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2001/9/28 Prof. Huei-Wen Ferng 1
Chapter 2Introduction to
Wireless Networking
2001/9/28 Prof. Huei-Wen Ferng 2
OutlineOutline
Evolution of Mobile Communication Systems
GPRS Overview
Introduction to 3G
Mobile Data Services
3G Terminals
Products Demo
2001/9/28 Prof. Huei-Wen Ferng 3
Evolution of Mobile Communication Systems
2001/9/28 Prof. Huei-Wen Ferng 4
Cellular Networks
North America: 1G:
AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System); Analog
2G NAMPS; Analog TDMA (IS-54, IS-136); Digital CDMA (IS-95); Digital
3G IMT-2000 (International
Mobile Telecommunications for the year 2000); Digital
2001/9/28 Prof. Huei-Wen Ferng 5
Cellular Networks
European 1G
TACS (Total Access Communication System); Analog
NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephone); Analog; NMT-450, NMT-900
2G GSM (Global System for Mobile
Communications); Digital: GSM900, DCS1800, DCS1900
3G UMTS (Universal Mobile
Telecommunications Systems); Digital
2001/9/28 Prof. Huei-Wen Ferng 6
Cellular Networks
Japan 2G
PDC (Personal Digital Cellular)
Germany 1G
C-Netz
2GGSM
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Cordless Telephones
European CT1, CT2 (Cordless Telephone, s
econd generation) DECT (Digital European Cordless
Telecommunications) America
PACS (Personal Access Communications System)
Canada CT2Plus (CT2, enhanced version)
Japan PHS (Personal Handyphone Syst
em)
2001/9/28 Prof. Huei-Wen Ferng 8
Packet Networks
RAM/Mobitex, ARDIS/Modacom TETRA (Trans European Trunked Radio System)
2001/9/28 Prof. Huei-Wen Ferng 9
Data over Cellular
CDPD (Cellular Digital Packet Data, over AMPS) GPRS-136 (over IS-136 TDMA) IS-95B (over CDMA) HSCSD (High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data) GPRS (General Packet Radio Service, over GSM) EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution)
ECSD (Enhanced Circuit-Switched Data; circuit-mode) EGPRS (Enhanced GPRS; packet-mode)
2001/9/28 Prof. Huei-Wen Ferng 10
Paging
Germany, France, Switzerland Eurosignal in 1970s
Pan-European ERMES (European Radio Message System) in 1992
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Coverage and Bit Rate
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MigrationMigration
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Evolving Towards Broadband Era1 st Generation
Analog
AMPS★
Data: NoFrequency:
824~893 MHz
TACS
Data: No
2 nd Generation
1997 1998 1999 2000
Digital
Text messaging CDPD
N/A N/A
824~893 MHz
Text messaging HSCSD GPRS EDGE9.6~14.4 64 115~144 384Kbps
900, 1800, 1900 MHz
Text messaging CSD for CDMA PSD for CDMAN/A N/A N/A
Text messaging PDC P
9.6~14.4 N/A1800~1900 MHz
3 rd Generation
2001 2002 2003
IMT-2000/UMTS
W -CDMACDMA 2000
Frequency1885~2025MHz
and2110~2200MHz
Speed115~2048 Kbps
GSM
Data Speed (kbps)Frequency
CDMA
Data Speed (kbps)Frequency
PDC
Data Speed (kbps)Frequency
DAMPS/TDMA
Data Speed (kbps)Frequency
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Evolution of Mobile DataEvolution of Mobile Data
Evolving GSM
Wireless Application ProtocolSource: GSA,and TCC
1985 1997 1999 2000 2001/2002
1st generation-Analog-based systems
2nd generation-Digital radio systems on
circuit-switch telecomnetworks,low data speeds
1st generation2nd generationAMPS
GSM
HSCSD
GPRS
EDGE
W-CDMA3rd generation
9.6 kbps
57.6 kbps
115 kbps
384 kbps
2 Mbps
1.SMS Messaging2.Web Mail3.Information Services4.Financial Services- Information Access5.Financial Services - transactions6.Mobile banking7.Mobile Shopping8.Internet Access
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GPRS OVERVIEW
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Tooexpensive
Toocomplicated
Inefficientuse of radioresources
Tooslow
Noneed
Trueplug & play
Emerging standards:
MDI, WAP, Java PDA, Smart
Phones
Shared useof radio
resources
packet switched
transmission
Comfortablespeed
New coding schemes
&channel
combining
Value addedservices
Extensions of corporate,intranet,
& internetapplications
Reasonablecosts
Volume oriented
accounting
Data Services : from GSM to GPRS Data Services : from GSM to GPRS
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GPRS : Main ImprovementsGPRS : Main Improvements Higher transmission rates
four new coding schemes allow different data rates ofCS-1 9.05 kbit/s, CS-2 13.4 kbit/s (in 10/00)
CS-3 15.6 kbit/s, CS-4 21.4 kbit/s (in E/01) channel combining
Increased radio resource efficiency radio resources will be used only during data transmission shared access of the same channel
Connection of GSM and IP world Volume dependent charging Faster session set-up Always connected
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GPRS Covered ApplicationsGPRS Covered Applications
continiously bursty
Point to Point
Point to Multipoint
un
idir
ecti
on
alu
nid
irec
tio
nal
bid
irec
tio
nal
bid
irec
tio
nal
Multimedia
Group Communication
MulticastBroadcastTraffic Telematics
Mobile Office
Video Conference
Video Phone interactive MultimediaCO
MM
UN
ICA
TIO
N S
ER
VIC
E
TYPE OF DATA TRANSMISSION
Group Call
VideoBroadcast
Internet SurfingDialog Messaging
Fleet Management
Database Access
Route Guidance2-way-PagingPoint of Sale
File Transfer
FAX
GPRS
e-mail Telemetry
PagingVideo
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WAP-enabled GPRS terminals/handsets will provide easy access to the world of information at your fingertips
ApplicationServer
WWW Content
WWW Content
CarrierApplication
InformationApplication
E-CommerceApplication
WAP Gateway Wireless Network
GPRS
Internet/Intranet
GPRS : an Ideal Transport for WAPGPRS : an Ideal Transport for WAP
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• User receives basically the same information, but with GPRS better presentation of information possible• WAP over GSM is inefficient use of radio resources• WAP over GSM is too expensive• WAP over GSM is too slow
Traffic Alert:Motorway A8 from München to NürnbergcongestedAlternative route:leave motorway atX-Dorf and followthe orange signs
OK
>
> OK
>
>
GSM GPRS
X-Dorf
Y-Dorf
Nürnberg
München
A8
Traffic Alert:
WAP Migration from GSM to GPRSWAP Migration from GSM to GPRS
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WAP and GPRS are the Enabler for Converting Voice and Data
Mobile Data Applications are the first step to combine Internet with Mobility
Audio / Video Steaming
ISDN services Video telephony Wideband data services
Computer Internet access Electronic mail Real-time image
transfer Multimedia document
transfer Mobile computing
Video on demand Interactive video
services TV/radio/data
contribution & distribution
– mobility– wideband
services
UMTS
– mobility– high speed
services
– mobility– personal
services
Telecommunication
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Application
Service
Control
MSC SGSN HLR SGGMSC/Transit
TransportMedia Gateway Media Gateway/GGSN
User data Control
InternetIntranets
PSTN/ISDN
Application Service CapabilityServers
GSM
EDGE
WCDMA
Backbone Element
Backbone Element
Backbone Element
Integration of 2G and 3G
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Conceptual Network Conceptual Network Architecture of GPRS / 3GArchitecture of GPRS / 3G
BSS
SSS PSTN
(Voice)
Internet
WAP
VPN
GPRS
GSM&GPRS system
UTRAN U_MSC
3G system
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3G Introduction
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The Third Generation SystemsThe Third Generation Systems
Specifications: 3GPP WCDMA & 3GPP2 CDMA20
00
High data rate for Video transmission and networki
ng
Main applications: audio & video phones 、 stock
exchange 、 e-mail 、 mobile banking 、 mobile Inter
net 、 e-maps 、 Information or news etc.
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Characteristics of 3GCharacteristics of 3G
Wideband CDMA
Multimedia applications
better audio quality
increased capacity
better bandwidth efficiency
high data rate
integration with 2G systems
global roaming
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IMT-2000 MSS IMT-2000 MSS
MSS
PC
S A
PC
S A
PC
S B
PC
S B
PC
S C
PC
S C
UP
CS
PC
S D
PC
S D
PC
S E
PC
S E
PC
S F
PC
S F
DE
CTGSM1800
(UL)GSM1800(DL)
IMT-2000(FDD DL)
MSSIMT-2000(FDD UL)
MSS
IMT
-2000T
DD
IMT-2000(FDD UL)PHS MSS
IMT-2000(FDD DL)
IMT-2000(FDD UL)
GSM1800 GSM1800 RLL RLLPCS PCSDECTIMT-2000
IMT
-2000T
DD
IMT
-2000T
DD
MSS MSS
IMT-2000(FDD DL) MSSReservedReserved
IMT-2000 Additional spectrum
MHz 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200
Asia-Pacific
China
Japan
Europe
Americas
ITU-R
IMT-2000
IMT
-2000T
DD
IMT
-2000T
DD
SpectrumSpectrum
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AUSTRIA
FRANCE
BELGIUM
PORTUGAL
SWEDEN
SPAIN
SWITZER-LAND
IRELAND
HONG KONG
GERMANY
NETHERLANDS
UK
S. KOREA
JAPAN
ITALY
NORWAY
DENMARK
FINLAND
NEW ZEALAND
1999 2000 2001
AUSTRALIA
AwardedMarch 99
AwardedMarch 00
Auction runningMarch 00
SOUTHAFRICA
TAIWAN
LicenseLicense
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Data Transmission RateData Transmission Rate Outdoor (rural):
maximum rate: 144 kbit/s
maximum speed 500 km/h
Outdoor (suburb):
maximum rate: 384 kbit/s
maximum speed 120 km/h
Indoor and Metropolitan:
maximum rate: 2 Mbit/s
maximum speed 10 km/h
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$2$
UTRA/FDD384 kbit/s
EDGE473 kbit/sUTRA/TDD
2 Mbit/s
GPRS
144 kbit/s
Microcell, indoors and private
National and legacy
Smaller cities
Large cities
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Content AdaptationContent Adaptation
23K bytes
24-bit color192x192
8K bytes
256 color128x128
4K bytes
4-bit grey96x96
600 bytes
B&W64x64
Time to transmit at 14.4k bps (in seconds)
16.4 5.7 2.9 0.42 0.01
A BRIDGE
16 bytes
Text
Intelligent FilteringIntelligent Filtering
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Broadband and ServicesBroadband and Services
12
6
2142
83
1
10
100
1,000
10,000
Tra
nsm
issi
on
Tim
e(S
eco
nd
s)
32
721
70139
279
1
10
100
1,000
10,000
Tra
nsm
issi
on
Tim
e(S
eco
nd
s)
74
1442
139279
557
1
10
100
1,000
10,000
Tra
nsm
issi
on
Tim
e(S
eco
nd
s)
4
4225
83250
8331,667
3,333
1
10
100
1,000
10,000
Tra
nsm
issi
on
Tim
e(S
eco
nd
s)
GSM @ 9.6 kbps GPRS @ 56 kbps
EDGE/UMTS @ 384 kbps
15 secs
3 mins
GPRS @ 115 kbps
15 secs
3 mins
15 secs
3 mins
15 secs
3 mins
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CSD at 9.6 kbit/s
GPRS at 100 kbit/s
EDGE at 384 kbit/s
UMTS at 2 Mbit/s
Downloading a 2MBytes music file
$2$
What are the Driving Forces ? Mobile Internet Services &
Applications
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Conceptual Service DiagramConceptual Service Diagram
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Multimedia ServicesMultimedia Services
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Voice and Data MarketsVoice and Data Markets
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Mobile and Internet MarketsMobile and Internet Markets
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1995 2000 2005 2010Source: Ovum, ICN M CM
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800Subscriptions worldwide (bn)
Mobile internetsubscriber
MobilesubscriberMobile
Fixed
Mobile Internet
Fixed Internet
M-Business: Mobile and internetM-Business: Mobile and internet
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Mobile Data Services
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Global Trends in Mobile Global Trends in Mobile CommunicationsCommunications
0100020003000400050006000700080009000
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Year
MS
('0
00)
0,0%
5,0%
10,0%
15,0%
20,0%
25,0%
Mo
bil
e P
enet
rati
on
Annual Growth Total Mobile Penetration
0100200300400500600700800900
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
Mio
Mob
ile
Su
bsc
rib
er
GSM
GSM grows steady
voice market starts to saturate
new technical possibilities
Focus on revenue generation
Focus on subscriber base growth
NEW SERVICES
OR
World
Other technologies
Source: Siemens
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
in m
illio
n s
ub
scri
ber
early adopters early majority Late majorityinnovators
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005Mb
yte
s p
er
use
r p
er
mon
th
Today1.8 Mb/user/month
growth in mobile data is expected to be 70% p.a. in next 5 years
in 1997 the market has moved out of the development phase
(Merryl Lynch)
(FT 1997)
data will account for up to 75%
of total mobile traffic
by 2005 up to 40% of people in the EU will be using mobile phones (wireless internet)
Growth in subscriber base and data volume lead to exponential revenue increase
Source: UMTS Forum1.8 Mb/month=21 bits/sec/user/BH
Predictions for Mobile Data MarketPredictions for Mobile Data Market
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An Example of Mobile Data An Example of Mobile Data Services: i-mode (NTT DoCoMo)Services: i-mode (NTT DoCoMo)
I-mode gained 4½ million subscribers within the first 10 month of
operation
subscribers have access to hundreds of content proverders and
thousands of Web sites
content avalible that business users and consumers want and need
successful due to creation of a complete “ecosystem“
applications, network and terminals
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Operator has the opportunities to get into the service and content provisioning for mobile data
Advantages of occupying the element Traditional business Existing customer
relationship Owner of equipment Separation IT & Telecom
Closer customerrelationship
Joint fixed/mobile offering
Value Added Offering possible
Evolution towards GPRS/UMTS
Higher Churn rate through lack of control over content
Missed Opportunities in Internet Business
Decreasing Margins Less control over customer
relationship
RoI Required
know how lack of control ov
er content and quality
Control over content Content revenues Quick application roll
out Entrance to vertical m
arket
RoI Strong competitio
n Appropriate allian
ces Required
know how
Operator´s position in the value chain100 % operatorOperator’s opportunities0 % operator
Risks of occupying the element
Operator Service Provider
User Content Provider
Mobile Data – The Value Chain PossibilitieMobile Data – The Value Chain Possibilitiess
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Operator Service Provider
User Content Provider
BackboneProvider
BackboneProvider
Content Provider
Content Provider
Enterprise
Enterprise
Retailer
Retailer
Service Provider
Service Provider
ApplicationService
Provider
ApplicationService
Provider AccessProviderAccess
Provider
User
M-BM-Business: future value chainusiness: future value chain
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ContentProvider
Service Packagers
Service Provider
Retailers Users
NetworkOperators
ContentPackagers
SupplierEquipment
Vendor
TerminalsInfrastructure
100% current PLMN
partly current PLMN
Detailed Value Chain for M-BusinessDetailed Value Chain for M-Business
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What do users accept?
Keep it transparent to your customers
Flat Fee
Time ? Transaction ?Volume ? QoS ?
Billing PossibilitiesBilling Possibilities
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ContentProvider
Portal -Community
Provider
ServiceProvider
NetworkOperator
EndUser
100%
72%
23% 3% 2%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Source: Arthur D. Little / Lucent Technologies
Traditional value chain split in the market
In the voice arena, the network operator In the voice arena, the network operator captures more than 70% of the marketcaptures more than 70% of the market
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ContentProvider
Portal -Community
Provider
ServiceProvider
NetworkOperator
EndUser
100%
25% 25%12%
38%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Source: Arthur D. Little / Lucent Technologies
Advertisement revenues
The network operators must ensure that the content will be accessed through their network - otherwise they will miss out
Importance of RolesImportance of Roles
Future value chain split in the market
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Business Model (1)Business Model (1)
GSM/UMTS
AdvertisementExample:• Voice, fax• WLL• email
Revenue Flow
Today’s voice dominated world
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Business Model (2)Business Model (2)
ContentProvider
GSM/UMTS
Advertisement
Example:• Online Banking• E-cash• appointment
Revenue Flow
ApplicationServiceProvider
User pays for access and ASP
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Business Model (3)Business Model (3)
User pay only for content/ASP
ContentProvider
GSM/UMTS
Advertisement
Example:• Personal radio• Interactive games• e-betting
Revenue Flow
ApplicationServiceProvider
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Business Model (4)Business Model (4)
User contracts only Operator
ContentProvider
GSM/UMTS
Advertisement
Example:• Tourist Info• Sports results• Micropayment e.g. Parking, Vending
Revenue Flow
ApplicationServiceProvider
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Business Model (5)Business Model (5)User contracts with ASP
GSM/UMTS
Advertisement
Revenue Flow
ApplicationServiceProvider
Example:• Government Services• Car Perfomance Monitor• Gaming e.g. Nintendo
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Interaction and CommerceReservation & BookingIntelligent Vending Machinei.e. Drinks, Cigarettes, TicketsInteractive ShoppingOnline AuctionsPrepaid recharging (Honey Money)
Banking ServicesBank Account EnquiryOnline BankingStock Trading
Entertainment/GamesTrivial PursuitInteractive Games (Chess)e-postcardAudio streamingBetting (horse race)Lotto, Bingo
Surveillance & SecurityVideo SurveillanceHousehold Devices ControlTraffic Guidance
Location ServicesRestaurant-FinderNavigation Guide
Mobile Officee-MailOrganizerCorporate DirectoryVoice-MailFaxNotificationsUnified MessagingIntranet Access
Information services Tourist InformationHotel & Restaurant FinderPublic Directory ServicesHoroscopeNews (all types)i.e. world, sports, financial, travel, traffic, events, weather, TV-program,
Education
Applications CategoryApplications Category
Application Types:
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3G Terminals
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Trends of HandsetsTrends of Handsets
SMS 0.2 kBE-mail 5 kBWML 2 kB
.DOC (text) 200 kB
.XL (s/sheet) 200 kB
.PPT (graphics) 1,000 kB
.GIF (photo) 100 kB
.HTML (web page) 30 kB
MPEG-4 (30sec video) 4 MBMPEG-3 (3 min audio) 2 MB
TEXT FILES VIDEO CLIPS
Typical applications:
Simple messagingEvent notificationPush/pull info servicesSimple e-commerce
Web browsingbusiness processesleisure servicese-commerce
E-commerce (interactive shopping, adverts etc)Entertainment servicesBusiness processes
Typical file size:
GSM GPRS EDGE/UMTS
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Data Rates: 384k~2M bps
Color screen of high resolution
and quality
Support multimedia
Dual mode (GSM/UMTS) operation
Bluetooth transmission viable
Global roaming
Concepts of 3G HandsetsConcepts of 3G Handsets
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Products Demo
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