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14 June 2005 NOST Spring 2005
Helpful Technology and the
Internet Of Things
Robert Poor <[email protected]>NBT Group
14 June 2005 NOST Spring 2005
Smart versus Helpful
• smart: CLEVER “mentally quick and resourceful but often lacking in depth and soundness”
• helpful: USEFUL “serviceable for an end or purpose”
14 June 2005 NOST Spring 2005
Helpful Technology
• Connectivity is more important than local processing power.
• Embedded Wireless Networking– Cost– Technology– Standards
• Commercial Results• Areas for further research
14 June 2005 NOST Spring 2005
Bob Lucky’s Hierarchy
Wisdom
Knowledge
Information
Data
Signal
14 June 2005 NOST Spring 2005
The Internet Of Things150M CPUs
7.5B embedded microcontrollers
“The overarching promise driving [low rate, low power wireless systems] is low cost, self-installing wireless technology that links devices, systems and human operators and runs ostensibly on common batteries for months or even years.” [WDRG 2003]
Units manufactured in 2001 (projected)Source: DARPA / Tennenhouse 2000
14 June 2005 NOST Spring 2005
Wireless Embedded Networking
• Moore’s Law: The cost of silicon-based systems decreases exponentially with time.
• Result: Wireless Embedded Networks will continue to become cheaper due to reduced silicon costs.
• Metcalfe’s Law: The value of connecting to a network increases as the square of the number of connections.
• Result: Wireless Embedded Networks will continue to become more valuable as they grow.
14 June 2005 NOST Spring 2005
Cost of Computing: $/MIPS
$0.01
$0.10
$1.00
$10.00
$100.00
$1,000.00
$10,000.00
$100,000.00
$1,000,000.00
$10,000,000.00
$100,000,000.00
$1,000,000,000.00
1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999 2004 2009
Source: Hans P Moravec, http://www.frc.ri.cmu.edu/~hpm
Vanishing Cost of Processing
10x reduction every 7.5 years(2x reduction every 27 months)
10x reduction every 4 years(2x reduction every 15 months)
14 June 2005 NOST Spring 2005
Mesh Technology
95%
95%
40%
A
C
B
Star Architecture: 40% reliable at node B
In a Star Architecture, link reliability is limited by SNR between each node and its Access Point.
14 June 2005 NOST Spring 2005
Mesh Technology
95%
95%
40%
A
C
B95%
Mesh Architecture: 94% reliable at node B
In a Mesh Architecture, nodes cooperatively route messages, resulting in increased reliability.
14 June 2005 NOST Spring 2005
Mesh Technology
95%
95%
40%
A
C
B95%
95%
Mesh Architecture: 99.4% reliable at node B
In a Mesh Architecture, nodes cooperatively route messages, resulting in increased reliability.
14 June 2005 NOST Spring 2005
Standards• IEEE 802.15.4: low-rate (250 Kbits/sec),
2.4GHz DSSS. Multiply sourced (Chipcon, Ember, FreeScale, others).
• ZigBee: Defines compatible profiles on top of 802.15.4 for specific applications. Over 150 member companies. See www.zigbee.org.
• WINA: Wireless Industrial Network Alliance. Best practices for Industrial Applications. See www.wina.org.
14 June 2005 NOST Spring 2005
Some Commercial Products
Nuri Telecom: AIMIR Automatic Meter Reading
Eaton Corporation: Home Heartbeat Home Awareness
Philips Lighting: Wireless Lighting Control
Raymarine: S1000 Wireless Autopilot System
14 June 2005 NOST Spring 2005
Selected Research Topics• Alternative power sources, including
energy scavenger systems.• Ranging Systems based on Ultra-
WideBand (UWB) and other technologies
• Smart Radio and efficient spectrum usage.
• High-level software interfaces: connecting to the Enterprise
• What is the “TCP/IP” for the Internet Of Things?