2. Methods, Apparatus, Population Statistics and Taxonomic Studies of Use to Ecologists Source: Journal of Animal Ecology, Vol. 22, No. 1 (May, 1953), pp. 186-188 Published by: British Ecological Society Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1705 . Accessed: 07/05/2014 20:17 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. . British Ecological Society is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Journal of Animal Ecology. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 169.229.32.136 on Wed, 7 May 2014 20:17:12 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
Transcript
2. Methods, Apparatus, Population Statistics and Taxonomic Studies of Use to EcologistsSource: Journal of Animal Ecology, Vol. 22, No. 1 (May, 1953), pp. 186-188Published by: British Ecological SocietyStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1705 .
Accessed: 07/05/2014 20:17
Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at .http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp
.JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range ofcontent in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new formsof scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected].
.
British Ecological Society is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Journal ofAnimal Ecology.
http://www.jstor.org
This content downloaded from 169.229.32.136 on Wed, 7 May 2014 20:17:12 PMAll use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
Shorten, M. (1951). Some aspects of the biology of the grey squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis). Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 121, 427-459.
The British population is described and contrasted with the American with special reference to taxonomy, mutants and their distribution, sex ratios, breeding seasons and rates, litter-size, nesting behaviour and site preferences. Experiments with captive animals on breeding and rearing are described and full records of growth and development given; a too lavish food supply inhibited breeding. An age/body-weight curve calculated from captives is correlated with data from wild animals. Census methods are considered and a warning against uncritical use of drey counts given.
Stephens, M. N. (1952). Seasonal observations on the wild rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculis
L.) in West Wales. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 122, 417-434. Statistics are given on weight, reproduction, sex ratios, refection, diseases and parasites in over
7000 rabbits. The main breeding season was January to June. Pre-natal sex ratio was 100 male to 106 female and there was a significant tendency for females to occur in the left, males in the right uterine horn. Sex ratios obtained are compared to Brambell's figures. Infestations with tape-worms were very high, cysts were rare in young rabbits, and therefore in the population as a whole in spring. Eimeria stiedae was commonest in 6-10-week rabbits, Fasciola hepatica was confined to wet, non- maritime districts.
Temperley, G. W. (1951). A history of the birds of Durham. Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Northumb., Durham Newcastle upon Tyne (N.S.), 9, 296.
The first complete modern list of the birds of a county which, in the past, has been largely over- shadowed by its neighbours. Contains descriptions of the varying habitats with their typical birds and traces the effect of change of environment, in particular the industrialization of the eastern part of the area, on the bird life. Includes accounts of bird movements on the coast, the development of protection, museums and collections and former Durham ornithologists. A brief description is given of the present and past status of each species recorded.
Venables, L. S. V. & Venables, U. M. (1950). The whooper swans of Loch Spiggie, Shetland. Scot. Nat. 62, 142-152.
Food, population statistics, mobility, family size and percentage of cygnets in a herd of up to 88 Cygnus cygnus during three winters.
Verdcourt, B. (1951). Land snails of a residential area in N.W. Hertfordshire. J. Conchol. 23, 155-157.
Thirty-two species recorded from a garden and orchard in a built-up area, with notes on habitat, etc
Williamson, K. (1951). The moorland birds of Unst, Shetland. Scot. Nat. 63, 37-44. A consideration of the ecological factors affecting the breeding status of the birds of the northern-
most of the British Isles.
Woodroffe, G. E. & Southgate, B. J. (1951). Birds' nests as a source of domestic pests. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 121, 55-62.
Useful lists of inhabitants of the nests of five species of house-nesting birds include a number of stored-products and domestic pests; outstanding are clothes moths, house moths, carpet beetles, silverfish and stored-products mites. Ecological information on the environment and feeding habits of the animals is given and three successional stages are recognized, typified by bird ectoparasites, stored- products forms and a humus fauna resp.
2. METHODS, APPARATUS, POPULATION STATISTICS AND TAXONOMIC STUDIES OF USE TO ECOLOGISTS
Barnes, H. & Bagenal, T. B. (1951). A statistical study of variability in catch obtained by short repeated trawls taken over an inshore ground. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K. 29, 649-660.
Results suggest some degree of aggregation of fish populations.
Bradley, J. D. (1951). Micropteryx kaltenbachii Wood 1890 synonymous with Eriocrania
China, W. E. (1950). A check list of the British Hemiptera-Homoptera Auchenorhyncha. Ent. Mon. Mag. 86, 243-251.
Shorten, M. (1951). Some aspects of the biology of the grey squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis). Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 121, 427-459.
The British population is described and contrasted with the American with special reference to taxonomy, mutants and their distribution, sex ratios, breeding seasons and rates, litter-size, nesting behaviour and site preferences. Experiments with captive animals on breeding and rearing are described and full records of growth and development given; a too lavish food supply inhibited breeding. An age/body-weight curve calculated from captives is correlated with data from wild animals. Census methods are considered and a warning against uncritical use of drey counts given.
Stephens, M. N. (1952). Seasonal observations on the wild rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculis
L.) in West Wales. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 122, 417-434. Statistics are given on weight, reproduction, sex ratios, refection, diseases and parasites in over
7000 rabbits. The main breeding season was January to June. Pre-natal sex ratio was 100 male to 106 female and there was a significant tendency for females to occur in the left, males in the right uterine horn. Sex ratios obtained are compared to Brambell's figures. Infestations with tape-worms were very high, cysts were rare in young rabbits, and therefore in the population as a whole in spring. Eimeria stiedae was commonest in 6-10-week rabbits, Fasciola hepatica was confined to wet, non- maritime districts.
Temperley, G. W. (1951). A history of the birds of Durham. Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Northumb., Durham Newcastle upon Tyne (N.S.), 9, 296.
The first complete modern list of the birds of a county which, in the past, has been largely over- shadowed by its neighbours. Contains descriptions of the varying habitats with their typical birds and traces the effect of change of environment, in particular the industrialization of the eastern part of the area, on the bird life. Includes accounts of bird movements on the coast, the development of protection, museums and collections and former Durham ornithologists. A brief description is given of the present and past status of each species recorded.
Venables, L. S. V. & Venables, U. M. (1950). The whooper swans of Loch Spiggie, Shetland. Scot. Nat. 62, 142-152.
Food, population statistics, mobility, family size and percentage of cygnets in a herd of up to 88 Cygnus cygnus during three winters.
Verdcourt, B. (1951). Land snails of a residential area in N.W. Hertfordshire. J. Conchol. 23, 155-157.
Thirty-two species recorded from a garden and orchard in a built-up area, with notes on habitat, etc
Williamson, K. (1951). The moorland birds of Unst, Shetland. Scot. Nat. 63, 37-44. A consideration of the ecological factors affecting the breeding status of the birds of the northern-
most of the British Isles.
Woodroffe, G. E. & Southgate, B. J. (1951). Birds' nests as a source of domestic pests. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 121, 55-62.
Useful lists of inhabitants of the nests of five species of house-nesting birds include a number of stored-products and domestic pests; outstanding are clothes moths, house moths, carpet beetles, silverfish and stored-products mites. Ecological information on the environment and feeding habits of the animals is given and three successional stages are recognized, typified by bird ectoparasites, stored- products forms and a humus fauna resp.
2. METHODS, APPARATUS, POPULATION STATISTICS AND TAXONOMIC STUDIES OF USE TO ECOLOGISTS
Barnes, H. & Bagenal, T. B. (1951). A statistical study of variability in catch obtained by short repeated trawls taken over an inshore ground. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K. 29, 649-660.
Results suggest some degree of aggregation of fish populations.
Bradley, J. D. (1951). Micropteryx kaltenbachii Wood 1890 synonymous with Eriocrania
Collin, J. E. (1951). The British species of the genus Palloptera Fallen (Diptera). Ent. Rec.
63 (5), suppl. 6 pp. A key, with notes on distributions, seasons and habitats.
Crosskey, R. W. (1951). The morphology, taxonomy, and biology of the British Evanioi- dea (Hymenoptera). Trans. R. Ent. Soc. Lond. 102, 247-301.
Part I deals with morphology, Part ii with taxonomy and biology and contains a key to British representatives followed by descriptions of species with notes on adult habits and larval hosts.
Freeman, R. B. (1950). A check list of the British Siphonaptera, with comments on the nomenclature. Ent. Mon. Mag. 86, 14-22.
Holme, N. A. (1950). Population-dispersion in Tellina tenuis da Costa. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K. 29, 267-280.
A population of this lamellibranch is shown to be uniformly distributed, indicating a significant degree of 'over-dispersion'. There is a tendency for individuals to spread out so that the distance of each individual from its nearest neighbour is greater than would be expected if the animals were distributed at random. It is suggested that this spacing is correlated with the foraging activities of the inhalent siphon on the surface of the sand.
Johnson, D. S. (1952). The British species of the genus Daphnia (Crustacea, Cladocera). Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 122, 435-462.
An account of the genus with keys to females and males; the taxonomic value of the latter is stressed. Notes on distribution within and outside Britain.
Kimmins, D. E. (1951). A-note on the females of the British species of Beraeidae (Tri- choptera). Entomologist, 84, 19-21.
Includes a key for separating both sexes of the British species.
Leslie, P. H., Venables, U. M. & Venables, L. S. V. (1952). The fertility and population structure of the brown rat (Rattus norvegicus) in corn-ricks and some other habitats. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 122, 187-238.
An analysis of the demography of rat populations, mainly from cor ricks, covering nearly 4000 animals, including calculations of fertility, life tables, infant mortality, rates of increase and stable age distributions. Methods and significance of these parameters are discussed. The pregnancy or embryo rate per female are recommended as measures of population fertility. A very marked difference in fertility between females inside and those outside the ricks in winter months was observed. The annual peak of fertility was in April. The inherent rate of increase approached 0.1 per head per week.
MacNeill, N. (1951). Separation characters for nymphs of Lestes dryas Kirby and L.
The length of the caudal lamellae is useless as a separation character, but their shape and the morphology of the labial masks can be used.
Mann, K. H. (1952). A revision of the British leeches of the family Erpobdellidae, with a description of Dina lineata (0. F. Miiller, 1774), a leech new to British fauna. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 122, 395-405.
The genital atrium is used to distinguish the leeches. The habitat of Dina lineata is described. The relative ecological demands of Erpobdella testacea and E. octoculata are discussed. The maintenance of two varieties for the latter is deprecated. Records for Trocheta subviridis, especially at sewage works, are given. This leech is amphibious and thereby attracts attention.
Muldal, S. (1952). A new species of earthworm of the genus Allolobophora. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 122, 463-465.
A. minima sp.nov. was probably previously overlooked on account of its resemblance to immature specimens of other species in the genus.
This content downloaded from 169.229.32.136 on Wed, 7 May 2014 20:17:12 PMAll use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
Quick, H. E. (1952). Rediscovery of Arion lusitanicus Mabille in Britain. Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond. 29, 93-101.
Arion lusitanicus had been omitted from the British list because the only British record (from Bantry Bay) was considered dubious. Specimens are now recorded from Durham near the river at North Bailey. Dissection confirms their specific distinctions from A. ater (L.), A. rufus (L.) and A. subfuscus (Drap.).
Rees, C. B. (1950). The identification and classification of lamellibranch larvae. Hull Bull. Mar. Ecol. 3 (19), 73-104.
An account of a method of identifying post veliger lamellibranch larvae, employing chiefly the shape of the shell and the structure of the hinge. The method is especially useful for preserved specimens, in which the soft parts may be unrecognizable. Seventy-seven types from the North Sea are described, twenty-eight being assigned firmly to species and tentative suggestions of generic or specific affinities being put forward for many of the others.
Russell, F. S. (1951). A re-examination of Calanus collected off Plymouth. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K. 30, 313-314.
A re-examination of some collections of the copepod Calanus finmarchicus made off Plymouth has shown that the conclusions reported in certain previous publications by Russell and others can be regarded as referring to the form helgolandicus.
Sexton, E. W. & Reid, D. M. (1951). The life-history of the multiform species Jassa falcata (Montagu) (Crustacea, Amphipoda) with a review of the bibliography of the species. J. Linn. Soc. Lond. 42, 29-91.
An amply illustrated account of this very common and markedly polymorphic amphipod, with experimental breeding records and descriptions of young forms liable, otherwise, to cause confusion.
Sweeney, R. C. H. (1950). Some new formicaria and other practical aids to the study of ant colonies. Ent. Mon. Mag. 86, 110-116.
Tucker, D. G. (1951). The application of the logarithmic series and the index of diversity to bird population statistics. Lond. Nat. 31, 62-80.
When the logarithmic series and the index of diversity were applied to extensive data on bird popu- lations, it was found that the former fits the observed results reasonably well, though a hyperbolic series might prove superior. Where comparable data for winter and the breeding season were available, the index of diversity was considerably higher for the former, but much closer agreement was obtained when the index for the breeding season was calculated on the assumption that for each bird seen there was another on the nest. For ordinary British habitats, its value appears to vary between 1-6 and 7-5; it was highest in mixed habitats. The variable factor of conspicuousness was not taken into account; but there is no evidence that it seriously affects the results.
3. PARASITES
Ash, J. (1950). Some Berkshire records of Siphonaptera in 1949. Ent. Mon. Mag. 86, 359. A list, with hosts, dates and sexes.
Ash, J. (1950). Records of Ornithomya spp. (Dipt., Hippoboscidae) from Berkshire and Co. Durham in 1949. Ent. Mon. Mag. 86, 86-87.
Hosts and dates for thirteen records from Silwood Park and one from Co. Durham involving three species of Ornithomya, with, for each month, the total numbers of birds and the numbers of each species parasitized by each species of Ornithomya, and lists showing the number of adult and young birds of various species that were unparasitized.
van Emden, F. I. (1950). Dipterous parasites of Coleoptera. Ent. Mon. Mag. 86, 182-206. A parasite list, arranged to show the relation between host selection and phylogenetic relationship,
giving host and parasite genera, the systematic position of the hosts, and the host stage from which each parasite usually emerges, and a host list, giving species of hosts and parasites.
Quick, H. E. (1952). Rediscovery of Arion lusitanicus Mabille in Britain. Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond. 29, 93-101.
Arion lusitanicus had been omitted from the British list because the only British record (from Bantry Bay) was considered dubious. Specimens are now recorded from Durham near the river at North Bailey. Dissection confirms their specific distinctions from A. ater (L.), A. rufus (L.) and A. subfuscus (Drap.).
Rees, C. B. (1950). The identification and classification of lamellibranch larvae. Hull Bull. Mar. Ecol. 3 (19), 73-104.
An account of a method of identifying post veliger lamellibranch larvae, employing chiefly the shape of the shell and the structure of the hinge. The method is especially useful for preserved specimens, in which the soft parts may be unrecognizable. Seventy-seven types from the North Sea are described, twenty-eight being assigned firmly to species and tentative suggestions of generic or specific affinities being put forward for many of the others.
Russell, F. S. (1951). A re-examination of Calanus collected off Plymouth. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K. 30, 313-314.
A re-examination of some collections of the copepod Calanus finmarchicus made off Plymouth has shown that the conclusions reported in certain previous publications by Russell and others can be regarded as referring to the form helgolandicus.
Sexton, E. W. & Reid, D. M. (1951). The life-history of the multiform species Jassa falcata (Montagu) (Crustacea, Amphipoda) with a review of the bibliography of the species. J. Linn. Soc. Lond. 42, 29-91.
An amply illustrated account of this very common and markedly polymorphic amphipod, with experimental breeding records and descriptions of young forms liable, otherwise, to cause confusion.
Sweeney, R. C. H. (1950). Some new formicaria and other practical aids to the study of ant colonies. Ent. Mon. Mag. 86, 110-116.
Tucker, D. G. (1951). The application of the logarithmic series and the index of diversity to bird population statistics. Lond. Nat. 31, 62-80.
When the logarithmic series and the index of diversity were applied to extensive data on bird popu- lations, it was found that the former fits the observed results reasonably well, though a hyperbolic series might prove superior. Where comparable data for winter and the breeding season were available, the index of diversity was considerably higher for the former, but much closer agreement was obtained when the index for the breeding season was calculated on the assumption that for each bird seen there was another on the nest. For ordinary British habitats, its value appears to vary between 1-6 and 7-5; it was highest in mixed habitats. The variable factor of conspicuousness was not taken into account; but there is no evidence that it seriously affects the results.
3. PARASITES
Ash, J. (1950). Some Berkshire records of Siphonaptera in 1949. Ent. Mon. Mag. 86, 359. A list, with hosts, dates and sexes.
Ash, J. (1950). Records of Ornithomya spp. (Dipt., Hippoboscidae) from Berkshire and Co. Durham in 1949. Ent. Mon. Mag. 86, 86-87.
Hosts and dates for thirteen records from Silwood Park and one from Co. Durham involving three species of Ornithomya, with, for each month, the total numbers of birds and the numbers of each species parasitized by each species of Ornithomya, and lists showing the number of adult and young birds of various species that were unparasitized.
van Emden, F. I. (1950). Dipterous parasites of Coleoptera. Ent. Mon. Mag. 86, 182-206. A parasite list, arranged to show the relation between host selection and phylogenetic relationship,
giving host and parasite genera, the systematic position of the hosts, and the host stage from which each parasite usually emerges, and a host list, giving species of hosts and parasites.
This content downloaded from 169.229.32.136 on Wed, 7 May 2014 20:17:12 PMAll use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
