Date post: | 17-Dec-2015 |
Category: |
Documents |
Upload: | marsha-gibson |
View: | 221 times |
Download: | 1 times |
2004Dr.Hamda Qotba1
Proposal writing
By Dr. Hamda Qotba ,B.Med.Sc, M.D, ABCM
2004Dr.Hamda Qotba2
What are the main components?
• Title• Introduction
• Rationale• Aim• Objectives
• Methodology• Results • Discussion • Recommendations
2004Dr.Hamda Qotba3
Stages of research process
• Selecting a problem
• Formulate hypothesis
• Reviewing the literature
• Constructing research design
• Analysis of data
• Generating conclusions
• Writing proposal
2004Dr.Hamda Qotba4
Basic guidelines
• Priority health problems
• Simple, low cost, yield practical results
• Influence policy, improve services, improvement of community health
2004Dr.Hamda Qotba5
How and what to select?• Relevance• Avoidance of duplication• Feasibility• Political acceptability• Applicability• Interest • Theoretical and practical value• Time frame
2004Dr.Hamda Qotba6
Title
• Subject of study
• Where?
• When? Title
2004Dr.Hamda Qotba7
Introduction • Define the nature of the problem• Demographic background
• Geographic sitting• Community size• Related health services
• Information related to the study (literature review)
• Rationale (purpose to carry out the study)• Aim (General)• Objectives
• SMART
2004Dr.Hamda Qotba8
Methodology
• Detailed like cook book• Achieve the objective• Follow Islamic teaching and moral
ethics
2004Dr.Hamda Qotba9
Methodology contents• Character of sample
population• Study type • Sample size
determination• Sampling technique • Case definition
• Selection and exclusion criteria
• Tools and source of data collection
• Validity and reliability• Statistical methods
• Package and tests
• Pilot study• When, where, and how?
• Limitations
2004Dr.Hamda Qotba10
study design
results and conclusion
data analysis
data collection
pilot study
study sample study variables
study question
2004Dr.Hamda Qotba11
Research question (FINER)• Feasible
–Adequate number of subject, money
• Interesting• Novel
–To confirm or refute findings
• Ethical• Relevant
–To clinical or health policy, future research
•Comparison•Risk factor•Association
2004Dr.Hamda Qotba12
Study design • Case series
• Define a problem
• Survey• Describe a population
• Case- Control• Compare cases to controls
• Cohort • Follow exposed subject
• Randomized Clinical trial• Expose and follow
2004Dr.Hamda Qotba13
Subjects
Population of interest
Study sample
• Inclusion criteria• Main characteristics of the population
• Exclusion criteria• Individuals that complicate the study
2004Dr.Hamda Qotba14
Sampling strategies • Random sampling
• Every individual has the same chance of being
chosen
• Systematic sampling
• Every Nth individual is chosen
• Stratified sampling
• Population divided into subgroups (strata) and
each subgroup randomly sampled
2004Dr.Hamda Qotba15
• Cluster sampling• Population divided into subgroups
and some of subgroup randomly selected then sampled
• Convenience sampling• You take what you can get
Sampling strategies
2004Dr.Hamda Qotba16
How to select appropriate statistical test
• Type of variables• Quantitative (blood pres.)• Qualitative (gender)
• Type of research question• Association• Comparison• Risk factor
• Data structure • Independent• Paired• matched
2004Dr.Hamda Qotba17
• Types of variables•Quantitative
»Continuous (age, blood pres.)»Discrete( number of brothers, years)
•Qualitative »Categorical ( blood groups, gender) »Ordinal (educational level, stage of disease)
2004Dr.Hamda Qotba18
Body of research question Association of 2 variable(dep, indep)
Spearman Correlation linear Regression
QuantitativeQuantitative
2 out come T test
3+out come ANOVAcategoricalQuantitative
Log. regressionQuantitativecategorical
chi-squarecategoricalcategorical
Test Types of variable
Dependent independent
2004Dr.Hamda Qotba19
Comparing (difference) variables
chi-square
Kruskal wallis
ANOVA
McNemarchi-square*
Wilcoxon Mann-Whitney
Paired T testT testQuantitative
Ordinal
Categorical
Number of independent variable
2 groups paired data >2groups
Variable
* When 1 of the cells have <5 in expected fischer exact
When 1 of the cells have <5 in observed yats correction
2004Dr.Hamda Qotba20
Looking for Risk Factor
Linear, log regressionquantitativequantitative
ANOVAcategoricalquantitative
Multiple log. Regression
categoricalcategorical
Test Types of variables
Dependent several indepen.