2. Posetive and Negative Reinforcment Notes

8/4/2019 2. Posetive and Negative Reinforcment Notes

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Positive and NegativeReinforcement

Thorndikes Law of Effect

o A response that is followed by satisfyingconsequences is more likely to berepeated

Reinforcement

A response that is followed by satisfyingconsequences is more likely to berepeated

ResponseSatisfying

Consequences

More Likely tobe Repeated in the

Future


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Reinforcement

When a type of behavior is followed byreinforcement there will be an increase

in the future frequency of that type ofbehavior (Michael, 2004, p. 30).

Reinforcement vs. Rinforcer

Reinforcer SR(concept):

A stimulus that increases the future

frequency of a response it follows.

Reinforcement: Is a ___________ that involves:

1. Presentation of a reinforcer or removal of anaversive stimulus contingent on a given behavior

2. Resulting in an __________ in future frequency ofthat behavior.

To beContingent

For example: Each time the grandfather said somethingsensible, the grandmother said a few kind words to him.

As a result, the grandfather began to say sensible remarksmore often.

Kind words Spoken byGrandma where____________

Grandpa sayingsomething sensible

Kind words Spoken byGrandma whereContingent on

Grandpa sayingsomething sensible


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Primary Reinforcers (SR)Unconditioned or Unlearned Reinforcers

Important to our Survival

Pairing NS with Unconditioned Reinforcers (SR)

+

Feeling Good(primary SR)

Got 100 % on anOnline Quiz on the

First attempt

Behavior Reinforcer

Conditioned Reinforcers (SR)Conditioned or Learned Reinforcers


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Conditioned Reinforcers (SR)

Attention as a Learned Reinforcer

Almost all of us need Attention

Attention is reinforcing because it isnecessary condition to get otherreinforcements from people

Only people who are attending to us willreinforce our behavior

Conditioned Reinforcers (SR)

Submissiveness of others as a LearnedReinforcer

Agreement of others without protest isreinforcing

I am always right and I do not makemistakes I always get my way

The of people that find submissivenessreinforcing

Skinners Three Term Contingency

A

Occasion

AKA

Antecedent

C

Outcome

AKA

Consequence(Reinforcement)

B

Behavior

Antecedent is a stimulusthat sets the occasion thata particular Behavior will

produce a particularConsequence

Response Contingentincreases the

Probability that thethe Behavior will Occur in

The Future


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Skinners Three Term Contingency

A

Occasion

AKA

Antecedent

C

Outcome

AKA

Reinforcement

B

Behavior

Ask fora Cookie

The fish on the plate sets the occasion for Mike toget to eat something else by saying I wont eat this.

AAAA BBBB CCCCOk, what doyou want meto makeyou?

I wonteat this

Reinforcement Principle

o A response will occur more frequently in

the future if a reinforcer has followed it inthe past, in similar occasions.

Antecedent ReinforcerBehavior

Response-contingent


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Example:In the past Rods crying, while left to play alone, has beenreinforced by parents playing with him

As a results, Rod begins to cry more often as soon as hisdad leaves the room.

After the response, how long can wewait before we deliver the reinforcer?

Immediate Reinforcement (ideal):Less than ___________

Delayed Reinforcement:

______ seconds or less after response

> ___ second Delay Deliveryof a Reinforcer:

Probably wont reinforce the response!

Whats wrong with waiting more than 1second to present the reinforcer?

Even a one second delay canreinforce the

_________________.


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Remember!!!!!!!!!!

We always Reinforce Behavior:

Not _____________.Dont reinforce

us

Reinforceour

behavior!

Does reinforcement always hasto be contingent on a behavior?

_________

However some reinforcers should bedelivered _________________:

Not dependent on anything

_________________ __________________

Example:

Reinforcement vs Bribery

Mr. Mafia gives an envelope with $10,000 to a youngcollege football player.

Heres $10,000 to throw the game.Is this Reinforcement?

_______________________________________

Is this Bribery?

__________Bribery is the use of a stimulus, often(but not always) given in ___________, for theperformance of an _________________________

____________________.


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Reinforcement or Bribery?

Reinforcer or a Bribe?

You say, If you eat your vegetables

you can have ice cream.

Is this reinforcement or bribery?

_____________

_______________________

Increasing Expressive Language

3-year old Todd only used one phrase foreverything he wanted

Give me.

The behavior analyst, noticed that Todd likedGummy Bears.

How can the behavior analyst use thisinformation to teach Todd to request GummyBears using a socially appropriate phrase

Give Todd one gummy bear immediately afterhe says Give me Gummy Bear


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Successful Intervention

Before

(Baseline)

Positive Reinforcement

How do we talk about specificpsychological problems

A woman fails to get her homework done in time

What is the Medical Model Interpretation?

This failure is a symptom of the underlyingfear of success (anxiety).

What is the Behavioral Interpretation?

______________________________________.

Or ____________________________is morereinforcing (because it temporarily decreases

feeling nervous)

Why am Iacting soselfishly?

Because your

ID is strong andyour Ego andSuperego are

underdeveloped


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What can we say when talking aboutbeing selfish?

Looking at your learning history, it appearsto me that in the past you have beenreinforced by your parents and otherpeople in your life for ________________

___________________. Thus, youcontinued to engage in these behaviors

more and more.

Presentation ofStimulus

Withdrawal ofStimulus

Type of Stimulus Change

Reinforcement:

A procedure that involves presentation ofstimulus or termination of aversive stimuluscontingent upon a response, resulting in anincrease in future frequency of that response.

Increase in future frequency of a response

What is an Aversive Stimulus?

Aversive Stimulus:

A stimulus that is not pleasant to us isremoved

Example:

A lot of homework

Headache or any kind of pain

Annoying people

For most people Exam or a Quiz


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Positive vs Negative Reinforcement

Before S-RResponse

Before S+RResponse

__________ frequency in future

__________ frequency in future

Positive or Negative Reinforcement?

Ask fora Cookie

A B C

No Attention Cries Gets Attention

Positive or Negative Reinforcement?

A B C

Crying Stops(Aversive removed)

Baby CriesParent cant

Stand itParent PicksUp the Baby


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Left AloneIn bedroom

Cries Gets Attention




When we terminate the AversiveStimuli we say that

We ________ the aversive stimuli




Escape Contingency

Escape Contingency:

The response-contingent

removal of

an aversive stimulus

resulting in an increased frequency of thatresponse.


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Lets Analyze the scenario:From the childs point of view

Before

Child Has

not Candy

Behavior

Cries

After

Gets

Candy

1.SR+

2.SR-

Lets Analyze the scenario:From the parents point of view

Before

Child is

crying

very

loudly

Behavior

Gives the

child small

bag of

candy

After

Child

stops

crying

1.SR+

2.SR-

Escape versus Avoidance

Solomon & Wynne (1953)

Dogs placed in shuttle box

Dog received 10 trials to

escape or avoid shock Lights off-10 seconds

electrified until escaped

Dogs avoided shock byjumping over secondsbefore lights were off

Avoidance is resistant toextinction.

Shuttle Box


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Case of Claustrophobia

When you are in an

elevator will youEscape or Avoid theElevator?

When you just walkedinto the building andhave a choice of takingthe stairs or theelevator?

Why are weSuperstitious?

Superstition Experiment

Grain was presented

every 15 sec.

6/8 pigeons had clear

defined repeated

behaviors.

http://www.pigeon.psy.tufts.edu/psych26/images/histor1.jpg

http://www.steve.gb.com/images/rants/pigeon.jpg

Experimental Chamber


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Why would the pigeon behave this way?

Power of accidental reinforcement!

Whatever behavior happened to beoccurring when the reinforcer wasdelivered was strengthened.

Accidental strengthening process is self-perpetuating: more chances it will bereinforced since it occurs more often.

These results have been replicated byother researchers doing similar research(e.g., Hustice & Looney, 1990)

Skinner (1948)

Many superstitious behaviors presentedby people are produced by the samemechanisms as the pigeons.

Example:

Footnotes

1. Based on Green, G. R., Linsk, N. L., & Pinkston, E. M. (1986).Modification of verbal behavior of the mentally impaired elderly bytheir spouses. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 19, 329-336.

2. Based on Tomlinson, J. R. (1970). Bowel retention. Journal of

Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 2, 83-85.3. Based on Hart, B. M., & Risley, T. R. (1968). Establishing use ofdescriptive adjectives in the spontaneous speech ofdisadvantaged preschool children. Journal of Applied BehaviorAnalysis, 1, 109-120.

4. Fulton, B. J., & Malott, R. W. (1981-1982). The structured meetingsystem: A procedure for improving the completion of nonrecurringtasks. Journal of Organizational Behavior Management, 3(4), 7-18.


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References

Some powerpoint slides of Dr. RichardMalott (2008) from Western MichiganUniversity are used/adapted.

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2. Posetive and Negative Reinforcment Notes

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