20 February 200720 February 2007Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA)Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA)

Biennale 2008 on Post-Primary EducationBiennale 2008 on Post-Primary Education

Session 2: Development of Post-Primary Education

Technical and Vocational Skills Development (TVSD) in Africa

Presenters: Lucia Wegner, OECD Development CentreAndré Komenan, consultant

ADEA 2008 Biennale on Education in Africa

Beyond Primary Education:Challenges and Approaches to Expanding Learning Opportunities in Africa

Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA)Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA)Biennale 2008 on Post-Primary EducationBiennale 2008 on Post-Primary Education

Algeria

Libya Egypt

Mauritania

Mali

Niger

Chad

Dem.Rep. Congo

Sudan

Central AfricanRepublic

Equatorial Guinea

GabonCongo

Cameroon

Angola

Guinea-BissauGuinea

Sierra Leone

Liberia

Côted'Ivoire

Tunisia

BurkinaFaso

Ghana

Nigeria

Togo

Ethiopia

Somalia

Djibouti

Eritrea

Kenya

Tanzania

Mozambique

SouthAfrica

Botswana

Zimbabwe

Namibia

Zambia

Swaziland

Lesotho

Malawi

Uganda

Burundi

Rwanda

Madagascar

Senegal

Gambia

Morocco

AEO 2008 Sao Tome et principe

Mauritius

Cape verde

Benin

95% of GDP

87% of population

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Scope of the AEO Report: 35 countries

• Comparative, independent analysis

• Special annual focus:

2005: SMEs

2006: Transport

2007: Water and sanitation

2008: Technical & vocational skills development

• Launched on May 11, Annual Meeting AfDB

Beyond Primary Education: Challenges of and Approaches to Beyond Primary Education: Challenges of and Approaches to Expanding Learning Opportunities in AfricaAssociation for the Expanding Learning Opportunities in AfricaAssociation for the

Development of Education in Africa (ADEA)Development of Education in Africa (ADEA)Biennale 2008 on Post-Primary EducationBiennale 2008 on Post-Primary Education

Key questions

Which role for TVSD in Africa today?

What is the status of skills development? Which providers and what access?

Are skills gaps being adequately addressed? What are the lessons learned from recent reforms ?

Which financing policies and incentives can improve the training environment?

What recommendations for countries and donors?

ADEA 2008 Biennale on Education in Africa

Beyond Primary Education:Challenges and Approaches to Expanding Learning Opportunities in Africa

Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA)Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA)Biennale 2008 on Post-Primary EducationBiennale 2008 on Post-Primary Education

Scope of TVSD

Acquisition of knowledge and practical competences & know-how

Public or private TVET

schools

Degree of formalizationof labor market

Formal Informal

Workplace training in

enterprises

Informal Apprenticeship

Dual Training

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6 May 20086 May 2008Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA)Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA)

Biennale 2008 on Post-Primary EducationBiennale 2008 on Post-Primary Education

Notable improvement in primary education

Sustained economic growth (more than 5.0% during the past 5 years)

However,

World lowest productivity (25% of world average, 1/12th of the average of industrialized countries, slow progress) partly due to limited technical skills

Decreasing role of Africa in world trade (less than 2%)

Increasing youth unemployment (20% on average)

Increasing informal sector (on average, more than 80% of total employment)

TVSD - Key Facts

Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA)Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA)Biennale 2008 on Post-Primary EducationBiennale 2008 on Post-Primary Education

Improve labour productivity and enhance competitiveness

Sustain the resumption of economic growth

Facilitate increase in foreign investment

Promote decent work in the informal economy

Enhance employability, especially that of Youth’s

Contribute to achievement of MDGs

What Role for TVSD?

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Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA)Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA)Biennale 2008 on Post-Primary EducationBiennale 2008 on Post-Primary Education

0

0,02

0,04

0,06

0,08

0,1

0,12

0,14

0,16

0,18

0,2

South Eastern Asia

Latin America and the

Caribbean

Eastern Asia OECD Sub-Saharan Africa

North Africa

Percent, Average 2002-2006

Enrolment in Secondary Technical and Vocational Training -- International Comparison

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Algeria

Libya Egypt

Mauritania

Mali

Niger

Chad

Dem.Rep. Congo

Sudan

Central AfricanRepublic

Equatorial Guinea

GabonCongo

Cameroon

Angola

Guinea-BissauGuinea

Sierra Leone

Liberia

Côted'Ivoire

Tunisia

BurkinaFaso

Ghana

NigeriaTogo

Ethiopia

Somalia

Djibouti

Eritrea

Kenya

Tanzania

Mozambique

SouthAfrica

Botswana

Zimbabwe

Namibia

Zambia

Swaziland

Lesotho

Malawi

Uganda

Burundi

Rwanda

Madagascar

Senegal

Gambia

Morocco

The percentage in total secondary enrolment of technical and vocational programmes in 2005

Group I: Group II:Group III:Others:

African countries can be grouped in three categories:

Group I: Proportion of TVET enrolment > 10%.

Group II: Proportion of TVET enrolment between 5 % and 9%.

Group III: Proportion of TVET enrolment <5%.

Others: Data not available

Source: OECD Development Centre / UNESCO, Global Education Digest, 2007

Access: Formal Training, Only 5 % of students

Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA)Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA)Biennale 2008 on Post-Primary EducationBiennale 2008 on Post-Primary Education

• Mostly financed by government’s budgetary allocations

• On average, only about 2 to 6% of educational budgets are devoted to (mainly formal) TVSD.

02468

10121416

1990s

2000s

Financing – National Education Budget Allocation

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Public Expenditure on TVSD (% of total public expenditure on education) in Selected African Countries

Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA)Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA)Biennale 2008 on Post-Primary EducationBiennale 2008 on Post-Primary Education

(commitments in USD millions, 2005)

6 May 20086 May 2008

Aid for vocational training in Africa – Erratic trends and low level

Financing – Foreign Aid to TVSD

Challenges

• Training system largely underfinanced

• Many enterprises under-train their staff

• Donor support to training erratic & insufficient to upgrade the quality and access to training

• Countries must make better use of existing funds

• State retains the crucial role of designing financial support mechanisms to facilitate access by the poor and vulnerable

Financing -- Challenges

Needs

• More resources to TVSD

• More prominence to TVSD in PRSPs

• Greater diversification of funding sources for TVSD

• Strong private training providers

• Competitive training markets with public and private TVSD providers

• More and higher quality enterprise training

Constraints on TVSD’s Impact & Expansion

National DevelopPolicy

TVSD

Industry Skills NeedsPost-Secondary and Tertiary Institutions

Firm-based and Informal

Training

Lack of coherent strategic approach

Missing Links Weak Links

Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA)Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA)Biennale 2008 on Post-Primary EducationBiennale 2008 on Post-Primary Education

Successful TVSD reforms aim to:

1. Establish a clear vision, mandate, and authority over resources

2. Develop a transparent and accepted regulatory framework

3. Develop effective forecasting and planning tools for skills needs

4. Focus on improving the quality of TVSD

5. Address skills needs of special groups, in particular the informal sector

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Lessons Learnt: Vision, Planning, and Organization

Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA)Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA)Biennale 2008 on Post-Primary EducationBiennale 2008 on Post-Primary Education

6. Facilitate technological learning and innovation

7. Foster Partnership with All stakeholders

8. Involve Local Communities

9. Strengthen Management of TVSD

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Lessons Learnt: Vision, Planning, and Organization

Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA)Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA)Biennale 2008 on Post-Primary EducationBiennale 2008 on Post-Primary Education

1. Financing Pre-employment Training

2. Financing Continuing Training

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Lessons Learnt: Financing

Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA)Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA)Biennale 2008 on Post-Primary EducationBiennale 2008 on Post-Primary Education

1. Integrate TVSD into PRSPs

2. Develop and implement TVSD policies to:

Reinforce the relationship between TVSD and the economy

Make TVSD bankable: Strategies, action plan and identification of objectives & resources needed (using public and private sources)

Reinforce the partnership between employers, Government, training institutions, and workers (Stakeholders)

Develop continuing vocational training

Re-orient training in public centers to areas with demonstrated demand and limited supply

Promote skills development in agriculture and the informal sector

Establish national/regional qualification frameworks

Establish training information systems and evaluation systems to improve planning and forecasting of training needs

Recommendations to Countries

6 May 20086 May 2008

Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA)Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA)Biennale 2008 on Post-Primary EducationBiennale 2008 on Post-Primary Education

1. Re-balance assistance to increase support to TVSD

2. Commit to long-term partnerships based on performance (incl. sustainable funding strategy)

3. Support Development and implementation of TVSD policies and reform frameworks

In particular, support:

Management of training for better planning and forecasting Public centers in areas where other training opportunities are limited

Training of trainers and managers of public and private training institutes

Establishment of continuing vocational training systems

Establishment of training information systems

Establishment of decision-oriented evaluation systems

Establishment and implementation of national/regional qualification frameworks

Skills development in agriculture

Projects in the informal sector and other special groups

Recommendations to Donors

6 May 20086 May 2008

Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA)Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA)Biennale 2008 on Post-Primary EducationBiennale 2008 on Post-Primary Education

Thank you

More information:www.afdb.org

www.oecd.org/dev/aeo

6 May 20086 May 2008