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2nd Post Lab- Bio 22
Kimberly S. BeltranDB CAS
UP Manila
Outline: a. External Anatomy of the Frog b. Integumentary System c. Skeletal System d. Muscular System e. Muscle Physiology f. Nervous System g. Nervous Response
External Anatomy of the Frog
Part Function/Description
External Nares Paired openings close to the tip of the head (snout) leading to the olfactory organs within
Upper Eyelid Immovable, stout border of the eye
Nictitating membrane Movable translucent lower eyelid
Tympanum Acts as the eardrum and is found lying below and behind the eye
Hump Rounded protuberance found at the dorsal part which divide back into fore- and a hind part
Forelimb Attached to the narrower side of the forepart and is made up of 3 segments: upper arm/brachium, middle forearm/antebrachium, terminal hand or manus
Hand/Manus Consist of short wrist or carpus, a palm or matacarpus, and fingers or digits which are only 4
Part Function/DescriptionHindlimbs Attached to the narrow waistline and is made up
of 3 segments: an upper, stout thigh, a middle slender shank/crus, and a long foot/pes
Foot Consist of a very long ankle/ tarsus, an instep/metatarsus and toes/digits which are 5 in number
Vocal Sacs Use by male frogs to advertise their presence. They are usually thrown into folds called vocal cords
Cloaca & Cloacal Vent Chamber for solid collection while the vent serves as an outlet for feces, urine, eggs or sperm
Browspot Light colored spot located slightly in front of the eye and is called rudimentary third eye
Prehallux Rudiment of the sixth missing toe
Rectum & Anus Chamber for feces while anus is the posterior opening of a rectum
External Feature
Male Female
Size Smaller Bigger
Pigmentation Dark Scattered pigments
Thumb Swollen Not swollen
Tympanum Smaller larger
Vocal Sacs Seen Cannot be distinguished
Integumentary System
Kimberly S. Beltran
DB CAS
UP Manila
Amoeba sp.-amorphous-body is entirely covered with rigid plasma membrane which is also used for locomotion
Paramecium sp.-body is entirely covered with cilia employed for locomotion, food capture and protection
Grantia sp.-outer epithelium is called pinacoderm which is made up of squamous type cells called pinacocytes-middle layer is made up of gelatinous matrix called mesohyl which containes ameboid cells and skeletal elements-the inner layer is made up of collar cells called choanocytes
Hydra sp.-outer layer (epidermis) is made up of cuboidal epithelium . Nematocyst and cnidocytes are the unique structures found in this layer which functions for food gathering, defense, & attachment-middle gelatinous layer is called mesoglea-inner layer (gastrodermis) is made up of large, ciliated , columnar epithelium
gastrodermis
epidermis
Dugesia sp.-Outer covering is ciliated epidermis which contains rod shape rhabdites and is use to form a protective mucus sheath around the body -Made up of viscid and releaser gland-Dorsal surface is unciliated while the ventral is ciliated
Fasciola sp.-body covering or tegument is syncitial- The tegument is also provided with various penetration glands to produce cyst material, organs for adhesion like suckers and hooks as well as spines for them to easily attach to their host
Lumbricus sp/Earthworm- The body is covered by thin, transparent cuticle secreted by the hypodermis.-the cuticle primarily protects the body from physical and chemical injury and contains numerous pores to allow the secretion to pass and is mark by striae causing the surface to appear iridescent
Ascaris sp/Nematode-Outer body covering is made up of thick, non-cellular cuticle secreted by the hypodermis.-The hypodermis is syncytial and are primarily collagen
3- spines; 2- ossicles
Starfish-the skin is ciliated and hard due to the presence of ossicles, spines, spicules & granules which are CaCO3 in composition-the integument is important for protection & locomotion
Arthropods-the hardening of cuticle in the arthropods is due to the presence of chitin, a tough, resistant, nitrogenous polysaccharide -It is essential for protection, prevention of water loss, support and bouyancy.-The chitin is secreted by the hypodermis
Frog Skin-Skin is made up of 2 layers: epidermis and dermis-The epidermis is subdivided into stratum corneum and germinativum while the dermis is made up of stratum spongiosum and compactum-Unique structures found in the frog skin includes the chromatophores, poison and mucus glands which are necessary for protection and respiration
Frog Skin Human Skin
Epidermal layers Stratum corneumS. germinativum
Stratum corneumStratum lucidumStratum granulosumS.germinativum
Dermal layers S. spongiosumS. compactum
Papillary layerReticular layer
Glands Poison & mucus Sweat, sebaceous, mammary glands
Pigments Guanophores/iridophores/melanophores
melanophores
Unique Structures Poison & mucus glands Hair and other skin derivatives
Skeletal System
Types of SkeletonA.Hydroskeleton-mass of fluid or plastic parenchyma enclosed within a muscular wall to provide supprt necessary for antagonistic muscle actionB.Exoskeleton-skeleton secreted by the ectoderm/epidermisC.Endoskeleton- a skeleton within the living tissues of an organism
Hydroskeleton
Exoskeleton
Type Composition
Radiolarians Shell/testa Strontium sulfate/ silica
Arthropods Cuticle Chitin, CaCO3
Molluscs Mantle/shell CaCO3, chonchiolin
Echinoderms Ossicles/spines
CaCO3,
Turtle Scutes, Plates CaCO3,
Type Composition
Sponges Spicules, spongin
CaCO3, silica
Corals corals CaCO3, chitin
Vertebrates bone CaPO4, MgPO4. collagen matrix, mucopolysaccharide
Regions Cartilage MembraneCranium Exoccipitals
sphenethmoidFronto-parietalsparashenoids
Nasal Capsules SphenethmoidMesethmoid
NasalVomer
Auditory capsules
Visceral Arches
Prootic
PalatinesPterygoids
Squamosal
PremaxillaeMaxillaeQuadratojugal
Lower Jaw Mentomeckelians Angulo-splenialsDentaries
Hyoid Posterior cornua None
Muscular System
Parts of a Skeletal Musclea.Belly-fleshy part of the muscleb.Tendons- attach the belly to the skeletonc.Aponeurosis- stout band which attach the muscle to the surface of another muscled.Origin- point of attachment which remains relatively fixe.Insertion- relatively movable point of attachment
Actions of Skeletal Musclea.Extensors- straighten a partb.Flexors-bends a partc.Adductors- draws a part towards the midlined.Abductors-draws a part away from the midlinee.Levator- raises a part f.Depressor-lowers a partg.Protractors- causes a part to be thrust forward or outwardh.Retractors-pulls it backi.Rotators- rotates a part
How are muscles name?a.Attachments (scapulohumeris)b.Action and size (adductor magnus)c.Shape and Locomotion (biceps femoris)d.Location and Direction (external oblique)
Nervous System
Early Late Adults Function
Forebrain (prosencephalon)
Telencephalon Cerebrum Motor area controls voluyntary muscle movements; sensory cortex is the center of conscious perception of touch, pressure, vibration, pain, temerature and taste; association areas integrate and process sensory data
Diencephalon Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Part of limbic system; integrates sensory info arriving at thalamus
Controls autonomic functions; sets appetitive drives (thirst, hunger, sexual desire) and behavior; sets emotional states; secretes ADH, oxytocin; secrets releasing factors for anterior pituitary
Early Late Adults Function
Midbrain mesen
Mesen Optic lobes
Midbrain nuclei
Integrates visual information with other sensory inputs; relays auditory information
Involuntary control of muscle tone; processing of incoming sensations and outgoing motor commands
Hindbrain rhomben
Myelen Cerebellum
Pons
Involuntary coordination & control of outgoing movements for equilibrium, muscle tone, posture Links cerebellum with other brain centers and with medulla and spinal cord; modifies output of respiratory centers in medulla
Meten Medulla oblangata
Regulates heart rate and force of contraction; vasomotor control; sets rate of respiration; relays info to the cerebellum