(2) the Human Behavior

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IMPORTANT NAMES IN

PSYCHOLOGY

PSYCHOLOGY AND HUMAN BEHAVIOR

CLASSIFICATION OF BEHAVIOR

S-IV-R THEORY OF BEHAVIOR

BEHAVIOR PATTERN v/s

BEHAVIOR REPERTOIRE



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WILHELM WUNDT

The field and study of psychology was truly born when WILHELM WUNDT

established the first psychology lab in Leipzig, Germany. Wundt's researchutilized a school of thought known as structuralism, which involveddescribing the structures that compose the mind.

SIGMUND FREUD

Known as the “Father of Psychoanalysis.” He was the one who definedthe three theoretical constructs in terms of whose activity and interaction

mental life is described: id, ego, and super-ego.

WILLIAM JAMES

He established the first psychology laboratory at Harvard University in theUnited Stated. He broadened the scope of Psychology in America beyondthe subjects studied by Wundt to such an extent that it now encompassesthe whole wide field of human behavior.



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The field of psychology helps us to –

1. Understand human behavior

2. Predict human behavior

3. Control human behavior



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Knowledge = Understanding of Human Behavior



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Understanding ofHuman Behavior

PredictHuman Behavior



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It is a process (an on-going activity) rather than athing.

It cannot be handled or held.

It varies from moment to moment.

It is often obscure, if not hidden.

TO UNDERSTAND WHY PEOPLE BEHAVE AS THEY DO AND TO USE SUCH KNOWLEDGE AS A BASIS FOR PREDICTING

AND CONTROLLING FUTURE BEHAVIOR CONSTITUTE A CHALLENGING JOB – EVEN FOR PSYCHOLOGIST.



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OVERT VS. COVERT

Overt behavior is any action or response that can be observedand perceived by another person. Through a man’s overt

behavior we can infer that he is afraid, hungry, angry, or in love,and perhaps, judge the intensity of such feelings and emotions.

Examples: crying, laughing, jumping, sitting, etc.

Covert behavior is one which cannot be observed nor perceivedbut is usually inferred from the person’s overt actions or revealed

by the individual’s introspective reports about himself.

Examples: thinking, dreaming, listening, and most of our feelingsand emotions.



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VERBAL VS. NON-VERBAL

Verbal behavior refers to what a person says and how he say it.Requests, commands, questions, and the like may be expressed

orally, or in writing.

Non-verbal behavior refers to external body movements or anyof its parts like the hands, legs, eyes, face, or head which conveysa certain message and becomes the occasion for another

person’s reaction depending on how it is interpreted.



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CONSCIOUS VS. UNCONSCIOUS

Conscious behavior refers to actions performed deliberately orintentionally or actions of which the individual is aware. Theyusually emerge because there are reasons (or consciousmotives) for doing them.

Examples: a person eats because he is hungry, he clenches hisfist when angry, he laughs when he is happy, etc.

Unconscious behavior refers to an action performed by anindividual without his being aware of it. This often happens when

one is simultaneously engage in a number of conscious activitiesthat prevent him from being aware of other actions that he mayperforming at the same time. For example, when one is in deepthinking, he is normally not aware of the movements of his mouthand eyebrows, nor of his hands, and other parts of the body.



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RESPONDENT VS. OPERANT

Respondent or reflex behavior is an unlearned and involuntaryresponse to a given stimulus.

Examples: the knee-jerk response to a tap on the patellar tendon,salivating at the sight of green mango, the blinking of the eyes

upon exposure to strong light, etc.

Operant behavior refers to an action that occurs without a knownstimulus which has some consequences.

Examples: walking, talking, and other similar acts which arestrengthened or repeated if “rewarded” by certain consequences,

such as a relaxing and invigorating feeling, hearing one’s pleasant

voice, etc.



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NORMAL VS. ABNORMAL

A behavior is considered normal if it conforms to the standardsset up by the social environment in which it was performed and it

is said to be abnormal if it deviates from such norms.

Every society has its own norms or standards of behavior so thatconsequently, the definitions of normal and abnormal behavior willdiffer from one society to another.



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A person’s response to a stimulus situation or external event is

influenced by his perception of the stimulus. In turn, his perception is

influenced by a complex of factors termed as intervening variables. Thisis known as the stimulus - intervening variable – response (S-IV-R)theory of behavior.

INTERVENING

VARIABLES

MotivesBeliefs

AssumptionsPrejudicesAttitudes

AspirationsFeelingsEmotions

ExpectationsSocial values, etc.

OVERT

BEHAVIORSTIMULUS or

EXTERNAL EVENT



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The series of actions an individual does thatcharacterize his manner of responding to a stimulussituation is known as behavior pattern.

These are actions which are normally recognizedas one coherent behavioral unit, held together andidentified by the goal or end.



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All the behavior patterns of an individual, whethercovert or overt, conscious or unconscious, which

distinguish him from any other individual comprisehis behavior repertoire.



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