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ObjectivesObjectives
1. To demonstrate knowledge of broadcasting through script writing and production.
2. To understand the history and impact of radio broadcasting.
3. To evaluate the regulations and agencies which monitor broadcasting standards.
4. To distinguish between the different types of radio networks and programs.
5. To display knowledge of basic radio techniques and delivery skills.
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What is Radio Broadcasting?What is Radio Broadcasting?
• Radio broadcasting- the distribution of information by way of audio or visual signals which is carried to a number of “listeners” who belong to a given network.
• Radio Broadcasting can be transmitted:– to public or private audiences– to local or national viewers– as a service or paid subscription
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History of Radio BroadcastingHistory of Radio Broadcasting
1897. Electrical engineering professor William Gladson of the University of Arkansas is said to have constructed an experimental wireless transmitter.
1898. Notre Dame Professor, Jerome Green, sent a message the distance of about a mile, by wireless telegraphy.
1900. The Canadian-American physicist, Professor Reginald Aubrey Fessenden, transmitted speech using a spark-gap transmitter. His voice was the first ever to be transmitted by radio waves and heard
by another person.
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History of Radio BroadcastingHistory of Radio Broadcasting
1909. The word "broadcast" appeared in the Boston Globe in an article entitled "Experiment with Wireless".
1910. The world's first radio opera broadcast was disseminated to several listeners in New York using two microphones and a 500-watt transmitter.
1911. The first U. S. radio license was issued to George Hill Lewis of Cincinnati.
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History of Radio BroadcastingHistory of Radio Broadcasting
1912. Experimental station at the University of Minnesota attempted to air football games using a spark transmitter and regular telegraph signals.
1915. Weather and crop reports were broadcast from the University of Texas.
1918. The U. S. government acquired all wireless land stations except for a few high-powered stations.
1920. The first college radio station went on the
air.
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History of Radio BroadcastingHistory of Radio Broadcasting
1921. The first religious service was broadcast by the Calvary Episcopal Church in Pittsburgh.
1922. The Jersey Review broadcast a one-hour New Year's program from midnight to 1 a.m., sometimes considered the first commercial program. – AT&T enters the public broadcasting
arena.
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History of Radio BroadcastingHistory of Radio Broadcasting
1922. The first political debate is heard on the radio when two debaters from Washington, D.C. argued the topic of Daylight Savings Time and the listeners served as the judge.
1923. The AM broadcast band was opened. – The first Presidential message was
broadcast when President Calvin Coolidge delivered a message to a joint session of Congress. His voice was received over telephone wires.
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History of Radio BroadcastingHistory of Radio Broadcasting
1927. President Coolidge signed the Radio Act of 1927, ultimately creating the Federal Radio Commission regulatory agency. – The first International Broadcasting
License was issued by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC).
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Types of BroadcastsTypes of Broadcasts
• News segments• Sports programming• Talk radio• Documentaries• Public service announcements• Commercials and advertisements• Music or additional programming
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Types of BroadcastsTypes of Broadcasts
• News segments and programming– includes short, live updates, based on news
information
• Sports commentaries– includes a written or oral analysis of sports
highlights or full-length events
• Talk radio– consists of a specific segment or conversation
topic
– includes a host and listener or guest participation
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Types of BroadcastsTypes of Broadcasts
• Documentaries– includes programming devoted to
covering a particular topic in great– includes a mixture of commentary and
sound pictures
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Types of BroadcastsTypes of Broadcasts
• Public service announcements – consists of a non-commercial
advertisement used to modify public attitudes or awareness about specific issues
– are usually created by non-profit or government agencies
– includes 10, 30, 60 or 90 seconds segments
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Types of BroadcastsTypes of Broadcasts
• Public service announcements – include the following type of campaigns:
• Got Milk? • The Incredible Edible Egg• Beef: It’s what’s for dinner
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Types of BroadcastsTypes of Broadcasts
• Commercials and advertisements– are a form of paid promotion used to
attract attention to a product or business
– examples include:• Cache Valley cheese • Tyson chicken• Cummins harvester
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Types of BroadcastsTypes of Broadcasts
• Music or additional programming– includes specialized segments, such
as:• music from the 70’s, 80’s and 90’s• home improvement or lawn-care shows• kids programming• fundraisers• local hero highlights• weather or traffic reports
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Broadcasting ChannelsBroadcasting Channels
• AM Radio
• FM Radio
• Sirius
• XM satellite radio
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AM & FM AM & FM
• Both AM and FM signals transmit information using radio waves
• AM- Amplitude Modulation – transmits at set frequencies between
535 kHz and 1,605 kHz– is affected by physical interference, such
as lightning or machinery– consists of a lower frequency
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AM & FMAM & FM
• FM- Frequency Modulation– transmits sound by adjusting the
frequency of the radio wave – consist of stations from 88 to 108 MHz– is the most popular form of radio
listening
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XM & Sirius RadioXM & Sirius Radio
• Is a radio service sent via satellite to subscribers who have a corresponding receiver
• Is a digital satellite program which: – transmits more than 100 channels of specialized
radio programming
– is usually commercial free
– requires subscribers to pay a monthly service fee
– transmits to cars, homes, computers
and public locations
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Benefits of Radio on AgricultureBenefits of Radio on Agriculture
• Increased number of agricultural Public Service Announcements
• Increased number of agricultural-based talk shows and service programs
• Enhanced coverage and marketing venues due to XM and Satellite programming
• Increased number of agriculture stations available to the common listener
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Items needed for a Radio BroadcastItems needed for a Radio Broadcast
• Scripts
• Sound equipment
• Recording equipment
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Radio ScriptsRadio Scripts
• Are a detailed outline, which include:– specific narration– required sound effects– precise length and timing of the segment
or advertisement
• Help with the following:– guiding a production – enhancing preparation– evoking reactions from the listeners
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Elements of a Radio ScriptElements of a Radio Script
• Title of the segment or commercial • Page number• Numbered lines• Character names or titles• Sentences and exact wordage• Sound effects and pacing
instructions
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Example Radio ScriptExample Radio Script
_____Program_____lengthPAGE 1
Narrator:
Boy:
Narrator:
Girl:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
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How to Write a Radio ScriptHow to Write a Radio Script
1. Create a title or heading
2. Insert the appropriate page number
3. Produce the basic content, dialogue and narration
4. Include script cues, such as:
A. music
B. sound effects
C. narrator pacing
D. dialogue cues
5. Compose production notes
6. Edit and revise
7. Submit for approval
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Tips for Radio WritingTips for Radio Writing
• Radio scripts should include:– metaphors
• a comparison between two unrelated subjects without using the words “like” or “as”
– “The world is a stage”– “ He was a bull”
– jargon• specialized terminology used by members
of a specific group or organization
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Tips for Radio WritingTips for Radio Writing
– pomposity• phrases full of high-sounding or confident
innuendos– “I’m 100% certain”– “You know I’m right”
– absolute words• words which cannot be compared, such as:
– perfect– never– always– only
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Tips for Radio WritingTips for Radio Writing
– clichés• a popular phrase or expression
– “When life hands you lemons, make lemonade”
– “It’s the top of the hour”– “I’d like to make a shout out”
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Tips for Radio WritingTips for Radio Writing
• Normal radio scripts should be:– clear– creative– catchy– easy to listen to– written for the common listener– written for your “own voice”
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Conversational ScriptsConversational Scripts
• Are used to attract the listeners attention
• Are different from “normal” news-based scripts
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Conversational ScriptsConversational Scripts
• Should:– avoid highly specialized or scientific terms– use precise and clear language– use short sentences– use pauses– use the present tense as much as possible– expand and elaborate on important issues– use transitions between topics
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Using an Active or Passive Voice Using an Active or Passive Voice
• Active voice- the emphasis is placed on the subject performing the action – Example: The man fed the cows.
• Passive Voice- the emphasis is placed on the subject receiving the action– Example: The cows were fed by the
man.
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Length of Radio ScriptsLength of Radio Scripts
• Advertisements, commercials or public service announcements– are usually 30 or 60 seconds in length
• News, weather or traffic segments– are usually short and concise
• Commentary segments– are usually long, detailed and
elaborate
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Editing Radio ScriptsEditing Radio Scripts
• Read the script aloud • Evaluate transitions and flow• Verify the content and accuracy of
the information• Check for grammar, spelling or
punctuation errors• Use the Associated Press
Stylebook to verify content
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Associated Press Style GuideAssociated Press Style Guide
• Is the standard tool used to evaluate news writing
• Is known and accepted worldwide• Details the appropriate writing standards
for:– grammar– punctuation– capitalization– abbreviations– word and numerical usage
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Importance of EditingImportance of Editing
• Improving readability and ease of use • Obtaining listener acceptance • Maintaining professionalism • Upholding legal requirements, such
as:– copyrights– accurate information– use of sources
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Radio DeliveryRadio Delivery
• Reading a radio script requires appropriate:– tone– speed and pacing– delivery– voice inflections– enunciation– energy and personality
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Radio Delivery TechniquesRadio Delivery Techniques
• Tone– is the quality of a person’s voice– should be smooth, controlled and easy to
understand
• Pitch– is the property of sound which creates
frequent variation – can be high or low– should be altered frequently – is used to create excitement and variation
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Radio Delivery TechniquesRadio Delivery Techniques
• Enunciation– is speaking or pronouncing words in an
articulate style– consists of stating words in a clear and
precise manner
• Pacing– is the speed of delivery or presentation
timing– includes the use of pauses and
acceleration
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Producing a Radio BroadcastProducing a Radio Broadcast
• Production members include:– deejays (DJ)– production coordinators– programming director– news correspondent– producer or manager
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Producing a Radio BroadcastProducing a Radio Broadcast
• Production responsibilities include:– recording interviews, voice tracks and
sound effects– editing commercials and public service
announcements– downloading promotional materials – creating special programs or introductory
music– preparing scripts or show outline– delivering on-air messages and
programming
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Types of Recording EquipmentTypes of Recording Equipment
• Microphones• Tape recorders• Sound effects• Transmitters• Antennas• CD’s or audio cassettes• Computers• Scripts
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Types of MicrophonesTypes of Microphones
• Omni-directional– are sensitive to sounds from all
directions
• Bidirectional– are sensitive to sounds from two
directions
• Unidirectional– are sensitive to sound from one straight
path
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Tips for Audio ProductionTips for Audio Production
• Speak directly into the microphone
• Always use a recording device to document interviews
• Wear headphones
• Check to make ensure all microphones are turned on
• Point microphones six-inches away from a speaker's mouth
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Tips in Audio RecordingTips in Audio Recording
• Smile
• Drink water
• Use vocal variations
• Use humor when appropriate
• Speak in short sentences
• Emphasize your words
• Avoid “p” pops or smacking of the lips
• Avoid hissing or placing too much emphasis on “s” words
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Music & Sound ConsiderationsMusic & Sound Considerations
• Music should be based on:– the audience– current trends and popularity– musical requests– the quality of the music
• Sound effects should be based on:– entertainment– appropriateness– quality and value– programming needs
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The Future of RadioThe Future of Radio
• Conversion from analog to digital broadcasting
• Increased popularity for satellite radio programming
• Larger audiences and market reach• Increased technology• Greater emphasis on local stations
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Radio Broadcasting ConsiderationsRadio Broadcasting Considerations
• Station requirements
• Technology
• Government regulations
• Competition and new markets
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Station RequirementsStation Requirements
• Deadlines
• Community outreach programs
• Special events attendance
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TechnologyTechnology
• Digital satellite radio
• Enhanced sound quality
• Internet Streaming– transferring video or sound data to a
listener without lengthy downloads– streaming small sections of
information over the internet for users to access the moment it is received
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Government RegulationsGovernment Regulations
• The Federal Communications Commission– monitors and regulates radio
broadcasts– assess fines for obscene or
offensive language – discourages sexual programming
for child-oriented stations
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Increased Competition & New MarketsIncreased Competition & New Markets
• The Telecommunications Act of 1996– eliminated restrictions on radio ownerships– allowed companies to use “national
programming” methods– increased radio competition and improved
customer services
• Growing Markets include:– Hispanic and Latin stations– rural and agricultural markets– satellite radio customers– I-pod’s and MP3 players
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ACTIVITYACTIVITY
• #1. Record a news story or short radio script for a professional broadcast.
• #2. Record a 30, 60 or 90 second public service announcement for an agricultural product or company of your choice.
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AssessmentAssessment
1. List at least three types of radio broadcasts.
2. List two items needed on a radio script.
3. Give an example of a cliché.
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AssessmentAssessment
4. How long are most radio ads or public service announcements?
5. What is the AP style guide?
6. What is a “P” pop?
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AssessmentAssessment
7. T or F AM radio transmits at frequencies between 88 and 108 MHZ.
8. T or F XM radio is a form of digital satellite programming.
9. T or F Jargon refers to the basic terminology used by most people.
10. T or F Omni-directional is a specific type of microphone.
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ReferencesReferences
• Citadel Broadcasting
www.citadelcommunications.com
• National Public Radio
www.npr.com
• High Definition Radio
www.hdradio.com
• Station Resource Group
www.srg.org
• Sirius Radio
www.sirius.com
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ReferencesReferences
• XM Radio
www.xmradio.com• Clear Channel Communications
www.clearchannel.com• Farm Radio Network
www.farmradio.org• http://www.drawgroup.org/~jyu/writing/
SciBug/AMFM.html• http://www.internetcampus.com/frtv/
frtv017.htm
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ReferencesReferences
• http://members.aol.com/jeff560/chrono1.html
• http://www.skillset.org/uploads/pdf/asset_967.pdf?1
• http://www.ehow.com/how_2002078_write-radio-script.html
• www.acecopyediting.com/ACEcopyediting%20-%20Self-Help%20Guide.htm
• www.itrainonline.org/itrainonlin/mmtk/mmtk_scripting_handout.doc
AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements
Production Coordinators
Amy Baker
Kady Mayfield
Production Manager
Dusty MooreExecutive Producers
Gordon Davis, Ph.D.
Jeff Lansdell
Graphics Designer
Clayton Franklin
Collaborator
Kyle McGregor, Ph.D.
Tarleton State University
©MMVII
CEV Multimedia. Ltd. 62