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EPA - 570/975-001

MANUAL OFWATER WELLCONSTRUCTION PRACTICES

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCYOFFICE OF WATER SUPPLY

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Acknowledgement

This manual was prepared under the auspices of the National Water WellAssociation Committee on Water Well Standards, comprised of thirty-four prominent technical and well contractor members of the ground waterindus try, including representatives from state regu la tory agencies. Thetechnical research, compilation and editing was performed by the NWWAResearch Facil ity a t Rice Univers ity in Houston, Texas, under the generaldirection of Dr. Jay H. Lehr, NWWA Executive Director, and the immediatesupervision of Mr. Michael D. Campbell, NWWARF Director of Research.Other NWWA Research Facility technical and editorial personnel involvedin the project were: Mr. Wil liam A. Hunt, Mr. Lorin J. Staplin, Ms. MaryHodge, Ms. Emily N. DeWitt, and Ms. Stephanie S. Campbell. Many peoplein industry and state and federal agencies also provided inpu t, which isgratefully acknowledged.A special note of acknowledgement and gratitude is made to Mr. Robert

B. Heater fo r development of the basic format for the Key to thesestandards.The EPA office of Water Supply project officer was Mr. Edwin L. Hock-

man. Mr. Wilbur J. Whitsell and Mr. William E. Thompson of the Officeof Water Supply undertook the major tasks of review, editing, and projectcoordination.

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PACIFIC SECTION:

MIDWEST SECTION:

ROCKY MOUNTAINSECTION:

NWWA Water WellStandard Committee

REGIONAL COMMITTEEMENEASTERN SECTION: Mr. Edwin O. Floyd (T)-North CarolinaMr. Ira L. Goodwin, Jr. (C)-MaineMr. John Kriska (C) -Florida*Mr. Richard Lauman (C)-New YorkMr. Michael Bell (T) -VirginiaMr. Robert R. Peters (C)-Virginia*Mr. Ralph E. Preble (T) -Massachusetts**Mr. Robert B. Heater (Chairman) (C)

*Mr. John Brown (C)-MissouriMr. William M. Ebert (C)-Illinois*Mr. Jerry T. Hill (C)-IndianaMr. John I. Johnson (C) -LouisianaMr. John E. Schmitt (C) -MichiganMr. Walter Stockert (C)-OhioMr. William Walker (T)-Illinois**Mr. Truman Bennett (Chairman) (T)Mr. Tom Ahrens (T)-ColoradoMr. Tommy C. Bussell (C)-TexasMr. Archie Hier (C) -ColoradoMr. Darrel L. Jensen (C)-NebraskaMr. Joseph L. Mogg (T)-Minnesota*Mr. Thomas L. Stevens (C)-Minnesota*Mr. Taylor Virdell (C)-TexasMr. Howard M. White (C)-Iowa**Mr. Michael D. Campbell (Chairman) (T)Mr. William S. Bartholomew (T) -OregonMr. William G. Coffey (C)-New MexicoMr. J. F. Guardino (C)-CaliforniaMr. Keith Robertson (C)-NevadaMr. Harold O. Meyer (C)-Washington*Mr. William Osborne (C)-Montana*Mr. Edwin A. Ritchie (T)-CaliforniaMr. Robert L. Strasser (C)-Oregon**Dr. Jay H. Lehr (Chairman) (T)

Note: (C) = Contractor Member of Committee (23 members)(T) =Technical Member of Committee (11 members)

*=Member of the National Committee (Elected by Each of the FourRegional Commitees)

**=Member of the Steering Committee (Chairman's Committee)iv

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INTRODUCTIONKEY TO WELL STANDARDSGENERAL PREAMBLE

Page149

SECTION 1. GENERAL CONDITIONS 11Article Definition of Terms 11

2. Award, Execution of Documents, Del ivery of Bonds, etc . 123. Progress and Submission Schedules; Preconstruction Conference;Time for Starting the Work 134. Correlation, Interpretat ion and Intent of Contract Documents 145. Ownership and Copies of Documents; Record Documents 146. Work by Others 157. Subcontracts 168. Materia ls , Equipment and Labor: Subst itute Materia l or Equipment 179. Patent Fees and Royalties 18

10. Permits , Laws, Taxes and Regulat ions - - - - - - - 1811. Availabil ity of Lands; Physical and Subsur face Condition s;Reference Points 1812. Use of Premises 1913. OWNER's Status During Construction 2014. PROJECT REPRESENTATIVE'S Interpretation and Decisions __ 2115. Shop Drawings and Samples 2216. Tes ts and Inspect ions 2317. CONTRACTOR'S Supervision and Superintendance 2318. Safety and Protection; Emergencies 2419. Access to the Work; Uncovering F in ished Work 2520. Changes in the Work 2621. Change of Contrac t Price 2722. Cash Allowances ._________________________ 2823. Change of the Contract Time 2824. Neglected Work 2925. Warranty and Guarantee; Correction, Removal or Acceptance ofDefective Work 2926. Application for Progress Payments 3027. Approval of Payments 3128. Substantial Completion 3229. Partial Utilization 3330. Final Payment 3431. Waivers of Claims and Continuing Obligations 35

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32.33.34.35.36.37.38.39.40.41.42.

Indemnification _Contract Bonds _CONTRACTOR'S Liability Insurance _OWNER'S Liability Insurance _Property Insurance _Cleaning up _OWNER'S Right to Stop or Suspend Work _OWNER'S Right to Terminate _CONTRACTOR'S Right to Stop Work or Terminate _Arbitration _Miscellaneous _

Page3536363737383839404041

SECTION 2. SPECIAL CONDITIONS 42Article43. General _ _ 42

44. Glossary of Technical Terms 42SECTION 3. TECHNICAL STANDARDS 48

Article45. Test Holes and Samples 48HOLE LOCATION AND PURPOSE45.100-000-000. Hole Location and Purpose

DRILLING METHODS51

45.010-000-000. Contractor's Choice 5145.020-000-000. Driven Well Paint Method 5145.030-000-000. Jetting or Hydraulicing Method 5145.040-000-000. Reverse Hydr.aulic Rotary Method 5145.050-000-000. Air Rotary Method 5145.060-000-000. Rotary Method 5145.070-000-000. Combined Driving and Drilling Method 5145.080-000-000. Cable Tool Method 52

DRILLER'S LOGS AND REPORTS45.001-000-000. Dri ller 's Log 5245.002-000-000. Daily Driller's Report 5345.003-000-000. Penetration Rate Log 5445.040-000-000. Stratigraphic Log 55

GEOPHYSICAL/MECHANICAL LOGS45.000-100-000. Geophysical/Mechanical Logs

FORMATION SAMPLING METHODS58

45.000-010-000. Contractor's Choice 5845.000-020-000. Return Flow Method (Cont inuous) 5845.000-030-000. Return Flow Method (Circulated) 5845.000-040-000. Auger Method 5945.000-050-000. Bailer Method 5945.000-060-000. Core Barrel Method 5945.000-070-000. Piston Tube Method 59

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Page45.000-080-000. Split Spoon Method 5945.000-090-000. Side Hole Core Method 59

FORMATION I'AMPLING INTERVAL45.000-001-000. Sampling by Formation Interval 6045.000-002-000. Sampling by Measured Intervals 6045.000-003-000. Sampling by Measured and Formation Intervals 60

WATER (AQUIFER) SAMPLING45.000-000-100. Water Sampling 60

FORMATION SAMPLE S IZE, HANDLING AND IDENTIFICATION45.000-000-010. Size of Sample: Containers, Identification, Storageand Transfer 61

METHOD OF PAYMENT FOR TEST HOLES AND SAMPLES45.000-000-001. Method of PaymentOption A (Lump Sum) 61

Option B (Time and Materials) 62Option C (Unit Price) 62Article

46. Well Construction 62METHODS OF CONSTRUCTION

46.100-000-000. Methods of Const ruct ion 66DRILLING FLUID CONTROL PROGRAM

46.010-000-000. Product ion Zone Protect ionDRILLER 'S LOG AND REPORTS

67

46.001-000-000. LogsTEMPORARY CAPPING

68

46.000-100-000. Temporary Capping 68METHOD OF PAYMENT OF WELL CONSTRUCTION

46.000-010-000. Method of PaymentOption A (Lump Sum) 68Op tion B (Time and Materials) 68Option C (Unit Price) 68

Article47. Well Casing Selection ,and Installation 68

CASING SELECTION47.100-000-000. Well Casing Selection

METHODS OF INSTALLATION74

47.010-000-000. Driven (Well Point) 7647.020-000-000. Jacking 7647.030-000-000. Driven (Drive Shoe) 7647.040-000-000. Lowering 7647.050-000-000. Floating 76

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PageMETHOD OF JOINING

47.001-000-000. Contractor' s ChoiceS,ANITARY PROTECTION OF WELL

77

47.000-100-000. Termination at Top of WellCASING SEATING

77

47.000-010-000. Unconsolidated Formations 7847.000-020-000. Consolidated Formations 78PRESSURE TESTING OF SEATING

47.000-001-000. Pressure Testing of Seating 78ME TH OD O F P AY ME NT FOR CASING AND INSTALLATION

47.000-000-100.

Article48. Well Grouting

Method of PaymentOpt ion A (Lump Sum) _Option B (Time and Materials) _Opfion C (Un it Pri ce) _

787878

79GROUTING MATERIALS TO BE USED

48.100-000-000. Concrete Grout 8148.200-000-000. Sand Cement Grout 8148.300-000-000. Neat Cement Grout 81

M ETHODS OF INSTALLATION OF GROUT48.010-000-000. Bailer Dumping 8148.020-000-000. Gravity Fill ing Without Tremie Method 8248.030-000-000. Tremie Method 8248.040-000-000. Positive Placement-Exterior Method 8248.050-000-000. Positive Placement-Exterior Method-Two Plug 8348.060-000-000. Positive Placement-Inter io r Method-UpperPlug 8348.070-000-000. Positive Placement-Interior Method-CappedCasing 8348.080-000-000. Continuous Injection Method 8448.090-000-000. Grout Displacement Method 84

LOCATION OF GROUT48.001-000-000. Surface Formation Seal 8548.002-000-000. Bott om Seal Grouting 8548.003-000-000. Selected Interval Grouting 8548.004-000-000. Continuous Grouting 85

CENTRALIZERS48.000-100-000. Contractor' s Choice 8548.000-200-000. Centralizers at Bot tom of Hole ______________ 8748.000-300-000. Centralizers at Bot tom of Hole and Other CriticalGrouting Points 8748.000-400-000. Centralizers at 25 Feet Intervals 87

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PageGEOPHYSICAL LOGGING FOR CEMENT BOND

48.0()(}-{)1O-000. Acoustic-Sonic Cement Bond LogPRESSURE TESTING OF GROUT SEAL

48.000-001-000. Pressure Testing of Grout SealMETHOD OF PAYMENT FOR GROUTING

87

87

48.000-000-100. Method of PaymentOpt ion A (Lump Sum) 87Option B (Time and Mater ials) 87Opti on C (Unit Price) ~ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 87

Article49. Well Scn'en and Perforations 88FILTER TYPE SCREEN

49.100-000-000. Filter Type Selection 90SCREEN-TYPE SELECTION

49.010-000-000. Contractor's Choice 9049.020-000-000. Per fo ra ted P ip e 9049.03(}-'OOO-oOO. Punched (With Mater ial Removed) and SlottedPipe 9149.040-000-000. Reinforced Wire Wrapped Punched Pipe 9149.050-000-000. Artificial Filter Screen (Precast) ____________ 9149.060-000-000. Louvred Pipe 9149.070-000-000. Continuous Slot Wire Wound Screen 91

SCREEN APERATURE SIZE49.001-000-000. Contractor 's Choice 9149.0002-000-000. Aperature Size Selection Criteria 91

SCREEN LENGTH49.000-10(}-'000. Contractor's Choice 9249.000-200-000. Screen Length Selection Criteria 92

METHOD OF SCREEN INSTALLATION49.000-010-000. Contractor 's Choice 9349.000-020-000. Driven Wel l Point Method 9349.000-03(}-'000. Washing Method 9349.000-040-000. Pull Back Method 9349.000-050-000. Driven Through Casing Method 9349.000-060-000. Bailed Through Casing Method 9349.000-070-000. Bailed or Air Jet ted Through Casing Method __ 9449.000-080-000. Washed Through Casing Method 9449.000-D90-000. Suspend From Surface Method 94

METHOD OF JOINING SCREEN TO SCREEN49.000-001-000. Joining 94

METHOD OF CONNECTING SCREEN TO CASING49.000-000-100. Neoprene or Rubber Seal 9449.000-00(}-'200. Lead Packer 94

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Page49.000-000-300. Cement Fill in Annulus 9549.000-000--400. Threaded, Coupled, Welded Joints 95

METHODG OF SEALING SCREEN BOTTOM49.000-000-010. Lead Method 9549.000-000-020. Bag Cement Method 9549.000-000-030. Self-Closing Valve Method 9549.000-000-040. Fabricated Plug Method 9549.000-000-050. Welded Plate Method (Casing Material) 9549.000-000-060. Welded Plate Method (Screen Materia l) 95

~ E T H O D OF PAYMENT FOR WELL SCREENS49.000-000-001. Method of PaymentOption A (Lump Sum) 95

Option B (Time and Materials) 95OptIOn C (Unit Price) 96Article50. Well Filter Construction (Artificial) 96

FILTER-TYPE SELECTION50.100-000-000. General Criteria 97

FILTER CONSTRUCTION STANDARDS50.010-000-000. General 98

SELECTION OF FILTER GRAIN SIZE AND SCREEN APERTURE SlZE50.001-000-000. Contractor's Choice 9850.002-000-000. Selection Criteria 98

LENGTH OF ARTIFICIAL FILTER50.000-100-000.50.000-200-000.50.000-300-000.50.000-400-000.

STORAGE OF FILTER MATERIAL

98989898

50.000-010-000. Bulk Delivery-Open Storage 9950.000-020-000. Bulk Delivery-Covered Storage ~ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 9950.000-030-000. Bagged Delivery 99DISINFECTION OF FILTER MATERIAL

50.000-001-000. DisinfectionMETHOD OF INSTALLATION OF FILTER MATERIAL

99

50.000-000-100. Poured 9950.000-000-200. Poured with Fluid 9950.000-000-300. Tremie Placed 9950.000-000-400. Tremie Placed with Fluid 9950.000-000-500. Tremie with El l 9950.000-000-600. Crossover Tool 99

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PageM ETHOD OF PAYMENT FOR ARTIFICIAL WELL FILTER

50.000-000-010. Method of PaymentOption A (Lump Sum) 100Option B (Time and Materials) 100Option C (Unit P rice ) 100

Article51. Well Plumbness and Alignment 100METHODS OF TESTING

51.100-000-000. Plumbness and Alignment Test 10051.200-000-000. Plumbness and Alignment Test 10151.300-000-000. Drift Indicator Survey 103

M ETHOD OF PAYMENT FOR WELL PLUMBNESS AND ALIGNMENT51.010-000-000. Method of PaymentOption A (Lump Sum) 104

Option B (Time and Materials) 104Option C (Unit Price) 104

Article52. Well Development 104PUMPING OR BAILING METHOD

52.100-000-000. Continuous Overpumping 10652.200-000-000. Interrupted Overpumping 10652.300-000-000. Surging and Bailing (Utilizing Bailer) 10652.400-000-000. Surging and Bailing (Util iz ing Surge Block) __ 107

MECHANICAL SURGING AND PUMPING METHOD52.010-000-000. Surging and Pumping 107

HYDRAULIC JETTING METHOD52.001-000-000. Hydraulic Jetting 107

AIR DEVELOPMENT METHOD52.000-100-000. Single Pipe System Open to Atmosphere 10752.000-200-000. Single P ipe System Closed to Atmosphere 10752.000-300-000. Two Pipe System 108

DEVELOPMENT AIDS52.000-010-000. Washing with Water 10952.000-020-000. Washing with Chemicals 109

SAND CONTENT TESTING52.000-001-000. Sand Content Testing 109

S A ~ D CONTENT LIMITS52.000-000-100.52.000-000-200.52.000-000-300.52.000-000-400.52.000-000-500.

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PageRECORD OF MEASUREMENT

52.000-000-D10. Recording Measurements 110METHOD OF PAYMENT FOR WELL DEVELOPMENT

52.000-000-001. Method of PaymentOption A (Lump Sum) 110Option B (Time and Ma terials) 110Option C (Unit Price) 110

Article53. Well Testing for Performance - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 110

TYPES OF PUMPING T EST PERFORMED53.1oo-D00-D00. Bai ling Test Method 11253.200-000-000. Air Blow Tes t Method 11253.300-D00-D00. Air Lift Test Method 11253.400-000-000. Variable Rate Method 11353.500-D0O-000. Cons tant Rate Method 11353.600-oo0-D00. Step-Continuous Composite Method 114

ABORTED TESTS53.01O-oo0-D00. Aborted Tests 115

LOCATION OF DISCHARGE53.001-DOO-000. Discharge Water 115

RECORD OF PUMPING TESTS53.oo0-100-D00. Records

MEASUREMENT OF WATER LEVELS115

53.000-010-000. Bailer Line Method 11653.000-D20-000. Contractor's Choice 11653.000-030-D00. Air Line Method 11653.000-04O-D00. Steel Tape Method 11653.000-050-D00. Elect ric Sounder Method 117

COLLECTION OF WATER SAMPLES53.000-001-D00. Water Samples and Analysis

METHOD O F PAY ME NT FOR TESTING FOR PERFORMANCE117

53.000-000-100. Method of PaymentOption A (Lump Sum) 117Option B (Time and Materials) 117Option C (Unit Price) 117

Article54. Well Disinfection

54.1oo-DOO-OO0.

54.010-000-DOO.

SCHEDULING DISINFECTION

DISINFECTANTS

xii

117

120

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PageINTERIM DISINFECTION

54.001-{)GO-OOO.

54.oo0-100-{)00.

54.000-{)10-{)00.

DAILY OPERATIONS DISINFECTION

DISINFECTION PROCEDURE

120

121

121DISINFECTION OF WATER:TABLE WELLS

54.0Q0-{)01-{)00. Dry Chlorine Compounds 12254.0oo-{)02-{)00. Stock Solution (I ) 12254.oo0-003-{)00. Stock Solution (II) 12254.0Q0-{)04-{)00. Prepared Solution 122

DlSFECTION OF FLOWING ARTESIAN WELLS54.00Q-{J0o-100. Dry Chlor ine Compounds 12254.000-000-200. Controlled Flow Disinfection _______________ 12254.000-{)00-300. Stock Solution 123

METHOD OF PAYMENT FOR WELL DISINFECTION54.0Q0-{)00-{)10. Method of Payment

Option A (Lump Sum) 123Option B (Time and Materials) 123Option C (Unit P ri ce ) 123

Article55. Water Samples and Analyses 123BACTERIOLOGICAL ANALYSES

55.100-000-000. Bacterial 126ANALYSIS FOR SPECIFIC CONSTITUENTS

55.010-{)00-OOO. Specific Constituent-Analysis 126ANALYSIS FOR SPECIFIC PURPOSES

5's.001-000-{)00. Domestic Water Supply 127505.002-000-000. Well and Treatment Facility Design 127505.003-000-000. Irrigation Water Supply 12755.004--000-000. Indus tr ia l Water Supply ___________________ 12855.0005-000-000. Municipal Water Supply 128

TYPES OF SAMPLES5's.000-100-{)00. Bacterial Sampling 128'55.000-200-000. Bacterial Sampling Plus Chemical Sampling 129505.000-300-000. Bacterial Sampling Plus Chemical Sampling PlusRadiological Sampling 1295's.000-400-{)00. Chemica l Sampl ing Only 1295,S.000-,SOO-{)00. Chemical Sampling Plus Radiological Sampling__ 130505.000-600-000. Radiological Sampling Only 130

COLLECTION METHOIJ$505.000-010-000. Bai led Sample Method 1305's.000-{)20-000. Discharge Sample Method 130

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55.000-030-000.55.000-040-000.55.000-050-000.

Pumped Sample: Composite _Point Sample _Pumped Sample: Segregated (Dril l Stem TestSample) _

WELL HEAD TESTS

Page130130130

55.000-001-000. Temperature and pH Tests Only 13155.000-002-000. Temperature and pH Tests Plus Gas Test 13155.000-003-000. Temperature and pH Tests Plus Specific ElectricalConductance Test 13155.000-004-000. Temperature and pH Tests Plus Specific Electrical

Conductance Tes t P lus Alkalinity and TurbidityTests 13155.000--005-000. Temperature and pH Tests Plus Gas Test Plus

Specific Electrical Conductance Test 13255.000-006-000. Temperature and pH Tests Plus Gas Test P lu s

Specific Electrical Conductance Test Plus Alka-l in ity and Turbidity Tests 132STANDARDS OF TEST AND SAMPLES

55.000-000-100. Laboratory Requirements __________________ 132METHOD OF PAYMENT FOR WATER SAMPLFi> AND ANALYSES

55.000-000-010. Method of PaymentOption A (Lump Sum) 133Opt ion B (Time and Materials) 133Option C (Uni t Price) 133

Article56. Permanent Well and Test Hole Abandonment 133

56.100-000-000.AQUIFER SEALING CRITERIAAquifer Sealing Cri teria 136

PERMANENT BRIDCES56.010--000-000. Permanent Bridges 140

56.001-000-000.56.002-000-000.56.003-000-000.56.004-000-000.

PLACEMENT OF GROUTPlacement Operations _Intermediate Seals _Seal at Uppermost Aquifer _Seals Placed Within Casing, Liners, Fil ters, etc.

140140140141

PLACEMENT OF FILL56.000-100-000. Non-Producing Zones 141

56.000-010-000.SPECIAL CONDITIONS

Pre-existing ContaminationWELL ABANDONMENT RECORDS

141

56.000-001-000. Recording Locat ion of Abandoned Wel l or BoreHole 142

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PageMETHOD OF PAYMENT FOR ABANDONMENT

56.000-000-100. Method of PaymentOption A (Lump Sum) 142Option B (Time and Materials) 142Op tion C (Unit Price) 142

ApPENDIX A. SAMPLE NOTICE TO BIDDERS 143ApPENDIX B. SAMPLE PROPOSAL 145ApPENDIX C. UNIT PRICE PROPOSAL 147ApPENDIX D. BID SCHEDULE 150ApPENDIX E. STANDARD FORM OF AGREEMENT BETWEEN OWNER ANDCONTRACTOR 152ApPENDIX F. STANDARD FORM-WELL ESTIMATE AND/OR WELL DRILL-

ING CONTRACT OR REPAIR ORDER AGREEMENT 154ApPENDIX G. METRIC-ENGLISH UNIT CONVERSION TABLE 156LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Min imum Lengths of Cement for Different Sizes and Length sof Casing 86Figt;re 2. Plumbness Test Assembly 102Figure 3. Centr ifugal Sand Sampler 110Figure 4. Permanent Bridge Seals 137Figure 5. Intermediate Seal in Lined Hole 138Figure 6. Uppermost Aquifer Sea ls in Well Abandonment 139

LIST OF TABLESTable 1. Various Size Grade Scales in Common Use 56Table 2. Line Shaft Turbines 1800 RPM 71Table 3. Line Shaft Turbines 1200 RPM 71Table 4. Casing Sizes-Domestic Wells 72Table 5. Collapse Strength of Stee l Pipe in Pounds Per Square Inch andFee t of Water Head 73Table 6. Wal l Thicknes ses for Steel-Water Well Pipe 74T,able 7. S teel Wel l Casing Fabricated from Standard Pla te or Sheets 74Table 8. Steel Well Casing Fabricated from "Well Casing Steel" Sheets __ 75Table 9. PVC Casing 75Table 10. PVC Casing 75Table 11. Maximum Screen Entrance Velocities 90Table 12. Chlorine Compound Required to Dose 100 feet of WaterFilledWell at 50 PPM 121

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EPA III A-350-76

Introduction

During 1969 through 1971 the U.S. Environmental Protect ion Agencyand its p r e d e ~ e 8 s o r the USPHS Bureau of Water Hygiene, through theSoulhern Regional Education Board, conducted limited surveys of indi-vidual home water supply systems in Georgia, Tennessee and Kentucky todetermine the quality of drinking water f rom individual home supplysystems and to es tablish the re lationship of the quality of water to typesupply system.

The first study, conducted in Georgia in 1969, produced unexpected re-sults. Bacterial analyses of 760 sampled systems showed ver if ied col iformbacteria in 300 (40%) of the samples. Included in the survey were 709wells of which 265 (37%) showed verified coliform bacteri a. A breakdown of all individual home supply systems versus verified coliformshowed the following contamination: cisterns-84.2%, springs-73.9%,dug well-74.5%, bored wells-39.4%, drilled wells-18.0%, driven wells-16.7%, and jetted wells-7.1%. Secondly, from this it is obvious thatthere is some relationship between contamination and type of water sup-ply. The high levels of contamination of cisterns and spr ings could beexplained hut the high contamination of wells which tap presumed bac-terially pure ground water was unclear. Furthermore, data and informa-tion from Tennessee and Kentucky supported the findings in Georgia.

Historically, ground water coming from its natural environment hasbeen considered of good sanitary quality requiring little or no treatmentbefore use as drinking water. Consequently nearly 50 million Americansobtain their drinking water from individual home supply wells tapping thiswater resource. The data from Georgia, Tennessee and Kentucky, how-ever, indicate that we may have been taking the high bacterial purity ofour ground water supplies for granted.The data collected on system construction appears to have produced theanswer on the bacterial contamination of wells. The method used to con-struct wells, and the construction details themselves affect the bacterialsafety of the supply.

Deficiencies in well const ruct ion among individual supplies were foundto be numerous and included: 1) insufficient and substandard well casing;2) inadequate "formation seal" between the well casing and the borehole; 3) poor welding of casing j oint s; 4) lack of sanita ry covers ; and5) use of well p its to protec t from freezing. Anyone of these deficienciesmay allow introduction of bacterial contamination from the surface tothe ground water and into the supply system.

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The problems facing the person receIvmg drinking water from an indi-vidual wate r supply system were brought forth during testimony in Con-gress on the Safe Dr inking Water Act. Testimony indicated that millionsof Americans may be receiving drinking water which would not meet drink-ing standards mandated by the Act. As designed, the standards only applyto wate r delivered by publ ic water supply systems, leaving the individualhome supply system unprotected. Congress expressed concern and desirethat adequate protect ion for persons relying on individual water systemsfor their drinking water be made available .Predicated upon the results of the State surveys and the testimony be-fore Congress an unsolicited proposal for the development of well construc-t ion specif ications was presented to the EPA in September of 1971 by theNational Water Well Association. NWWA was concerned that the profes-sion they represent (water well dri llers and ground water specialists) wasusing const ruct ion procedures which could affect the publ ic heal th. Theyfelt "a set of generally accepted specificat ions for well construction thatcould be widely distributed to consulting engineers, water well contractors,municipalities, industries, agriculturalists, and individual home ownerswould serve to complement exist ing regu la tions, help educate the publ ic,upgrade existing well construction techniques and the reby afford a greaterprotection to ou r ground water reserves."

During preparation of the manual , considerat ion was given to minimumstandards already required by many States as well as pertinent suggestedstandards and specifications already available from other national and stateassociations. The manual was designed recognizing that well constructiontechniques will vary with s ix major criteria; namely, the intended use ofthe water, the required capacity of the well, the nature of the producingzone, the intended drilling method, and the manner in which the well con-struction will be paid for. Using these criteria to descr ibe a well, a lterna temethods were established for the many facets of well construction such astest dri ll ing, logging, casing, grouting, cementing, gravel packing, plumb-ness, alignment, development, testing, disinfection, sampling, and abandon-ment.Also in the manual is a section titled "General Condit ions" which ismethodology by which a contractor may be engaged to construct a water

well. These art icles a re inc luded in this technical cons truct ion manual toinform those unfamili ar with the water well construction profession ofnormal procedures used when contrac ting for a well. The EPA feels thi!linformation should be made available to the public but recognizes thatthere may be other adequate alternatives.Even though the original purpose of this project was to solve contami-

nation problems of the ind iv idual supply system, the manual has beendesigned to be applicable to all types of water wells for all purposes.Proper use of this manual will resul t in a product ive and sa fe water sup-ply well.

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T he well construction practices outlined in t hi s m an ua l a re s up po rt ed byEPA as b ei ng co mpl et e and environmentally sound. T he manual is to bea gui de to well construction which provides protection of publ ic health,safety and welfare, and protection of the ground water resources. Practicesand techniques discussed are not EPA recommendations, regulations ors ta nda rd s r equi red und er any Federal a ct io n; they are f ur ni sh ed for in-formational and educational purposes only.

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Key ToWell Standards

How to Use the Keyto Obtain the Appropriate Languagefor Preparing Water Well Specifications

The Key consists of two parts: the "Master Key", and the "Specifications Preparation Worksheet and Guide". Fo r convenience these shouldbe located now. They may be found in the pocket inside the back coverof this manual.MASTER KEY

The first step in selecting the proper specifications for your water wellrequirements is to consult the "Master Key" . This sheet contains threefeatures. Along the left margin numbered I through VI, Well Select ionCriteria are l isted in the following form:

I. Well PurposeII. Design CapacityIII. Character of Interval PenetratedIV. Character of Producing ZoneV. Construction of MethodsVI. Method of Payment

By selecting one condition or charac te ri st ic f rom each of the above sixcriteria, the well, regardless of the requirement s of the job, will be properly keyed according to conditions expected in construction of the well.Let us assume, for example, the following conditions:

From I-Well Purpose. The requirement is for a "municipal well":select "C".

From II-Design Capacity. You require a product ion rate greater than]00 gpm: select "K".From III-Character of Interval Penetrated. You mayor may not know

what to expect in the subsurface. I f you do know, or have determined thenature of the subsurface (above the antic ipated production zone or zones)from water-well records, or by consult ing a hydrogeologist or water wellcont ractor , the selection can be made with confidence. The character ofthis interval determines the type of dri ll ing which is mos t appropriate, the

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approximate length of casing required, and other features rel at ed to welldesign.

In this example assume condition "L", unconsolidated.From IV-Character of Producing Zone. Assuming that you know the

character of the p roduc ing zone or aquifer , select condi tion "P", unconsolidated.

From V-Construction Methods. Based on the type of material to bedrilled and on the type of aquifer or produc ing zone to be developed,assume you have selected "X.I", or the conventional fluid rotary drillingmethod. .

From VI-Method of Payment. The method of paymen t you desire forthi s job , for example, i s "Z", or on the basis of " time and materials".

Condi tions of well const ruct ion have now been defined and can be characterized by the notation: C K L P X. I Z. Please note that not more thansix criteria should be se lected; one from each list (I through VI).

The second feature of the Master Key is the display along the top ofArticles which identify the major subdivisions of the Compendium,Articles I through 42 represent the Genera l Condit ions ; Artic le 43 represents the Special Conditions, and Article 44 is the Glossary of TechnicalTerms, all of which become part of every se t of specifications preparedwith the exception of some domestic well applica tions (See Master Key).General and Specia l Conditions can be replaced for these types of appli.cations by the Standard Contract Form in Appendk.es E and F, whichconta ins appropr ia te l anguage covering both genera l and special condit ions. Articles 45 through 56 are, in effect, the Technical Standards, fromwhich are drawn only the paragraphs as appropriate for a well defined bythe "Well Selection Criteria" mentioned previously. Use of the "WellSelection Criteria" in accordance with the procedure descr ibed herein pro vides criteria for suggested minimum practice. A full review of all paragraphs within anyone Article is recommended.

The third feature of the Master Key is the list of numbers which makeup the matrix. Although the function of these numbers will be describedin detail shortly, suffice i t here to state, by way of introduction, that thenumbers define the critical conditions of well design which con trol construction practices.

It should be noted tha t the Key has been prepared for and tested overa wide var iety of possible condi tions.

SPECIFICATION PREPARATION WORKSHEETAND GUIDE

The second step in selecting proper specifications for your well reoquirements is to fillin the appropriate blocks of the Specifications Preparation Worksheet . As an example the Specifications Preparation WorksheetGuide (SPW Guide) has been prepared, with numbers filled in according

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to the requirements of the hypothetical well discussed previously. Thesenumbers identify specific paragraphs (Articles) in the Compendium. Fo rexample, find Artic le 45.000-000-100 in the Compendium. This paragraph gives standard procedures for the sampling of water from test holes.Note that each digit to the right of the Article number (45. in this example) refers to a subsection as listed across the top of the Master Key.and as contained in the Compendium. The maximum number of subsections in anyone Article is nine, al though more (identified with doubledigits, 10, 11, etc.) could be added.Please note tha t not all nine digits ar e used in some of the Artic le headings (for example see Art icle 51. Well Plumbness and Alignment), because the existing paragraphs appear to cover the most important aspectsof the subject . However, o ther paragraphs may be added to this or otherArticles at a later date if needed.

Having become famil iar with the numbering and coding system withrespect to the location of the paragraphs within the matrix, we now turnto the problem of compatabili ty between construct ion parameters. Certa inconditions may dictate specific and oftimes special design and construction considerations. Those critical conditions are isolated in the followingway:Referring to the Master Key and the previously derived well notat ionof C K L P X.l Z, read across l ine "C" (Municipal) to Artic le 45. (Test

Holes and Samples) vertica l column 1 under the heading: "Hole Locationand Purpose". Note that a "1 " occupies that space. Now read across line"K " (High Yield) to Ar ticle 45. vertical column 1. Note that a "1" alsooccupies that space. Now reading in the same manner "L" has a "zero","P" also a "ze ro", then "X.l" also a "zero" and "z" a "0." Now comparethe numbers obtained.

C=1K=1L=Op=o

X.l=OZ=ONumber "1", the highest number listed, refers to the first paragraph

in Article 45. This paragraph describes the basic conditions (minimumacceptable standard) stipulated by the well's notation C K L P X. l Z. Thenumber is inserted in column 1 of the Specifications' Preparation Worksheet as shown in the SPW Guide. This indicates that the first paragraph, or any of those higher in number within the same digit column,is acceptable, the. first being the minimum standard in this example. Thesequence of paragraphs can be considered as going from the simplest procedure or method to the mos t complex, implying a cor responding increasei.n cost.

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The second, th ird , fourth, etc. to nin th columns of Article 45 are alsoto be evaluated as above. For example, in Column 2 of Article 45 (TestHoles and Samples) under the heading: "Drilling Methods", the followingnumbers are obtained from the Master Key:

C= lK= lL= lP = l

X. l=6z=oHere "6 " is the highes t number shown adn hence identifies the critical

parameter which controls the minimum standard acceptabl&. In this hypo.thetical case, a ' municipal, high-yield, test hole is to be d rilled throughunconsolidated sediments and developed for product ion in an unconsolidated aquifer on the basis of time and materia ls payment. The well is tobe dri lled by the convent ional fluid rotary drilling method, or by a methodlisted after Article 45.060-000-000 e.g. 45.070-000-000 (Combined Drilling and Driving), 45.080-000-000 (Cable-Tool Method). This test holeis no t to be const ruc ted by the methods indica ted in lower numbered paragraphs e.g. 45.050-000-000 (Air Circulation Fluid Rotary), 45.040-000000 (Reverse Hydraul ic Rotary), 45.030-000-000 (Jetted or Hydraulic.ing) or 45.020-000-000 (Driven Well Point Method). Contractor'sChoice (Article 45.010-000-000) was not selected, since in this hypotheti.cal case a particular method of drilling was preferred by the person usingthe "Well Selection Criteria".

The above process should be repeated for the remainder of the columnsof Article 45., as indicated for the example cited in the SPW Guide.Articles 46. through 56. should be treated in the same manner.

There are a few exceptions to the straightforward procedure of selectingappropriate Articles for establishing minimum s tandards. These are iden tified as follows:*-Indicates that a paragraph is no t selected, regardless of the numbersghown elsewhere in the column.P-Indicates that an optional condition exists and a choice must be

made in the indica ted paragraph of the Compendium.F-Indicates that blank (s) must be filled in according to specific re

quirements.O-Indicates that no paragraph is appropr iate at the particular entry

location.S-Indicates that paragraphs must be selected according to previously

selected options. The "S" is to be replaced by the number of the paragraph selected.

C-Indicates that a cross-reference to another Article must be made forthe correct paragraphs.

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R-Indicates that the General and Special Conditions contained in theCompendium can be replaced by the Standard Contract Form in Appendices E and F. This is designed for some relatively small contracts suchas for domestic wells.

The above exceptions are noted by use of a period after the number ofthe indicated paragraph, e.g., 45.000--003.FOOO. Such a notation indicatesthat in the 3rd Article of that sequence a fill-in is required.To summarize the genera ted specifications , use the SP\\ Guide. List

them as follows in preparing specifications for a well with the criteriaC K L P X.I Z, meeting minimum acceptable well standards.

Articles 1. through 44.45. 1 6 2 1.P 2 3.F I I 1.P46. 1.P I.F I I I.P 0 0 0 047. I.F 4 I I I 1 I P 0 048. 2 3 4 3 0 1 1.P 0 049. I 5 2 2 9 I P 2 I P50. 1 I.e 2 2 1 1 4 1. P 051. 1 1.P 0 0 0 0 0 0 052. 4 I 1 1 1 1 4 1 I.P53. 4.F 1 1 3 I.P 1.e I.P 0 054. 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1P 055. 1 loF 5 S.F 2.F S I loP 056. 1 1 I 1 1 1 I.P 0 0

Two features of the Key a re re-emphasized here. Any Article in aselected sequence of A rticles which is higher in number (or follows aspecific Artic le ) is not only an acceptable s tandard but is also usually ofa higher standard than those Articles having lower numbers. (Note thenumber of zeros to the right of the Article number.) It should also beemphasized that for a very few Articles the relative position of the Articledoes not indicate standard level in that one technique o r method may notnecessarily be more appropriate than the other. Fo r such instances selection is made on the basis of preference, depending upon conditions.The standards expressed herein are t hose deemed th e minimum ac-

ceptable standards which concurrently s tipulate technically sound, economically efficient, and environmentally cognizant water-well constructionpractices.

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General Preamble

The primary purposes of well construction standards are to protect thehealth, safety and welfare of the public; to protect ground water resources,and the env ironment in general , for present and future use ; and to permit optimum water production from each well at minimal cost.

These standards have been prepared to accomplish these purposes andto obtain the most appropriate ly designed well consistent with the needfor water from that well. These standards are written such that appropriatedescriptive paragraphs can be adapted for use in the preparation of specifications for water-well construction. When properly used, they will result in adequate minimum specifications for water-well construction.Throughout the standards, the general plan followed is that the higher

the coded number (paragraph) used with a specific Art icle the higher isthe quali ty or design of the mate ri al or construction method used. However, it is fully realized that special conditions may require specific andunique solutions. Equal weight is given a number of choices occasionally,since no one method may be any more efficient or effective than another{or some geohydrologic conditions.

These s tandards are designed for the great major it y o f engineers andgovernmental officials whose major expertise is not in the field of wellconstruction. These s tandards a re designed to improve communica tionsbetween the planner and the technical man in the field. They will assistplanners in preparing satisfactory specifications for the majority of wellsto be drilled. In instances where unusual or cri tica l condi tions occur, aperson versed in the problems of well construction and design (usually aground water geologist or hydrologist) should write the specifications.

The NOTICE TO BIDDERS portion of a well contract is a variabledocument which must be wri tten individual ly for each projec t. A samplenotice, for genera l gu idance only, is inc luded as Appendix A.The PROPOSAL FORM is another part of the contract that should be

written individually for each project. Sample proposal forms which provide general guidance are inc luded as Appendices Band C. A BIDSCHEDULE to accompany the unit price proposal in Appendix C ispresented in Appendix D.

The BID BOND and the PERFORMANCE BOND are often includedas por tions of the cont ract . I f used they should be wr it ten or completed inaccordance with the instructions of the customer or h is bonding agency.The Standard Form Agreement is the major contract document. Fo r

general reference a sample agreement is inc luded as Appendices E and F.9

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Because of the growing use of the metric system of measurement ametric-English unit conversion table is included as Appendix G.

Before entering into any discussion of construction standards it is imperat ive tha t each person concerned wi th the design and actual construction of a facility be reminded of the legal and moral responsibility of theemployer and his supervisor to provide employees with a safe workingenvironment. Employers have been provided with sets of safety standards,the most comprehensive of which are those of the U.S. Depar tment ofLabor, prepared under the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970.Any prospective designer, planner, or con trac to r should avai l himself ofthe safety st andards for his occupation and become familiar with theircontents.

Anyone acquainted with manual labor may be familiar with the oldsaying that there is a proper too l for every job. It is the purpose of safetyprograms, through training, supervision, and inspection, to prescribe thattool, and to assure that it is used and kept in the best possible condition.

The water-related industr ies, especial ly the well construction industry,have more than the ir share of occupational hazards and as such requirealertness and diligence on the part of all personnel to avoid hazardous'situations. The following is a checklist of the categories for which there ares tandards for the indus try. Of particular concern are the sections on dangerous vapors and elect rocution, for these hazards are the ones most oftenoverlooked in daily operations:

Safety Training General Housekeeping of Construction Site Personal Protect ive Equipment Both Individual and Site Availabili ty of Medical Supplies, Personnel and Facilities Sanit ati on Occupational Noise Exposure Exposure to Dangerous Gases, Vapors, Fumes , Dusts and Mists I llumination Pro tect ive Barr ie rs and Signs Fire Protection and Prevention Stor age of Flammable and Combustible Liquids Use and Storage of Explosives Use and Care of Hand and Power Tools Use and Care of Welding and Cutting Equipment Elect rical Hazards Cons truct ion and Use of Ladders and Scaffoldings Use of Mechanical, Hoisting, Lifting and Carrying Devices Excavations, Trenching and Shoring

Specif ic standards for any item in the above list can be obtained froman appropriate state agency or the U.S. Department of Labor, Washington,D.C.

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Section 1

General Conditions

Article 1.100-000-000. Definition of Terms. Whenever used inthese General Conditions or in the other Contract Documents, the follow-ing terms shal l have the meanings indica ted, and these shall be applicableto both the s ingular and plura l thereof:Agreement. The written agreement between the OWNER and the CON

TRACTOR, as indicated by the Bid and Bonds.Application fo r Payment. The form furnished by the OWNER which

is to be used by the CONTRACTOR in requesting incremental (progress)payments and which is to include the schedule of values required byArticle 26.1 and an affidavit of the CONTRACTOR. The affidavit shallstipulate that progress payments theretofore received from the OWNERon account of the Work have been applied by the CONTRACTOR todischarge in full all of the CONTRACTOR'S obl igat ions incurred in con-nection with the work covered by all prior Applications for Payment.Bid. The offer or proposal of the Bidder submitted on the prescribed

form setting forth the prices for the Work to be performed.Bidder. Any person, firm or corpora tion submitt ing a Bid for the Work.Bonds. Bid, performance, and payment bonds and other instruments of

secur ity, furnished by the CONTRACTOR and his surety in accordancewith the Contrac t Documents.Change Order. A wri tten order to the CONTRACTOR signed by the

OWNER authorizing an addition, deletion or revision in the Work, or anadjustment in the Contract Price or the Contrac t Time issued after execu-tion of the Agreement.Contract Documents. The Agreement, Specifications, Drawings, Adden-da (whether or not issued prior to opening of bids or execution of the

Agreement) and Modifications.Contract Price. The total moneys payable to the CONTRACTOR under

the Contract Documents.Contract Time. The number of calendar days s ta ted in the Agreement

for the completion of the Work.CONTRACTOR. The person, firm or corporation with whom the

OWNER has executed the Agreement.Drawings. The drawings and plans which show the character and scope

of the Work to be per formed and which have been prepared or approvedby the Owner and are referred to in the Contrac t Documents.

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Field Order. A written order i ssued by the OWNER or his agent whichclarifies or interprets the Contract Documents in accordance wi th Art icle]4.1 or o rder s minor changes in the work in accordance with Article 20.2.

Modification. (a) A written amendment of the Contract Documentssigned by both parties, (b) a Change Order, (c) a wri tten clarificationor interpretation issued by the OWNER or his agent in accordance wi thArticle 14.1 or (d) a wri tten order for a minor change or alteration inthe work issued by the OWNER or his representative pursuant to Artic le20.2. A Modificat ion may only be issued af ter execution of the Agree-ment.OWNER. A public body or authority, corporation, association, partner

ship, or individual for whom the Work is to be performed.Project. The enti re construction to be performed as provided in the

Contract Documents.PROJECT REPRESENTATIVE. The authorized representative of the

OWNER who is assigned to the Pro ject o r any parts thereof.Shop Drawings. All drawings, diagrams, illustrations, brochures, sched

ules and other data which a re prepared by the CONTRACTOR, a Subcontractor, manufacturer, supplier or d is tr ibutor and which illustrate theequipment, material or some portion of the Work.

Specifications. The Instructions to bidders, these General Conditions, theSpecial Conditions and th e Technical Provisions.

Subcontractor. An individual, firm or corporation having a dir ect cont ract with the CONTRACTOR or with any other Subcontractor for theperformance of a part of the Work at the site.

Substantial Completion. The date as certified by the OWNER or hisagent when the construction of the Project or a specified part the reof issufficiently complete, in accordance with the Contract Documents , so thatthe Project or specified part can be utilized for the purposes for which itwas intended; or i f there be no such certification, the date when final pay-ment is due in accordance with Article 30.3.

Superintendent. Contractor's representative.Work. Any and all obligations, duties and responsibilities necessary to

the successful completion of the Project assigned to or undertaken by theCONTRACTOR under the Cont ract Documents , usually inc luding the fur nishing of all labor, materials, equipment and other incidentals.Article 2Award, Execution of Documents,Delivery of Bonds, etc.

2.100-000-000. The award of the con tract , i f it is awarded, will be tothe lowest responsible Bidder whose qualifications indicate that the awardwill be in the best interest of the OWNER and whose proposal complieswith all the prescribed requirements. No award will be made until the

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OWNER has concluded such investigations as he deems necessary to establish the responsibility, qualifications and financial abi li ty of the Biddersto do the Work in accordance with the Contract Documents to the satisfact ion of th e OWNER within the time prescribed. The OWNER reservesthe right to reject the Bid of any Bidder who does not meet such qualifica.t ions to the OWNER'S satisfac tion. In analyzing Bids,-,the OWNER maytake into cohsideration alternates and uni t prices , i f requested by the Bidfdrms. I f the contract is awarded, the OWNER shall give the successfulBidder written notice of the award within thirty days af ter the openingof the Bids.2.200-000-000. At least three counterpa rt s of the Agreement and of

such other Contract Documents as practicable shall be signed by theOWNER and the CONTRACTOR. The OWNER shall identify those portions of the Contract Documents not so signed and such identificationshall be binding on both parties. The OWNER and the CONTRACTORshall each receive an executed counterpart of the Contrac t Documents .2.300-000-000. Simultaneously with the execut ion of the Agreement ,

the CONTRACTOR shal l del iver to the OWNER the required Bonds.2.400-000-000. Fai lure of the successful Bidder to execute the Agree

ment and deliver the required Bonds with in ten days of the notice of theaward shall be just cause for the OWNER to annul the award and declare the Bid and any guarantee thereof forfeited.Article 3Progress and Submission Schedules;Preconstruction Conference;Time for Starting th e Work3.100-000-000. Within ten days af ter execution of the Agreement, the

CONTRACTOR shall submit to the OWNER for approval , an estimatedprogress schedule indicating the starting and completion dates of the vari-ious stages of the Work, and a schedule of Shop Drawing submissions. Atleast ten days prior to submitting the first Application for Payment heshall also submit a schedule of values as required by Article 26.1.3.200-000-000. Before starting the Work, a conference will be held toreview the above plans and schedules, to establish procedures for handling

Shop Drawings and other submissions; for processing Applications forPayment; and to establish a working underst anding between parties asto the conduct of the Project. Present at the conference will be theOWNER, the Project Representative, the CONTRACTOR and the Super.intendent.3.300-000-000. Prior to starting the Work the CONTRACTOR shall

fu rnish the OWNER and PROJECT REPRESENTATIVE certificates ofinsurance as required by Article 34.3.400-000-000. The CONTRACTOR shall start the Work within ten

days of the date on which the Agreement is executed and delivered, or13

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on such other date, as may be specified in the Agreement. However, atthe time of the execution and delivery of the Agreement the OWNER maygive the CONTRACTOR a written notice to proceed, stating a differentdate on which it is expected that the CONTRACTOR will start the Work,but such date shall not be more than thi rty days after the date of execution and delivery of the Agreement. A copy of the notice to proceed shallbe sent to the PROJECT REPRESENTATIVE. No work shall be doneprior to the date on which the Work is to start.3.500-000-000. The Contract Time shall commence on the date the

work is to start as provided in Article 3.4.Article 4Correlation, Interpretationand Intent of Contract Documents

4. l'lO-OOO-OOO. It is the intent of the Specifications and Drawings todescriDe the complete Project to be constructed in accordance with theContract Documents.

The Contract Documents comprise the en tire Agreement between theOWNER and the CONTRACTOR. They may be altered only by a Modification.4.200-000-000. The Contract Documents are complementary: what is

called for by one is as binding as if called for by all. I f the CONTRACTORfinds a conflict, error or discrepancy in the Contract Documents, he shallcall it to the OWNER'S attention in wri ting before proceeding with theWork affected thereby. In resolving such conflicts, errors and discrepancies,the documents shall be given precedence in the following order: Agreement, Specifications, Drawings. Within the Specifications the order ofprecedence shall be as follows: Special Condi tions, Instruction to Bidders,General Conditions, Technical Provisions. Figure dimensions on Drawingsshal l govern over scale dimensions, and detailed Drawings shall governover genera l Drawings . Any Work that may reasonably be inferred fromthe Specifications or Drawings as being required to produce the in tendedresul t shal l be suppl ied whether or not it is specifically called for. Work,materials or equipment described in words which when so applied have awellknown technical or trade meaning shall be deemed to refer to suchrecognized standards. The CONTRACTOR assumes full responsibil ity forhaving famil iarized himself wi th the nature and extent of the ContractDocuments, Work, locality, and local conditions that may in any manneraffect the Work to be done.Article 5Ownership and Copies of Documents;Record Documents5.100-000-000. All specifications, Drawings and copies thereof fur

nished by the OWNER shall r emain his property. They shall not be used14

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an extension of the Contrac t Time, he ma y make a claim t he re fo r a s provided in Articles 21 an d 23.Article 7Subcontracts

7.100-000-000. Prior to the execution an d delivery of the Agreement,the successful Bidder will submit to the OWNER for acceptance a list ofthe names of Subcont ractors an d such other persons an d organizations(including those who ar e to furnish mater ia ls or flquipment fabricated toa special design) proposed for those port ions of the Work as to which theidentity of the Subcontractors an d other persons an d organizations mustbe submitted as specified in the Contract Documents. Prior to th e execution an d delivery of the Agreement, the OWNER shall notify the successful Bidder in writing if the OWNER, after due investigation, has reasonable objec tion to any Subcontractor , person or organizat ion on such list.The failure of the OWNER to make objection to an y Subcontractor, person or organizat ion on the list prior to the execution an d delivery of theAgreement shall constitute an acceptance of such Subcontractor, person ororganizat ion. Acceptance of any such Subcontractor , person or organization shal l no t constitute a waiver of any right of the OWNER to rejectdefective Work, material or equipment, or Work, material or equipmentno t in conformance with the requi rements of the Contract Documents

7.200-000-000. If , prior to the execution an d delivery of th e Agreement,the OWNER has reasonable objection to an d refuses ,t o accept an y Subcontractor, person or organization on such l ist , the successful Bidder may,prior to such execution an d deliver, either ( i) su bmit an acceptable substitu te wi thout an increase in his Bid Price or (ii) withdraw his bi d without forfeiture of his Bid securi ty. If , after the execution an d delivery ofthe Agreement, the OWNER r e f u ~ e s to accept an y Subcontractor, personor organization on such list, the CONTRACTOR shall su bmit an acceptable substitute an d the Contract Pri ce shal l be increased or decreased bythe difference in cost occasioned by such substi tution a nd a n a pp ro pr ia teChange Order shall be issued; however, no such increase in the ContractPrice shall be allowed in respect to an y substitu tion unless the CONTRACTOR has acted promptly an d r easonably in submi tt ing a name withrespect thereto prior to the execution an d delivery of the Agreement.7.300-000-000. Th e CONTRACTOR shall not employ any Subcontrac

tor (whether initially or as a substitute) against whom the O WN ER m ayhave reasonable objection, no r shall the CONTRACTOR be required toemploy any Subcontractor against whom he ha s reasonable objection. Th eCONTRACTOR shall not make an y substitution for any Subcontractor whohas been accepted by the OWNER unless the OWNER determines thatthere is good cause for doing so.

7.400-000-000. Th e CONTRACTOR shall be fully responsible for allacts an d omissions of hi s Subcontractor an d of persons direct ly or in-

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direc tly employed by them and of persons for whose acts any of themmay be liable to the same extent that he is responsible for the acts andomissions of persons directly employed by him. Nothing in the Con trac tDocuments shall create any contractual relationship between any Sub-contrac tor and OWNER or any obligation on the part of the OWNER topayor to see to the payment of any Moneys due any Subcontractor, ex-cept as may otherwise be required by law. The OWNER may furn ish toany Subcontractor , to the extent pract icable, evidence of amounts paid tothe CONTRACTOR on accounts of specific work done in accordance withthe schedule of values.7.500-000-000. The divisions and sections of the Specifications and

the identifications of any drawings shall no t control the Contractor individing the Work among Subcontractors or delineating the Work to beperformed by any trade.

7.600-000-000. The CONTRACTOR agrees to specifically bind everySubcontractor to all of the applicable terms and condi tions of the ContractDocuments. Every Subcontractor, by undertaking to per fo rm any of theWork, shall thereby automatically be deemed bound by such terms andconditions.

7.700-000-000. All Work performed for the CONTRACTOR by a Sub-contrac to r shall be pursuant to an appropr ia te agreement between theCONTRACTOR and the Subcontractor which shall contain provisions thatwaive all r ights the contracting par ties may have agains t one another fordamages caused by fire or other perils covered by insurance provided inaccordance with Article 36, except such rights as they may have to theproceeds of such insurance held by the OWNER as t rustee under Article36.5. The CONTRACTOR will pay each Subcontractor a jus t share of anyinsurance moneys received by the CONTRACTOR under Article 36.Article 8Materials, Equipment and Labor:Substitute Material or Equipment8.100-000-000. The CONTRACTOR shall provide and pay for ma-

terials, equipment, labor, transportation, construction equipment and ma-chinery , tools, appliances, fuel, power, light, heat, telephone, water andsanitary facilities and all other facil it ies and incidentals necessary for theexecution, testing, initial operation and complet ion of the Work.8.200-000-000. All mater ials and equ ipment furnished under the

contrac t shall be new. I f required by the OWNER, the CONTRACTORwill furn ish satis factory evidence as to the kind and quali ty of mater ialsand equipment.8.300-000-000. I f it is indicated in the Specif icat ions that the CON-

TRACTOR may furnish or use a substitute that is equal to any materialor equipment specified, and if the CONTRACTOR wishes to furn ish or

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use a proposed substitute, he shall p romptly aft er the award of the contract, make written application to the OWNER for approval of such asubstitute, certifying in writing that the proposed subst itute will per fo rmadequately the duties imposed by the general design, be simil ar and ofequal substance to that specified, and be suited to the same use andcapable of performing the same function as that specified. No substituteshall be ordered or ins tal led withou t the wri tten approva l of the OWNERwho shall be the judge of its equality.Article 9Patent Fees a nd Royalties

The CONTRACTOR sha ll pay all license fees and royalties and assumeall costs incidental to the use of any invention, design, process or devicewhich is the subjec t of paten t r igh ts or copyrights held by others. He shallindemnify and hold harmless the OWNER and anyone directly or indirectly employed by him from and against all claims, damages, losses andexpenses including attorneys' fees) arising out of any infringement ofsuch rights dur ing or after complet ion of the Work, and sha ll de fend allsuch claims in connec tion wi th any alleged inf ringement of such rights.Article 10Permits, Laws, Taxes an d Regulations

10.100-000-000. The CONTRACTOR shall give all notices and complywith all laws, ordinances, rules , and regulat ions appl icable to the Work.I f the CONTRACTOR observes that the Specifications or Drawings are atvariance therewith, he shall give the OWNER prompt written notice thereof, and any necessary changes shal l be adjus ted by an appropriate Modification. I f the CONTRACTOR performs any Work knowing it to be contrary to such laws, ordinances, rules and r'egulations, and without suchnotice to the OWNER, he shall bear all costs arising therefrom.

10.200-000-000. The CONTRACTOR shall pay all sales, consumer,use and other s imilar taxes required by the law of the place where theWork is to be performed.Article IIAvailability o f L a nd s; Ph ysi ca l a ndSubsurface Conditions; Reference Points

1l.100-000-000. The OWNER shall provide, as indicated in the Contract Documents and not later than the date when needed by the CONTRACTOR, the lands upon which the Work is to be done, rights-of-way foraccess thereto, and such other lands which are designated for the use ofthe CONTRACTOR. Easements for permanent structures or permanentchanges in exist ing faci li ties will be secured and paid for by the OWNER,

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unless otherwise specified in the Contrac t Documents. I f the CONTRAC-TOR believes that any delay in the OWNER'S furnishing these lands orproviding such easements entitles him to an extension of the ContractTime, he may make a claim therefore as provided in Articlt;,. 23. TheCONTRACTOR shall.provide to all additional lands access thereto that maybe required for temporary construction facilities or s torage of ma ter ial sand equipment11.200-000-000. The OWNER shall furnish to the CONTRACTOR

copies of al l available boundary surveys and subsurface tests, well logs,test drilling da ta and records of existing wells and other excavations thathe may possess.11.300-000-000. The CONTRACTOR shall promptly notify the

OWNER or his representative in writing of any subsurface or latent physi-cal conditions at the site differing materially from those ind ica ted in theContract Documents. The PROJECT REPRESENTATIVE shall promptlyinvestigate those conditions and advise the OWNER in writing if furthersurveys or subsurface tests are necessary. Promptly thereafter, theOWNER shall obtain the necessary addit ional surveys and tests and fur-n ish copies to the CONTRACTOR. I f the OWNER finds that the resultsof such surveys or tests indicate subsurface or latent physical conditionsdiffering significantly from those indicated in the Contract Documents, aChange Order shall be issued incorporating the necessary revisions.11.400-000-000. The OWNER shall establish such general reference

points as in his judgment will enable the CONTRACTOR to proceed withthe Work. The CONTRACTOR shall be responsible for the l ayou t o f theWork and shall protect and preserve the establ ished reference points andmake no changes or relocations without the prior written approval of theOWNER. He shall r eport to the OWNER whenever any reference point islost or destroyed or requires re location because of necessary changes ingrades or locations. The CONTRACTOR shall replace and accurately reolocate all reference points so lost, destroyed or moved.

Article 12Use of Premises12.100-000-000. The CONTRACTOR shall confine his equipment,

storage of materials and equipment, and the operations of his employeesto areas permitted by law, ordinances , permits, or the requirements of theContract Documents, and shall not unreasonably encumber the premiseswith materials or equipment.12.200-000-000. The CONTRACTOR shall not load or permit any

part of the structure to be loaded with weights that will endanger thestructure, nor shall he subject any part of the Work to stresses or pressuresthat will endanger it.

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Article 13OWNER'S Status During Construction

13.100-000-000. The OWNER and the CONTRACTOR ar e thosepersons or organizations ident if ied as such in the Agreemen t and ar e referred to throughout the Contract Documents as if s ingu la r in number andmasculine in gender.

13.200-000-000. The PROJECT REPRESENTATIVE shall be theOWNER'S representative during the construct ion per iod. All instructionsof the OWNER to the CONTRACTOR shall be issued through t he PROJ-ECT REPRESENTATIVE. The duties and responsibilities and the limitat ions of authority of the PROJECT REPRESENTATIVE as the OWNER'Srepresentative during construction are set forth in Art icles 1 through 42of these General Conditions and shall not be extended without written consent of the OWNER.

13.300-000-000. The OWNER or his representative shall make periodicvisits to the si te to observe the progress and quali ty of the executed Workand to determine, in general, if the Work is proceeding in accordance withthe Contract Documents. He shall not be required to make exhaustive orcontinuous on-site inspections to check the quali ty or quantity of the Workno r will he be responsible for the construct ion means, methods, techniques,sequences or procedures, or the safety precautions incident thereto. Hisefforts sha ll be directed toward providing assurance for the OWNER tha tthe completed Project will conform to the requirements of the ContractDocuments, bu t he shall not be responsible for the CONTRACTOR'S failure to perform the Work in accordance with the Contract Documents. Onthe bas is of his on-site observations as an experienced and qualified professional , he sha ll keep the OWNER informed of the p rogr es s o f the workand shall endeavor to guard the OWNER against defects and deficienciesin the Work of contractors.

13.400-000-000. The OWNER shall have authority to disapprove of orreject Work which is defective; i.e., it is unsatisfactory, faulty or defective, or does not conform to the requirements of the Contract Documentsor does not meet the requirements of any inspection, test or approval procedure referred to in Article 16.1. He shal l also have authority to requirespecial inspection or testi ng of the Wark as provided in Article 1().3,whether or not the Work is f abricated , ins tall ed or completed. TheOWNER must disapprove or reject any method of work within ten days ofits initiation or it will be construed to indicate his approval.

13.500-000-000. The OWNER shall provide one or more fullLime Resident Project Representatives to assist in carrying out the responsibilities atthe site. The duties, responsibilities and limitations of authority of anysuch Resident Project Representative shall be set forth in an exhib it to beincorporated in the Contract Documents. In the event that his duties andresponsibilities are not set forth in the Contract Documents, they shall beas specified herein for the OWNER.

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13.600-000-000. Neither the PROJECT REPRESENTATIVE'S author-ity to act under this Article nor any decision made by him in good faitheither to exercise or not exercise such authority shall give rise to any dutyor responsibility of the OWNER to the CONTRACTOR, any Subcontractor,any of their agents or employees or any other per son performing any ofthe Work.Article 14PROJECT REPRESENTATIVE'SInterpretations and Decisions

14.100-000-000. The PROJECT REPRESENTATIVE sha ll issue withreasonable promptness such wri tten c lari fica tions or interpretat ions (inthe form of drawings or otherwise ) as he may deem necessary for theproper execution of the Work, such clarifications and interpretations to beconsistent with or reasonably inferable from the overall intent of the Con-tract Documents. I f the CONTRACTOR believes that a written clarificationand interpretation entitles him to an increase in the Contract Price, he maymake a claim therefor as provided in Article 2l.

14.200-000-000. The PROJECT REPRESENTATIVE shall be theinitial interpreter of the terms and conditions o f the Cont ract Documentsand the judge of the performance thereunder. In his capac ity as inter-preter and j udge he will exercise his best efforts to insure faithful per-formance by both the OWNER and the CONTRACTOR. He will not showpartiality to either and shall not be liable for the result of any interpre-t at ion or decision rendered in good faith. Claims, disputes and othe r mat-ters relating to the execution and progress of the Work or the interpreta-t ion thereof o r perf ormance under the Contract Documents shall be re-ferred initially to the OWNER for decision, which he shal l r ender in writ-ing within a reasonable time.14.300-000-000. Either the OWNER or the CONTRACTOR may

demand arbitration with respect to any such cla im, dispute o r other mat terthat has been referred to the PROJECT REPRESENTATIVE, except anywhich have been waived by the making or acceptance of [mal payment asprovided in Article 31.2. Such arbitration is to be in accordance withArticle 41. However, no demand for arbitration of any such cla im, disputeor other matter shal l be made until the earlier of (a ) t he date on whichthe PROJECT REPRESENTATIVE has rendered his decision or (b ) thetenth day after the par ties have presented their evidence to the PROJECTREPRESENTATIVE, if he has not rendered his written decision before thatdate. No demand for arbitration shall be made lat er t han thi rt y days afterthe date on which the PROJECT REPRESENTATIVE rendered hi s writtendecision in respect to the claim, d ispute o r other mat te r as to which arbi-tration is sough t; and the failure to demand arbitration within said thi rtydays' period shall result in the PROJECT REPRESENTATIVE'S decision

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being final and binding upon the OWNER and the CONTRACTOR. I f thePROJECT REPRESENTATIVE renders a decision after arbitration pro-ceedings have been initiated, such decision may be entered as evidence bu tshall not supersede the arbitration proceedings, except where the decisionis acceptable to the parties concerned.Article 15Shop Drawings and Samples

15.100-000-000. After checking and verifying all field measurements,the CONTRACTOR shall submit to the OWNER or his representat ive forapprova l, in accordance with the accepted schedule of Shop Drawings sub-missions, five copies (o r at the OWNER'S option, one reproducible copy)of all Shop Drawings, which shall have been checked by and stamped withthe approval of the CONTRACTOR and identif ied as the PROJECT REPRESENTATIVE may requi re . The data shown on the Shop Drawings shal lbe complete with respect to dimens ions, design cri te ria, mater ia ls of con-struction, and the like to enable the PROJECT REPRESENTATIVE toreview the information as required.

15.200-000-000. The CONTRACTOR shall also submit to the OWNERfor approval, with such promptness as to cause no delay in the Work, allsamples required by the Contrac t Documents. All samples sha ll have beenchecked by and s tamped with the approval of the CONTRACTOR; iden-tified clearly as to material, manufacturer, per tinen t catalog numbers ,and the use for which intended.

15.300-000-000. At the time of each" submission, the CONTRACTORshall, in writing, call the OWNER'S at tent ion to any deviations that theShop Drawings or sample may have f rom the requi rements of the Contrac tDocuments.

15.400-000-000. The PROJECT REPRESENTATIVE shall check andapprove with reasonable promptness Shop Drawings and samples, bu t hischecking and approva l shal l be only for conformance with the design concept of the Project and for compliance wi th the informa tion given in theContract Documents The approval of a separate item, as such, will notindicate approval of the assembly in which the item functions. The CON-TRACTOR shall make any correct ions required by the PROJECT REPRE-SENTATIVE and shall return the required number of cor rected copies ofShop Drawings and resubmit new samples until approved. The CONTRAC-TOR sha ll d irect specific at ten tion in writing or on re submitt ed ShopDrawings to revisions o ther than those ca lled for by the PROJECT REPRESENTATIVE on previous submissions.

15.500-000-000. No work requiring a Shop Drawing or sample sub-mission shall be commenced until the submission has been approved bythe PROJECT REPRESENTATIVE.

15.600-000-000. The OWNER'S approva l o f Shop Drawings or sam-ples sha ll not relieve the CONTRACTOR from his respons ibi li ty for any

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deviations from the requirements of the Contract Documents unless theCONTRACTOR has in writing called the OWNER'S attention to such de-viations at the time of submission and the OWNER has given writtenapproval to the specific deviation, no r shall any approval by t he OWNERrelieve the CONTRACTOR from responsibility for errors or omissions inthe Shop Drawings.Article 16Tests and Inspections16.100-000-000. I f the Contract Documents, laws, ordinances, rules,

regulations or orders of any public authori ty having jurisdict ion requireany Work to specifically be inspected, tested, or approved by someoneo ther than the CONTRACTOR, the CONTRACTOR shall give the OWNERtimely notice of readiness therefor. The CONTRACTOR shall furnish theOWNER the required cer ti ficates of inspect ion, tes ting or approval. Allsuch tests, wi ll be in accordance with the methods prescribed by t he Ameri-can Socie ty for Tes ting and Mater ials or such o ther applicable organiza-tion as may be required by law or the Contract Documents. I f any suchWork required so to be inspected, tested or approved i s covered up with-out written approval or consent of the OWNER, i t must , if directed by thePROJECT REPRESENTATIVE, be uncoverep. for observation at the CON-TRACTOR's expense. The cost of all such inspections, tests and approvalssha ll be borne by the CONTRACTOR unless o t h e r ~ i s e p r o v i d ~ d .

16.200-000-000. Any Work which fails to meet the requirements ofany such test, inspection or approval and any Work which meets the reoquirements of any such test or approval bu t does not meet th e require-ments of the Contract Documents sha ll be considered defective. Such de-fective Work may be rejected, corrected or accepted as provided in Article25.

16.300-000-000. Neither observations by the OWNER, no r inspec-tions, tests or approvals by persons other than the CONTRACTOR shallrelieve the CONTRACTOR from his obligations to perform the Work inaccordance with the requirements of the Contract Documents.Article 17CONTRACTOR'SSupervision and Superintendence

17.100-000-000. The CONTRACTOR shall supervise and direct theWork efficiently and with his bes t skil l and attention. He shall be solelyresponsible for the means, methods, techniques, sequences and proceduresof construction. Before under taking the Work he shall carefully s tudy andcompare the Contract Documents and check and verify all f igures shownthereon and all field measurements. He sha ll at once report in writing tothe OWNER any conflict, error or discrepancy which he may discover.

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The CONTRACTOR shall be responsible to see that the finished Workcomplies accurately with the Contract Documents.

17.200-000-000. The CONTRACTOR shall keep on the Work at alltimes during its progress a resident superintendent satisfactory to theOWNER. The super intendent will be the CONTRACTOR'S representativeat the site and shall have authority to act on behalf of the CONTRACTOR.All communications given to the superintendent shall be as binding as ifgiven to the CONTRACTOR.

17.300-000-000. The CONTRACTOR shall provide competent, suitablyqualif ied personnel to survey and layout the Work and pe rform construc-tion as required by the Contract Documents . He will at a ll t imes maintain good discipline and order am.ong his employees at the site.

17.400-000-000. The OWNER shall not be responsible for the acts oromissions of the CONTRACTOR, or any Subcontractors, or any of hisor their agents or employees, or any o ther persons pe rforming any o f theWork.Article 18Safety and Protection; Emergencies

18.100-000-000. The CONTRACTOR shall be responsible for initiat-ing, maintaining and supervising all safety precautions and programs inconnect ion with the Work. He sha ll take all necessary precautions for thesafety of, and shall provide the necessary protect ion to prevent damage,i njury, or loss to :

18.1.100-000-000. All employees on th e Work and other persons whomay be affected thereby.

18.1.200-000-000. All the Work and all mater ials or equipment to beincorporated therein, whether in s torage on or off the site, and,

18.1.300-000-000. OLher property at the site or adjacent thereto,including trees, shrubs, lawns, walks, pavements, roadways, structures andutilities no t designated for removal, relocation or replacement i n the courseof construction.The CONTRACTOR shall comply with all applicable laws, ordinances,rules, regulations and orders of any pub lic body hav ing jurisdiction forthe safety of persons o r proper ty o r to protect t hem f rom damage , injuryor loss. He shall erect and maintain, as requi red by the conditions andprogress of the Work , all necess ary safeguards f or saf ety and protection,including posting danger signs and other warnings aga inst hazards andpromulgating safety regulations. He shall notify owner s of adjacent util-i ties when prosecution of the Work may affect them When the use orstorage of explosives or other hazardous mp.terials is necessary for theprosecution of the Work, the CONTRACTOR shall exercise th e utmost careand shall carryon such activities under the supervision of properly qua li .fied personnel . All damage, in ju ry or loss to any property referred to in

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Articles 18.1.2 or 18.1.3 caused, directly or indirectly, in whole or in part,hy the CONTRACTOR, a Subcontractor or anyone directly or indirectlyemployed hy any of them or anyone for whose acts any of th em may beliable, shall be remedied by the CONTRACTOR, except damage o r lossattributable to the fault of drawings or specifications or to the acts oromissions of the OWNER or anyone employed by either... of them or forwhose acts eitber of them may be liable, and not a tt ributable to the faultor ~ e g l i g e n c e of the CONTRACTOR.

18.200-000-000. The CONTRACTOR shall designate a responsiblemember of his organizat ion at the site whose duty shal l b e the prevent ionof accidents. This person shall be the CONTRACTOR'S superintendent un-less otherwise designated in writing by the CONTRACTOR to the OWNER.

18.300-000-000. In emergencies affecting the safety of persons or theWork on property at the site or adjacent thereto, the CONTRACTOR, with-out special ins truct ion or author izat ion from the OWNER, is obligated toact, at his discretion, to prevent thr ea tened damage, injury or loss. Heshall give the OWNER prompt written notice of any significant changes inthe Work or deviations from the Contract Documents caused thereby, anda Change Order shall the reupon be issued cover ing the changes and devi-ations involved. I f the CONTRACTOR believes that additional work doneby him in an emergency which arose f rom causes beyond his cont ro l en-titles him to an increase in the Cont ract Price o r an extension of the Con-tract Time, he may make a claim therefor as provided in Articles 21 and23.Article 19Access to th e Jf/ork; V ncovering Finished Work

19.100-000-000. The OWNER and his representatives and other repre-sentatives of the OWNER shall at all times have access to the Work. TheCONTRACTOR shall provide proper facil it ies for such access and obser-vation of the Work and also for any inspection, or testing thereof byothers.

19.200-000-000. I f any Work is covered contrary to the rerruest of theOWNER, it must, if r equest ed by the OWNER, be uncovered for his ob-servation and replaced at the CONTRACTOR'S expense.

19.300-000-000. I f any Work has been covered which the OWNER hasnot specifical ly requested to observe prior to its being covered, or if thePROJECT REPRESENTATIVE considers it necessary or advisable thatcovered Work be inspected or tested by others, the CONTRACTOR, at theOWNER'S request , will uncover, expose or otherwise make avai lable forobservation, inspection or t es ting as the OWNER may require, that portionof the Work in quest ion, furnishing all necessary labor, materia l and equip.ment. I f it is found that such Work is defective or does no t meet the re-quirements of the Cont ract Documents, the CONTRACTOR will hear all

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the expenses of such uncover ing , exposure, observat ion, inspec tion andt esting as the OWNER may require , of that portion of the Work in ques-tion, furnishing all necessary labor, material and equipment. I f it is foundtha t such Work is defect ive or does not meet the requ irements of the Con-tract Documents, the CONTRACTOR shall bear all the expenses of suchuncovering, exposure, observation, inspection and testing and of saitsfac-tory reconst ruc tion, inc luding compensat ion for additional professionalservices, and an appropria te Change Order shall be issued deduct ing allsuch costs from the Cont ract Price. If , however, such Work is found tobe nondefective and meets the requirements of the Contract Documents, theCONTRACTOR shall be allowed an increase in the Contract Price or ex-tension of the Contract Time directly attributable to such uncover ing, ex-posure, observation, inspection, testing and reconstruction if he makes aclaim therefor as provided in Art icle 21 and 23.Article 20Changes in the Work20.100-000-000. Without invalidating the Agreement, the OWNER

may, at any time or from time to time, order additions, deletions or re-visions in the Work; these will be authorized by Change Orders. Uponreceipt of a Change Order, the CONTRACTOR will proceed with the Workinvolved. All such Work shall be executed under the applicable conditionsof the Contract Documents. I f any Change Order causes an increase ordecrease in the Contract Pr ice or an extension or shortening of the Con-tract Time, an equitable adjustment shall be made as provided in Artic le21 or Article 23.

20.200-000-000. The OWNER may authorize minor changes or altera-tions in the Work not involving extra cost and not incons istent wi th theoveral l intent of the Contract Documents. These may be accomplished bya Field Order. I f the CONTRACTOR believes that any minor change ora lterat ion author ized by the OWNER entitles him to an increase in theContract Price, he may make a claim therefor as provided in Article 21.20.300-000-000. Additional work performed by the CONTRACTOR

without author iza tion of a Change Order shal l not enti tle him to an in-crease in the Contract Pr ic e o r an extension of the Contract Time, exceptin the case of an emergency as provided in Article 18.3 and except asprovided in Articles 16.1, 19.3 and 20.2.20.4.00-000-000. The OWNER shall execute any appropriate Change

Order prepared by the PROJECT REPRESENTATIVE covering changesin the Work to be performed as provided in Article 11.3, and Work per-formed in an emergency as provided in Article 18.3 and any other claimof the CONTRACTOR for a change in the Contract Time or the ContractPrice which is approved by the PROJECT REPRESENTATIVE.20.500-000-000. It is the CONTRACTOR'S responsibility to notify his

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in the Contract Price and the amount of the appl icable Bonds shal l be adjusted accordingly. The CONTRACTOR will furnish proof of such adjustment to t he OWNER.Article 21Change of Contract Price

21.100-000-000. The Contract Price constitutes the total compensationpayable to the CONTRACTOR for performing th e Work. All duties, responsibilities, and obl igat ions assigned to or under taken by the CONTRACTOR shal l be at his expense without change in the Contract Price.21.200-000-000. The Contract Price may only be changed by a Change

Order. I f the CONTRACTOR is entitled by the Contract Documents tomake a claim for an increase in the Contract Price, his claim shal l be inwriting and delivered to the O\VNER within fifteen days of the occurrence ofthe event giving rise to the claim. All claims for adjustments in the Cont ract P rice sha ll be determined by the PROJECT REPRESENTATIVE ifthe OWNER and CONTRACTOR cannot othen\ise agree on t he amountinvolved. Any change in the Contract Price resulting from any such claimshal l be incorporated in a Change Order .

21.300-000-000. The value of any \\'ork covered by a Change Orderor of any claim for an increase or decrease in the Cont ract Price shal l bedetermined in one of the following ways:21.3.100-000-000. where the Work involved is covered by un it pricescontained in the Contract Documents, by application of unit prices to thequantities of the items involved.

21.3.200-000-000. hy mutual acceptance of a lump sum.21.3.300-000-000. by cost and a mutually acceptable fixed amount for

overhead and profit.21.3.400-000-000. if none of the above methods is agreed upon, the

value shall he determined hy the OWNER on the basis of costs and a percentage for overhead and profi t. Costs shal l only include labor (payroll,payro ll taxes, fr inge benefits, workmen's compensation, etc.), materials,equipment, and other incidentals dil ectly related to the \Vork involved.The max imum percentage \\hich shall be allowed for the CONTRACTOR'S combined overhead and profit, shall be as follows:21.3.4.100-000-000. for all such \Vork done by his own organization,

the CONTRACTOR may add up to thirty-five percent of his actual netincrease in cost, and

21.3.4.200-000-000. for all such Work done by Subcontractors, eachSubcontractor may add up to fifteen percent of his actua l net increase incosts for combined overhead and profit and the CONTRACTOR may addup to ten pe rcent of the Subcontractor's total for his combined overheadand profit; provided that no overhead or profit shall be allowed on costsincurred in connect ion \\ i th p remiums for public l iabili ty lllsurance orother special insurance direc tly related to such work.

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In such case and also under Article 21.3.3 the CONTRACTOR shall sub-mit in form prescribed by the OWNER an i temized cost breakdown to-gether with supporting data.

21.400-000-000. The amount of credit to be allowed by the CONTRAC-TOR the OWNER for any such change which results in a net decrease incos t, sha ll be the amount of the actual net increase as determined by theOWNER. When both additions and credits are involved in anyone change,the combined overhead and profit shall be figured on the basis of the netincrease, if any.

21.500-000-000. In the event that a t es t hole or tes t well i s cal led for inthe contract, the CONTRACTOR may af ter completion of the tes t hole ortest well make his own determination of whether or not the f inal well canbe completed to the expressed in tent of the Contract Documents and ifdesired terminate the contract and be paid for the test work as specifiedi n the contra ct.

21.600-000-000. In the event that a te st hole or well is not specified inthe contract, the CONTRACTOR may at his own opt ion and expense electto drill a test hole or well. After completion of the test hol e or well theCONTRACTOR may make his own determination of whether or not thecontract well can be completed to the expressed intent of the Contract Docu-ments and if he desires to terminate the contract. All information obtainedfrom the test work shall be the property of the CONTRACTOR. However,the OWNER has the opt ion to purchase the information for tl}e lump sumor pro rata amount as specified for test hole/abandonment of tes t hole orother negotiable means.Article 22Cash Allowances

The CONTRACTOR shall include in the Contract Price all allowancesso named in the Contract Documents and shall cause the W