions à la variabilité climatique. La

seconde présentation complémentaire indiqué

que plusieurs communautés rurales disposent

de moyens culturels et traditionnels de

prédiction de l'arrivée des saisons et des

changements climatiques suite à l'apparition de

certaines espèces de la flore ou de la faune. Les

deux autres présentations qui ont suivi ont mis

l'accent sur la nécessité d'associer les

connaissances autochtones à science orthodoxe

de manière à renforcer l'adaptation des ruraux

pauvres au changement climatique.

Points clés soulevés en séance plénière

Très peu d’efforts consentis dans la sous-

région en matière de conservation ex situ

des ressources génétiques halieutiques. Le

changement climatique pourrait entrainer

une extinction rapide de certains poissons.

Les ressources naturelles généralement

partagées telles que les pâturages, la pêche,

etc sont en proie aux conflits. Le

changement climatique induit la

diminution de ces ressources, et pourrait

accroître la fréquence des conflits.

Il y a un besoin manifeste d'intégrer les

systèmes de connaissances autochtones

aux innovations scientifiques pour

améliorer l'adaptation au changement

climatique et à la variabilité.

L'importance des chaînes de valeur et des

questions liées au genre en matière de

développement de stratégies d'adaptation

au changement climatique a été soulignée.

Recommandations adressées aux SNRA et

au CORAF/WECARD

Créer des banques de gènes pour les

espèces menacées de la pêche, des cultures

et du bétail.

Recommandations aux gouvernements

Promouvoir le développement de

l'aquaculture comme moyens alternatifs de

subsistance des communautés qui vivent

des ressources marines.

Renforcer les systèmes de connaissances

autochtones dans les stratégies d'adaptation

au changement climatique.

Encourager l'intégration des questions du

genre et de la jeunesse dans les activités

d'adaptation aux changements climatiques.

Favoriser l'approche chaîne de valeur dans

les mécanismes d'adaptation au

changement climatique.

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Proceedings of 3rd Agricultural Science Week of CORAF/WECARD, May 14-17, 2012 104

Panel Discussion of Ministers on Stakes and Perspectives for

Agricultural Productivity Related to Climate Change

Facilitator and Chadian TV journalist: Ms Syntish Mantar: Email: [email protected] Participating Ministers Chadian Dr Adoum Djimé (Agriculture and Water Resources); Mr. Hassane

Silla Benbakary (Information); and Mr. Bedoumra Kordje (Planning and the Economy).

Summary of issues discussed by the panel Regional Integration: The Ministers

commended CORAF/WECARD’s regional

approach to agricultural research priorities’

setting and project implementation. That Chad

was chosen to host 3rd Agricultural Science

Week on a topical issue as climate change was

considered by the Ministers as a practical

approach in finding a workable solution to the

challenge posed by the recession of Lake Chad

along with the concomitant effect this has on

the livelihoods of the 33 million people in the

communities that live-off the Lake.

Diversification of Chad’s Economy: The

Ministers emphasized recent efforts being

made by Chad in the diversification of its

economy, and the need for such efforts to be

accompanied by research outputs. Therefore

the need for policy support to research and the

uptake of its outputs could not be over-

emphasized. The Ministers challenged the

research community on the need to adequately

put more value on the outputs from farmers via

markets – and by addressing value chains. It

was stressed that since the Sahel had little rain

to sustain agricultural productivity in an ever

increasing population, there was the need for

research and governments to increase

investments in use of underground water for

irrigated agriculture.

Resources Needed for Research: The

Ministers echoed the fact that the government

of Chad was the main sponsor of agricultural

research in Chad. They also emphasized that

more resources were needed to enhance and

retain research capacity in the country. They

decried the brain-drain that was afflicting

many African countries, including Chad –

these mainly as a result of the necessary

resources to retain the various experts that

were of African origin.

Profitability of Agricultural Research. The

Ministers advised research centers and

universities to work in synergy so as to ensure

that research output were profitable; and to

ensure that research was responding to specific

developmental challenges. Scientists were

challenged to produce credible research

information which could be useful in

convincing policy makers to invest more

resources in research for development.

Scientists were called upon to include in their

agenda some programs aimed at the

sensitization of decision-makers on the need to

fund research. The need for scientists to

debunk the impression that scientists produced

no development-oriented results should be

continually debunked with outputs generated

from research and marketed to policy-makers

in a palpable form. The Minister stressed that

the first indicator of agricultural research

should be the productivity of the farmer. On

the need for greater uptake of technologies by

the farmers, the ministers called on scientists

and research institutions to integrate

communication experts to assist in the

diffusion of technological information to rural

communities.

Provision of infrastructure: The ministers

emphasized that the rural people also had the

right to modernity – i.e. right to electricity,

telephone, roads, portable water, internet, etc.

They emphasized that the government of Chad

was trying its utmost best to provide these in

the rural areas so as to encourage the youths to

remain in those areas get involved in

agriculture and agri-businesses. The

government of Chad’s new rural development

program included the provision of tractors to

young farmers who were staying and working

in rural farms. The panel stressed that rural

communities were in the center of the Chad’s

government development policy.

Concluding remarks: Emphasis was placed on

the need for increased research intensity on the

challenges confronting the West and Central

Africa sub-region. They called for

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Proceedings of 3rd Agricultural Science Week of CORAF/WECARD, May 14-17, 2012 105

CORAF/WECARD and ITRAD, Chad to set-

up a mechanism which should aim at

evaluating the outcome of the present

Agricultural Science Week for Chad within

next 3 years – i.e. the impact of the ASW’s

outcome on productivity and livelihoods.

Finally, the ministers expressed a dream of

living in drought situation without hunger, but

in wealth from agriculture and natural

resources. These, they hinted, called for the

development of resilient technologies.

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Proceedings of 3rd Agricultural Science Week of CORAF/WECARD, May 14-17, 2012 106

Discussion de groupe des ministres sur les perspectives et enjeux

de Productivité Agricole liés aux changements climatiques

Facilitateur et journaliste TV tchadienne: Ms Syntish Mantar: Email : [email protected] Ministres panelistes : Dr Adoum Djimé, (Agriculture et des Hydrauliques) ; M. Hassane Silla

Benbakary (Information) ; et M. Bedoumra Kordje (planification et de l'Economie).

Synthèse des questions examinées par le panel

Intégration Régionale: Les ministres ont

félicité l'approche régionale du

CORAF/WECARD en matière des priorités de

recherche agricole en Afrique de l'Ouest et du

Centre. Ils se sont réjouit du fait que le Tchad

ait été choisi pour accueillir la 3ème Semaine

Scientifique agricole sur un sujet d'actualité

comme le changement climatique et ont

indiqué que le sujet constituait une approche

pratique pour trouver une solution viable au

défi posé par la récession de l'intégration du

lac Tchad et l'effet concomitant sur les moyens

de subsistance des 33 millions de personnes

des communautés locales qui vivent du Lac.

Besoin de résultats de recherche pour aider le

Tchad dans la diversification de son

économie: les ministres ont souligné les

récents efforts consentis par le Tchad en vue de

diversifier de son économie, et la nécessité

d'accompagner de tels efforts avec des résultats

des recherches scientifiques. Par conséquent, la

nécessité d'un soutien politique en faveur de la

recherche et de l'adoption des résultats ne peut

qu'être amplifiée. Les ministres ont exhorté la

communauté de recherche sur la nécessité

d'accorder plus de valeur aux extrants des

agriculteurs à travers les marchés – et en

s'intéressant aux chaînes de valeur. Il s'agira

donc pour la communauté de recherche et les

gouvernements d'accroître les investissements

en faveur des nappes souterraines pour assurer

l'irrigation vu que la faible pluviométrie dans

le Sahel ne permet pas de soutenir la

productivité agricole face à une population

sans cesse croissante.

Ressources nécessaires pour la recherche: les

Ministres, ont indiqué que le Gouvernement

est le sponsor principal de la recherche

agricole au Tchad en ajoutant que davantage

de ressources étaient pour améliorer et

conserver la capacité de recherche dans le

pays. Elles ont dénoncé la fuite des cerveaux

qui sévit dans de nombreux pays africains, y

compris le Tchad - ceci, principalement dû au

manque de ressources nécessaires pour

maintenir les nombreux experts africains.

La recherche doit être rentable: les Ministres

ont invité les Centres de recherche et les

universités à travailler en synergie afin de

veiller à ce que la recherche soit profitable

pour répondre aux défis spécifiques. Les

chercheurs ont été exhorté à fournir des

informations de recherche fiables et utiles pour

convaincre les décideurs à investir davantage

de ressources dans la recherche en faveur du

développement et à inclure dans leurs

calendriers des programmes qui visent à

sensibiliser les décideurs politiques.

L'impression selon laquelle les scientifiques

n'ont fourni aucun résultat devrait être sans

cesse sujette à caution vis-à-vis des preuves

empiriques générées par la recherche et

vendues aux décideurs politiques sous une

forme palpable. Ils ont souligné que le premier

indicateur de la recherche agricole doit être la

productivité de l'agriculteur. Sur la nécessité

d'une plus grande adoption des technologies

par les agriculteurs, les ministres ont invité les

chercheurs et instituts de recherche à intégrer

des experts en communication pour aider à

diffuser les informations technologiques aux

communautés rurales.

Fourniture des infrastructures: les ministres

ont réitéré le droit des populations rurales à la

modernité - à l'électricité, au téléphone, aux

routes, à l'eau portable, à l’internet etc., en

ajoutant que le gouvernement Tchadien faisait

de son mieux pour offrir ces choses en milieu

rural afin d'encourager les jeunes à rester dans

ces zones de manière à être impliqués dans

l'agriculture et l'agro-industrie. Le nouveau

programme de développement rural du

Gouvernement Tchadien prend en compte la

fourniture de tracteurs aux jeunes agriculteurs

qui restent et travaillent dans les fermes

rurales. Les communautés rurales sont au cœur

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Proceedings of 3rd Agricultural Science Week of CORAF/WECARD, May 14-17, 2012 107

de la politique de développement du

Gouvernement. Les ministres ont appelé au

changement de mentalité vis-à-vis de certaines

croyances traditionnelles et fétichistes. À ce

titre, les ministres ont fait remarquer qu'il est

nécessaire de coopter plus d'experts en

sciences sociales pour aider à cet effet vu que

le changement de mentalité permet aux

communautés de créer des richesses durables.

Conclusions: Les ministres ont invité les

acteurs à intensifier la recherche sur les

différents défis auxquels se heurtent le Tchad

et la sous-région de l'Afrique de l'Ouest et du

Centre. Ils ont ensuite exhorté le

CORAF/WECARD et ITRAD-Tchad à mettre

en place un mécanisme pour évaluer les

retombées de la présente Semaine Scientifique

Agricole pour le Tchad dans les 3 prochaines

années - à savoir l'impact des résultats de

l'ASW sur la productivité et les moyens de

subsistance. Enfin, les ministres ont exprimé le

rêve de vivre dans une situation de sécheresse

sans la faim, mais de la richesse qui découle de

l'agriculture et des ressources naturelles. A cet

effet, ils ont appelé à une mise au point rapide

de technologies d’adaptation.

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Proceedings of 3rd Agricultural Science Week of CORAF/WECARD, May 14-17, 2012 108

Participants at the CORAF/WECARD 3rd Agricultural Science Week

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Proceedings of 3rd Agricultural Science Week of CORAF/WECARD, May 14-17, 2012 109

Poster Session and Visits to stand

Sixteen posters were presented during the

poster session. Each poster highlighted results

and perspectives of research conducted under

the four sub-themes of the 3rd agricultural

Science Week. The titles of posters, authors

and contact details are presented in this report

following the sub-themes:

.

Posters under Sub-theme 1: Research, technologies and innovations aimed at influencing the

strategies and practices of adaptation to climate change

1. Farmer perception of climate change in

cassava based farming systems in Benin

and Cameroon

a. Authors: H. Kirscht*, R.Hanna, J.

Kroschel, R. Dossou, A. Nguenkam,

b. *Correspondence: , IITA Cameroon,

1 Main Road IRAD Nkolbisson,

P.O.Box 2008(Messa), Yaoundé,

Cameroon; Tel.: +237 (22) 23 74 34,

Mobil: +237 79528494; Email:

[email protected],

2. Medium throuput plant phenotypying : a

way to speed up the breeding of improved

varieties that cope with climate change

a. Authors : N. Belko*, N. Cisse, ; G.

Zombre, Z. A. Mainassara, N. N.

Diop, V. Vadez

b. Correspondence : Belko Nouhoun;

CERAAS BP 3320 Thies-Escale,

Thies (Senegal) Tel: +221 70 455 75

63; E-mail: [email protected]

3. Quelques technologies pour améliorer la

productivité dans les oasis traditionnels

fragilisés par l’ensablement dans

l’ENNEDI

a. Authors : Allarangaye

Moundibaye Dastre*, Sougnabé

Souapibé Pabamé, Aché Billah Kellei

b. *Correspondence: ITRAD, BP 5400

N’Djaména, Tchad ; Tel. +235

66291670; E-mail:

[email protected]

4. Evaluation par simulation mathematique

des stratégies paysannes d’adaptation aux

changement climatiques au nord Bénin

a. Authors : Mathias A. Tidjani*, P.B.

Irénikatché Akponikpe

b. *Correspondence : BP : 290 CETA

Natitingou; Tel : +229-66695610 E-

mail: [email protected]

Posters under Sub-theme 2: Strategic and policy options to improve adaptation to climate

change

5. Simulated adaptation choices in response

to climate impact on fishing activities in

Cameroon

a. Authors: Ernest L. Molua* and

Assoua Eyong Joe

b. *Correspondence: Department of

Agricultural Economics and

Agribusiness, University of Buea,

Cameroon, P.O. Box 63 Buea,

Cameroon; Tel: (+237) 99.49.43.93;

Fax: (+237) 33.32.22 72; E-mail:

[email protected]

6. Stratégies d’adaptation des éleveurs de la

zone est du Burkina Faso aux effets des

changements climatiques

a. Authors : A. Kiema*, L. Somé, H. B.

Nacro, H. Compaoré, H. Kagone, S.

C. Ypale Kpoda, G. T. Bambara

b. *Correspondence: A. Kiema, INERA

– Dori, Province du Séno, Burkina

Faso ; Tél. (00226) 70 11 30 38, e-

mail : [email protected]

7. Rôle de femme dans la diffusion des

strategies d’adaptation de mobilization des

eaux pour l’agriculture au Bénin

a. Authors : Cyr Gervais Etene*,

Fulgence Afouda et Ibouraïma Yabi

b. *Correspondence : Laboratoire Pierre

Pagney "Climat, Eau, Ecosystème et

Développment " (LACEEDE),

Département de Géographie,

Université d'Abomey-Calavi

(République du Bénin); Email :

[email protected]

8. Des parcs à karate économiquement

rentables pour une adaptation au

changement climatique au Bénin

a. Authors : C. P. Gnanglè*; J. A.Yabi;

A. DASSOU; D. Fatondji; R.N

Yegbemey ; N. Sokpon

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Proceedings of 3rd Agricultural Science Week of CORAF/WECARD, May 14-17, 2012 110

b. *Correspondence : 01BP : 884

Cotonou. INRAB,

[email protected]

Posters under Sub-theme 3: Strengthen and coordinate partnerships between key stakeholders

to consolidate and exchange ideas on issues of adaptation to climate change

9. The AusAID-CSIRO-CORAF

partnership : using the IAR4D approach to

address regional food security.

a. Authors: R. Stirzaker*, A. Sparrow,

B. Pengelly

b. *Corerspondence: CSIRO Land and

Water, GPO Box 1666, Canberra,

ACT, 4001. Phone +61 2 6246 5570

Email : [email protected]

10. Changement variétale du sorgho après une

année de sécheresse au Mali

a. Authors : T.H.W Some*, M. Ehret, S.

Siart, E. Weltzien, K. vom Brocke, Y.

Traore, M. Coulibaly, B. Diallo

b. *Correspondence: BP 320 Bamako

Mali Tel: 0022375447699; Email:

[email protected] /

[email protected]

11. Reduire la vulnerabilité de agricultures aux

changement climatiques dans la plaine du

logone au nord Cameroun

a. Authors : A. Salé, A. Wakponou,

D.P. Folefack

b. Correspondence:

12. Améliorer la production du mil par

l’amenagement des sols au Sénégal

a. Authors : R. Bayala*, S. Sidibé, B.

Sine, P.S. Sarr, M. Diop, P.O. Diéye,

A. Diop, et M. Sène

b. *Correspondence: Centere d’Etude

Régional pour l’Amélioration de

l’Adaptation à la Sécheresse

(CERAAS), BP 3320, Thiès,

Senegal ; Tel : +221339514994 ;

Mobile : +221775135247 ; Email :

[email protected]

Posters under Sub-theme 4: Effective utilization of knowledge on adaptation to climate change

13. Efficient use of knowledge on climate

change adaptation in Sierra Leone

agriculture

a. Author : Moses Moseray ; Sierra

Leone Agricultural Research Institute

(SLARI), C/O Njala Agricultural

Research Centre (NARC), PMB 540,

Freetown, Sierra Leone

14. Commercialization of AVRDC improved

vegetable varieties in Africa

a. Authors: Takemore Chagomoka,

Victor Afari-Sefa, Abdou Tenkouano

b. *Correspondence: 1AVRDC – The

World Vegetable Center, Liaison

Office Cameroon, P.O Box 2008,

Messa, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Tel:

+23722108448 Fax: +23722237437;

Email

[email protected]

15. Impact de l’usage des NTIC dans

l’adaptation aux changements climatiques

en zone cotonniere du centre-Bénin

a. Authors : A. U. Arodokoun*, H.

Dedehouanou, P. Adegbola, R.

Adeoti, et A. Katary

b. *Correspondence: 04BP 0372

Cotonou; Tel: 22996004729; Email:

[email protected]

16. Connaisances locale et adaptation au

changement climatique : théorie et

pratiques paysannes dans la vallee de

l’Oueme au Bénin

a. Author : Rivaldo A. B. Kpadonou,

main research fields: agricultural

economics, water resources

economics and economics of

adaptation to climate change. 01 BP

3531 Porto-Novo, Bénin, Tél. +229

97 892 630, E-mail:

[email protected]

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Proceedings of 3rd Agricultural Science Week of CORAF/WECARD, May 14-17, 2012 111

A cross-section of Posters’ section

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Proceedings of 3rd Agricultural Science Week of CORAF/WECARD, May 14-17, 2012 112

His Excellency, Mr. Idriss Deby Itno, Prisident and Commander in Chief of the Armed forces of Chad and the

First Lady visit a products demonstration stand during the 3rd Agricultural Science Week.

Participants visit Product Demonstration Stands during the 3rd Agricultural Science Week

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Proceedings of 3rd Agricultural Science Week of CORAF/WECARD, May 14-17, 2012 113

Agricultural Science Week Prizes

Goal of the prizes: The goal of the

Agricultural Science Week prizes was to

encourage scientific excellence in the sub-

region.

Procedure for awarding the prizes: The

Scientific and Technical Committee of

CORAF/WECARD evaluated the various oral

and poster presentations made during the week

based on the following criteria:

Relevance of presentation to the main

theme and sub-themes,

Value addition of the with respect to

innovative contributions to what is

known already, and

Quality of the research work and its

presentation.

Result of evaluation

Best producer: Fédération Nian Zwè (FNZ) DONATA Project, Burkina Faso

Best oral presentation: Fréjus Thoto of Benin NARS

Best stand: IRAD, Cameroun

Best poster: A. U. Arodokoun, H. Dedehouanou, P. Adegbola, R. Adeoti, et A.

Katary of INRAB, BENIN

Best female scientist: Halima Mahamat Hissene of ITRAD, CHAD

Best young scientist: Nouhou Belco of CERRAS/ISRA SENEGAL

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Side Events in Parallel Sessions

Side Event 1: ICRISAT – Dry Land Crop Production and Climate Change Variability: 40 Years

of Research Partnerships in West & Central Africa

Dryland Crop Production and Climate Variability: 40 Years of Research Partnerships with

ICRISAT in West and Central Africa.

Dr. Farid. Waliya: Email: [email protected]

Summary: An introductory presentation

highlighting the strides taken by ICRISAT in

helping to sustain agricultural productivity in

the semi-arid areas of the sub-region was made

by the Regional Director of ICRISAT, Dr

Farid Waliya. The presentation highlighted the

inclusiveness and market oriented dimensions

of ICRISAT’s new strategic plan aimed at

improving the wellbeing of smallholder

farmers. It also featured the center’s new crop

diversification and intensification programs,

and the development of resilient technologies

for wealth creation in the semi-arid zones.

An Integrated Agro-ecological Cropping System Strategy to Increase Sustainable Food

Production and Climate Change Adaptation in West Africa Dr. Rodolfo Martinez Morales

Summary: This paper stressed the need to

capitalize on existing impact-oriented

technologies developed by ICRISAT. Such

technologies included the fertilizer micro-

dosing technique, minimum tillage, zai, drip

irrigation, bio-fertilization with rhizobium,

Azotobacter, etc that could enhance farmers

productivity together with efficient resource

use in dry areas. It emphasized that whereas

there was need to generate new technologies

existing ones with known impact needed to be

consolidated, up-scaled and out-scaled. It

posited that ICRISAT’s new strategic re-

positioning in partnership with ICRAF and

AVRDC was aimed at capitalizing on

innovative technologies to tackle new climatic

challenges facing vegetable crops the Sahel.

Recommendations to NARS and to CORAF/WECARD

Intensify efforts in the integrated approach

to technology development, dissemination

and use.

Promote demonstration of soil restoration

practices in farmers’ fields.

Promote practices aimed at improving soil

organic matter content in addition to

increasing use of effective farm inputs

(fertilizer, seeds, water).

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‘Pomme du Sahel’ planted in demi-lune area; and

vegetable (okra) planted in zai holes

Work with AVRDC to introduce new vegetable

varieties

Photoperiod Sensitive Sorghum Hybrids: Stable Yield Increases in Variable Environment Dr. Eva Weltzien: Email: [email protected]

Summary: This paper demonstrated that

photoperiod sensitive sorghum hybrids had

marked stability in yields in variable climatic

conditions. Yields of the two sorghum hybrids

were increased by up to 30% yield over land-

races at the level of the farmers’ fields.

Preference for these new hybrids was more by

women than men. The two hybrids possessed

traits that reduced genetic degeneration.

Farmers reviewing sorghum

and millet in Mali

Novel plant type: dwarf guinea-type sorghum

Recommendations

Vigorously pursue innovations to improve

the adoption of new sorghum technologies

with minimal costs in technology

dissemination.

Step-up the use of video, rural radio,

training, participatory technology

development and transfer with farmer

groups and community-based

organizations.

New Genetic Tools to Improve Dry-land Crop Adaptation to Abiotic Stress and Improve Crop

Resistance to Pests and Diseases.

Dr. Tom C. Hash

Summary: This paper demonstrated how new

tools were making the processes of genetic

improvement in sorghum less time consuming

with increased cost effectiveness. It also

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emphasized that drought resistant varieties at

seedling and post-flowering stages were

desired for optimal productivity as climate

changes. It highlighted the new and interesting

drought resistance genes identified in fonio.

The paper stressed need to increase research on

this crop which was hitherto not a mandate

crop for ICRISAT

Recommendations

ICRISAT’s work on fonio should be pursued

in the light of capitalizing on partnerships to

address an emerging need in crop

diversification for adaptation to climate

change.

Sorghum Striga resistance White fonio accession from Mali

Climate Risk Management in West Africa:

Strengthening Partnerships to Promote Climate Smart Agriculture in West Africa

Dr. Robert Zougmore: Email: R. [email protected]

Summary: This paper demonstrated the need

for climate smart agriculture in West and

Central Africa with the aim of ensuring

sustainable productivity, resilience and

reduced green house gas emissions. It stressed

that climate smart agriculture should be

conducted with new and innovative means.

The paper highlighted the need for innovative

partnerships and new finances which ensure

significant trade-offs.

Integrated soil fertility and water management

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Recommendations

Establish regional and national learning

platforms for information exchange on

climate smart agriculture.

Capitalize on Africa Union Climate Smart

policy framework adopted during the 2012

COP17 in Durban, South Africa, with the

aim of improving adaptation to climate

change in West and Central Africa.

Side Event 2 (ARICAINTERACT):

Creating an Evergreen Agriculture in West Africa for Food Security with Climate Change

Resilience

Dr Denis Garrity: Email: [email protected]

Summary: The paper emphasized the

significant advances achieved in the uptake of

evergreen agriculture in West Africa and

across the continent. It specifically focused on

the new initiatives on natural regeneration of

trees in co-existence with crops planted in-

between the trees. It demonstrated how soil

fertility regeneration had been achieved with

trees such as Faidherbia albida in the dry

Sahel, and how such soils contributed to

enhanced productivity of millet and sorghum.

Mature F. Albida parkland ; peanut basin,

Senegal

The albida halo effect

Recommendations

Propose robust policy options aimed at

encouraging the protection of agro-forest

trees from nomadic livestock damage.

Promote extensive distribution of soil-

regenerating tree seedlings to farmers in

rural communities; and the uptake of

climate-smart agricultural technology.

Propose policy options aimed at creating a

support mechanism for rural farm

communities so as to encourage them to

protect agro-forestry trees on their farms.

Enabling Research-to-Policy Linkage for Adaptation to Climate Change in Africa Dr Abdoulaï Jalloh : Email [email protected]

Summary: The paper dwelt on current and

projected negative impact of climate change as

exemplified in the rapidly dwindling waters of

Lake Chad and the major rivers of West and

Central Africa. It also emphasized the need to

synergize actions on climate change in Africa.

The need for the conservation of Africa’s

biodiversity and ecosystems was highlighted.

Furthermore, the presentation stressed the

urgent need for more participatory action

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research; awareness creation, education and

training of all actors; the creation of

communication and networking tools to

facilitate interactions and knowledge flows

among stakeholders at sub-national, national,

sub-regional and continental levels.

Perspectives on the Climate Change

Adaptation in Africa (CCAA) Project: This

initiative focus include the following:

Analyses of gaps in policy-options to

enhance enabling environment for climate

change adaption.

Promotion of packaging and dissemination

of appropriate climate related information,

including the synthesis of past relevant

research results.

Facilitation of dialogue between scientists

and decision-takers on the need for

knowledge-based systems for climate

adaptation.

Training of target groups on key issues to

enable them effectively analyze climate

change issues and to negotiate

appropriately at the conference of parties

(COP).

Niger river stream flow reduced by 30%;

Senegal and Gambia reduced by 60%

10 to 15% of species likely to be lost in Africa

with a 2°C temperature increase

AfricaAdapt : Promoting Knowledge Sharing to Support Climate Change Adaptation to African

Communities

Dady Demby: Email: [email protected]

Summary: The presentation highlighted the

following: a) the need to increase access to

climate change-related research outputs; b)

necessity for focusing climate science on the

local priorities; c) appropriately informing

policy makers on issues of climate change; and

d) increasing the sharing of local knowledge

with the support of ICT. The paper highlighted

how AfricaAdapt established an interactive

web platform and its functionality; and the

convening of multi-stakeholder knowledge

sharing events. It also indicated the kind and

quality of support provided by AfricaAdapt to

23 communities in knowledge sharing; and in

production of publications to support

knowledge exchange.

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Communities have used different media in sharing knowledge

Perspectives of AfricaAdapt:

A wider coverage is being expected for

Phase 3 of AfricaAdapt. Phase 3 is

therefore expected to include more

beneficiaries and include new thematic

areas that such as energy, climate science

and forestry in addition to the current

agriculture theme.

The new phase will also include the

possibilities of establishing offline

activities aimed at direct engagement with

local communities most of whom have no

access to the internet.

Side Event 3 (Institut de Recherche pour le Développement [IRD]):

IRD’s research priorities in the forest zones of Central Africa

P. Couteron : Email: [email protected] Summary: This paper demonstrated how IRD

was intensifying partnerships in order to

implement its programs in the Central African

zone. It emphasized IRD’s partnership policy

with institutions, producer organizations and

agribusinesses. The paper highlighted the

Institute’s strategic orientations, including

some possible new roles that scientists from

the south should play in the implementation of

partnership research for development projects.

It also stressed the need for urgent collective

action on arresting the water loss from the

Lake Chad, emphasizing the need for a multi-

institutional coalition with a robust research for

development agenda to restore the Lake. The

paper hinged on the need for the inclusion of

the private sector in the sub-regional research,

and the need for them to be pro-active in the

uptake of the research outputs.

Taxonomic & biogeographic studies on

Orchidaceae in Central Africa

Regular vegetation monitoring in the Tridom

zone

Recommendations

Strengthen partnerships between research

institutions of the north and the south, and

involve other several interest groups and

actors, especially the private sector.

Side Event 4 (Great Green Wall)

The Great Green Wall (GGW): A New Strategy for Rural Development in the in Sahelian Zone

Prof. Abdoulaye Dia: Email [email protected]

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Summary: The paper highlighted the six axes

on which the Great Green Wall pan-African

initiative was anchored, namely: a) operational

activities linked to improvement and sustainable

management of production systems; b) socio-

economic base infrastructure; c) development of

alternative revenue generating activities; d)

governance; e) research and knowledge

management; and f) capacity strengthening. The

paper stressed the importance of information,

appropriate communication and education in

ensuring the success of the Great Green Wall

initiative. It also highlighted on the need for

increased advocacy and lobbying in sensitizing

the political class for urgent action on climate

change. It emphasized that the Great Green Wall

was not only a forestation initiative, but also an

integrated development strategy aimed at

improving the livelihoods of the communities. It

demonstrated that the tree species being used

were all of economic value, resistant to water

stress and acceptable the host communities.

New stands of drought resistant shrubs in GGW

initiative

Sources of water for irrigation and domestic use

Recommendations to Governments and National GGW Offices:

Ensure the involvement of local

communities in the activities of the GGW

initiative.

Advocate that resources from national

sources constitute the base for GGW

activities, with additional external

resources sought as might be needed.

Ensure the full use of local expertise in the

implementation of the GGW initiative.

Emphasize both formal and informal

capacity strengthening so as to create a

critical mass of expertise required to

sustain this initiative.

Side Event 5 (Generation Challenge Program [GCP])

Generation: Cultivating Plant Diversity for the Resource Poor

Dr J-M Ribaut: Email: [email protected]

Summary: The generation challenge paper

highlighted the work being accomplished by

GCP. It demonstrated how GCP had used

genetic diversity and advanced research in

plant science to improve crops for enhanced

food security in developing countries. The

paper stressed that the program sought to serve

as a broker in the plant science thus bridging

the gap between upstream and applied science.

It also hinted that GCP’s intervention was

through research support activities, capacity

strengthening and data management. It was

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also shown that the GCP was implementing

research aimed at improving drought tolerance;

creating a molecular breeding platform so as to

improve access to breeding materials and

technologies; and in the provision of requisite

information to users of technology.

Recommendations

Finalize the Memorandum of

Understanding (MoU) between the GCP

and CORAF/WECARD, and initiate an

MoU with FARA. This also needs to be

accompanied by the development of more

comprehensive projects involving regional

stakeholders;

Ensure that regional initiatives with GCP

take into account the relevant on-going

initiatives and NARS priorities.

Source appropriate funding and

management mechanisms to support the

evolving new partnerships.

GCP research and research support activities

Side Event 6 (Capacity Needs for REDD+: Implementation in Sub-Saharan Africa)

Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation and Enhancing Forest Carbon

Stock in Developing Countries (REDD+): What Capacity Needs for Implementation in Sub-

Saharan Africa? Dr Aissetou Dramé Yayé: Email: [email protected]

Summary: The paper demonstrated that

despite the climate vulnerability and the

dependency of local communities on forests

for their subsistence and livelihood, these

communities were often marginalized from

REDD+ decision-making processes. It posited

that this situation needed to change to a

situation where rural communities are involved

in a win-win. The paper demonstrated that

unclear land tenure systems and policy

frameworks often exacerbated indigenous

peoples’ vulnerabilities. It showed that

ineffective law enforcement and unrecognized

customary and ancestral rights created

situations where REDD+ became additional

threat to rural communities. The presentation

further stressed the need for local communities

to be involved in the design and management

of REDD+ and for them to become the key

partners in its implementation.

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Benin

Burkina Faso

Cote D’Ivoire

D. R. of Congo

Gambia

Ghana

Guinea Conakry

Liberia

Mali

Namibia

Niger

Nigeria

Senegal

Sierra Leone

South Africa

Togo

Botswana

Egypt

Ethiopia

Burundi

Cameroon

Congo

Kenya

Lesotho

Madagascar

Malawi

Mauritius

Mozambique

Rwanda

Sudan

Swaziland

Tanzania

Uganda

Zambia

Zimbabwe

Countries hosting ANAFE Member Institutions

Countries hosting ANAFE

Building Capacity on ASTI Systems: CTA’s Experience Michael Hailu: Emails: [email protected]

Summary: This CTA paper on Agricultural

Science and Technology Indicators (ASTI)

studies indicated that national policies on

Science and Technology existed but their

implementation had remained weak. It pointed

out that little innovation was taking place in

Africa, and it demonstrated the weaknesses of

the knowledge infrastructure in Africa. It

stressed that low investments and limited

access to funding for research and training

were hampering innovation development. It

also stressed that low competencies in critical

areas for innovation and the fact that small

holder farmers were not being appropriately

valued as allies in the fight against hunger and

poverty were all mitigating against scientific

innovation development and use continuum.

Name of University Country African Ranking World Ranking

University of Cape Town South Africa 1 324

University of Pretoria South Africa 2 507

Stellenbosch University South Africa 3 540

MakerereUniversity Uganda 10 1,256

University of Johannesburg South Africa 12 1,395

KwameNkrumah University of

Science & Technology

Ghana 13 1,559

University of Nairobi Kenya 26 2,452

University of Ibadan Nigeria 41 3,499

Université de Ouagadougou Burkina Faso 63 4,984

African Universities RankingAfrica’stopuniversityis324th

MostsignificantbarriertoinnovationinAfricaislackof qualifiedpeople

Source: Webometric, world university ranking http://www.webometrics.info/top100_continent.asp?cont=africa

African Universities ranking: Africa’s top university is 324th in the world

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Platform for Mobilizing Africa Universities for Development Relevance

Prof. Emmanuel Kaunda

Summary: The paper presented the structure

and operations of the Regional Universities

Forum for Capacity Building in Agriculture

(RUFORUM). It hinted that RUFORUM’s

work was focused on: a) fostering integration

of African Universities into the national

agricultural innovation systems; b) providing a

platform for training quality graduates to

support development processes in Africa,

especially with respect to CAADP; c)

rationalizing resource use and enhancing the

economies of scale and scope; and d)

providing a platform for networking, resource

mobilization and advocacy for technical

agricultural education (TAE) in Africa.

Yellow area indicates operational area of RUFORUM

Recommendations for Side Event 6

Provide support to policy especially with

respect to the promotion of priority value

chains; and in strengthening information

dissemination and knowledge management

Follow up on the gaps identified with

respect to REDD+ and develop a

framework for addressing them for

effective implementation

Package and disseminate information on

REDD+ implementation for the various

target groups

Develop approaches for REDD+

implementation that are related to

economic development.

Promote activities that encourage

investments in science and technology.

Increase the emphasis on post-graduate

training with a development-oriented

approach that involves an active

engagement of farmers.

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A cross-section of participants in side events

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Journée du SNRA du Tchad

Présentation Du Système National De La Recherche Du Tchad

Ibet Outhman Issa : Email [email protected]

Directeur Général de l’ITRAD

Ndjamena, Tchad

‘La Recherche Agricole au Tchad a commencé

réellement en 1921 avec la création du centre

d’Elevage de Moussouro. Il a été relayé en

1938 par celui de Ngouri, suivi de celui

d’Abougam. En 1949, ce fut la création du

Laboratoire de Recherches Vétérinaires et

Zootechniques (LRVZ).

Un service agronomique du comité cotonnier

de l’Afrique Equatoriale a été mis en place et a

entrepris les premiers essais à fort

Archambault (Sarh) en 1931. Il créa la station

de recherche cotonnière de Fianga en 1934 et

la ferme de sélection et d’essais de Bémian

(Logone) en 1936.

L’Institut de Recherches sur le Coton et

Textile (IRCT), crée en 1946, reprit la même

année au service de l’Agriculture et de la

production Animale du territoire du Tchad, la

ferme cotonnière de Tikem, puis celle de

Bébédja, aménagé en station de recherche

agronomique. Le service colonial de

l’Agriculture se consacra à la seule culture du

coton alors qu’il devrait stimuler la recherche

par les créations de céréales (sorgho, mil,

maïs) de la station de Bâ-LLi (Chari Baguirmi)

crée en 1948, de la ferme pilote rizicole du

logone à Boumon (prés de Laï dans le

Tandjilé) en 1951, et du service d’amélioration

des cultures en 1953. En 1960, la station

centrale d’amélioration des plantes vivrières de

Déli (prés de Moundou) reprit les travaux de

Bâ-LLi et leur donna une vocation régionale en

s’appuyant sur le réseau des fermes

administratives assez bien réparties sur le

territoire national.

Il existe au Tchad deux structures de

recherches à vocation agricole : l’Institut

Tchadien pour la Recherche Agronomique

pour le Développement (ITRAD) et le

Laboratoire de Recherches Vétérinaires et

Zootechniques (LRVZ) de Farcha. On note

aussi des institutions universitaires ayant des

compétences et des activités en matière de

recherches agricoles et qui génèrent des

technologies et des connaissances dans ce

domaine. Le Centre National d’Appui à la

recherche (CNAR) est un précieux outil qui

contribue à la valorisation des résultats de

recherches et des nouvelles technologies de

technologies de l’information et de

communication. Cependant l’opérationnalité

du SNRA reste insuffisante faute d’un pilotage

coordonné et cohérent. Tout ceci a comme

conséquence une faible mutualisation des

Recherches Agricoles. De nombreux acquis

scientifiques et technologiques sont éprouvés

et disponibles dans nos services. Dans le

domaine des cultures vivrières et de rente, on

peut noter entre autres, la mise au point des

variétés améliorées de coton, de céréales (maïs,

mil, sorgho), des oléagineux et protéagineux

utilisés dans l’ensemble des zones agro

écologiques du Tchad. En matière de santé et

de production animales, on peut citer la mise

au points des vaccins ayant permis la

protection du cheptel Tchadien, la création du

premier réseau d’épidémio-surveillance de

maladies animales en Afrique du Sud du

Sahara, la connaissance des performances

zootechniques de différentes espèces animales.

Par ailleurs, le Tchad dispose depuis 1993 d’un

Plan National à Long Terme de la Recherche

Agricole (PNLTRA) structuré en cinq

programmes : Cultures pluviales ; Cultures

irrigués et intensives ; Production et Santé

Animales ; Environnement, Systèmes de

Production et Economie Rurale. Ces

programmes ont servi de support à

l’élaboration du Plan à Moyen Terme de la

Recherche Agricole 1 (PMTRA 1) de 2002 à

2007, puis le PMTRA de 2010 à 2015. Ce

dernier PMTRA traduit les objectifs de

développement du secteur en programmes de

recherches assorties de stratégies nécessaires à

leur mis en œuvre. Nous sommes ouverts à

toute coopération scientifique. Nous pensons

qu’après cette semaine, nos activités pourraient

d’avantage intéresser nos partenaires.

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En vous remerciant de votre attention, je vous souhaite une bonne visite des sites.’

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Report on Chad’s NARS’ Day

Chair: Dr DJONDANG KOYE, ITRAD ; Email : [email protected]

Rapporter 1: Dr Fidèle Molélé MBAINDINGATOLOUM ; Email : [email protected]

Rapporteur 2: Dr Ali ZOUGOULOU ; Email : [email protected]

Summary of session The leader of Chad’s National Agricultural

Research System (NARS), the DG of ITRAD,

Dr Ibet Outman Issa, provided the historic

evolution of the Chad NARS including the

relationship of ITRAD with LRVZ. The paper

indicated that the implementation of the

present long-term research programs of the

NARS started in 1993, and that the country’s

programs tagged PMTRA I and II were drawn

from this long-term research strategy. The

paper also indicated that research

collaborations were being undertaken with

local universities and several field actors.

Key issues raised in plenary

The Chad NARS delegates stressed on the

need to strengthen the human resources of

research establishments aimed at

enhancing quality of research for

development. They also called for

improvements in the human resources

development plan of the institutions.

The delagates stressed the need to

Operationalize a true NARS, with a central

coordination in Chad.

The participants emphasized the need to

synergize the activities of LRVZ and

ITRAD, and reduction in the existing

dichotomy.

The delegates drew attention to absence of

pisciculture and aquaculture in Chad’s

food security strategy, with a view

redressing the situation.

Inability of the NARS scientists to publish

research findings, and inadequate use of

scientifically generated knowledge in

development was also raised in plenary.

An urgent need was expressed for priority

action to be taken in order to arrest the

negative impact of climate change on Lake

Chad.

Recommendations to Government

Operationalize the NARS of Chad and

ensure a veritable central coordination of

national agricultural research by various

institutions and development actors.

Revisit the vision and management of

LRVZ to ensure it responds to both

national and regional needs in livestock

development.

Capacitate the Baghara project to ensure

its complete and logical completion

Work with neighboring countries to

transfer water to Lake Chad so as to arrest

its continued decline.

Recommendations to CORAF/WECARD

Participate in the vision to re-invigorate

regional scientific research at LRVZ.

Provide support to the Baghara project,

and promote research on forage crops.

Recommendations to ITRAD scientists and to CORAF/WECARD

Re-double research efforts channeled

towards saving Lake Chad.

Provide a mechanism which could lessen

the burden of producers that are already

victims of the decline of Lake Chad. This

should include the control of ravaging

insect pests, and agricultural produce

conservation techniques.

Field visits

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Baghara livestock farms visit was led by

Dr Fidèle Molélé

MBAINDINGATOLOUM.

Lake Chad visit was led by Dr Ali

Mahamat ZOUGOULOU

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Rapport sur la journée du Tchad

Président: Dr Djondang KOYE, ITRAD ; Email : [email protected]

Rapporteur 1: Dr Fidèle Molélé MBAINDINGATOLOUM ; Email [email protected]

Rapporteur 2: Dr Ali ZOUGOULOU ; Email :

Résumé de la session

Le Directeur du Système National de

Recherche Agricole (SNRA) du Tchad et le

DG de ITRAD, le Dr Issa Outman Ibet, ont fait

l'historique de l'évolution des SNRA et la

relation de ITRAD avec LRVZ. La

présentation a indiqué que la mise en œuvre du

présent programme de recherche à long terme

par les SNRA a commencé en 1993, et que les

programmes pays intitulés PMTRA I et II

découlent de cette stratégie de recherche à long

terme. Celle-ci a également précisé que des

initiatives visant la collaboration entre les

universités locales et autres acteurs de terrain

en matière de recherche étaient en cours.

Questions clés soulevées en plénière:

Insuffisance de ressources humaines pour

mener des recherches de développement,

et le manque de plan de développement de

ressources humaines.

Nécessité de rendre les SNRA

opérationnels

La dichotomie entre LRVZ et ITRAD et la

nécessité de mettre en synergie leurs

activités

L'absence de la pisciculture et

l'aquaculture dans la stratégie de sécurité

alimentaire du Tchad.

Incapacité des chercheurs des SNRA de

publier les résultats de recherche, et

l'utilisation inadéquate des connaissances

générées de manières scientifiques en

matière de développement.

Nécessité d'une action urgente pour arrêter

l'impact négatif du changement climatique

sur le lac Tchad.

Recommandations à l'intention du

gouvernement:

Opérationnaliser les SNRA du Tchad et

assurer une coordination véritable de la

recherche agricole nationale à travers

plusieurs institutions et acteurs du

développement.

Revoir la vision et la gestion des LRVZ

afin de s'assurer qu'elle répond aux besoins

nationaux et régionaux en matière de

développement de l'élevage.

Renforcer les capacités du projet Baghara

afin d’assurer sa réalisation complète et

logique

Travailler en collaboration avec les pays

voisins en vue d'un transfert d'eau vers le

lac Tchad pour mettre fin à son tarissement

continu.

Recommandations au CORAF/WECARD:

Participer à la vision pour redynamiser la

recherche scientifique du LRVZ.

Fournir un appui au projet Baghara, et

promouvoir la recherche sur les cultures

fourragères.

Recommandations à l'intention des

chercheurs de l’ITRAD et du

CORAF/WECARD:

Doubler les efforts de recherche visant à

sauver le lac Tchad

Fournir un mécanisme qui pourrait

permettre d'alléger le fardeau des

producteurs déjà victimes de l'assèchement

du lac Tchad. Cela devrait prendre en

compte la lutte contre les insectes

ravageurs, et la mise en place des

techniques de conservation de produits

agricoles.

Visites de Terrain :

La journée du Tchad ténue à l'occasion de cette

3eme Semaine scientifique agricole a

également consisté à deux visites de terrain sur

deux sites:

1. Les fermes d'élevage Baghara- visite

conduite par le Dr Fidèle Molélé

MBAINDINGATOLOUM

2. Lake Chad conduit par Dr Ali

Mahamat ZOUGOULOU

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Photos from Field Visit to Lake Chad

Arrival at the banks of Lake Chad

Embarking the canoes at Lake Chad

Participants head-off into the Lake

Dried parts of Lake now used as grazing land

Participants return to shore

Participants disembark from canoe

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Photos from Field Visit to fermes d'élevage Baghara

Arrival of participants to Baghara Farms Participants being brief on the farm

Participants pose for photographs beside some of the breeding experiments of the farm

Some of the cattle breeds ready for distribution to farmers

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Agricultural Science Week Gala night Dinatoire Photos

Participants watching a cultural display during the gala night offered by the government of Chad.

The Chadian Minister of Agriculture (left) and the out-going Chairman of CORAF/WECARD Board (right)

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Cultural displays by a Chadian traditional dancing troop

A Chadian cultural group dramatizing climate change

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A display of prizes offered to outstanding participants Dr Paco Sérémé and his wife receiving a prize from the

Chadian Minister of Agriculture

More photographs of participants during the gala night

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List of Participants at the 3rd

Agricultural Science

Week

N° NAMES POSITION AND INSTITUTION

ADDRESS TELEPHONE E-MAIL

1 ABDULLAHI Aminu Sabi

ARCN, NIGERIA Mabushi, Abuja -

NIGERIA

2 ABOU Salé

Environnementalist/Climate change impacts and adaptation specialist-

CRRAD/IRAD

BP 33 Maroua CAMEROUN

237 77 57 78 35 237 95 54 42 68

[email protected]

3 ABUBAKAR Fatima

Research Officer - Lake Chad Research Institute

HOU Product development

PMB 1293 Maiduguri,

Borno State NIGERIA

234 80 27 99 38 60 [email protected]

4 ABUBAKAR Yusuf Executive Secretary-ARCN

Agricultural Research House

Plot 223 Cadastral Zone B6 PMB 5026 Wuse, Abuja-

Nigeria

234 803 45 18 811 [email protected]

5 ADJANOHOUN Adolphe

Directeur du Centre de Recherches Agricoles Sud et

Directeur du Centre National de Spécialisation sur le Maïs dans le

cadre du PPAAO/WAAPP- INRAB

BP 03 Attogon (NIAOULI)

BENIN

229 21 10 02 78 229 21 03 39 67 229 90 02 98 16

[email protected]

6 ADU-KWARTENG Evelyn

Research Scientist CSIR-CRI

POBox 3785, Kumasi GHANA

############## [email protected]

7 AGBELEGE Olusegun

Head of Academic Programme - Federal College of Freshwater

Fisheries Technology Baga Borno State

FCFFT P.M.B 1060

Maiduguri Borno State

NIGERIA

234 80 24 56 27 47 [email protected]

8 AGBOBLI Comlan Atsu

Directeur Général-ITRA B.P. 1163 - Lomé

TOGO

228 22251748/ 22822256752/ 2289032044

[email protected]; [email protected]

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9 AHMED Sadi Uba ¨Personal Assistant to Chairman GB, ARCN

Plot 223D Cadastral Zone B6

Mabushi Abuja - Nigeria

234 80 36 00 70 44 [email protected]

10 AIGBEKAEN Emmanuel Ogierialehi

Director Farming Systems Research & Extension -

Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria

PMB 5244 Ibadan

NIGERIA

234 80 34 00 96 94 234 80 51 85 01 12

[email protected] [email protected]

11 AJAH Paul Federal College of

Agriculture

PMB 7008 Ebonyi State,

NIGERIA ##############

[email protected]

12 AKOHA Saturnin Intermédiateur social,

Assistant de Recherche, Socio-économiste - INRAB

04 BP 0372 Cotonou BENIN

229 21 02 30 64 229 21 35 00 70 229 96 26 18 86

[email protected]

13 ALHASSAN Walter Sandow

SABIMAProject Coordinator - FARA

12 Anmeda Street, Roman Ridge PMB CT

173 Accra, GHANA

233 20 8146668 233 302 772823

[email protected]

14 ALI MAMSHIE Azara

Project Coordinator - WAAPP Ghana

Min. of Agriculture

POBox MB 37 Accra GHANA

233 222 403 985 [email protected]

15 ALIOU Ibrahima Secrétaire Général -

APESS

04 BP 590 Ouagadougou

04 Burkina Faso

226 79 35 68 00 226 50 34 66 36

[email protected]

16 ALLARANGAYE Moundibaye Dastre

ITRAD BP 5400

Ndjamena, CHAD

235 66 29 16 70 [email protected]

17 ANNE Ouleye

7 avenue Bourguiba BP

48 Dakar - Senegal

221 33 869 96 18 oulè[email protected]

18 AROUNA Aminou Post-Doc AfricaRice,

Chercheur-INRAB

03 BP 197 Porto-Novo

BENIN 229 96 07 97 77

[email protected] [email protected]

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19 ASIEDU Ernest Assah

Staple Crops Progamme Manager -

CORAF/WECARD

7 avenue Bourguiba BP

48 Dakar - Senegal

221 33 869 96 18 [email protected]

20 ASSOUA EYONG Joe

Researcher, Trade Economist - CIDR

POBox 58 Clerks's

Quaters, Buea South West

Region CAMEROON

237 79 90 67 45 237 94 77 06 12

[email protected] [email protected]

21 AUBEE Ernest Principal Programme Officer -

Agriculture - ECOWAS Abuja, NIGERIA 00 234 80 62 86 37 19

[email protected]

22 AUCHA James Programme Officer ANAFE

P.O.Box 30677-00100

Nairobi, KENYA

254 722 4134 254 719 634 841

[email protected]

23 AYUK Elias Director - UNU-INRA

UNU-INRA Private Mail Bag, Kotoka International Airport Accra

GHANA

233 302 500 396 [email protected] [email protected]

24 AZINA Dar Gaourang

Ferme Mala / Boumou

25 BAGNA Djibo Président - ROPPA Niamey, NIGER 00 227 96 01 95 49 00227 90 05 00 42

[email protected]

26 BALDE Alpha Ahmadou

Chargé de Programme - Union du Fleuve

Delco House, 12 Lightfoot

Boston Street PMB 133 Freetown, SIERRA LEONE

232 78 14 29 30 [email protected]

27 BANI Grégoire Directeur - CRAL/DGRST BP 28 Loudima

CONGO 242 06 668 81 74 [email protected]

28 BAYALA Roger Chercheur - LNRPV/ISRA

CERAAS

BP 3120 Dakar,

Sénégal

221 77 513 52 47 221 33 954 07 98

[email protected]; [email protected]

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29 BAYEMI Henri Dieudonné

Coordonnateur Scientifique des Productions animales

et halieutiques - IRAD

BP 2123 Yaoundé

CAMEROUN

237 22 22 33 62 237 77 84 02 73

[email protected]

30 BEASSEM Joel

Chef de Service Agriculture et Développement Rural

Coordonnateur PRSA/PAN-SPSO/AACP Chef FS-PDDAA

CEEAC

Libreville - GABON

241 07 29 87 43 241 05 34 87 87

[email protected]

31 BEAVOGUI Famoï Director General - IRAG

BP 1523 Boulevard du Commerce Conakry - GUINEE

224 60 58 65 10 224 63 58 65 10 224 67 58 65 10

[email protected]

32 BELANE Alphonsus Kuusom

Technical Expert - WAAPP Ghana

Accra- GHANA

[email protected]

33 BELKO Nouhoun Doctorant CERAAS BP 3320

Thiès-Escale Sénégal

221 70 455 75 63 221 33 951 49 93

/94

[email protected]

34 BENGONE NDONG Toussaint

Directeur Adjoint - IRAF BP 2246 Libreville GABON

241 73 08 59 241 07 02 49 11

[email protected] [email protected]

35 BEYE Amadou Représentant AfricaRice

01 BP 4029 Abidjan 01

COTE D'IVOIRE

225 20 22 01 10 225 20 21 28 79

[email protected]

36 BEZANCON Gilles Représentant IRD NIGER / TCHAD 276 Avenue Maradi BP 11416 Niamey, NIGER

[email protected]

37 BILE Florent Interprète de conférence Accra,

GHANA

[email protected]

38 BLANCHARD Mélanie

CIRAD,UMR Selmet CIRDES, UPPCT, Inades

Rennes, France

33 6 61 00 58 72 [email protected]

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Proceedings of 3rd Agricultural Science Week of CORAF/WECARD, May 14-17, 2012 140

39 BOLY Hamidou Coordonnateur TEAM

Africa

01 BP 1440 Ouagadougou Burkina Faso

226 50 38 20 70 226 75609912

[email protected]

40 BOUBACAR MAINASSARA Abdoul Aziz

Webmaster - Centre Régional AGRHYMET

BP 11011 Niamey NIGER

227 20 31 53 16 227 90 28 28 73

[email protected] [email protected]

41 BRUCE-OLIVER Samuel

Advisor to the Director General AfricaRice

01 BP 2031 Cotonou - Bénin

229 64 18 13 13 [email protected]

42 CHAM Anna Mbenga

Senior Fisheries Officer - Department of Fisheries

6, Marina Parade Banjul THE GAMBIA

220 420 23 55 220 420 15 15

[email protected]

43 CHERMITI Amor Directeur de Recherche -

INRAT

Rue Hédi Karray.

Ariana 2049 TUNISIA

216 75 59 85 216 98 35 31 37

[email protected] [email protected]

44 CHIKWENDU Damian O.

Coordinator WAAPP Nigeria

ARCN Mabushi Abuja

NIGERIA 234 80 37 03 61 05

[email protected]

45 CISSE Ndiaga Directeur CERAAS Thiès Sénégal [email protected] [email protected]

46 DA COSTA Kouassi Sebastino

Président - AISA

20 BP 703 Abidjan 20

COTE D'IVOIRE

225 03 77 50 29 225 02 02 05 62

[email protected]

47 DAGENAIS François

Consultant ACDI

172 rue Longueuil, Saint

Jean sur Richelieu, J38 6P1 Québec

CANADA

450 358 9781 514 793 4555

francoisdagenaisc3a@gmail,com

48 DAGOU Fatime Ndjamena,

Tchad 23 566 293 686

[email protected]

49 DAN Vincent Interprète de conférence Dakar-

SENEGAL

[email protected]

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50 DE NONI Georges Représentant IRD

Immeuble Mercure 3è

Etage, Avenue Georges

Pompidou x Rue Wagane Diouf, BP 1386 Dakar-

SENEGAL

221 33 849 83 31 221 77 569 79 63

[email protected] [email protected]

51 DEMBY Dady Chargé de Programme

RAILS - FARA GHANA 233 302 77 28 23

[email protected]

52 DEPOMMIER Denis Directeur Régional Afrique Ouest

Côtière - CIRAD

37, Avenue Jean XXIII BP 6189 Dakar Etoile -

SENEGAL

221 33 822 44 84 221 77 637 18 78

[email protected]; [email protected]

53 DIA Alassane Infographe -

CORAF/WECARD

7 avenue Bourguiba BP

48 Dakar - Senegal

221 33 869 96 18 [email protected]

54 DIAMA Agathe Regional Information Officer,

ICRISAT BP 320 Bamako -

Mali 223 20709200 223 76110463

[email protected]

55 DIONE Awa Cissé Auditrice Interne - CORAF/WECARD

7 avenue Bourguiba BP

48 Dakar - Senegal

221 33 869 96 18 [email protected]

56 DIOUF Macoumba Directeur Général - ISRA

Route des hydrocarbures

Bel Air BP 3120 Dakar - SENEGAL

22133 859 17 01

[email protected] [email protected]

57 DIXON Alfred Director General - SLARI

Tower Hill POBox. 1313

Freetown SIERRA LEONE

232 76 70 51 08 [email protected]

58 DRAME YAYE Aissetou

Secrétaire Exécutive - ANAFE

United Nations Avenue, Gigiri POBox 30677-00100 Nairobi

KENYA

254 20 722 4000 254 729 730 688

[email protected]

59 EL DESSOUGI Hanadi Ibrahim

Associate Professor - Department of Agronomy -

University of Khartoum-Sudan

Faculty of Agriculture, University of Khartoum-Shambat

Khartoum North, Sudan

249 185 310 101 249 910 686 660

[email protected]

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Proceedings of 3rd Agricultural Science Week of CORAF/WECARD, May 14-17, 2012 142

POBox 32

60 ETENE Cyr Gervais

Chercheur, Laboratoire de Climatologie DGAT-

FLASH-UAC

01 BP 526 Cotonou BENIN

229 21 36 00 74 229 95 18 41 00 229 99 46 53 63

[email protected]

61 FAYE Mbène Dièye

Gestionnaire du Programme Politiques, Marchés et Commerce

7 avenue Bourguiba BP

48 Dakar - Senegal

221 33 869 96 18 [email protected]

62 GARRITY Dennis Research Fellow ICRAF

UN Avenue, Gigiri POBox 30677.00100

Nairobi KENYA

254 20722 4232 254 722 521 204

[email protected]

63 GBOKU Matthew

Agric economist/extensionist, Project Development & Management Officer -

SLARI

Tower Hill P.M.B. 1313

Freetown SIERRA LEONE

232 22 223 380 232 33 329 981

[email protected]

64 GOURO Abdoulaye

Secrétaire Exécutif CNRA

Rue des lacs, PL 54 Quartier

Plateau, BP 10037 Niamey

- Niger

227 20 72 67 98 227 98 65 98 12

[email protected]

65 GRIMAUD Patrice Directeur Régional pour

l'Afrique Centrale - CIRAD

Rue Joseph Ekono Balla

BP 2572 Yaoundé

CAMEROUN

237 22 21 25 41 237 96 64 87 21

[email protected]

66 GUEYE Cheikh Tidiane

Comptable - CORAF/WECARD

7 avenue Bourguiba BP

48 Dakar - Senegal

221 33 869 96 18 [email protected]

67 GUEYE Mour Responsable Technique UCTF PPAAO/WAAPP

Seénégal

Sacré Cœur III N° 9231 BP

5701 DAKAR FANN

221 33 869 49 76 221 77 557 66 44

[email protected]

68 GUISSE Abdou Niang

Chef Comptable

7 avenue Bourguiba BP

48 Dakar - Senegal

221 33 869 96 18 [email protected]

69 GURAMA Abubakar Umar

Researcher, Federal College of Horticulture

Dadin Kowa, PMB 108 Gombe

NIGERIA

(234) 8051640833 (234) 7032984090

[email protected]

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Proceedings of 3rd Agricultural Science Week of CORAF/WECARD, May 14-17, 2012 143

70 HAILU Michael Directeur, CTA

Agro business Park 2, 6708

PW Wageningen

THE NETHERLAN

DS

31 317 467130 31 651934928

[email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]

71 HAMIDOU Falalou Chercheur - ICRISAT BP 12404

NIGER 227 20 72 25 29 227 90 26 98 47

[email protected]

72 HIEN Edmond Enseignant-Chercheur, UFR SVT Université de

Ouagadougou

01 BP 6852 Ouagadougou

01 Burkina Faso

226 50 30 67 37 226 70 26 36 36

[email protected]

73 HIOL HIOL François

Conseiller Technique - COMIFAC

BP 20818 Yaoundé

CAMEROUN

237 22 21 35 11 237 95 89 10 89

[email protected] [email protected]

74 HOSTE Christian

Directeur Adjoint, Directeur des Relations

Internationales - AGREENIUM

147, rue de l'Université - CS 30735 - 75345 Paris Cedex 07

33 1 42 75 96 05 33 6 74 95 33 12

[email protected]

75 HUISJMAN Abraham

Director - Centre for Sustainable Development and Food Security

- Wageningen UR

Ooststeeg 114A, 6708 AZ

Wageningen THE NETHERLANDS

31 6 51 38 12 15 [email protected]

76 IBET Outhman Issa

Directeur Général - ITRAD BB..PP.. 55440000 --

NNddjjaammeennaa

TTcchhaadd

235 252 01 01/ 235 253 41 63 / 235

66285572

[email protected] [email protected]

77 IGUE DJINADOU A. Kouboura Alice

Chef Service Relations Publiques et Valorisation -

INRAB

01 BP.884 Recette

Principale, Cotonou BENIN

229 95 06 29 63 229 21 30 02 64

[email protected]

78 ISSOUFOU KOLLO Abdourahmane

Manager, CORAF/CSIRO Partnership cooperation

7 avenue Bourguiba BP

48 Dakar - Senegal

221 33 869 96 18 [email protected]

79 JALLOH Abdulai

Manager, Natural Resources Management

Programme - CORAF/WECARD

7 avenue Bourguiba BP

48 Dakar - Senegal

221 33 869 96 18 [email protected]

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80 JIADIAIS KAMGA Jean Rostand

Director, Administation and Finance -

CORAF/WECARD

7 avenue Bourguiba BP

48 Dakar - Senegal

221 33 869 96 18 [email protected]

81 KAGONE Hamadé

Gestionnaire du Programme Elevage,

Pêches et Aquaculture - CORAF/WECARD

7 avenue Bourguiba BP

48 Dakar - Senegal

221 33 869 96 18 [email protected]

82 KAINDANEH Pete WAAPP Coordinator

Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Security

SIERRA LEONE

232 76 645 947 [email protected]

83 KAMBOU Georges Chargé de Recherche Eco-

toxicologue-INERA

INERA FARAKOBA

Laboratoire de Recherches BP 403 Bobo

Dioulasso OUGADOUG

OU

226 20 97 01 44 226 78 00 91 03

[email protected]

84 KAMENI Anselme Directeur de la Valorisation

et de l'Innovation - IRAD

BP 2123 Yaoundé

CAMEROUN

237 22 22 33 62 237 77 65 86 86

[email protected]

85 KAUNDA Emmanuel

Technical Coordinator - University of

Malawi/RUFORUM

Bunda COLLEGE Box 219 Lilongwe MALAWI

2651277260 265 199 951 0796

[email protected]

86 KIRSCHT Hans Holger

Anthropologist/Social Scientist - IITA

IITA Cameroon 1 Main Road

IRAD Nkolbisson

POBox 2008 (Messa) Yaounde

CAMEROON

237 22 23 74 34 237 79 52 84 94

[email protected]

87 KITUYI Evans Nyongesa

Senior Program Specialist IDRC

P.O.Box 62084-00200

Nairobi KENYA

254 020 271 3160 254 020 271 31 61 254 722 851 606

[email protected]

88 KOLYANG PALEBELE

PROPAC Ndjamena,

Tchad 23 566 319 161

[email protected]

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Proceedings of 3rd Agricultural Science Week of CORAF/WECARD, May 14-17, 2012 145

89 KONE Yekeminan Manager, Information and

Communication - CORAF/WECARD

7 avenue Bourguiba BP

48 Dakar - Senegal

221 33 869 96 18 [email protected]

90 KOUDANDE O. Delphin

INRAB 01 BP 884 Cotonou -

BENIN 22 990 017 689

91 KPADONOU Rivaldo A.B.

01 BP 3531 Porto-Novo,

BENIN 229 97 892 630

[email protected]

92 KRISHAN JEEHAN Bheenick

Senior Programme Coordinator Knowledge Management - CTA

(EU-ACP)

6700 AJ Wageningen

The Netherlands

31 317 467 105 31 626 338 421

[email protected] [email protected]

93 LADKI Marwan Expert Changement

Climatique & Sécurité Alimentaire - HUBRURAL

HUB RURAL BP 5118

Dakar Fann SENEGAL

221 33 869 96 40 221 77 375 56 76

[email protected] [email protected]

94 LAOMAIBAO Nétoyo

Cadre Cellule de Réflexion - Ministère de l'Agriculture

et de l'Irrigation

BP 441 Ndjamena TCHAD

235 66 09 89 24 235 98 06 68 78

[email protected]

95 LHOMMEAU Annabelle

Country Programme Manager(CHAD/CAR) - IFAD

Via Paolo di Dono 44 00142 Rome

Italy 00142 Rome,

Italy

39 06 57 56 135 [email protected]

96 LOMPO François Directeur, INERA Burkina Faso 04 BP 8645

Ouagadougou 04 - BURKINA FASO

226 50 34 63 43 226 50 34 02 70 226 50 34 71 72

[email protected] [email protected]

97 LORNG Jean Paul Coordonnateur Adjoint WAAPP 01 BP3726

Abidjan 01 COTE D'IVOIRE

225 22 52 81 81 225 07 31 11 88

[email protected]; lorgnjp@yahoo,fr

98 LOUBANA Pierre Michel

Directeur Scientifique - CARBAP

BP 832 Douala,

CAMEROUN 23 796 423 485

[email protected]

99 MABISSOUMI Dabi

CRRA/ Zone Sahélienne Ndjamena,

Tchad

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100 MADI Ali Directeur Adjoint - Institut

Supérieur du Sahel, Université de Maroua

BP 46 Maroua,

CAMEROUN

237 77 48 73 67 237 96 37 01 67

[email protected]

101 MAGAJI Mohammed Danyaro

Director Capacity Strengthening, Regulation

and Standardization Programme ARCN

Plot 223D Cadastral Zone B6

Mabushi Abuja - Nigeria

234 7087118119 234 8032875745

[email protected]

102 MAHAMAT HAMID Mahamat

Director - LRVZ

Route de Farcha BP : 433

Ndjamena TCHAD

235 52 74 76 [email protected]

103 MAHAMAT HISSENE Halimé

ITRAD TCHAD

Bd Pompidou BP 3055

Ndjamena TCHAD

23 562 542 525 [email protected]

104 MAMA Vincent Joseph

Chargé du Suivi-Evaluation - CORAF/WECARD

7 avenue Bourguiba BP

48 Dakar - Senegal

221 33 869 96 18 [email protected]

105 MANDO Abdoulaye

Programme Leader - IFDC BP 4483 Lomé

TOGO 228 22 21 79 71

[email protected] [email protected]

106 MBENGUE Youssoupha

Information and Outreach Officer AU - SAFGRAD

261, Rue de la Culture 01 BP

1783 Ouagadougou 01 - BURKINA

FASO

226 50 30 60 71 / 226 50 31 15 90

[email protected]

107 MOGAKA Hezron ASARECA

[email protected] [email protected]

108 MOHAMADOU Abdoulaye

Directeur Général - INRAN BP 429, Niamey -

NIGER 227 20 72 53 89

[email protected] / [email protected] / [email protected]

109 MOSERAY Moses Tamba

Research Officer - SLARI

C/O Njala Agricultural Research

Centre (NARC) Tower Hill, PMB 1313

Freetown,

232 76 35 78 07 [email protected]

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SIERRA LEONE

110 MOULIOM PEFOURA Alassa

Vice Président CST CW, Chef de Laboratoire de Phytopathologie -

CARBAP

BP 832 Douala CAMEROUN

237 99 68 52 25 237 75 61 38 42

[email protected]

111 MUHAMMAD HADI Ibrahim

Provost-Federal College of Agricultural Produce

Technology

Federal College of Agricultural

Produce Technology P.M.B. 3013

Kano, NIGERIA

234 80 37 03 70 95 234 70 98 80 45 12

[email protected] [email protected]

112 MULLER Bertrand Lionel

Chercheur - CIRAD-AfricaRice -ISRA-CERAAS

CIRAD Direction Régionale

Afrique Occidentale Côtière 37,

Avenue Jean XXIII Dakar SENEGAL

221 33 822 44 84 221 77 507 17 31

[email protected]

113 MULUH George Achu

Chargé de la planification - CORAF/WECARD

7 avenue Bourguiba BP

48 Dakar - Senegal

221 33 869 96 18 [email protected]

114 NAMKOSSERENA Salomon

Director General-ICRA BP.1762 Bangui,

Centrafrique 236 61 62 75 / 236 05

14 68 [email protected]

115 NDIAYE Arame Diattara

Assistante du Directeur Exécutif -

CORAF/WECARD

7 avenue Bourguiba BP

48 Dakar - Senegal

221 33 869 96 18 [email protected]

116 NDIAYE Cécile Edith

Assistante de Direction - CORAF/WECARD

7 avenue Bourguiba BP

48 Dakar - Senegal

221 33 869 96 18 [email protected]

117 NDIR Binetou Niasse

Assistante Administrative - CORAF/WECARD

7 avenue Bourguiba BP

48 Dakar - Senegal

221 33 869 96 18 [email protected]

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118 NDONGO Mika Assistant de Programmes -

CORAF/WECARD

7 avenue Bourguiba BP

48 Dakar - Senegal

221 33 869 96 18 [email protected]

119 NDOUMBE NKENG Michel

Chef de Cellule de la Biométrie - IRAD

BP 2123 Yaoundé

CAMEROUN

237 22 22 33 62 237 77 40 13 94

[email protected]

120 NDOYE Ousmane Manager, Non-Staple Crops Programme - CORAF/WECARD

7 avenue Bourguiba BP

48 Dakar - Senegal

221 33 869 96 18 [email protected]

121 NEHOUDAMADJI Nailar Clarisse

ATOSA Ndjamena, Tchad 00 235 662 90 949 [email protected]

122 NGNING Sophie Yandé

Assistante de Direction - CORAF/WECARD

7 avenue Bourguiba BP

48 Dakar - Senegal

221 33 869 96 18 [email protected]

123 NGOME AJEBESONE Francis

Chargé d'études assistant - IRAD

BP 2123 Yaoundé

CAMEROUN

237 22 22 33 62 237 78 96 74 02

[email protected]

124 NGOU-NGOUPAYOU Jean-Daniel

Directeur - CARBAP B.P. 832 Douala

CAMEROUN 237 79539303 237 99569046

[email protected]

125 NIANG BELKO Marème

Ingénieur Agronome CERAAS

BP 3320 Thiès-Escale

Sénégal

221 33 951 49 93 221 77 542 53 34

[email protected]; [email protected]

126 NJI Ajaga Faculty of Agriculture, University of Dschang

PO Box 138 Dshang,

CAMEROON

237 33451176 - 237 94584830

[email protected]

127 NJOUPOUO Adija Chargée d'Etude Assistant

- IRAD

BP 2123 Yaoundé

CAMEROUN

237 22 22 33 62 237 99 65 46 15

[email protected]

128 NJOYA Aboubakar Co-Directeur-PPR FTH-AC

- IRD

Représentation IRD Rue

Joseph Essono Balla

BP 1857 Yaoundé

237 22 21 68 33 237 99 70 52 91

[email protected]

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Proceedings of 3rd Agricultural Science Week of CORAF/WECARD, May 14-17, 2012 149

CAMEROON

129 NWALOZIE Marcel Director - NEPAD Agency West

Africa Mission

bp 10707 Dakar Liberté -

SENEGAL (221)338590526

[email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]

130 OBANDE Roseline

Provost/ CEO-Federal College of Freshwater

Fisheries Technology Baga Borno State

FCFFT P.M.B 1060

Maiduguri Borno State

NIGERIA

234 80 26 47 73 21 [email protected]

131 OGUNKOYA Mary Omofolarin

PROVOST - Federal College of Agriculture

Akure, Ondo State,

NIGERIA ##############

[email protected]

132 OKAEME Augustine

ED/CEO - NIFFR

P.M.B. 6006, New Bussa Niger State NIGERIA

234 80 54 79 38 85

133 OKWUAGWU Christy

Director Research NIFOR

PMB 1030 Benin City, Edo State, NIGERIA

234 80 87 47 9333 [email protected]

134 OLABANJI Oluwasina Gbenga

Acting Executive Director, Lake Chad Research

Institute

PMB 1293 Maiduguri,

Borno State, Nigeria

234 70 60 71 77 47 234 80 82 42 12 90

[email protected]

135 OLINA Jean-Paul Chef de Station - IRAD

Garoua

BP 2123 Yaoundé

CAMEROUN

237 22 22 33 62 237 99 51 16 73

[email protected]

136 OLIVEIRA Jorge Senior Agricultural Advisor -

USAID/WA POBox. 1630 Accra GHANA

233 212 28 440 233 217 80 580

[email protected]

137 OLUWATOYINBO Foluke Iyabo

PROVOST Federal College of Agriculture

P.M.B 5029, Moor

Plantation, Ibadan

NIGERIA

234 28726233 234 803 3249 242

[email protected]; [email protected]

138 OMITOYIN Bamidele Oluwarotimi

Head, Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Management -

University of Ibadan

Dept. Of Aquaculture and

Fisheries Management, University of

234 80 52 72 30 75 234 80 23 25 04 60

[email protected]

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Ibadan NIGERIA

139 OSSEINI Bouraima Conseiller Tecfhnique Principal

FIRCA

01 BP3726 Abidjan 01 COTE

D'IVOIRE

225 22 52 81 81 225 07 09 25 55

[email protected] [email protected]

140 OTOO Emmanuel CSIR - CRI GHANA 23 344 527 425 [email protected]

141 OUATTARA Mamadou

Coordinator, Capacity Building - WASCAL/AGRA

WASCAL, PMB KIA 114 Airport-Accra

GHANA

233 289 012 557 233 548 248 062

[email protected] [email protected]

142 OWUSU Robert K. CSIR-SARI Accra,

GHANA 233 244 478 940

[email protected]

143 OWUSU Victor Lecturer - KNUST

University

Department of Agricultural Economics, Agribusiness

and Extension KNUST Kumasi GHANA

233 322 060 326

[email protected] [email protected]

144 PARTIOT Michel Directeur Régional Afrique

Ouest Continentale - CIRAD

Avenue Kennedy

Ouagadougou BURKINA

FASO

226 50 30 70 70 [email protected]

145 PENGELLY Bruce Parnership Leader -

CSIRO AusAID African Food Security Initiative

CSIRO Ecosciences Preunit 306 Carmody

Road St Lucia Qld 4067

AUSTRALIA

617 38 33 56 50 / 614 18 720 47 14

(Mob)

[email protected]

146 RAJI Ademola Moshood

Provost - Federal College of Health and Production

Technology

P.M.B. 5029 Moor

Plantation Ibadan Oyo

State NIGERIA

234 70 98 11 87 33 234 70 98 12 05 06

[email protected]

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147 RODOLFO Martinez Morales

Crop Diversification Senior Scientist ICRISAT

POBox 12404 Niamey, Niger

227 20722626 227 90840799

[email protected]

148 ROY-MACAULEY Harold

Director of Programmes - CORAF/WECARD

7 avenue Bourguiba BP

48 Dakar - Senegal

221 33 869 96 18 [email protected]

149 SALISSOU ISSA Chef du Département

Productions Animales - INRAN BP 429, Niamey -

NIGER 227 20 72 53 89 227 98 53 91 46

[email protected]

150 SALL Pape Ndiengou

Directeur Exécutif FNRAA Cité Sipres 4- Rte aéroport -

BP 23387 (221) 33820 35 10

[email protected] [email protected]

151 SALL Samba Coordonnateur Scientifique

FNRAA

6 Ouest Foire BP 10560 DAKAR

221 33 820 35 10 221 77 529 45 45

sambasall2011@hotmail,fr

152 SANGARE Abdourahamane

7 avenue Bourguiba BP

48 Dakar - Senegal

221 33 869 96 18

153 SANGARE Mamadou

Chercheur Regional - CIRDES

BP 454 Bobo-Dioulasso,

Burkina Faso

226 76 62 68 09 226 20 97 20 53

[email protected] [email protected]

154 SANYANG Sidi

Capacity Strenghtening and Knowledge

Management Programmes Manager

7 avenue Bourguiba BP

48 Dakar - Senegal

221 33 869 96 18 [email protected]

155 SECK Papa Abdoulaye

Directeur Général Africa Rice 01 BP 2031

Cotonou - Bénin 229 21 35 01 88

[email protected]; [email protected]

156 SEINY-BOUKAR Lamine

Directeur Général - PRASAC BP 764

NDJAMENA, TCHAD

23 522 527 024

[email protected] / [email protected] / [email protected]

157 SENE Oumar Coordonnateur - WAAPP

Sénégal

Sacré Cœur II VDN BP 5701

DAKAR

221 77 332 71 93 221 33 869 49 71

[email protected]

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Proceedings of 3rd Agricultural Science Week of CORAF/WECARD, May 14-17, 2012 152

158 SEREME Paco Exécutive Director - CORAF/WECARD

7 avenue Bourguiba BP

48 Dakar - Senegal

221 33 869 96 18 [email protected]

159 SESSOU Léonce Head of Partnership department Songhai Centre Porto-Novo

01 BP 597 Porto Novo BENIN

229 20 24 60 92 229 96 14 72 30

[email protected]; [email protected]

160 SHERIFF Amara Idara

Deputy Director General of Agriculture, Ministry of

Agriculture

Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Security

SIERRA LEONE

23 226 611 201

161 SMITH Olanrewaju Technical Adviser to the Acting Director General-

ITC

ITC Banjul THE GAMBIA

220 446 34 23 220 357 06 78

[email protected]

162 SOME Antoine Directeur Général -

INSAH/CILSS BP1530 Bamako,

Mali 223 20 23 40 67 223 20 22 21 48

[email protected]

163 SOME Tiare Hermann Williams

Consultant - ICRISAT BP 320

Bamako - Mali 223 20 70 92 00 223 65 21 31 08

[email protected]

164 SULE Animat Kikelomo Mrs

Assistant Director (Admin) Lake Tchad Research

Institute

PMB 1293 Maiduguri,

Borno State, Nigeria

234 80 24 07 50 12 kikekay09@yahoo,com

165 TABO Ramadjita Deputy Executive Director

FARA

12 Anmeda Street Roman Ridge PMB CT 173 Cantonments Accra GHANA

233 302 77 28 23 rtabo@fara-africa,org

166 TAIWO Lateef Bamidele

Deputy Director General of Agriculture, Research and

Training

PMB 5029, Ibadan,

NIGERIA ##############

[email protected]

167 TCHOUNDJEU Zac Regional Director West and

Central Africa - ICRAF

PO Box 16317 Yaoundé -

CAMEROUN

[email protected]

168 TEME Bino Directeur Général-IER BP 258 Rue Mohamed V,

Bamako MALI

223 20 22 01 16 223 66 76 54 85

[email protected]

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Proceedings of 3rd Agricultural Science Week of CORAF/WECARD, May 14-17, 2012 153

169 TENKOUANO Abdou Regional Director - AVRDC The

World Vegetable Center BP 320 Bamako -

Mali 223 20 70 92 00

[email protected]

170 TETANG TCHINDA Josué

Responsable InfoCom CARBAP

BP 832 Douala

CAMEROUN

23799527275 237 77588128

[email protected]

171 THOTO Sourou Fréjus

Project Manager - Initiatives pour un

Développement Intégré Durable (IDID)

BP 660 Abomey-

Calavi BENIN

229 20 21 30 82 229 96 38 60 15

[email protected]

172 TIDJANI Akominon Mathias

Assistant de Recherche - Université de Parakou

BP 123 Université de

Parakou, BENIN

229 66 69 5 610 229 64 81 00 24

[email protected]

173 TOLLENS Eric Membre CST CW - Université

Catholique de Louvain

Kortrijkstraat 152, 3210 Linden

Belgique 32 16 62 25 44

[email protected]

174 TRA BI Gagnié Isabelle

Assistante Communication FIRCA

01 BP3726 Abidjan 01 COTE

D'IVOIRE

225 22 52 81 75 225 01 16 58 07

[email protected]

175 VAN WENSVEEN Monica

CSIRO Staff Member

Australian High

Commission Accra, Ghana

[email protected]

176 VOWOTOR Kwame

Senior Research Scientist CSIR - FRI

POBox M20 Accra GHANA

233 302 509 091

[email protected] [email protected]

177 WALIYAR Farid Director West and Central Africa

ICRISAT BP 320 Bamako -

Mali 00 223 20709200

[email protected]

178 WELTZIEN Eva Rattunde

Sorghum Breeder-ICRISAT Mali Bamako MALI 223 20 79 207 223

75 44 76 99 [email protected]

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Proceedings of 3rd Agricultural Science Week of CORAF/WECARD, May 14-17, 2012 154

179 WIRNKAR LENDZEMO Venasius

Chef de Centre - IRAD Maroua

BP 2123 Yaoundé

CAMEROUN

237 22 22 33 62 237 99 81 26 49

[email protected]

180 WOIN Noé Directeur Général - IRAD BP 2123 / 2067

Yaoundé 237 22 22 33 62 237 99 83 00 55

[email protected]

181 YAYE Aissatou ANAFE

182 ZELIBE Samuel PROVOST Federal

College of Fisheries and Marine Technology

Victoria Island, Lagos

NIGERIA

234 48 03 32 32061

[email protected]

183 ZOUGMORE Robert Bellarmin

Regional Program Leader CCAFS West Africa, ICRISAT

BP 320 Bamako - Mali

22320709204 223 78205473

[email protected]

184 ZOUNDI Simone PDG-SODEPAL, Représentante INTERFACE

01 BP 1749 Ouagadougou

BURKINA FASO

226 50 36 10 82 226 70 23 11 56

[email protected] [email protected]

185 ZOUNDJI Coovi Gérard

Research Assistant 081 BP 7145

Cotonou BENIN

229 97 72 72 73

[email protected]; [email protected]


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