2006-2007 Biology Final Review

Part B

• Haploid – A cell that has only one set of chromosomes.

Example – gamete (egg or sperm)

• Diploid – A cell that contains two sets of chromosomes.

• Example – somatic cells

• zygote (fertilized egg)

31. 32.

• Intron – a section of DNA that does not code for an amino acid.

• Exon – The portion of DNA that codes for the production of proteins.

33. 34.

Transcription

• The genetic information for making a protein is rewritten as a molecule of messenger RNA.

35.

Translation

• The portion of protein synthesis that takes place at ribosomes . Codons from mRNA molecules specify the sequence of amino acids.

36.

Bacteriophage

37.

Bacteriophage – a virus that infects bacteria.

Crossing Over

•The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes results in genetic recombination which is essential to evolution.

•The combination of genes from two organisms results in a third type, not identical to either parent.

•The 3 mechanisms of meiosis that contribute to genetic variation are: Independent assortment, random fertilization and crossing over.

38.

Asexual Reproduction Page 150

• In asexual reproduction, a single parent passes exact copies of all of its DNA to its offspring.

• Fission• Fragmentation• Budding

39.

Transformation

• Transformation, a change in genotype caused when cells take up foreign genetic material.

40.

DNA Structure41.

Double Helix

42. Complete and label diagrams

Differences between DNA and RNA

• Double stranded• Deoxyribose sugar• Nitrogen bases ATCG

• Single stranded• Ribose sugar• Nitrogen bases

AUCG

43.

DNA Replication

• DNA is copied• Occurs in the nucleus• Takes place during the

synthesis phase of the cell cycle.

• Enzymes separate the two strands

• New strands are synthesized by base-pairing with the original strand

44.

RNA

• Messenger RNA - carries instructions for making a protein from a gene on the DNA in the nucleus and delivers it to the site of translation.

• Ribosomal RNA – responsible for ribosome function.

• Transfer RNA - single strands of RNA that temporarily carry a specific amino acid.

45.

• Codon - The RNA instructions are written as a series of three-nucleotide sequences on the mRNA called codons.

• Anticodon - a three-nucleotide sequence on a tRNA that is complementary to an mRNA codon.

46.

List where the following process occur.

• DNA Replication - Nucleus

• Transcription - cytoplasm

• Translation - cytoplasm

47.

Chargaff

• American Biochemist• Studied the nucleotide

composition of many samples of DNA.

• Amounts of nucleotides varied with each sample of DNA.

• Thymine equals Adenine • and Guanine = Cytosine.

49.

Determine the sequence of amino acids that will result from the DNA sequence.

(Use the codon chart from page 211)

 

DNA sequence A G A G C A C T T A A A A G G

 

mRNA U C U C G U G A A U U U U C C

 

tRNA A G A G C A C U U A A A A G G

 

Amino Acid Serine Alanine Glutamic Acid Phenylalanine Serine

50.