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CURVILINEAR MOTION: RECTANGULAR COMPONENTS
Todays Objectives:
Students will be able to:
a) Describe the motion of a
particle traveling along
a curved path.b) Relate kinematic
quantities in terms of
the rectangular
components of the
vectors.
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READING QUIZ
1. In curvilinear motion, the direction of the instantaneous
velocity is always
A) tangent to the hodograph.
B) perpendicular to the hodograph.
C) tangent to the path.
D) perpendicular to the path.
2. In curvilinear motion, the direction of the instantaneous
acceleration is always
A) tangent to the hodograph.
B) perpendicular to the hodograph.
C) tangent to the path.
D) perpendicular to the path.
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APPLICATIONS
The path of motion of each plane inthis formation can be tracked with
radar and their x, y, and z coordinates
(relative to a point on earth) recorded
as a function of time.
How can we determine the velocity
or acceleration of each plane at any
instant?
Should they be the same for each
aircraft?
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APPLICATIONS (continued)
A roller coaster car travels down
a fixed, helical path at a constant
speed.
How can we determine its
position or acceleration at any
instant?
If you are designing the track, why is it important to be
able to predict the acceleration of the car?
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POSITION AND DISPLACEMENT
A particle moving along a curved path undergoes curvilinear motion.
Since the motion is often three-dimensional, vectors are used todescribe the motion.
A particle moves along a curve
defined by the path function, s.
Theposition of the particle at any instant is designated by the vector
r=r(t). Both the magnitude and direction ofrmay vary with time.
If the particle moves a distance (s along thecurve during time interval (t, the
displacement is determined by vector
subtraction: (r=r- r
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VELOCITY
Velocity represents the rate of change in the position of a
particle.
The average velocity of the particle
during the time increment (t is
vavg
=(r/(t .
The instantaneous velocity is thetime-derivative of position
v = dr/dt .
The velocity vector, v, is always
tangent to the path of motion.The magnitude ofv is called the speed. Since the arc length (s
approaches the magnitude of(ras t0, the speed can be
obtained by differentiating the path function (v = ds/dt). Note
that this is not a vector!
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ACCELERATION
Acceleration represents the rate of change in the
velocity of a particle.
If a particles velocity changes from v to vover a
time increment (t, the average acceleration during
that increment is:
aavg
=(v/(t = (v - v)/(t
The instantaneous acceleration is the time-
derivative of velocity:
a = dv/dt = d2r/dt2
A plot of the locus of points defined by the arrowhead
of the velocity vector is called a hodograph. The
acceleration vector is tangent to the hodograph, but
not, in general, tangent to the path function.
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RECTANGULAR COMPONENTS: POSITION
It is often convenient to describe the motion of a particle interms of its x, y, z orrectangular components, relative to a fixed
frame of reference.
The position of the particle can be
defined at any instant by the
position vectorr=xi+ yj+ z k.
The x, y, z components may all be
functions of time, i.e.,
x = x(t), y = y(t), and z = z(t) .
The magnitude of the position vector is: r= (x2 + y2 + z2)0.5
The direction ofris defined by the unit vector: ur= (1/r)r
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RECTANGULAR COMPONENTS: VELOCITY
The magnitude of the velocity
vector is
v = [(vx)2 + (vy)2 + (vz)2]0.5
The direction ofv is tangent
to the path of motion.
Since the unit vectors i,j, kare constant in magnitude and
direction, this equation reduces to v = vxi+ vyj+ vzk
where vx = = dx/dt, vy = = dy/dt, vz = = dz/dtx y z
The velocity vectoris the time derivative of the position vector:
v = dr/dt = d(xi)/dt + d(yj)/dt + d(zk)/dt
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RECTANGULAR COMPONENTS: ACCELERATION
The direction ofa is usually
not tangent to the path of the
particle.
The acceleration vectoris the time derivative of thevelocity vector (second derivative of the position vector):
a = dv/dt = d2r/dt2 = axi+ ayj+ azk
where ax = = = dvx /dt, ay = = = dvy /dt,
az = = = dvz /dt
vx x vy y
vz z
The magnitude of the acceleration vector is
a = [(ax)2 + (ay)
2 + (az)2 ]0.5
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EXAMPLE
Given:The motion of two particles (A and B) is described bythe position vectors
rA = [3t i+ 9t(2 t)j] m
rB = [3(t22t +2) i+ 3(t 2)j] m
Find: The point at which the particles collide and their
speeds just before the collision.
Plan: 1) The particles will collide when their positionvectors are equal, orrA =rB .
2) Their speeds can be determined by differentiating
the position vectors.
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EXAMPLE (continued)
1) The point of collision requires that rA =rB, so xA =xB and yA = yB .
Solution:
x-components: 3t =3(t22t + 2)
Simplifying: t23t + 2= 0
Solving: t = {3s [32
4(1)(2)]0.5
}/2(1)=> t =2 or 1 s
y-components: 9t(2 t) =3(t 2)
Simplifying: 3t25t 2= 0
Solving: t = {5s [524(3)(2)]0.5}/2(3)
=> t =2 or 1/3 s
So, the particles collide when t =2 s. Substituting this
value into rA orrB yields
xA = xB =6 m and yA = yB = 0
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EXAMPLE (continued)
2) Differentiate rA and rB to get the velocity vectors.
Speed is the magnitude of the velocity vector.
vA = (32 + 182) 0.5 = 18.2 m/s
vB = (62 + 32) 0.5 =6.71 m/s
vA = drA/dt = = [3i+ (18 18t)j] m/s
At t =2 s: vA = [3i 18j] m
/s
jyAixA.
vB = drB/dt = xBi+ yBj = [(6t 6)i+ 3j] m/s
At t =2 s: vB = [6i+ 3j] m/s
. .
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GROUP PROBLEM SOLVING
Given: A particle travels along a path described by theparabola y = 0.5x2. The x-component of velocity is
given by vx = (5t) ft/s. When t = 0, x = y = 0.
Find: The particles distance from the origin and the
magnitude of its acceleration when t = 1 s.Plan:
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GROUP PROBLEM SOLVING (continued)
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