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200311400: An Acoustic Tracking Array for Studying Ocean Survival and
Movements of Columbia River Salmon (POST)
David Welch
Goals of the POST Project A permanent continental-scale array
Directly measure movement, distribution and survival of fish-including salmon- in continental shelf waters
Develop the ability to follow individual fish– or separate
stocks – for decades.
(Expand the scientific observations to encompass a much wider range of oceanographic observations)
POST’s Objectives
1,550 kms N-S
2004 & 2005 POST Tagging
2005 POST Tagging
POST Team at Work
POST Team at Work
Deployment of Listening Lines
Deployment of pop-up moorings with receivers & acoustic releases
POST’s 2004-05 Field Seasons
Deployed 120 km of acoustic listening lines (135
seabed nodes)
Ran array for 5 months (April-Sept. 2004 & 2005)
Both freshwater & marine lines
Measured population-specific residence time &
speed of movement
Measured fish survival directly (never before done
on this scale-- and the real reason for all the work)
Progress in Year 22004 2005
8 River Systems 16 River Systems
14 salmon stocks tagged 19 salmon stocks tagged
1,051 smolts tagged >2,700 smolts tagged (+257%)
91% detection rate in ocean (10 out of every 11 fish detected per line)
95.5% detection rate in ocean (19 out of every 20 fish detected per line)
Established movements Established movements
Measured marine survival Measured marine survival
What POST Added in 2005
(Field Season)
Developed (& validate) long-lived underwater modem units (3 field trials) Establish deployment technology for these units Validated Satellite-Linked Units working in Fraser River (Real-time fish management) (Improved on 2004 detection rate of 91%)
2004 vs 2005 Array Recovery Rates
-129 -128.5 -128 -127.5 -127 -126.5 -126 -125.5 -125 -124.5 -124 -123.5 -123 -122.5
47.5
48
48.5
49
49.5
50
50.5
51
26/26: 26/26
Keogh RiverNimpkish River
Brooks Peninsula
N Strait of Georgia
26/26: 26/26
Howe Sound
Fraser River
Juan de Fuca
Cape Elizabeth
5/8:8/8
19/26: 20/26
QCS
7/12: 11/12
July:Sept 2004
Sept-Oct 2005
14/16
2004 vs 2005 Array Recovery Rates
-129 -128.5 -128 -127.5 -127 -126.5 -126 -125.5 -125 -124.5 -124 -123.5 -123 -122.5
47.5
48
48.5
49
49.5
50
50.5
51
26/26: 26/26 | 26/26
Keogh RiverNimpkish River
Brooks Peninsula
N Strait of Georgia
26/26: 26/26 | 26/26
Howe Sound
Fraser River
Juan de Fuca
Cape Elizabeth
5/8:8/8
19/26: 20/26 | 25/26
QCS
7/12: 11/12 8/12: 5/6
July:Sept 2004
5/8
Sept-Oct 2005 (Plus 3 from last year!)
14/16 | 16/16
BC Salmon Survival to River Exit (Comparison with Columbia R)
Fraser River
Stocks
Sch
reck
200
3-04
Sn
ake
R C
hin
oo
k st
ud
y
Sch
reck
200
3-04
Sn
ake
R S
teel
hea
d s
tud
y
BC Salmon Freshwater & Marine Survival–Error Bars (2 SE)
(Carl Schreck’s 2003-04 Snake R Chinook & Steelhead study)
Snake River Spring Chinook, 2005
(Dworshak/Kooskia Hatchery)
198 Snake R chinook surgically implanted at Kooskia Hatchery, May 2005
No compatible array at mouth of Columbia River this year
Partial listening line at Cape Elisabeth/Greys Harbor Multiple listening lines further north
Snake River Spring Chinook, 2005
- Animation
Snake River Spring Chinook, 2005
- Results• POST tagged Snake River smolts migrated north at 20-25 kms/day (about 2 body lengths a second)
• Detected on shelf as far offshore as we had equipment
• Survival from Bonneville to N Vancouver Island was probably 15% (1 in 7 fish)
• Survival to adult return from 1977-98 was ~0.5%
• This suggests that only 1 in 30 Snake R chinook reaching Vancouver Island will survive to return
2. Differences in Migration Routes-
Queen Charlotte Strait Listening Line
2004
Tag
Det
ectio
ns-QCS
0510
1520
25
1
3
5
7
9
1113
1517
1921
Senso
r Num
ber
Detec
tions
CULTUS LAKE S
OCKEYE
2. Differences in Migration Routes-
Queen Charlotte Strait Listening Line2004 Tag Detections-QCS
05
10152025
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21
Sensor NumberD
etec
tion
s
CULTUS LAKE SOCKEYE
2004 Tag Detections-QCS
0
100
200
300
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21
Sensor Number
Det
ecti
ons
SAKINAW LAKE SOCKEYE
Cultus Lake Sockeye (2005)
0
50
100
150
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21
Det
ecti
ons
Cultus & Sakinaw Lake Sockeye (2005)
0
50
100
150
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21
Sensor Number
Det
ecti
ons
Where POST is Going: Final Testing of Modem-Equipped Sub-Array
Howe Sound Testing Sub-Array
Sakinaw Sockeye release site
Cultus Sockeye release site
1 4
1 3 4 10
Where POST is Going:
Current Testing Phase: Rivers
Satellite-Linked Acoustic Sensors Above water antennae allows tagged smolts to email their departure times (and survival!) Ability to measure survival out of large riversTwo beta-test units deployed in the mouth of the Fraser River Antennae and surface floats for marine component of array is unrealistic
Where POST is Going:
Longer-Term PlansIn the Near Term:Modem-Equipped Tracking Sensors - Provide 5-7 Yr Projected Lifespan - Ability to provide year-round fish
Survival data Migration pathways Timing of migrations Accurate return forecasts?
In the Long-Term:Modem-Equipped Ocean Observing Systems Provide:
Fish Tracking Sensor Temp, Salinity, Currents Fish, plankton abundance… … And how they determine
Columbia salmon survival???
POST’s Findings:
I. The ocean migration behaviour of different salmon species is not the same
II. There are differences in migration pathways (speed, route, distribution) of different populations of the same species
III. There may even differences between hatchery & wild fish from the same genetic stock
A Personal Perspective on Freshwater & Ocean Studies on Salmon
• Columbia R in-river survival “seem” reasonable (to me) • Adult chinook returns from the ocean are unreasonable (~0.5% vs the 2-4% needed) • These differences are evident in BC as well • We need to understand ocean survival so we
can determine what freshwater changes are important- and can be manipulated
successfully • POST can inform that process
Where POST is Going:
Summary
A permanent tracking system for salmon and other marine animals is now feasible•For young salmon, 4 mo~2 year tags are feasible•For larger animals, tags can have 10-20 yr lifespans•A complete census of fish (salmon & sturgeon) moving in & out of large rivers is now feasible•A wide range of other ocean sensors can be supported off this observation system.•Ocean survival can now be measured directly
Where is POST Going?
POST 2004-2005
POST 2010