2005 in

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thi TOEFL thng 5 nm 2005. SECTION I 1. (A) Listen to a weather report (B) Decide whether to cancel the trip (C) Schedule foe trip for a later date (D) Ask other students for their opinion about the trip 2. (A) She plays tennis better than Jane does. (B) She prefers to study with Jane today. (C) She cannot play tennis with the roan today. (D) She cannot attend math class today. 3. (A) He has not yet started his lab assignment (B) He just finished his chemistry experiment. (C) He can give the woman a ride home. (D) He is tired and wants to leave 4. (A) She just received information about the art festival (B) She will help the man find information. (C) The man can easily find the information by himself. (D) The man should go to the art library. 5. (A) The book does not belong to her. (B) She prefers not to lend her books to other people. (C) The man will be able to buy the book soon. (D) The man cannot borrow the book light now. 6. (A) She did not buy a ticket for the concert. (B) She was not sure which band would be playing. (C) The band was better than she expected. (D) The man did not know the band well. 7. (A) Read the speech to her (B) Give a different speech (C) Finish writing the rest of the speech (D) Stop worrying about the speech


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8. (A) She and Sally have already finished painting the apartment (B) She and Sally decided not to paint the apartment. (C)She hopes the roan will help paint the apartment. (D) She will invite the man to see the apartment after it is painted. 9. (A) She will help the man with the machine soon. (B) She thinks the man should use another machine. (C) The machine takes a few minutes to warm up. (D) Something got caught in the copy machine. 10. (A) Robert is taking a different class. (B) He is surprised the woman knows Robert. (C) The woman should be on the committee. (D) The woman should recommend additional people. 11. (A) The book had been misplaced on the shelf. (B) He can probably get a copy of the book for the woman. (C) He will call the warehouse to see if the book is available. (D) The woman should check to see if other bookstores have the book. 12. (A) She agrees with the man about got ng to the movies (B) She has heard about a good new movie. (C) She is tired of going to movies. (D) She already has plans for tonight 13. (A) It was what she had expected. (B) She may need a new floor. (C) She plans to vote for Carl, (D) She was very surprised. 14. (A) The space in the office is sufficient. (B) She does not like the desk. (C) Someone else wants the typewriter. . (D) She would like to have the typewriter removed.


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15. (A) She will go to the party. (B) She has to work tonight (C) She has no plans for this afternoon. (D) She does not know, the man's roommate. 16. (A) The woman went to the wrong place, (B) The German class ended early. (C) The professor cancelled the class. (D) The woman forgot to go to class. 17. (A) Make some coffee for the woman (B) Stay up late (C) Stay overnight at a friend's house (D) Finish the paper in the morning 18. (A) He never shops at the local grocery store. (B) The woman should buy her produce from the farm. (C) The grocery store has higher quality produce. (D) It is cheaper to buy vegetables at the farm. 19. (A) Pam wants to get a job in the infirmary. (B) Pam will come home from the infirmary on the weekend. (C) The woman should get off work early to visit Para. (D) The woman could go to theinfirmary on the weekend. 20. (A) She needs to take chemistry as a requirement. (B) She was having trouble finding the chemistry room. (C) She did not realize there was a lab class. (D) She has already taken me lab class. 21. (A) Apply for a new library card (B) Go get his student ID card (C) Talk to the librarian about his ID card (D) Get the library books from his room


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22. (A) He is not feeling well today. (B) He will be late for the theater club meeting. (C) He forgot to meet the woman at the theater. (D) He has not made the phone calls yet. 23. (A) He did not expect to see so many people at the lecture. (B) The lecture did not start on time. (C) Bad weather kept many people from attending the lecture. (D) Few people knew about the lecture, 24. (A) Take both sweaters along (B) Choose the warmer sweater (C) Pick the brighter-colored sweater (D) Wear a heavy coat instead of a sweater 25. (A) The manager is too busy to see the man now. (B) The manager will be available before the meeting. (C) The man should come back tomorrow. (D) The man should go to the meeting. 26. (A) She cannot use the computer now. (B) The man is not allowed to use the computer. (C) The library does not have the book the man needs. (D) The man probably will not enjoy the book. 27. (A) The letters should have had more postage (B) The letters should have been sent by airmail. (C) Airmail rates have gotten too high. (D) The man should have waited to mail the letters. 28. (A) She wants one sandwich because she is nearly full, (B) She is ready to leave as soon as the ship gets here. (C) She recently learned her school expenses win be paid next year. (D) She is surprised there is only one scholarship awarded each year.


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29. (A) Kathy helped the man find a good car. (B) The man needs more time to decide about a car. (C) The man is definitely going to buy Kathy's car. (D) The man was not satisfied with the car he bought from Kathy. 30. (A) Study outside (B) Finish studying before going outside (C) Go outside now and enjoy the weather (D) Stay inside until the weather improves 31 (A) Drive her mother to the theater (B) Take care of her little brother (C) Come to the theater with her (D) Help her prepare for a class presentation 32. (A) He was difficult to understand. (B) He made her laugh. (C) He seemed well prepared. (D) He seemed nervous. 33. (A) It was a funny incident. (B) He has made the same mistake before. (C) He is worried that it will happen again. (D) The woman should be more honest with him. 34. (A) To baby-sit her little brother (B) To study with Joe (C) To see a play (D) To watch a video 35. (A) To help students improve their grades (B) To start a new student magazine (C) To provide assistance to student writers (D) To place students in jobs at publishing companies


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36. (A) They work together at the library, (B) They took a class together. (C) They are on the staff of the campus literary review. (D) They met at a writer's conference. 37. (A) He is an experienced writer. (B) He is the editor of the literary review. (C) Professor Mitchell recommended hint (D) She believes he will contribute useful comments. 38. (A)Suggestions for additional assistance (B) Written critiques of their work (C) Time in class to work on their project (D) Permission to use ihe meeting room in the library 39 (A) The development of printing technology in the early United States (B) The firat newspapers in the British colonies (C) Colonial newspapers published by the British government (D) The role of newspapers in colonial elections 40. (A) He wanted 10 be free of government control (B) He could not get a job with the government newspaper. (C) He was dissatisfied with other independent newspapers. (D) He wanted to encourage colonists to learn to read. 41. (A) It was printed on a new kind of printing press. (B) It was humorous and critical* (C) It was printed on two sides* (D) It was partially founded by the government. 42. (A) They could not participate in the conversations about the news. (B) They were encouraged to go to school, (C) They received information by bearing it read to them. (D) They thought newspapers were unnecessary.


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43 (A) The history of the Galileo space probe (B) Recent discoveries about one of Jupiter's moons (C) The differences between moons and planets (D) The composition of the Earth's moon 44 (A) It is larger than the planet Mercury, (B) It is covered with ice. (C) It is orbited by asteroids. (D) It creates its own magnetic field. 45 (A) A core of molten metal (B) A huge deposit of ice (C) A combination of metal and sail water (D) A thin layer of magnetic rock 46. (A) They prevented Galileo from getting too close to Ganymede. (B) They disrupted Galileo's ability to transmit images of Ganymede. (C) They indicate that Ganymede may have an atmosphere. (D) They arc the cause of Ganymede's unstable surface. 47 (A) A rare species of algae (B) The treatment of wastewater (C) A threat to the aquatic environment (D) The increasing number of algae in rivers 48 (A) They are becoming more dangerous to the user. (B) They are encouraging the growth of algae in streams (C) They are being made with fewer chemicals. (D) They are being made to kill bacteria. 49. (A) It does not remove all chemicals. (B) It encourages the growth of some bacteria. (C) It is not done on a regular basis. (D) It has been improved by new technologies,


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50. (A) The role of algae in the food chain (B) The effect of household chemicals on algae (C) The detection of chemicals in wastewater (D) The creation of safer household products SECTION II PART 1 1. In the early eighteenth century, Ohio grew from a virtual wilderness to become-------of the early states had been in 1776, (A) most than more populous (B) more populous than most (C) more than most populous (D) populous most than more 2. -------in pronunciation that Canadian English asserts its distinctiveness, and it has done so from earliest times. (A) Primarily is (B) Primarily has (C) It is primarily (D) There has primarily 3. New York City. -------"Big Apple is the largest city in the United States and has been the gateway location for repeated waves of Immigrants. (A) is the (B) which the (C) calling the (D) me 4. Surface tension is the property ------the surface of a liquid to behave as if it were covered with a weak elastic skin. (A) of which causes (B) that causes (C) that it causes (D) causes 5. While flies are frequently observed assembled in great numbers, they are not social insects------termites, bees, and ants are social. (A) sense that (B) that is the sense (C) in the sense that (D) is the sense


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6. Baaed on atmospheric physics, -------is mainly applied in weather forecasting and control. (A) and meteorology (B) meteorology (C) is where meteorology (D) on meteorology 7. -------Betsy Ross did make flags during the American Revolution, the legend mat she designed and made the first national flag for the United States is generally discredited. (A) Whether (B) For (C) Although (D) In spite of 8. The heart, a rhythmically contracting muscle, is------- of the cardiovascular system. (A) the major organ (B) the organ is major (C) the organ that is major (D) how the major organ 9. Extensive deposits of salt buried far underground-------found on all continents except Antarctica. (A) toe (B) that are (C) have been (D) they are 10. Stagecoaches reached their greatest importance in the United Slates in the nineteenth century, when paved roads made travel -~. (A) was quicker and more comfortable (B) quicker and more comfortable (C) for being quicker and more comfortable (D) quicker and more comfortable to be 11. In North America, the Nebraska culture that succeeded the Woodland culture about A.D 1300 pioneered in------to become the area's chief economic activity, agriculture. (A) it was (B) which was (C) what was (D) was 12. Contrary to some widely held beliefs-------bats, they are not blind and are not likely to attack humans.


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(A) concerned (B) concerning (C) to concern (D) to be concerned 13. Fragile though it may seem, straw also has-------, keeping its natural gloss and pliancy for centuries. (A) resilience is extraordinary (B) some extraordinary and resilient (C) that of extraordinarily resilient (D) extraordinary resilience 14. ------subject to rust, many examples of decorative ironwork on buildings have disappeared. (A) If iron were (B) iron is being (C) Since iron is (D) How iron is 15. The starting point for the formation of petroleum is-------that has accumulated in die sediments on the ocean floor. (A) marine plankton has decayed (B) the decay of marine plankton (C) when decaying marine plankton (D) marine plankton, the decay of which 16. In me eighteenth century, quilting became a common technique in foe American colonies for the make of coverlets sewed in floral and geometric designs. 17. The computer's complex circuitry is miniaturized inside silicon chips, wafer-thin silicon crystals with circuits electronic etched onto them. 18. Centrifuges are widely use to separate liquids having different densities or to separate solids from liquids. 19. There is ample evidence of that about 700 million years ago, glaciers reached well into what are now tropical regions. 20. Mathematics is a tool that can help solve problems and lead to new developments in other fields, such as space flight, medical, and architecture. 21. The meter of English poetry is determined by accented syllables rather by the quantities of vowels, 22. In the nineteenth-century United States, It was assumed that growth, change, and progressive


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derived mainly from individual effort and competition. 23. Swelling of the mucous membranes, cause by irritants, allergies, or infections, may block the nasal passages, making breathing difficult. 24. The spearmint plant, which grows to about three feet height, has stalk less leaves and la*, tapering spikes of flowers that are usually pink or lilac. 25. Germ theory defined precisely how diseases affect tissues and described their passage from one living creature to other . 26. The rings of the planet Uranus consists primarily of boulder-sized chunks of dark matter, averaging about one meter in diameter. 27. George Inness rendering of distance and atmosphere raised his art above the ordinarily realism of nineteenth-century American landscape painting. 28. Not much is it known about the details of the development and acquisition of primate communication, especially in the wild. 29. Although Alaska ia the state in the United States with the largest area, Texas is the one that is divide into the largest number of counties. 30. Much of the early European colonists in North America remarked on the profusion of birds, animals, and fish . 31. The dancer and choreographer Twyla Tharp grew up in Los Angeles, California, and hers childhood included comprehensive training in music and dance. 32. Telecommunication systems involve the transmission of sound, pictures, words, and other types of information by electronic means, training in signals and satellite relays. 33. In addition to being the state capital, Albany is a focal point of trade, ship, and commerce in upstate New York. 34. Like bats, dolphins use echolocationpulses of high-frequency soundboth to find prey and for explore their environments. 35. The American zoologist Dian Fossey conducted field studies of wild gorillas that disproved old beliefs that gorillas were violence and aggressive. 36. Delaware is the only state which the legislature can amend the state constitution without the approval of the voters .


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37. The sub cutis layer of the skin contains fat and muscle that insulate internal organ and act as an energy reservoir for the body. 38. A supernova, the explosive death of a star, temporary attains a brightness of 100 million suns or more. 39, The Northern Hemisphere faces the Sun most fully during the summer solstice which occurs in about June 22, 40. San Diego has a diverse economy, deriving substantial revenue from manufacturing, maritime commerce, military installations, and agricultural active in the surrounding area. Section III Questions 1-9

Color in textiles is produced by dyeing, by printing, or by painting. Until the nineteenth century, all dyes were derived from vegetable or, more rarely, animal or mineral sources,

Line Since madder plants could be grown practically everywhere, the roots of some 5 species of the madder plant family were used from the earliest period to produce a whole

range of reds. Red animal dyes, derived! from certain species of scale insects, were also highly valued from ancient times through the Middle Ages. Blues were obtained from indigo, which was widely .cultivated in India and exported from there, and from woad, a plant common in Europe and also used in the Near East from the beginning of the

10 Christian era. Before the first, nonfading "solid" green was invented in the early nineteenth century, greens were achieved by the overdyeing or overprinting of yellow and blue. However, yellow dyes whether from weld or some other plant source such as saffron or turmeric, invariably fade or disappear. This accounts for the bluish tinge of what were once bright greens in, for example, woven tapestry.

The range of natural colors was hugely expanded and, indeed, superseded by the chemical dyes developed during the eighteen hundreds. By 1900 a complete range of synthetic colors had been evolved, many of them reaching a standard of resistance to fading from exposure to light and to washing that greatly exceeded that of natural dyestuffs. Since then, [he petroleum industry has added many new chemicals, and from

20 hese other types of dyestuffs have been developed. Much of the research in dyes was stimulated by the peculiarities of some of the new synthetic fibers- Acetate rayon, for example, seemed at first to have no affinity for dyes and a new range of dyes had to be developed; nylon and Terylene presented similar problems.

The printing of textiles has involved a number of distinct methods. With the exception 25 of printing patterns directly onto the cloth, whether by block, roller, or screen, all of these

arc based on dyeing; that is, the immersion of the fabric in a dye bath.

1. The passage mainly discusses the (A) development of synthetic colors foe textiles during the nineteenth century (B) advantages of chemical dyes over dyes derived from plants and animals (C) differences between dyeing textiles and printing ihem


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(D) history of the use of natural and chemical dyes to color textiles 2. According to the passage, what was the source of most textile dyes that were used before

the nineteenth century? (A) Animals (B) Minerals (C) Plants (D) Chemicals 3. What was the advantage of using madder plants for different shades of red? (A) It was possible to cultivate madder plants in almost every location, (B) Madder plants produced brighter colors than other plant sources. (C) Plant sources produced more lasting colors than animal sources. (D) Dyes derived from the madder plants were easier to work with than other dyes- 4. The word "invariably" ID line 13 is closest in meaning to (A) without exception (B) steadily (C) after some time (D) noticeably 5. It can be inferred from the passage that the green areas in woven tapestries developed a

bluish tinge because (A) a darker color, like blue, dominates a light color, like yellow (B) light changed some of the green dye used in the tapestries to blue (C) the yellow dye. that was used in the tapestries had faded (D) the dyes used to color woven tapestries were made from minerals 6. The word "superseded" in line 15 is closest in meaning to (A) strengthened (B) improved (C) replaced (D) complemented 7. According to the passage, how did chemical dyes compare to natural dyes? (A) The chemical dyes had less attractive colors. (B) The chemical dyes were less easy to use. (C) The chemical dyes lost their brightness more quickly when exposed to light. (D) The chemical dyes held up belter after washing. 8 According to the passage, what problem led to the development of new dyes after 1900 ? (A) Previously developed dyes did not work on new types of fibers. (B) Dyes derived from petroleum caused damage to new synthetic fibers.


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(C) New synthetic fibers required brighter colors tijan natural fibers did. (D) New fabrics easily lost their colors when washed. 9. Why does the author mention "block, roller, or screen" in line 25 ? (A) To give examples of textile printing techniques that are based on dyeing (B) To argue that all methods of printing patterns onto textiles involve dyeing (C) To emphasize the variety of special tools used in me process of dyeing textiles (D) To give examples of textile printing techniques mat do not involve dyeing

Questions 10-19

The strangest-looking fish in the Everglades wetland region of southern Florida is the Florida gar, whose unusual appearance includes sharp needlelike teeth that ftil a long snout. Young gars have numerous dark spots and patches on an olive to yellow,

Line long, slender body. Gars darken with age so that adults appear mostly dark brown, 5 especially when seen from above. Several types of gar exist in eastern and central

North America, some of which are extremely large. The aptly named alligator gar is occasionally mistaken for an alligator and occurs from the lower Mississippi drainage basin to the rivers of the western panhandle of Florida. Only the relatively small Florida gar, seldom longer than two feet, lives in the Everglades. (The much larger long-nose gar

10 as occasionally been found in the Everglades hut historically occurs only north of the region.) As with all gars, the Florida gar is predatory and is adept at catching smaller fish from schools by using a fast sideways snap of the jaws. It is also capable of catching individual prey, pursuing them along the bottom or in douse tangles of vegetation. Using a slow, stealthy approach, tins technique is effective on fish and grass shrimp.

15 Florida gars are sometimes seen in huge numbers, which is the result of low water that confines individuals from the expanses of the marshes to limited aquatic habitats where they remain during the dry season. At these times, gars become prey for the alligator. The sight of a gar held in an alligator's jaws is a vision of prehistoric imagery. In fact, gars have changed little from their ancestors that dominated Earth's waters when

20 the dinosaurs flourished; they even have primitive interlocking scales that differ greatly from those of most fish. They also have the dual ability to breathe air and water and can be observed regularly rising to the surface of the water to renew the air in their swim bladders. Florida gars are sometimes confused with a similarly shaped but unrelated needlefish, which are marine but commonly enter freshwater. Needlefish are greenish,

25 bluish, or silvery and have a translucent appearance, hi marked contrast to the darker and opaque Florida gars. 10. What does the passage mainly discuss? (A) The different types of gar that live in North America (B) The type of gar that is common in the Everglades region (C) The similarities between the Florida gar and alligators (D) The different types of fish that live in the Everglades region 11 Which of ihe following physical characteristics of the Florida gar is NOT described? (A) Length of snout


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(B) Strength of bones (C) Type of teeth (D) Shape of body 12. The passage mentions which of the following as changes that occur when young gars

grow to be adults? (A) The number of spots and patches on their bodies increase*. (B) They become extremely large. (C) Their teeth become sharper. (D) They become darker. 13. The word "seldom" in line 9 is closest in meaning to (A) slightfy (B) similarly (C) rarely (D) apparently 14. The word "adept" in line 11 is closest in meaning to (A) skilled (B) unusual (C) alone (D) observed 15. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a method that Florida gars use to obtain

food? (A) Using a sideways movement (B) Following prey slowly (C) Finding prey that swim near the surface (D) Catching prey that swim in large groups 16. According to the passage, why are Florida gars sometimes concentrated in large

numbers? (A) Low water restricts them to certain areas. (B) Swimming in groups protects them from predators. (C) They form large groups to reproduce (D) They migrate from the marshes each year. 17. The word "they" in line 17 refers to (A) individuals (B) expanses . (C) marshes (D) habitats 18. The word "dual in line 21 is closet in meaning to


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(A) complex (B) useful (C) deep (D) double 19. Which of the following is a characteristic of both needlefish and Florida gars? (A) A primitive method of breathing (B) A long, slender body (C) Brightly colored markings (D) A translucent appearance

Questions 20-29

The Native American people of Oregon transported themselves and their goods on foot, by canoe, by raft, by dog, and by horse. Each tribe used a combination of methods, choosing the mode of transportation best suited to the terrain, the type of load, and the

Line desired speed. Since each band and local group had a different pattern of settlement and 5 easonal movement, the mixture of transportation methods differed from group to group

and from season to season. Long-distance travel by foot was common all over Oregon. In rougher parts of the

inland valleys area and in eastern Oregon prior to the arrival of the horse (first introduced to the area some 300 years ago), it was the principal mode of long-distance travel. Foot

10 trails wound across most mountain passes and were important in maintaining the vast Native American trading network. Leather moccasins and Cute sandals were worn for long

hikes and for protection against cold, rather than for everyday use. In winter, snowshoes were used for hunting expeditions, ID the Klamath area, where lakes were well stocked with waterfowl and plant products, Native Americans used mudshoes (built similarly to

15 snowshoes) to keep from sinking in the mud. Canoes and rafts were osed by Native Americans in all parts of Oregon, although they

were not a major method of travel in eastern Oregon. The boat* were used on lakes and rivers for fishing, gathering water plants, bird hunting, and travel. Native Americans from Oregon occasionally ventured to sea for seal hunts, but long sea voyages were much less

20 common than they were further north among the Nootka, Kwakiutl, and Halda people. The use of canoes along the Columbia River contributed to the development of trading and continued, communication among neighboring tribes. Most Oregon canoes were made by hollowing logs. The wooden dugout was uniquely suited to western Oregon's plentiful supply of timber. The canoes were expertly carved in a variety of shapes and sizes to ensure a smooth and quiet voyage even in rough waters. 20. According to the passage, all of the following affected the choice of transportation

EXCEPT (A) the type of land that had to be traveled (B) what was to be carried (C) how fast an Item needed to be transported (D) the cost of transportation


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21. The word "principal" in line 9 is closest in meaning to (A) original (B) simple (C) main (D) ordinary 22. According to the passage, the horse (A) could not be used for long distance travel (B) replaced traveling by foot in more rugged areas (C) Improved the quality of mountain foot trails (D) was an important part of Oregon's culture 23. According to the passage, tube sandals were used for (A) waiting great distances (B) wanner weather (C) wearing every day (D) walking in mud 24. The word "stocked" in line 13 is closest in meaning to (A) utilized (B) endangered (C) supplied (D) hunted 25. The word "they" in line 20 refers to (A) long sea voyages (B) Native Americana (C) seal hunts (D) canoes 26. All of the following are mentioned in the passage as uses of die canoe EXCEPT (A) hunting animals (B) fishing (C) carrying timber (D) collecting plants 27. The word "ensure" in tine 25 is closest in meaning to (A) guarantee (B) decrease (C) convince (D) continue


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28. The passage supports which of the following statements about Native American trade in

Oregon? (A) Trade was limited by the mountainous terrain, (B) Trade was more depended oc the canoe than on any other form of travel. (C) Items related to transportation were typical trade products. (D) Transportation contributed to the development and maintenance of trade. 29. The passage most likely continues with a discussion of (A) the process of seal hunting (B) transportation by dog and horse (C) winter transportation methods (D) transportation outside of Oregon

Questions 30-39

The atmosphere of Venus is quite different from ours. Measurements taken from the Earth show a high concentration of carton dioxide in the atmosphere of Venus. In fact, carbon dioxide makes up 96 percent of Venus* atmosphere; nitrogen makes up almost all

Line the rest. The Earth's atmosphere, by comparison, is mainly nitrogen, with a fair amount 5 of oxygen as well. Carbon dioxide makes up less than 0.1 percent of the terrestrial

atmosphere, The surface pressure of Venus* atmosphere is 90 limes higher than the pressure of

Earth's atmosphere, as a result of the large amount of carbon dioxide in the former. Throughout Earth's history, carbon dioxide on Earth has mixed with rain to dissolve

10 rocks; the dissolved rock and carbon dioxide eventually flow into the oceans, where they precipitate to fonn new terrestrial rocks, often with the help of life-forms. If this carbon dioside were released from the Earth's rocks, along with ower carton dioxide trapped in seawater, our atmosphere would become as dense and have as high a preasore as that of Venus. Venus, slightly closer to the Sun than Earth and thus hotter, had no'oceans in

15 which the carbon dioxide could dissolve or life to help take up the carbon. Also, Venus has probably lost almost all the water it ever had. Since Venus is closer

to the Sun than the Earth is, its lower atmosphere was hotter even early on. The result was that more water vapor went into its upper atmosphere, where solar ultraviolet rays broke in up into hydrogen and oxygen. The hydrogen, a light gas, escaped easily; the

20 oxygen has combined with other gasses or with iron on Venus1 surface. Studies from the Earth show that the clouds on Venus are primarily composed of

droplets of sulfuric acid, with water droplets mixed in* Sulfuric acid may sound strange as a cloud constituent, but the Earth too has a significant layer of sulfuric acid droplets in its stratosphere. However, the water in the lower layers of the Earth's atmosphere,

25 circulating because of weather, washes the sulfur compounds out of these layers, whereas Venus has sulfur compounds in me lower layers of its atmosphere in addition to those in its clouds.


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30. What does the passage mainly discuss? (A) Atmospheric differences between Venus and Earth (B) How Venus lost the water it once had (C) The influence of the Sun on Venus (D) A comparison between the upper and lower atmosphere on Venus 31 The phrase the former in line8 refers to (A) the surface pressure (B) Venus1 atmosphere (C) Earth's atmosphere (D) a result 32. The word "eventually1* in line 10 is closest in meaning to (A) in the past (B) first (C) ultimately (D) occasionally 33. According to the passage, what causes Venus' high surface pressure? (A) Dissolving rocks (B) Frequent heavy rains (C) Its distance from the Sun (D) The composition of its atmosphere 34. Why does the author begin the sentence in lines 11-12 with the phrase "If this carbon dioxide were released from Earth's rocks,.-."' (A) To present a situation that is contrary to fact (B) To convince readers that a certain process is harmless (C) To describe an event that took place long ago (D) To explain what is likely to happen in the future 35. The word "trapped" in line 12 is closest in meaning to (A) caught (B) transported (C) lacking (D) involved 36. According to the passage, which of the following has resulted from processes involving Earths carbon dioxide? (A) A steady increase in the density of Earths atmosphere (B) An increased rate at which rock dissolves (C) The accumulation of carbon dioxide in Earths rocks


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(D) The expansion of Earths oceans 37. The passage suggests that which of the following helps explain; why Earth has kept most of its water? (A) Earth's surface contains only small amounts of iron. (B) Earth has always been cooler than Venus. (C) Earth now has higher amounts of carbon dioxide than it used to have. (D) Earth's atmosphere has never completely blocked sulfuric acid droplets, 38. Avoiding to the passage, what happened to oxygen on Venus'? (A) Most of it was absorbed into rocks. (B) It was released from water and then combined with other substances. (C) It chemically combined with hydrogen to form atmospheric water, (D) It has been slowly replacing carbon dioxide in Venus' upper atmosphere, 39. The word "constituent in line 23 is closest in meaning to (A) type (B) alternative (C) product (D) component

Questions 40-50

In the years leading up to the First World War, the realist tradition in the United States was given new life within the ranks of the so-called Ashcan School, a term that loosely describes a group of artists in New York who favored, as the name implies, commonplace

Line subjects, even ones that emphasized the seedy aspects of daily life. In an era when the 5 United States was shifting from an agricultural to an industrially based economy, artists

turned to the vitality of the city for their themes, sometimes documenting the lives of the nation's urban inhabitants with a literalness that shocked viewers accustomed to the bland generalizations of academic art. Thus, the first modern American revolution in painting in the early twentieth century was not away from, but toward, realism.

10 The developments toward realism and new pictorial subject matter introduced by this revolution are explained in part by the fact that the academic spirit had become anathema to many young painters by the beginning of the twentieth century, when the professional survival of an artist was largely contingent on membership in the National Academy of Design, the American equivalent of the French Academy of Aits. The National Academy

15 of Design perpetuated the Traditions of ftp French Academy, such as annual juried exhibitions. Although it merged with the more tolerant Society of American Artists in 1907, it remained steadfastly intolerant of new developments.

At the same time, important venues in New York, particularly Alfred Stteglitz's gallery known as 291 and* in 1913, the gigantic exhibition of modern art known as the Armory

20 Show, introduced European modernists to American audiences and nurtured a number of American artists committed not to realism but to experimental art During the 1930's, the country's focus turned inward, giving rise to new varieties of realist art based on


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intrinsically American themes. These were practiced by the so-called Regionalists, who recorded the rural lire of the Midwest, and the more politically engaged Social Realists,

25 who documented the social consequences of extreme economic change. Also a fertile period for American photography, the era before the Second World War witnessed the development of photojournalism, as well as social documentary and advertising photography. 40. What aspect of twentieth-century art in the United States does the passage mainly discuss? (A) The realistic representation of urban life in the years before the First World War (B) he limitations of early twentieth-century academic art (C) The development of realism from the early twentieth century to the Second World War (D) The influence of European art on American an between the First and the Second World Wars 41. The word "bland" in line 7 is closest in meaning to (A) thoughtless (B) regulated (C) false (D) dull 42. According to the passage, all of the following are characters-tics of the Ashcan School EXCEPT (A) a preference for everyday subjects (B) the representation of agricultural life (C) an untraditional approach to art (D) a tendency to disturb many viewers 43. It can be inferred from the passage that the first modern American revolution in painting (A) was unusual in turning toward realism rather than away from it (B) was a reaction against the literalness of academic art (C) was similar in its realism to artistic revolutions in other parts of the world (D) was strongly influenced by earlier developments away from realism 44. Which of the following developments in [he art world contributed to a renewal of realism in the early twentieth century? (A) The organization of annual juried exhibitions (B) The rejection of academic art by young painters (C) The joining of two important artistic societies (D) The increasing recognition of artists as professionals 45. The phrase "contingent on" in line 13 is closest in meaning to (A) unrelated to (B) separate from (C) expanded on (D)dependent on


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46. The word "perpetuated" in line 15 is closest in meaning to (A) started (B) influenced (C) continued (D) changed 47. The word it in line 17 refers to (A) the Society of American Artists (B) the French Academy of Arts (C) the professional survival of - an artist (D) the National Academy of Design 48. Why docs the author mention the Armory Show in lines 19-20? (A)To explain why most American artiste rejected the influence or European experimental art (B)To explain why politically engaged art developed in the United States during the 1930s (C)To give an example of an exhibition that introduced modem European artists (D)To argue that American painters were not sufficiently exposed to experimental art 49. According to the passage, the Regionalist (line 23) were artists who (A) documented the lives of urban inhabitants (B) portrayed life in me countryside (C) recorded the social consequences of economic change (D) were not committed to realism in their art 50- The word "witnessed'in line 26 is closest in meaning to (A) opposed (B) observed (C) influenced (D) resulted in

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thi TOEFL thng 5 nm 2005 Section I 1. (A) The man should go to the museum by shuttle bus. (B) The next train leaves in25 minutes. (C) The train will arrive at the museum before 10:30. (D) The man just missed the shuttle bus to the museum. 2. (A) She forgot to study for the exam. (B) She had planned to go to the movie. (C) The man should have invited her to the movies. (D) The man should have studied for the exam. 3. (A) A' new building (B) Directions to the gym (C) Going to the library (D) New library hours 4. (A) Take a different history course (B) Use a computer in the lab (C) Help him write his paper (D) Return his computer as soon as possible 5. (A) She got her watch where her sister works. (B) She will help the man buy a watch. (C) She had to work hard to buy a watch. (D) The man should not buy a watch at her sister's store. 6. (A) Find out if classes are cancelled (B) Not go to classes tomorrow (C) Turn on the radio (D) Look to see if the storm has stopped 7. (A) No one has recently seen her (B) She is spending a lot of time in the library. (C) She is avoiding the man.


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(D) She went home for vacation. 8. (A) Try to fix what is wrong with the computer (B) Ask someone else for help with the computer (C) Turn on another computer (D) Let the woman use his computer 9. (A) She thinks the man should order the fish. (B) She wants the man to choose quickly. (C) She prefers the chicken (D) She cannot decide what to eat 10. (A) She should go home now to get the CD. (B) She can return the CD to Tom later. (C) She can borrow a CD from Tom when she sees him in class. (D) She should not have taken Tom's CD home with her. 11- (A) Cancel her appointment at the clinic (B) Make an appointment at the clinic soon (C) Begin practicing for the German test next week (D) Arrange to take the German test at a later date 12. (A) Rent the apartment she saw first (B) Visit her new neighbors (C) Look at other apartments before deciding (D) Write a check for the rent 13. (A) He likes to play basketball (B) He is proud of his ability as a basketball player. (C) He does not want to watch the basketball game. (D) He is not on the basketball team. 14. (A) Buy both shirts today (B) Buy the green shirt (C) Return the shirt he bought last week (D) Not buy any shirts


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15. (A) The woman did not accept the job offer. (B) The woman does not like her new job. (C) The woman is planning to start a new job. (D) The woman is looking for a job at a different bank. 16 (A) Go to the party with the man (B) Take her aunt to the party (C) Invite the man to the play (D) See a play with her aunt 17 (A) She is looking for another job (B) She will apply for financial aid next year. (C) She thinks she will not need financial aid. (D) She thinks she is not taking enough classes. 18 (A) It is the only kind the restaurant has left, (B) The woman does not have to pay extra for it. (C) It is a specialty of the restaurant. (D) He will replace it with a different dessert. 19 (A) A small town can have negative qualities. (B) It can be difficult to run a business in a small town. (C) His family owns a business in his hometown. (D) He would like to visit the woman's hometown. 20 (A) He would like more time to prepare next time. (B) He will not be able to attend the open house. (C) He enjoyed working as a volunteer (D) He will not be able to coordinate the program again. 21 (A) He will meet the man and woman before his psychology class, (B) He is in the same class as the man and woman. (C) He is late for an appointment with the man and woman. (D) He forgot to do his assignment for today's class.


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22 (A) She is looking for a job on campus. (B) She can get the materials they gave out at the meeting, (C) She went to the meeting with her roommate. (D) She is too busy to help the man. 23. (A) He probably will not be able to follow the professor's advice. (B) He has not finished doing the research for his presentation. (C) He does not understand what the professor means. (D) He would like the professor to listen to him rehearse his presentation. 24 (A) He knows who will be performing in the musical. (B) He doubts that the theater group will perform a musical next year. (C) The theater group needs to select a new director. (D) The director has probably chosen the musical, 25 (A) He has been sick recently. (B) He is tired of looking for an apartment. (C) He wants an apartment near his work. (D) He has been looking for a new job for a long time. 26. (A) The woman would not vote in the elections. (B) Ben would be elected class president. (C) Ben would not run for class president. (D) The elections would be held later. 27. (A) He did not recommend the lecture. (B) He did not speak to the woman yesterday. (C) He is eager to go to the lecture. (D) He started to like astronomy only recently. 28. (A) She needs to continue studying. (B) She did not read the reviews. (C) She has already seen the movie. (D) She Intends to go see the movie.


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29. (A) He thinks the dry weather will change. (B) He is already conserving water. (C) Ways should he found to use less water. (D) The dry weather will be worse than last summer. 30. (A) Everyone should already have the new manual. (B) The old manual should not be used anymore. (C) The new manual has not been completed yet. (D) The old manual will not be changed. 31 (A) The class reading list (B) Books about New York City (C) A book by Theodore Dreiser (D) A critical review of Sister Carrie 32 (A) It is set in the city instead of the country. (B) It does not try to teach a moral lesson. (C) It is about a woman working in a traditionally male role. (D) The main character gets into trouble. 33. (A) Some British reviewers wrote favorably about it. (B) Dreiser published it himself. (C) An editor revised it. (D) Dreiser rewrote it using a different style. 34 (A) How to learn a second language (B) The importance of early childhood education (C) Phases of language development in young children (D) Methods to help children develop their vocabularies 35. (A) They are difficult for children to pronounce. (B) They occur in all languages. (C) They are among the first sounds babies make. (D)They are sometimes used to refer to house pets.


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36 (A) Their voice box is not positioned correctly yet. (B) Their hearing is not good enough yet. (C) They do not yet have the muscle control needed. (D) Their brains are not yet adequately developed. 37 (A) When children learn to say whole sentences (B) In the first month of life (C) When children start to go to school (D) When children learn to associate sounds with meaning 38 (A) Until what age vocabulary growth continues (B) How children are able to learn language (C) When die best time to start a foreign language is (D) How to identity children with language disorders 39 (A) The use of beads in Native American monetary systems (B) Communication over long distances in North America ' (C) Difficulties encountered by native couriers (D) Alliances between the Iroquois and the Algonquin 40. (A) Adverse traveling conditions delayed the courier. (B) The courier needed to hire a guide. (C) The fees of several couriers were included in the charge. (D) The letter contained a valuable item. 41. (A) The signing of a treaty (B) A wedding feast (C) The birth of a child (D) A funeral 42. (A) Planning a garden (B) Feeding pets (C) Attracting birds (D) Preserving eggs


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43. (A) They use them in making nests. (B) They like to eat them, (C) They use them when mating. (D) They drink water from them, 44. (A) They are dried in the sun. (B) They are soaked in water. (C) They are cooled in the refrigerator. (D) They are baked in the oven. 45. (A) It makes them clean and free of germs. (B) It makes them more visible for the birds. (C) It makes them more nutritious. (D) It makes them softer. 46 (A) She is a good cook. (B) She collects birds' nests. (C) She likes to have birds visit her garden. (D) She is a professional gardener 47. (A) How to prevent landslides in populated areas (B) How to repair damage to houses caused by heavy rains (C) How geologists study landslides (D) Three materials needed for stable construction 48. (A) They can determine the cost of construction. (B) They can reveal unsafe conditions for building. (C) They can show where landslides have occurred. (D) They can measure the rate of water drainage. 49. (A) It often interferes with construction (B) It helps keep the soil in place. (C) It grows quickly after heavy rains. (D) It makes slopes unstable,


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50. (A) Frequent landslides (B) Too much vegetation (C) Water draining from another slope (D) A wall that stops water from draining Section II PART A 1. The rock-fill dam, essentially an embankment like the earth -fill dam, uses rock instead of earth-----~, (A) and providing stability (B) to provide stability (C) stability is provided (D) provides stability 2. The telegraph, invented in the mid-nineteenth century, remained even into the 1970's-------of telecommunication. (A) a principal system (B) a system was principal (C) that was a principal system (D) a principal system when 3. Royal jelly, a secretion produced by worker bees, is fed to------- destined to become queen bees. (A) those that (B) be those (C) those of (D) those 4. -------is necessarily limited to areas of productive soils, tillable topography, and adequate moisture, where the growing season is long enough for plant germination and maturation. (A) Farm (B) Farming (C) When farming (D) To farm 5 - Among the most famous products of the Aesthetic Movement were the Tiffany lamps, first-------in 1899. (A) had been producing


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(B) had been produced (C) produced (D) were producing 6. Refrigerating meats-------the spread of bacteria. (A) retards (B) retarding (C) to retard (D) is retarded 7. The islands of the Florida Keys are joined to the mainland by an overseas highway-------a railroad destroyed in the hurricane of 1935 (A) replaces (B) and replaces (C) hat replaces (D) that it replaces 8. The------east of the Mississippi River is made up of the Lumbee people. (A) Native American nation largest (B) largest Native American nation (C) largest nation Native American (D) Native American largest nation 9. Kim Campbell was the nineteenth Prime Minister of Canada,--------. (A) heid the office the first woman (B) was the first woman to hold the office (C) the first woman to hold the office (D) and for holding the office the first woman 10.Type metal used in the printing industry varies in its components -------is generally a combination of lead, tin and antimony. (A) as (B) if (C) why (D) but 11.The author Mark Twain worked as a newspaper reporter in Nevada and California before moving to Hartford, Connecticut,-------he wrote most of his books. (A) where (B) which (C) in addition to (D) such as 12.Glaciers begin to form-------more snow falls during the winter than melts and evaporates in the


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summer (A) is when (B) when there are (C) when (D) when does 13. The illusion of motion pictures rests on the eyes* tendency-------an image for a fraction of a second after the image has been withdrawn. (A) to retain (B) that retaining (C) to be retained (D) has retained 14. Through reproduction....... the properties of a species, (A) successive generations that carry on (B) that successive generations carry on (C) successive generations carry on (D) cany on successive generations 15, Four flags have flown over the Palace of the Governors in Santa Fe, New Mexico: ------ Spain, Mexico, the Confederacy, and the United States. (A) which of (B) of mose being (C) those of (D) Those that of PART B 16. Nearly 100 million tons of fish, mollusks, squid, and crustaceans are extracted from the ocean every years. 17. In the Missouri Ozark Mountains more than 10,000 springs can be found, some among the most largest in the world. 18. The first high school in the United States, which opened in 1821, was the English Classical School, locate in Boston, Massachusetts. 19, Artificial satellites can perform many task and send back data or pictures to Earth. 20. By the 1880s, world demand for cotton had begun fall off. 21. The early Quakers adopted a distinctive and simply style of dress. 22. At present, about 300 different varieties of dinosaur have been identified from bones found on every of the continents.


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23. A black hole warps the surrounding space-time fabric as severely that nothing that comes within its event horizon can escape from its gravitational grip. 24. By using special equipment, seismologists can determine the size and location of an earthquake and the fault to which it originated. 25. For most bees, life revolves around the scent, colorful, and nectar of flowers. 26. Portrait artists sometimes intentional alter the appearance of their subjects by refining their images to emphasize or minimize particular physical qualities. 27. May Sarton's first two novels had European settings, but after 1955 New England provided the background for most her fiction. 28. Methane gas in the upper atmosphere account for the planet Uranus' greenish hue. 29. As adolescents gain weight, the amount and distribution of fat in their bodies will change, and so it will the proportion of bone and muscle. 30. Raccoons prefer swampy areas or woods near water; either they avoid very high elevations, very arid regions, and purely coniferous forests. 31. By 1996, the United States population exceeded 261 million, with a median age of thirty-four, making it one of the oldest national population on Earth. 32. In medical and dentistry, radiography is invaluable for diagnosing bone damage tooth decay, and internal disease, 33. Water droplets in clouds are very small; they must coagulate or grow before they falling as rain or snow. 34. One of the most powerful tools available to labor unions has been the ability to strike in order to settle its disputes with management. 35. The velocity of a river is control by the slope, the depth , and the roughness of the riverbed. 36. By selectively breeding plants, researchers have created strains of plants that are more resistance to disease. 37. Much governmental and international organizations throughout the world are concerned with the development of guidelines for daily nutritional requirements 38. When a ray of light passes from one transparent medium, such as air, into other, such as glass, it is bent.


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39. Logic, whether modem, tradition , or ancient, limits its concern strictly to problems of validity. 40. Cable cars in hilly San Francisco are pulled along by an endless cable between the rails, which is driven by machinery in a centrally powerhouse. SECTION III Questions 1-9

With the onset of the Industrial Revolution, knowing the age of rocks became a necessary prerequisite to finding industrial minerals, such as coal, iron, and the other materials that fueled and sustained the great Western industrialization of the eighteenth

Line and nineteenth centuries. It was in the mining regions where engineers, who needed a 5 better system for organizing the various types of rock scattered across Earth's surface,

first grappled with scientific approaches to understanding the age of various rocksand the age of Earth. They realized that if the various rock units could he dated by their relative ages, correlations among even widely separated rocks could be established and from this, some order recognized.

10 The pioneering European geologists first believed that identifying a rock's type would give them a strong clue to the age of the rock formation and that one of the most powerful clues came from the hardness of a given rock. Specific rock types were thus assumed to have formed at characteristically different rimes, the softest rocks having formed the most recently. This crude type of dating was first used to understand the way mountains were

15 formed, In the mid-1700's it was thought thai there were three distinct types of mountains in Europe, each formed by a different type of rock and each created at a different time. According to this theory, the oldest were the Alps, which had interior cores composed of very hard, crystalline rocks (such as granite, schist, or basalt). These mountains were called Primitive. Sitting on the flanks of the Primitive mountains were younger, smaller,

20 Secondary mountains composed of layered sedimentary rocks such as limestone. They were often rich with fossils and intermediate in hardness. The youngest Tertiary mountains were composed of softer mudstones and sandstone. Rock type, hardness, and size thus established mountain type, and rock type also became a proxy for age. However, study soon exposed the fallacy of these early notions. It was discovered that

25 some of the very high mountains were composed of the softest sediments and that even hard volcanic rock was sometimes found in very low mountains. By the early 1800's, it was understood that rock type was of no help in establishing age. 1, What does the passage mainly discuss? (A) An early attempt to find reliable rules for dating rocks and mountains (B) The search for different rock types to be used in industry (C) Changing views about what caused high mountain ranges to form (D) A controversy about rocks between mining engineers and geologists 2. The word "grappled" in line 6 is closest in meaning to (A) competed (B) struggled


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(C) agreed (D) searched 3. According to the passage, how could knowing the age of rocks benefit industry'? (A) It reduced the dependence of industry on coal. (B) It helped miners find new types of minerals. (C) It helped people in their search for industrial minerals. (D) It made it possible to mine rocks under Earth's surface. 4. According to the passage, mining engineers were the first to realize that (A) various types of rock were scattered across Earth's surface (B) rocks in different locations could be related by their age (C) there were wide differences in the appearance of different types of rocks (D) older rocks were better suited for industrial use 5. The word 'They" in line 21 refers to (A) crystalline rocks (B) the flanks (C) the Primitive mountains (D) layered sedimentary rocks 6. Why does the author mention rock type, hardness, and size in lines 22-23? (A) To describe the development of European geology (B) To explain the differences between mudstone and sandstone (C) To introduce the new theories that were about to emerge in the 1800's (D) To summarize the characteristics thought to distinguish mountain types 7. According to the passage, pioneer geologists believed that to determine a rock's age, it was

helpful to know (A) how deep under the surface the rock was located (B) how much power was needed to remove the rock (C) how rough the rock's texture was (D) how soft the rock was 8. According to the passage, early geologists believed which of the following about Primitive

mountains? (A) They had interior cores of sandstone and mudstone, (B) They contained a large number of fossils. (C) They had been formed during the same limited period in Earth's history. (D)They were smaller than the Tertiary mountains. 9. The word "proxy" in line 23 is closest in meaning to (A) substitute (B) preparation


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(C) product (D) choice Questions 10-18

Some people are concerned that our soils arc becoming depleted of trace minerals by continuous agricultural use and hence that foocte are becoming depleted in vital minerals. This is a complex issue about which not a great deal is known, but the lack of evidence of

Line mineral deficiencies in our population speaks to the adequacy of our soils. Furthermore, 5 soils are replenished in trace minerals by rainwater and especially by irrigation water that

is obtained from rivers or wells that draw water from other soil or rock formations far away from the farm,

On the other hand, agricultural practices that remove the total crop from the field year after year with no replenishment of trace minerals can over time result in a crop poor in

10 these minerals. Of course, the fanner could supply chemical fertilizer to the fields* but with most fertilizers this practice would replenish only potassium, phosphates, and nitrogen. Rotating a "green manure" crop such as clover, which is plowed under after the end of the growing season, would renew only nitrogen in the soil, not trace elements. There is a growing realization, therefore, (hat so-called organic farming makes good commercial

15 sense and would help minimize mineral depletion: Organic fanning essentially refers to farming that does not depend on chemical fertilizers; rather, soils are invigorated by applying manure and by plowing in crop wastes, such as corn stalks and bean vines, and compost. These techniques return organic material and trace minerals back to the soils and are to be commended. However, for maximum yields, a chemical fertilizer may be required

20 in addition to manure and plant waste. Some critics of modern farming methods fear that the hardier varieties of fruits and

vegetables that have been developed to make shipment easier have resulted in loss of vitamin content. This concern is unfounded because the creation of vitamins by plants is an automatic biological process. Any variety of plant will make the full complement of vitamins it needs, regardless of species. 10. The word "vital" in line 2 is closest in meaning to (A) effective (B) ideal (C) unique (D) necessary 11 The author mentions clover in tine 12 as an example of a (A) plant that is typically grown on organic farms (B) crop that can be rotated and used as fertilizer (C) crop that replaces both nitrogen and trace elements in soil (D) plant that has been thoroughly depleted of nutrients in recent years 12. The author mentions all of the following as an example of ways to renew trace minerals

in the soil EXCEPT (A) plowing crop wastes into the soil


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(B) organic farming (C) using appropriate water (D) growing the same crop year after year 13. The word "essentially" in line 15 is closest in meaning to (A) probably (B) biologically (C) basically (D) automatically 14. Which of the following does the passage identify as examples of plant waste products? (A) Potassium and phosphates (B) Clover (C) Trace elements (D) Com stalks and bean vines Questions 19-29

Animation traditionaily is done by hand-drawing or painting successive frames of an object, each slightly different than the preceding frame. In computer animation, although the computer may be the one to draw the different frames, in moat cases the artist will

Line draw the beginning and ending frames and the computer will produce the drawings 5 between the first and the last drawing. This is generally referred to as computer-assisted

animation, because the computer is more of a helper than an originator. In full computer animation, complex mathematical formulas are used to produce the

final sequence of pictures. These formulas operate on extensive databases of numbers that define the objects in the pictures as they exist in mathematical space. The database

10 consists of endpoints, and color and intensity information. Highly trained professionals are needed to produce such effects because animation that obtains high degrees of realism involves computer techniques for three-dimensional transformation, shading, and curvatures.

High-tech computer animation for film involves very expensive computer systems 15 along with special color terminals or frame buffers. The frame buffer is nothing

more than a giant image memory for viewing a single frame. It temporarily holds the image for display on the screen,

A camera can be used to film directly from the computer's display screen, but for the highest quality images possible, expensive film recorders are used. The computer

20 computes the positions and colors for ihe figures in the picture, and sends this information to the recorder, which captures it on film. Sometimes, however, the images are stored on a large magnetic disk before being sent to the recorder. Once this process is completed, it is repeated for the next frame. When the entire sequence has been recorded on the film, the film must be developed before the animation can be viewed. If the entire sequence does

25 not seem right, the motions must be corrected, recomputed, redisplayed, and rerecorded. This approach can be very expensive and time consuming. Often, computer-animation companies first do motion tests with simple computer-generated line drawings before selling their computers to the task of calculating the high-resolution, realistic-looking


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images. 19. What aspect of computer animation does the passage mainly discuss? (A) The production process (B) The equipment needed (C) The high cost (D) The role of the artist 20.According to the passage, in computer-assisted animation the role of the computer is to draw the (A) first frame (B) middle frames (C) last frame (D) entire sequence of frames 21. The word "they" in line 9 refers to (A) formulas (B) databases (C) numbers (D) objects 22. According to the passage, the frame buffers mentioned in line 15 are used to (A) add color to the images (B) expose several frames at the same time (C) store individual images (D) create new frames 23. The phrase "nothing more than" in lines 15-16 is closest in meaning to (A) increasingly (B) simply (C) paiticularly (D) instantly 24. According to the passage, the positions and colors of the figures m high-tech animation are determined by (A) drawing several versions (B) enlarging one frame at a lime (C) analyzing the sequence from different angles (D) using computer calculations 25. The word "captures" in line 21 is closest in meaning to (A) separates (B) registers


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(C) describes (D) numbers 26. The word "Once" in line 22 is closest in meaning to (A) before (B) since (C) after (D) while 27. According to the passage, how do computer-animation companies often test motion? (A) They experiment with computer-generated line drawings. (B) They hand-draw successive frames. (C) They calculate high-resolution images. (D) They develop extensive mathematical formulas. 28. The word "task" in line 28 is closest in meaning to (A) possibility (B) position (C) time (D) job 29. Which of the following statements is supported by the passage? (A) Computers have reduced the costs of animation. (B) In the future, traditional artists will no longer be needed. (C) Artists are unable to produce drawings as high in quality as computer drawings. (D)Animation involves a wide range of technical and artistic skills. Questions 30-39

The first Europeans in the Delaware Valley, a region located near die Atlantic Coast of North America, were Scandinavians. They came to the short-lived colony known as New Sweden, founded in 1638, Loose organization and local autonomy fostered a cultural

Line fusion between native and settler cultures that proved one of the most notableand least 5 understooddevelopments of early North American history. The Native Americans were

both fanners and hunters; Native American women farmed gardens of corn, beans, and squash, while Native American men hunted for furs, hides, and meat. Such a gender division of labor was much like that practiced by Scandinavian settlers. In the harsh environment of northern Europe, Scandinavian women had been accustomed to practicing

10 forms of shifting cultivation, and they immediately understood Native American horticulture. Colonial women of the Delaware valley quickly adopted the crops of the Native American women, while Native American women welcomed European tools, such as metal hoes, and farm animals, such as pigs and chickens.

Similarly, Scandinavian men quickly adapted to hunting in North America, In France 15 and England, unlike Scandinavia, hunting had been long reserved for the nobility, and

so few French and English settlers had much experience in handling firearms or


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understanding the patterns of game animals. But Scandinavian men were familiar with hunting and receptive to learning the hunting methods of the local Native Americans. In turn Native Americans readily incorporated European steel knives, firearms, and linen

20 hunting shirts into their hunting routines. The most common symbol of pioneer North America, the log cabin, emerged in the

Delaware Valley, and ought to serve as a symbol of this composite culture. Construction with logs was a tradition brought to North America by Finnish settlers of New Sweden, It was quickly picked up by other settlers, for with the resources of the American woods,

25 a few tools, and a little training, several men could erect a rough shelter in a day, or a solid house in a week, What is truly fascinating is that Native Americans quickly learned these construction techniques and probably did as much as colonists to spread the practice of log construction across the frontiers of colonial North America. 30. Which one of the following questions does the passage answer? (A) What role did Native American men play in teaching their agricultural methods to

Scandinavian settlers? (B) How did the interaction between Native Americans and Scandinavian settlers benefit both

groups? (C) What hardships did the Scandinavian women settlers experience in North America? (D) What caused a rivalry between the English and Scandinavian settlers in North America? 31. The word "fostered" in line 3 is closest in meaning to (A) encouraged (B) predated (C) predicted (D) rejected 32. In line 4, the word "notable" is closest in meaning to (A) social (B) predictable (C) remarkable (D) early 33.According to the passage, the Native American and Scandinavian cultures of the Delaware

Valley initially had all of the following in common EXCEPT (A) loose organization (B) farming experience (C) metal fanning tools (D) local autonomy 34. According to the passage, why were Scandinavian women easily able to understand

Native American horticulture? (A) They had prior knowledge of most Native American plants. (B) They had used similar cultivation practices in Scandinavia.


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(C) They were helped by Native American and colonial men, (D) hey were able to use Native American farming tools. 35. Why does the author contrast English and French settlers with Scandinavian settlers in

lines 14-18 ? (A) To suggest that they learned at least some hunting skills from each other (B) To illustrate that it is hard to decide who established the earliest North American hunting

techniques (C) To explain why the Scandinavians were able to adopt Native American hunting

techniques more easily (D) To show how Native Americans might have acquired steel knives and firearms 36. What does the author imply about French and English settlers? (A) Most of them did not come from the nobility. (B) Most of them hunted with advanced firearms. (C) They taught hunting skills to Scandinavian settlers. (D) They provided Native Americans with linen hunting shirts. 37. In Line 18, the phrase "receptive to" is closest in meaning to (A) suspicious of (B) ready for (C) dependent on (D) new lo 38. The word ''emerged" in line 21 is closest in meaning to (A) enlarged (B) disappeared (C) remained (D) developed 39. Why does the author state in lines 21-22 that the log cabin ought to serve as a symbol? (A) It could be built by using the available resources of the Delaware Valley. (B) It was built across the frontiers of colonial North America. (C) It uses a construction technique brought to North America by Scandinavian settlers. (D) It is a good example of the cultural mixing of native and settler cultures.

Questions 40-50 At the turn of the twentieth century, Americans who wished to travel between cities

either for work or for pleasure had limited options. The steam railroad offered the best, the most reliable and the fastest means of transport. Electric railways (trams and trolleys)

Line provided reasonable intraurban and short-distance intercity travel They also offered some 5 longer routes, but only in certain parts of the country. Horse-drawn coaches were neither


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a competitive nor a comfortable alternative given the deplorable slate of the nation's highways; and though bicycles were popular in both town and country, they, too, were hampered by poor road surfaces. It took the mass production and ownership of cars, together with increased attention to road construction, to bring the major breakthrough

10 in travel in the 192Q*s. And alongside the rapid spread of the popular and individualistic auto came the slower, but significant, growth of bus transport. Not only did buses largely replace trams and trolleys in urban mass transit, they also opened up new avenues of intercity travel both to those Americans who couH not afford cars and to those car owners who preferred to leave distance driving to others.

15 No particular date marks the beginning of the American intercity bus industry because so many individuals were attracted to it at about the same time by the large profits available to those who could cany fare-paying passengers over public highways- These ubiquitous bus pioneers came from all walks of life. Few knew much about transport or about business, but they were willing to take a chance on a new venture that had low entry

20 costs. Frequently driving used vehicles, these drivers concentrated on local services operated on a consumer-demand basis with the driver taking cash fares. There were no formal schedules or routes. People became aware of the new service by word of mouth or newspaper advertisements, but a regular commitment was not guaranteed. Bus drivers frequently did not start until they Had a full load; and those who traveled on the early buses were content with reaching iheir destination rather than enjoying a fast or comfortable journey. 40, What is the main topic of the passage? (A) The difficulties with various forms of public transportation in the 1920's (B) The effect of poor roads on the development of rail transportation (C) The differences between intraurban arid intercity transportation at the aim of the century (D) The early development of bud transportation 41 What does the author imply about horse-drawn coaches at the turn of the twentieth

century? (A) They were not available within cities. (B) They did not provide as good service as the railroads. (C) They were more popular than bicycles. (D) They were strong competitors of trams and trolleys. 42. The word "deplorable" in line 6 is closest in meaning to (A) unusable (B) worn (C) awful (D) difficult 43. The word "hampered" in line 8 is closest in meaning to (A) restrained (B) supported (C) favored


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(D) damaged 44. According to the passage, until the 1920's, the best way to travel between cities was by (A) steam powered trains (B) trams and trolleys (C) bicycles (D) cars 45. According to the passage, all of rhe following changed travel in America in the 1920's

EXCEPT (A) widespread ownership of cars (B) improved roads (C) innovations in public transport (D) competition between trams and trolleys 46. The phrase "These ubiquitous bus pioneers" in lines 17-18 refers to (A) Americans who could not afford cars (B) car owners who preferred toleave distance driving to others (C) individuals attracted to the intercity bus industry (D) fare-paying passengers 47. Which of the following best describes early bus drivers? (A) They had previous work experience ia public transportation, (B) They were cautious in business matters* (C) They did not at first have high costs. (D) They did not have many competitors 48. According to the passage, people learned about new bus routes from (A) radio broadcasts (B) conversations with otherpeople (C} signs in the buses (D) notices posted in local stores 49. What can be inferred from the passage about the beginning of the bus industry in

America'? (A) High profits do not explain why so many people started providing bus services. (B) The bus industry was started by the large corporations that constructed highways. (C) The founders of bus transportation had difficulty buying vehicles that could be used as

buses. (D) Passengers used bus transportation even though it was neither regular nor fast. 50. According to the passage, which of the following characterized early bus travel? (A) Established routes (B) Comfortable seats (C) Fully occupied buses


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(D) Published schedules


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thi TOEFL thng 8 nm 2005 SECTION I PART A 1. (A) He is not sure where the student-service office is. (B) He recently got a new student ID card. (C) He is too busy to go to the student-services office now. (D) He plans to get his new student ID card on Monday. 2. (A) She lost the man's calculator. (B) She will lend the man her calculator. (C) The calculator may be under the man's book. (D) The man will not have time to find the calculator. 3. (A) He wanted to be an artist. (B) He is not qualified to judge the painting. (C) The painting is not finished yet. (D) He will find a fine arts major for the woman. 4. (A) She does not know where the student center is. (B) She does not need a flu shot this year. (C) Flu shots will not be free this year. (D) She would like to get a free flu shot next week. 5. (A) He will be studying tomorrow. (B) He will see the game at night. (C) He does riot like baseball. (D) He has a ticket for the game. 6. (A) She is not sure if she can attend the meeting. (B) She will be out of town until Friday. (C) She has been planning to go to the meeting. (D) She cannot change her schedule for Friday. 7. (A) He will help the woman move. (B) The woman needs to accept her current situation. (C) The woman can move in the middle of the semester.


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(D) The woman is already living in the best dorm. 8. (A) She will help me man look for the book:. (B) She knows where the man's book is. (C) She will return the book to the man later. (D) She saw someone walk away with the man's book. 9. (A) Lend the woman money (B) Get the woman's purse (C) Invite the woman to lunch next week (D) Pay for the woman's lunch 10. (A) Ask the man to help her figure out how to' use her new computer (B) Let the man use her computer (C) Take her computer to a repair shop (D) Help the man fix his Computer 11. (A) He always exercises on Wednesdays. (B) He would like to play tennis with the woman this week. (C) He thinks the woman plays tennis as well as he does. (D) He always plays tennis with the same person. 12. (A) Professor Miller is not teaching in this semester. (B) Professor Miller teaches anthropology. ; (C) The man should take a different biology course, (D) The man is looking in the wrong part of the catalog. 13. (A) He will do it before he begins his other work. (B) He will submit it on Thursday. (C) He has already finished it. (D) He is allowed to complete it later. 14. (A) She forgot about the sale books. (B) She thinks the man should get a second job. (C) She wants the man to move the sale books. (D) She has changed her mind about the textbooks. 15.


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(A) She does not agree that it is a stressful time. (B) She does not feel as calm as she seems. (C) She admires the man's calmness. (D) She will help the man to deal with his stress. 16. (A) He would like to take a break. (B) He thinks the library will close soon. (C) He does not want to stop working. (D) He does not like coffee. 17. (A) When he is coming to visit (B) Why he was not as friendly as (C) Why he did not feel well (D) What he was trying to tell her on the phone 18. (A) Mary is not going to the (B) Mary does not know about the concert. (C) The man should call Mary. (D) The man should go to the concert without Mary. 19. (A) The woman was surprised by the topic of Professor Black's lecture. (B) The man was out able to attend Professor Black' s lecture. (C) Professor Black missed class today. (D) Professor Black gives challenging lectures. 20. (A) He does not have time to help the woman. (B) He is not sure whether he can help the woman. (C) He can help the woman after three o'clock. (D) He will help the woman. 21. (A) Become a photography instructor (B) Return to her old photography class (C) Try a class at the new studio (D) Look for a less expensive class 22. (A) It is hard to read. (B) Some of the answers are wrong.


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(C) The professor requires that it be typed. (D) It was not completed on time. 23. (A) Continue working on her paper (B) Go out for coffee (C) Ask the man to bring her coffee (D) Prepare a pot of coffee for the 24. (A) Phone the company to ask about the job (B) Buy a new answering machine (C) Wait for the company to call him (D) Assume that he did not get the job 25. (A) Jim might not have been (B) Jim often changes his mind, (C) Jim was just joking about (D) Jim rarely tells jokes. 26. (A) It will take a few days for the fan to be repaired. (B) Air conditioners will be installed on Saturday. (C) Using the oven made the apartment hotter. (D) The weather will cool off soon. 27. (A) She is not sure how long it takes to knit a sweater. (B) She will make a sweater for the man, (C) The wool she uses for her sweaters has gotten very expensive. (D) Her academic schedule does not allow time for knitting. 28. (A) Tell the woman what time the bus will come (B) Change his class schedule (C) Go downtown with the (D) Give the woman his history book 29. (A) She plans to attend the meeting. (B) She thinks the meeting time will be fine for everyone. (C) She enjoys going to basketball games: (D) She set up the study group meeting time.


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30. (A) He read an article about Professor Monroe's research. (B) He does not know Professor Monroe (C) Professor Monroe probably will talk to the woman. (D) Professor Monroe does not like giving interviews. PART B 31. (A) Inorganic chemistry (B) Genetics (C) Mathematics (D) Anthropology 32. (A) He is waiting to hear about the woman's research. (B) He is more interested in DNA found in frogs. (C) He is just twinning 10 gather the data. (D) He avoids controversial research topics. 33. (A) They attack and destroy other molecules. (B) They do not reproduce under ordinary conditions. (C) They do not contribute to the organism that supports them. (D) They carry the blueprints only for complex organisms. 34. (A) A swimming competition (B) A singing contest (C) The water temperature at the beach (D) The woman's schedule this semester 35. (A) They have won for the past three years. (B) They placed second last year. (C) They practiced for three months prior to the competition. (D) She ihought they did not perform well. 36. (A) Studying in the library (B) Practicing his singing (C) Walking on the iieach (D)Swimming in the ocean


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37. (A) She spent many hours on a bus. (B) She was too busy to enjoy the beach. (C) She had plenty of time to study. (D) She did not have time to watch the competition. 38. (A) Enter a singing competition (B) Add new members (C) Organize a graduation party (D) Take a trip to the beach PART C 39. (A) Musicians of the early twentieth Century (B) Early vaudeville theaters in Europe (C) The development of American silent films (D) The history of vaudeville entertainment 40. (A) Their scripts were written by famous playwright*. (B) They featured a variety of (C) They did not include music. (D) They were usually performed outdoors. 41. (A) To acquaint audiences with a European art form (B) To increase attendance at the vaudeville theaters (C) To introduce new actors to the audience (D) To enable vaudeville theaters to raise ticket prices 42. (A) It was performed more frequently. (B) It featured actors from films. (C) It became less popular, (D) It was first accepted as serious 43. (A) One factor that affects the Earth's climate (B) The professor's experience analyzing types of dust (C) How to estimate temperature the ice ages (D) The use of technological advances in studying climate


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44. (A) To find ways of improving aircraft safety in storms (B) To discover new species of bacteria (C) To find out whether dust contains dangerous substances (D) To determine what types of dust are present under different conditions 45. (A) To explain why collecting dust is difficult (B) To illustrate the damage that dust can cause (C) To show how different types of dust affect the weather in different ways (D) To give an example of how dust in the atmosphere is reduced 46. (A) Whether dust caused the last ice age (B) Whether the overall effect of dust is heating or cooling (C) How high temperatures affect the amount of dust in the (D) How cold the planet was daring the lie ages 47. (A) Reasons the Mycenaeans never became successful sea traders (B) The development and decline of Minoan and Mycenaean sea trade (C) The influence of the Mycenaeans on the Minoans (D) Causes of conflict between the Minoans and Mycenaeans 48. (A)They existed long before the Minoans began to trade by sea. (B) They produced great wealth for the Minoans. (C) They were established by the Mycenaeans. (D) They were frequently attacked by the Mycenaeans. 49. (A) It ended the dominance of the Minoans. (B) It resulted in increased sales of farm goods by [he Minoans. (C) It was not serious enough to affect Sea trade. (D) It interrupted the Mycenaean production of bronze objects. 50. (A) The decline of their harbors (B) Natural disasters that destroyed their crops (C) An increase in trade by the Minoans (D) Politician unrest that interfered with trade.


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SECTION II PART A 1. Drinking water-------excessive enamel of teeth to become brittle and to chip off, leaving a stained or mottled effect. (A) containing (B) in which containing (C) contains (D) that is contained 2. Carbohydrates, -------of the three principal constituents of food, form the bulk of the average human diet (A) are one (B) one [hat (C) one (D) which one 3. -------the eye, a camera takes in rays of light thai are reflected from an object and focuses the rays into an image. (A) Alike (B) As like (C) Is like (D) Like 4. Great pain and swelling characterize both sprains and fractures, but------- he affected part and unnatural ting often indicate a bone break. inability lo move (A) inability to move (B) they were unable to move (C) unable to move (D) when inability to move 5. The human skin forms-------against the action of physical, chemical, and bacterial agents on the deeper tissues. (A) a protective barrier is (B) a protective barrier (C) a barrier and protective (D) when a protective barrier 6. The technique of frying food has prepare n^eats, fish, vegetables, and breads. (A) to have most cultures (B) that in most cultures (C) in cultures when (D) in most cultures


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7. Music has been called both the most mathematical-------the most abstract of the arts. (A) but (B) and (C) however (D) or 8. Roots of plants lend to grow downward into soil, unless - more readily available at the surface. (A) have water (B) water has (C) is water (D) water is 9. United States income taxes are paid to the Internal Revenue Service,-------funds for use by the government. (A) which distributes (B) and distributes (C) the distribution of (D) so that the distribution of 10. Robert Penn Warren's first novel was published in 1939, and seven years later, his third novel, All the King's Men, made - famous. (A) he was (B) him (C) his (D) how he was 11. Although legend has it that the Pilgrims first set foot in America on Plymouth Rock in 1620, ------- documentary evidence confirming (A) no (B) still is no (C) there is no (D) but no 12. The gardenia, about 200 species --to tropical and subtropical countries, was named in honor of eighteenth-centu

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