22ndnd EXPERT GROUP EXPERT GROUP MEETING OF SAWEN MEETING OF SAWEN
Country Presentation – IndiaCountry Presentation – India
29 January, 201129 January, 2011
Paro, BhutanParo, Bhutan
Protected AreasProtected Areas
PA: 4.8% of country’s PA: 4.8% of country’s geographical areageographical area
NP: 99NP: 99 WLS: 515WLS: 515 Con. Res.: 43Con. Res.: 43 Comm. Res.: 4Comm. Res.: 4 TOTAL : 661TOTAL : 661 TR : 39TR : 39 ER : 26ER : 26
Protected Area Coverage Protected Area Coverage 2.4% of the total area of the world 8% species of the world Around 5% of the country’s area has been brought under
the Protected Area (PA) network Consist of 99 National Parks and 515 Wildlife Sanctuaries
Conservation Reserve 43, Community Reserve 4Total PAs = 661TR = 39ER = 26Based on the conventional isolationist approach
Central India
WesternGhats
ShivalikTerai
EasternGhats
North-East
Tiger Occupied Landscape Complexes
Sunderbans
Tiger Occupancy in about 95,000 km2 , Potential Habitat of about 300,000 km2.
Tiger number range between 1165 to 1657
Protection/Enforcement Protection/Enforcement framework in Indiaframework in India
Federal governance: Centre and Federal governance: Centre and State have specific rolesState have specific roles
Habitat-land, water etc State subject, Habitat-land, water etc State subject, wildlife government propertywildlife government property
Protection/Enforcement Protection/Enforcement framework in India: contd.framework in India: contd.
Day to day management of PA s and Day to day management of PA s and execution of Acts – by State execution of Acts – by State GovernmentsGovernments
Wildlife(Protection) Act, 1972-Wildlife(Protection) Act, 1972-umbrella legal frame work for umbrella legal frame work for uniform level of protection/ uniform level of protection/ enforcement across the countryenforcement across the country
Contd.Contd. A multi-disciplinary WCCB A multi-disciplinary WCCB
constituted on 5.6.2007constituted on 5.6.2007 Intelligence-organized crime-Intelligence-organized crime-
disseminate-creation and maintenance disseminate-creation and maintenance of centralized wildlife crime databankof centralized wildlife crime databank
co-ordination with various enforcement co-ordination with various enforcement agenciesagencies
infrastructure & capacity buildinginfrastructure & capacity building scientific and professional investigationscientific and professional investigation
National and Regional National and Regional IssuesIssues
Mega-BiodiversityMega-Biodiversity
Large number of species under Large number of species under threat from poaching & illegal threat from poaching & illegal trade i.e. Tiger and other big trade i.e. Tiger and other big cats, Rhinoceros, Star Tortoises, cats, Rhinoceros, Star Tortoises, PangolinPangolin
National and Regional National and Regional Issues: contd.Issues: contd.
Outside market driven poachingOutside market driven poaching
Plants like Red Sanders, Cycas, Plants like Red Sanders, Cycas, Saussurea, Orchids are under great Saussurea, Orchids are under great threatthreat
Shells and CoralsShells and Corals
Tiger Mortality-dataYear Natural Poaching Total
1999 9 24 33
2000 1 9 10
2001 8 36 44
2002 23 36 59
2003 24 20 44
2004 17 5 22
2005 17 0 17
2006 17 5 22
2007 20 10 30
2008 22 9 31
2009 49 17 66
2010 27 23 (14 outside TR) 50
Contd.Contd.
Despite pressure on natural Despite pressure on natural resources including wildlife, we have:resources including wildlife, we have: World’s more than 50% wild tiger World’s more than 50% wild tiger
populationpopulation Only country having Asiatic LionOnly country having Asiatic Lion Largest population of one horned Rhino Largest population of one horned Rhino
and Asiatic elephantsand Asiatic elephants
Indian Star Tortoise (Indian Star Tortoise (Geochelone elegansGeochelone elegans))
Pangolin Pangolin
Trade in WildlifeTrade in Wildlife
Hunting of all wildlife prohibited Hunting of all wildlife prohibited
All trade in scheduled All trade in scheduled animals/animal articles prohibitedanimals/animal articles prohibited
Endangered plants protected , Endangered plants protected , Collection from wild prohibited, Collection from wild prohibited, cultivation, possession etc cultivation, possession etc regulatedregulated
Key Agencies Involved in the Key Agencies Involved in the EnforcementEnforcement
Central AgenciesCentral Agencies
State Level AgenciesState Level Agencies
NGOs: WWF, TRAFFIC, WPSI, NGOs: WWF, TRAFFIC, WPSI, WTI etc. WTI etc.
Trade in WildlifeTrade in Wildlife Foreign Trade Policy governing Foreign Trade Policy governing
trade in flora & faunatrade in flora & fauna Provisions of CITES incorporated Provisions of CITES incorporated
into FTP and violations are dealt into FTP and violations are dealt under Customs Act, 1962.under Customs Act, 1962.
Exim trade in wildlife prohibited Exim trade in wildlife prohibited except Special purposes except Special purposes (Research, Zoos etc) under (Research, Zoos etc) under licenselicense
SuccessesSuccesses Creation of WCCB; A multi-Creation of WCCB; A multi-
disciplinary agencydisciplinary agency
Launching of “tigernet” ; a web Launching of “tigernet” ; a web enabled reporting system for tiger & enabled reporting system for tiger & other wildlife mortality (in other wildlife mortality (in association with TRAFFIC India)association with TRAFFIC India)
Creation of STPF in 13 Tiger Creation of STPF in 13 Tiger ReservesReserves
Launching of “M-STrIPES” in selected Launching of “M-STrIPES” in selected Tiger ReserevesTiger Resereves
Successes: contd.Successes: contd. Guidelines for preparation of reserve Guidelines for preparation of reserve
specific Security Plan issuedspecific Security Plan issued
Busting of inter-state organized gangsBusting of inter-state organized gangs
Capacity building of field agencies Capacity building of field agencies (Exit points/ State Forest, Police, (Exit points/ State Forest, Police, Judiciary) on Wildlife Laws, Judiciary) on Wildlife Laws, investigation & forensicinvestigation & forensic
Collation, analysis and dissemination Collation, analysis and dissemination of the patterns based on available of the patterns based on available crime -criminal history crime -criminal history
“e-Eye” to Combat Poaching Using “e-Eye”: Information Technology
based surveillance on 24x7 basis, as a pilot project, in one of tiger reserve.
Thermo sensitive, infrared intelligent cameras, wi-fi internet and satellite technology
This data has the real-time feed from all the remote locations.
Each of the locations can be controlled from the central server station and also by the authorized user.
Can survey and zoom in on any living object (>20 kg) within a radius of 10 km in real time.
Software based identification of images and appropriate alarm systems.
System Design
Remote IR Eye
Wi-Fi Core Area
Remote IR Eye
Remote IR Eye
Remote IR Eye
Long Range Remote Eye
Long Range Remote Eye
Long Range Remote Eye
1 01 0 1 1 01 0 1 11 11
Remote Sub-Station
Central Control Room
Internet CloudWeb-Browser Controls Remote Eyes
Delhi Kolkata
Bilaspur
Data Analysis and Pattern Identification
Recent Milestone AchievementRecent Milestone Achievement
Arrest of Narayan by CWLW Arrest of Narayan by CWLW Rajasthan & Sariska teamRajasthan & Sariska team
Brother of Sansar Chand Brother of Sansar Chand Wanted in several statesWanted in several states At Guwahati airport seizure At Guwahati airport seizure
of tiger/leopard bones.of tiger/leopard bones. At Dhaka airport seizure of At Dhaka airport seizure of
Green Munias, Jungle Maina Green Munias, Jungle Maina & Star Tortoise.& Star Tortoise.
Itemwise Sanction ( %) CSS-PT(2008-09)(Excluding Village Relocation)
Staff amenities4.0%
Human Resource Development
1.2%
Habitat improvement & water development
13.0%
Address man animal conflict2.7%
Eco-development 5.2%
Veterinary Facility0.8%
Research & Field equipments
3.5%
Provision of Project Allowance to staff
4.6% Compensation & Legal Assistance
0.5%
Maintenance of vehicles -POL3.5%
Anti-poaching activities 61.0%
Intelligence gatheringIntelligence gathering
Poaching of tigers is still the Poaching of tigers is still the biggest threatbiggest threat
Delay in reaction time results Delay in reaction time results failurefailure
Intelligence gathering is the Intelligence gathering is the backbone of anti-poaching backbone of anti-poaching activities.activities.
Challenges Challenges
Coordination among various Coordination among various enforcement agencies and trans-enforcement agencies and trans-border issues border issues
Low conviction ratesLow conviction rates Gaps in the skills regarding Gaps in the skills regarding
documentation-evidence, documentation-evidence, Forensics, case preparation and Forensics, case preparation and supervision, multi-disciplinary supervision, multi-disciplinary approachapproach
Challenges Challenges Lack of awarenessLack of awareness
Poverty and dependency on Poverty and dependency on natural resourcesnatural resources
Porous bordersPorous borders
Protection of trans-boundary Protection of trans-boundary corridorscorridors
Vision for SAWENVision for SAWEN
An organization capable of An organization capable of coordinationcoordination intelligence gathering & sharingintelligence gathering & sharing assisting enforcementassisting enforcement wildlife crime preventionwildlife crime prevention facilitate protection of wildlife facilitate protection of wildlife
without borderswithout borders meet new challenges for the meet new challenges for the
Member CountriesMember Countries
Vision: contd.Vision: contd.
Facilitate protection of migration Facilitate protection of migration routes & threat mitigationroutes & threat mitigation
Analysis & Removal of differentialsAnalysis & Removal of differentials
Facilitate preparation of Species Facilitate preparation of Species specific regional management action specific regional management action plansplans
Vision: contd.Vision: contd.
India welcomes the initiative and looks India welcomes the initiative and looks forward to work with other South forward to work with other South Asian countries and relevant NGO Asian countries and relevant NGO partners already working in the region partners already working in the region to curb illegal wildlife trade that to curb illegal wildlife trade that threatens our shared natural heritage.threatens our shared natural heritage.
India looks forward to share its India looks forward to share its experiences & success stories. experiences & success stories.
Vision: contd.Vision: contd.
Wildlife enforcement is Wildlife enforcement is primarily a sovereign subject, primarily a sovereign subject, therefore, we acknowledge therefore, we acknowledge primacy of national laws and primacy of national laws and policies and each country policies and each country must respect the same for must respect the same for others.others.
Vision: contd.Vision: contd.
Main focus - species like tigers, Main focus - species like tigers, rhinos, leopards, elephants,rhinos, leopards, elephants,
Other lesser known species in Other lesser known species in illegal trade such as medicinal illegal trade such as medicinal plants, marine species etc. are plants, marine species etc. are also important.also important.
Vision: contd.Vision: contd. A joint training workshop with A joint training workshop with
member countriesmember countries India endorses the proposed India endorses the proposed
structure & work programme of structure & work programme of SAWEN, as agreed in the 1SAWEN, as agreed in the 1stst EGM EGM
Agree to the TOR of SG(SAWEN)Agree to the TOR of SG(SAWEN) Agree to membership fee, if any, Agree to membership fee, if any,
for joining/supporting.for joining/supporting.
Vision: contd.Vision: contd. The Secretariat could help to prepare The Secretariat could help to prepare
an active list of relevant experts and an active list of relevant experts and agencies “working in the region” agencies “working in the region”
May use WWF, TRAFFIC, Wildlife May use WWF, TRAFFIC, Wildlife Watch Group and Wildlife Watch Group and Wildlife Conservation, Nepal WTI, WPSI, NTNC Conservation, Nepal WTI, WPSI, NTNC etc. organizations with a long term etc. organizations with a long term presence and commitment to the presence and commitment to the regionregion
Initiatives at International level
India has bilateral protocol with Nepal & China on tiger conservation.
Bilateral protocol under consideration with Bhutan, Bangladesh & Myanmar.
India is signatory to CITES and supports ban on tiger farming & use/trade of its body parts
Suggested role for the GTI
Tiger : a sensitive and sovereign issue Tiger Conservation Plans/strategies are best
evolved in tiger range countries to address specific issues
GTI may make available a platform for experience sharing, facilitating control of trafficking in tiger body parts on a regional scale
No scope for GTI to involve in national projects More clarity required on the role of GTI vis-à-vis
the national tiger agenda of range countries Inter-ministerial forum like GTF provides scope
for partnership/collaboration with the GTI
THANK YOU