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The Getty Conservation Institute Field Trip Report By F. LeBlanc, Head, Field Projects

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The Organization of World Heritage Cities (OWHC) was founded on September 8, 1993 in Fez, Morocco. The organization is made up of 215 cities in which are located sites included on the UNESCO World Heritage List. Most often, this is the historic core of the city. Of the member cities, 7 are located in Africa, 38 in Latin America, 20 in Asia and the Pacific, 125 in Europe and North America and 25 in the Arab States. These 215 World Heritage Cities have a combined population of 125 million people. The OWHC's headquarters are located in Qué-bec City, Canada, which hosted the First International Symposium of World Heritage Cities in July 1991. The OWHC’s initiatives, that seek to implement the World Heritage Convention, cover several areas, including the information and the training of municipal managers. To this end, the OWHC organizes symposia and seminars dealing with the challenges to be met in the realm of management and strategies pertaining to the devel-opment and preservation of historic sites. The OWHC also strives to heighten awareness between United Nations, UNESCO, World Bank and The Council of Europe, officials of the importance of bet-ter protecting historic cities in the event of armed conflicts. In the coming years, the Organization will focus on the establishment of an electronic communications network linking member cities through the Internet and the creation of a data bank on historic cit-ies. The mayors of World Heritage Cities that have paid their annual membership dues make up the General Assembly, the Organiza-tion’s paramount authority. The General Assembly meets every two years. The Board of Directors is made up of eight mayors elected by the General Assembly. It meets at least once a year.

Hugo Marcelo Cabrera Palacios, mayor of Cuenca, Ecuador, President of the Organiza-tion of World Heri-tage Cities

Denis Ricard, Quebec, Can-ada, Director General, Or-ganization of World Heri-tage Cities will be leaving temporarily the OWHC to organize the 2008 Sommet de la francophonie to be held in Quebec City

Lee Minaidis, Rhodes, Greece, Interim Director General, OWHC

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The General Secretariat is directed by the Secretary General, ap-pointed by the General Assembly, who oversees the execution of mandates adopted by the members, the day-to-day administration of the Organization, personnel management and hiring. Seven Regional Secretariats support the work of the General Se-cretariat: - Bergen (Norway) for North-West European Region - Budapest (Hungary) for Central and Eastern European Region - Córdoba (Spain) for South Europe and Mediterranean Region - Guanajuato (Mexico) for Latin America Region - Kazan (Russian Federation) for Euro-Asia Region - Tunis (Tunisia) for North Africa and Arab States Region - Zanzibar (Tanzania) for East Africa Region

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The Organization of World Heritage Cities holds biennial symposi-ums. This year, it was held in Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia June 19-23. In 2005, the GCI organized the scientific track of the previous OWHC symposium in Cusco, Peru. At that time, the GCI experi-mented with two innovative approaches. The first one was to or-ganize a conference in three official languages (English, French and Spanish) with more than 1,000 participants and have them all discuss the theme’s issues at tables of 10 people. The second one was to offer a pre-conference course for newly elected mayors to

Juan Manuel Martinez, Que-bec City OWHC secretariat

Chantale Emond from the Quebec City secretariat of the OWHC

Françoise Descamps from the GCI was project mana-ger for the GCI’s participa-tion in this congress and chaired several scientific sessions

Kathleen Louw, Sr. Project Coordinator from the GCI was responsible for coor-dinating the logistics of the scientific congress; her Russian speaking skills were key to the success of this mission

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introduce them to their new responsibilities as mayors of a world heritage city. The whole experience was quite successful. Based on the success of the above event, the GCI accepted to or-ganize the scientific track of the 9th OWHC world congress in Ka-zan. The congress’ theme is “Heritage and Economics”. The GCI began by forming a Scientific Advisory Committee comprised of leading economists and heritage professionals to assist in steering the Congress’ scientific program:

• Françoise Descamps, Getty Conservation Institute, Senior Project Specialist and project manager for the GCI's in-volvement in the 9th World Congress, USA

• Bruno Delas, Mission Culturelle, Municipality of Lyon, France

• Christian Ost, ICHEC Business School, Director, Belgium • Eduardo Rojas, Sustainable Development, Inter-American

Development Bank, USA • David Throsby, Division of Economics and Financial Stud-

ies, University of Macquarie, Sydney, Australia • Eugenio Yunis, Sustainable Tourism, World Tourism Or-

ganization, Spain • Francesco Bandarin, World Heritage Centre of the

UNESCO, Director France • Denis Ricard, Organization of World Heritage Cities, Secre-

tary General, Canada • Lee Minaidis, Organization of World Heritage Cities, Euro-

pean Projects and Development, Greece • Rassikh Sagitov, OWHC-Eurasia, Municipality of Kazan,

Councilor of the Mayor, Kazan, Russian Federation • Jeanne Marie Teutonico, Getty Conservation Institute, As-

sociate Director for Programs, USA • François Leblanc, Getty Conservation Institute, Head of

Field Projects, USA • Jeffrey Cody, Getty Conservation Institute, Senior Project

Specialist, USA • Claudia Cancino, Getty Conservation Institute, Associate

Project Specialist, USA The program for Kazan included four key presentations, discussion sessions, as well as a strong student program, poster session, and a pre-Congress Mayors workshop. All the meetings and activities related to the organization of the congress were facilitated by the support of K. Louw, V. Toledo and B. Weisblatt.

CCoonnggrreessss tthheemmee The theme of the 9th World Congress is "Heritage and Economics", a timely and stimulating subject that the mayors and the conserva-tion professionals analyzed together. The cultural heritage of his-toric cities is often perceived to be a major asset for economic de-velopment and an important source of income for the city and its inhabitants. Tourism is playing an increasingly important role in this regard. However, the protection and management of a city's cul-

Rachel Larouche, Quebec City OWHC secretariat

Donavan Ripkema helped the GCI with various as-pects of the scientific sym-posium, including the mayor’s workshop, discus-sion groups on the main theme and critique of the student’s presentations

Housing renovation and development is an impor-tant component of heritage and economics that often causes gentrification of the area renovated; Kazan is experiencing this as many areas of the city are being renovated by government as well as private sector interests

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tural heritage also embodies other values, cultural as well as mone-tary, which must be understood and safeguarded. These include social values that impart a sense of identity, spiritual values that provide insight, and historical values that enhance a connection to the past. As mayors and others strive to find practical and sustainable solutions to problems within historic cities, they often confront the dynamic linkage between heritage and econom-ics.

The Korston hotel in Kazan, venue of the 9th OWHC world congress

The 9th World Congress examined this linkage in greater depth and, in so doing, explored the complex relationships between heri-tage and economics. Participants left the 9th World Congress not only with a clearer understanding of those relationships, but also with an overview about what kind of tools and guidelines can help them confront with greater insight the inevitable challenges associ-ated with heritage and economics. The central question regarding the theme was: "How can heritage preservation contribute to the sustainable economic development of a city while safeguarding its cultural identity?"

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Mayors’ Pre-Congress Workshop

OWHC mayors meeting at Kazan Old City Hall for the pre-congress workshop

Coordinators: Jeff Cody and Claudia Cancino, Getty Conservation Institute.

The mayor’s workshop - English and Russian sign

Kazan’s Old City Hall, where the participants to the mayor’s workshop were welcomed by the mayor of Kazan

GCI’s Jeff Cody, respon-sible for the organization of the mayor’s pre-congress workshop, interviewed by TV reporters

Jeff Cody leading the Mayor’s Workshop next to Kazan’s mayor Ilsur Met-shin

GCI’s Tim Whalen and R. Sagitov from the Kazan congress organizing com-mittee

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This Mayors’ Workshop is primarily designed for newly elected mayors, but it has relevance for all mayors of World Heritage cities who wish to share ideas about how to confront the complex chal-lenges associated with protecting and managing historic resources in their cities. This workshop has three main objectives: 1. to motivate stimulating discussions about common issues con-

fronted by OWHC mayors; 2. to focus on mayors’ responsibilities towards the cultural heri-

tage that has been entrusted to them to conserve and manage; and

3. to utilize a case study example from Kazan to complement the points raised, and the conclusions reached during presenta-tions and discussions.

During the workshop, the emphasis was on active, focused discus-sion rather than formal presentations. 65 participants attended the workshop in the morning. 40 attended in the afternoon. The thematic focus was: adaptive reuse of historic buildings. The Mayor of Kazan, Ilsur Metshin greeted the participants at the Kazan City Hall. Jeff Cody introduced the workshop and offered elements of reflection on two questions:

• In trying to protect a city’s cultural heritage, where can a mayor turn for help?

• Regarding the conservation of cultural heritage in an urban context, what works and what doesn’t?

He was followed by Ernst Mavliutov, principal city architect of the city of Kazan who presented the urban plan and historic center of Kazan. Olga Aksientieva, city architect, presented the Kazan his-toric center case study site that looked at slum clearance, empty lots in the historic downtown, significant buildings in historic centers and housing issues. The participants visited the site and discussed the questions and issues raised by the presentations and the visit.

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Opening Ceremony

OWHC 9th world congress opening ceremonies

Mintimer Shaimiev Presi-dent of Tatarstan welcomed the participants

Ilsur Metshin, mayor of the city of Kazan chaired the opening ceremonies ses-sion

Tim Whalen, Director, Getty Conservation Institute, wel-comed the participants and thanked all those involved in the organization of the congress

Jean-Paul L'allier, former mayor of Quebec City and founder of the OWHC was honored by the creation of a prize that will recognize the world heritage city that has made the most progress in the preservation of its heri-tage during the two years between OWHC world con-gresses

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The opening ceremony was held in the ballroom of the Korston ho-tel and was chaired by the Mayor of Kazan. Participants were wel-comed by various Russian authorities and representatives of inter-national organizations, including the GCI represented by Tim Whalen.

Opening ceremonies reception at Old City Hall where great food, music and dance were part of the local hospitality

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1. Thematic presentations Françoise Descamps introduced the scientific program and chaired the session.

Session 1 - Françoise Descamps, Mona Seragaldin, David Throsby, Dinu Bumbaru

The first speaker was David Throsby from Macquarie University in Sydney, Australia. The title of his paper: “What is heritage economics?” Heritage buildings, historic sites and cultural districts should be seen as assets in a city’s urban fabric – assets that have both eco-nomic and cultural value. They contribute economic value through their commercial potential for tourism and for adaptive re-use as housing or commercial space. They should be considered as cul-tural capital because they contribute cultural value through their role in creating livable urban environments, and providing cultural enrichment in the lives of locals and visitors alike. This presentation showed how economics can help in understanding, interpreting and

Opening ceremonies at Korston Hotel, venue of the 9th OWHC world congress

Dinu Bumbaru, ICOMOS Secretary General was rap-porteur for session 1

David Throsby from Mac-quarie Univ. was the first guest speaker of session 1

GCI's Claudia Cancino par-ticipated actively in the preparation and delivery of the mayor’s workshop that was deemed to be a great success by the participating mayors

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measuring these contributions to urban development, leading to outcomes that are sustainable in both economic and cultural terms. David Throsby is Professor of Economics at Macquarie University in Sydney. He is internationally known for his work in the econom-ics of the arts and culture. His recent research has focused on cul-tural policy, culture in economic development, and the economics of heritage conservation. His book Economics and Culture, pub-lished by Cambridge University Press in 2001, has now appeared also in Spanish, Italian, Chinese, Korean and Japanese transla-tions. The second speaker was Mona Seragaldin from Harvard Univer-sity. The title of her paper: “How do you promote economic devel-opment based on heritage preservation and share the bene-fits?” Sustainable Development entails change but also embodies the sense of cultural continuity that is necessary to preserve a sense of identity. Development and identity are multidimensional concepts consisting of overlays of mutually reinforcing components. The value placed on these different dimensions as well as on the differ-ent components of the heritage varies widely among actors, stake-holders and custodians and these viewpoints evolve over time. In developed countries investment in heritage preservation has be-come a strategic objective of economic development. In the devel-oping world, globalization and the rapid pace of technological inno-vation tend to impede such efforts except in the case of major tour-ism attractions. The experience of cities that have used culture and heritage as a driver of economic development points to key ingredients of suc-cess: an entrepreneurial spirit, an understanding that preservation is the cornerstone of sustainable valorization, operational strategies linked to regional and urban growth dynamics, strategic use of pub-lic investment as a pump-priming mechanism, an inclusive out-reach and participatory process, a sustained effort at maintaining social balance and an effective monitoring system. Equitable sharing of the benefits of growth must be based on a re-alistic assessment of the economics of heritage preservation to fos-ter private investment in valorization, reach local stakeholders, con-tribute to municipal finance and most importantly provide for the preservation of the heritage itself. Mona Seragaldin is Adjunct Professor of Urban Planning at Har-vard where she has been a member of the faculty since 1985. Dr. Seragaldin has developed new approaches to project design and implementation that rely on capacity building methods through training and technical assistance. Actively involved in national and international conferences, her ongoing research and numerous publications have dealt with issues of urban strategies for economic development, strategic planning, public/private partnerships, small

Mona Seragaldin from Har-vard University was the second speaker of session1

Produce from Kazan market

Produce from Kazan market

Scene from Kazan market

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business development and micro-credit, and community-based ap-proaches to housing and economic development.

2. Discussions

Participants discussed questions prepared by the speakers in breakout groups ar-ranged according to the 5 congress official languages

Following the keynote presentations, participants were divided into groups according to one of five languages: English, Spanish or French (the three official languages of the OWHC), and Russian and Tatar (the main languages associated with the host city). They discussed three questions that had been prepared by the speakers. J. Cody, F. LeBlanc and C. Cancino facilitated the group discus-sions along with two colleagues for the Russian and Tatar groups. The rapporteurs of these sessions were: Dinu Bumbaru (Canada), Christian Ost (Belgium) and Alfredo Conti (Argentina) and the Rus-sian and Tatar colleagues. The rapporteurs of each room met after the sessions and gave their report to the Session’s General Rap-porteur, Dinu Bumbaru.

3. The OWHC and its partners The afternoon session began with a presentation of the OWHC and its partners. I presented the GCI and the Getty Foundation. Repre-sentatives from the World Tourism Organization, ICOMOS, the European Commission and the International Youth Hostels com-pleted the round of presentations.

4. The panel of Mayors

This plenary session was facilitated by Eugenio Yunis from the World Tourism Organization. The rapporteur was Patrice Beghain Deputy Mayor of the City of Lyon in France. The panelists were Gabor Demszky, mayor of Budapest, Hungary; Yesus Miguel Dion-isio Ballestros, mayor of Aranjuez, Spain; Marat Zagidullov, Chief Executive Committee, city of Kazan, Russia; Marcelo Cabrera,

Eugenio Yunis from the World Tourism Organization chaired the Mayor’s panel

Marcelo Cabrera, mayor of Cuenca, Ecuador

Gabor Demszky, mayor of Budapest, Hungary

Yesus Miguel Dionisio Ball-estros, mayor of Aranjuez, Spain

Nguyen Kim Zung, mayor of Hue, Vietnam

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mayor of Cuenca, Ecuador; Nguyen Kim Zung, mayor of Hue, Viet-nam. The panelists were asked two questions: 1) Is tourism enough? 2) Has your city established a limit for the maximum num-ber of tourists that a destination can accommodate? The result of their discussion is reported in the conclusions section of this report.

4. The poster session

One of the 20 groups of students who studied one aspect of the heritage and econom-ics theme and prepared a poster. Here, a group of sociologists from Kazan State Uni-versity who analyzed 164 articles from 5 leading newspapers in Tatarstan to better understand how the media conveyed the message of heritage to the public

Our approach to the scientific track of this congress is to have only a few selected guest speakers, who focus on the theme then have the participants discuss the issues raised by them in small groups. To encourage scientific contributions to the theme by other profes-sionals and students, we invite them to submit abstracts for the preparation of posters. The abstracts are reviewed by the members of the scientific committee and the ones selected are printed on a standard format and displayed at the congress in a special session specifically for this purpose. The Kazan poster session was inaugurated by Françoise Des-camps and L.N. Andreeva, Deputy Head of the Municipality of Ka-zan. They explained that 50 posters were displayed. They reflect the richness of the reflections and answers generated by the con-gress’ theme, heritage and economics. The posters came from the following regions of the world: Latin America (5); Asia (5); Europe (9); Canada (1); Africa (1); Russia and Tatarstan (29). As an ensemble, they illustrated quite notably that the concepts of heritage conservation and economic development are closely inter-related. Often, they demonstrated how much the right interpretation of historic, heritage, social and economic values is the key to re-sponsible and sustainable decisions for the benefit of the inhabi-tants. The posters will become part of the congress proceedings.

Marat Zagidullov, Chief Executive Committee, city of Kazan, Russia

L. N. Andreeva, Deputy Head of the Municipality of Kazan, welcomed partici-pants to the opening of the poster session

Posters session opening with Tatar girls wearing their traditional costumes

Posters session opening

Typical poster

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1. Thematic presentations Françoise Descamps chaired the scientific session.

Session 2 - Françoise Descamps, Eduardo Rojas, Jean-Louis Luxen and Alfredo Conti

The first speaker was Eduardo Rojas Inter-American Development Bank, USA. The title of his paper: “Managing Development Pressures in Ur-ban Heritage Sites” Significant costs are involved in the successful economic develop-ment of urban heritage sites. Expanding economic activities de-mand floor space and services in the site and pressure for its provi-sion. Examples of negative impacts abound such as: public spaces lose their character when modern transportation modes are intro-duced; heritage buildings are torn down or grossly defaced to ex-pand commercial, office or residential floor space; and new build-ings in empty lots do not fit the character of the site in bulk, materi-als or design. Economic success often leads to gentrification that displaces the original residents and users of the heritage sites; in turn, this creates social tension and loss of political support for heri-tage preservation and development activities. Managing the economic development of urban heritage sites re-quires thorough government intervention. Technical instruments abound, including economic and operational incentives and com-mand and control tools that can help prevent the negative out-comes of unregulated development. Nonetheless, effective management of urban heritage sites is only possible when a broad consensus exists with regards to the values of the heritage site and the economic losses the community is pre-pared to take to preserve them. Extreme outcomes, such as the rampant destruction of heritage values observable in unmanaged sites or the development freeze that usually accompanies full and inflexible preservation efforts, must be avoided. A well-balanced set of preservation and development objectives approved by all stakeholders is the best foundation for the legal and institutional framework for the preservation and development plans and for the judicious application of the available management

Alfredo Conti, from Terri-tory and Environment Re-search Laboratory, Scien-tific Research Commission of the Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina, was rap-porteur for session 2

Eduardo Rojas from the Inter-American Bank was first speaker in session 2

The OWHC 9th World Con-gress was well advertised throughout the city and the Getty’s logo was seen by thousands of people

Françoise and Kathleen working in the Korston ho-tel GCI office

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instruments. Such a consensus is usually the result of complex po-litical negotiation that tests the leadership skills of mayors, elected officials, and community leaders. Eduardo Rojas is a Principal Specialist in Urban Development with the Inter-American Development Bank. His current responsibilities comprise policy and strategy formulation and best practices re-search and dissemination in the urban sector. He also serves as Team Leader and Advisor of Project Teams in the assessment of innovative urban development, municipal finance, housing, and ur-ban heritage preservation loans. Prior to joining the Bank, he worked with the Regional Development Department of the Organi-zation of American States and as Assistant Professor of Urban Planning in the Masters Degree Program in Urban Studies at the Catholic University of Chile. He is the author of several books, a regular contributor to technical journals and guest lecturer at Euro-pean and American universities. The second speaker was Jean-Louis Luxen, President, Culture, Heritage and Development International, Brussels, Belgium. The title of his paper: “What kinds of practical tools can be used to achieve the goals of enhancing both heritage and econom-ics in historic cities?” This presentation addressed ways of mobilizing additional (public and private) funding for conservation; the kind of expenditures to be taken into account; the role of public authorities; the fiscal and ad-ministrative tools available; and the appropriateness of various measures according to the type of expenditures. Mr. Luxen presented a wide array of tools available to the mayors as well as the citizens of a historic town. They covered the following areas: 1. Urban planning 2. Administration 3. Housing 4. Tourism 5. Arts and crafts 6. Architectural and urban conservation 7. A favorable general climate involving all the local actors Jean-Louis Luxen graduated with a PhD in Law at the University of Leuven and has been a graduate fellow in Economics at Standford University. He previously was the general administrator of the De-partment of Education and Culture in the Communauté Francaise of Belgium. He is also a professor and board member of the Uni-versity of Leuven. He has been working in the field of Heritage Preservation since 1973 leading the field at the National and Euro-pean levels. He became General Secretary of ICOMOS in 1993 and has been in charge of the preparation of important reports for international organizations such as the Council of Europe. He was also the Liaison officer of ICOMOS for the implementation of the World Heritage Convention of UNESCO.

Typical Tatar / Russian food served to congress partici-pants

A lot of discussions went on during the Mayor’s Workshop lunch

Jean-Louis Luxen Presi-dent, Culture, Heritage and Development International, Brussels, Belgium

Kazan Kremlin - view of main street inside the walls

Kazan Kremlin - view of historic buildings

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2. Students Session

Two hundred students participated to the session where 20 projects were prepared during the course of the past 6 months on the congress theme “heritage and econom-ics”

This session was chaired by Christian Ost, Professor at ICHEC Business School in Belgium. Approximately 200 students participated to this session. They were from various Kazan universities and institutions. Through a com-petitive process that began in the fall of 2006, Kazan students from various institutions developed projects on the theme of the Con-gress over a period of 6 months. A total of 20 projects from 6 insti-tutions were presented. Students discussed their work with other students as well as with Congress keynote speakers and City of Kazan representatives. 2.1 Kazan State University Group presenter and moderator: Svetlana Khusnutdinova • Adel Grafskyi - Creating discursive conditions for sustainable

economic development through culture. Analysis of the press. • Ruslan Galiakhmetov - Students week and business tourism

development • Mikhail Vavilin - Conservation of 19th century nobility buildings

of Kazan region. Social and economic impacts. • Dina Khusainova - Night illumination of Kazan and resulting

economic development • Elvira Nurgalieva - Heritage and the people: the case of chil-

dren education 2.2 Kazan State Institute of Economics and Finance, Kazan State University of Culture and Arts, Tatar State Humanities and Pedagogy University Group presenter and moderator: Leyla Drovnikova • Anna Mustayeva - Financing of tourism development in Kazan • Group of TSHPU Alina Lukmanova - The role of spiritual tradi-

tions in the development of professional culture of pedagogy graduates

• Group of KSUCA Rezeda Garifullina - Revival of centers of an-cient national crafts in Tatarstan

Christian Ost, Professor at ICHEC Business School in Belgium was instrumental in organizing the students participation and projects and chaired the students session in Kazan

Ildus Asadullin from Kazan State University was one of the leaders of the student’s session

Kazan Kremlin architecture

Shariff mosque built re-cently inside the Kazan Kremlin was criticized by the international conser-vation community

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• Group of KSIEF Rustem Gareev - Youth of world heritage cities as advocates of the world culture: Experience, problems and prospects.

2.3 TISBI Academy of Management Group presenter and moderator: Leyla Drovnikova • Ilshat Sabirov - Articulated program for Kazan sustainable tour-

ism development • Polina Petrukhina - Business plan and legal reform for the is-

land of Sviajsk • Rustem Sharipov - National cuisine development: Business

plan and economic impacts. 2.4 Kazan State University of Architecture and Building Con-struction Group presenter and moderator: Vera Kuznetsova • Gulnaz Saifullina Reconstruction of the central Kazan market:

integrated commercial and tourist development in Kazan • Maria Markelova Reconstruction of one Kazan historic center

neighbourhood • Yulia Frolova and Olga Dadukova - Reconstruction of the his-

toric bank area "Staro-Tatarskaya Sloboda" (the old Tatar set-tlement) Reconstruction of the industrial bank area "Staro-Tatarskaya Sloboda" (the old Tatar settlement)

• Alyona Stepanchuk - The use of the cultural and landscape complex "The Sviyazhsk island" for multifunctional tourism de-velopment

• Guzel Mustafina and Ivan Mityashin - "Staro-Tatarskaya Slo-boda" (the old Tatar settlement): Heritage belongs to youth

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1. Conclusions Plenary Session

F. Descamps introducing the conclusions session

1.1 Opening remarks by Françoise Descamps F. Descamps welcomed participants. She explained that the GCI’s involvement in the scientific track of the OWHC world congress be-gan in Cusco where the GCI proposed a participative approach

Kazan Kremlin Suyumbike Tower – 17th century

Kazan Kremlin architecture

Kazan Kremlin Spasskaya tower is the main gate to the Kremlin

Kazan architecture

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based on small group discussions of guest speakers’ presenta-tions. This time, the active participation of the mayors to the scien-tific track was added by creating a panel of mayors who discussed two questions related to tourism. Finally, based on the initiative of the mayor of Cusco who in 2005 invited 650 students to participate indirectly to the congress’ activities, a program involving Kazan students was created and integrated into the congress’ program. These new activities were introduced on the basis of suggestions made following the Cusco congress and advice from the Kazan congress scientific committee members created by the GCI and the OWHC. 1.2 Report on the Mayors Pre-Congress Workshop by Jeff Cody

• Thematic focus: adaptive reuse of historic buildings • Main objective: motivate stimulating discussions about common

issues confronted by OWHC mayors • 65 participants attended the workshop in the morning; 40 at-

tended in the afternoon • Most assessed the workshop as “very good” • All participants thought that a mayor’s workshop should happen

again at Quito 2009 The most useful aspects of the workshop: • It provided an opportunity to discuss important issues with col-

leagues • It helped participants to understand some of the challenges fac-

ing Kazan • It allowed participants to better understand the issue of adap-

tive reuse. What did the participants find most enjoyable? • Having time for informal discussions • Visiting the case study site • Receiving background material in a binder • The morning presentations as a prelude to site visit What should be improved? • Arrange more time for discussions • Receive a more detailed understanding of the site • Find a way to conduct the discussions not exclusively according

to language • Re-schedule the format to avoid walking outside at mid-day What did we learn? • Discussion periods are highly valued by participants • Case studies motivate participants to express creative ideas • The workshop is very worthwhile, but we still need to improve

its logistics

Jeff Cody reporting on the mayor’s workshop that was deemed to be a success by the participating mayors

Kazan National Culture Cen-ter where the closing cere-monies were held

Kazan vernacular architect-ure is fast disappearing

Kazan vernacular architec-ture

Kazan airport terminal

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1.3 Report on Session 1 by Rapporteur Dinu Bumbaru Dinu Bumbaru, Director of policies at Heritage Montreal and ICOMOS Secretary General reported on the first session’s presentations and dis-cussions. The first keynote presentation was made by David Throsby from Macquarie University in Sydney, Australia. The title of his paper was “What is Heritage Economics?” The second keynote presenta-tion was by Mona Seragaldin from the Institute for International Ur-ban Development. The title of her paper was “How do you promote economic development based on heritage preservation and share the benefits?” Participants were then separated into five groups according to lan-guages (English, French, Spanish, Russian and Tatar) and dis-cussed three questions prepared by the speakers. Question 1: Think of a single item of cultural heritage in the heri-tage city with which you are most familiar. What are the main eco-nomic impacts that this heritage asset has on the economy of the city? Summarized answers: Intangible cultural heritage (religious events, traditional activities, local products) impact positively on the attraction of people and their spending are beneficial to sites, crafts, and services. But gen-erally, the benefits are concentrated (tour operators, restaurants, hotels, souvenirs) and have negative impacts because they are seasonal and most often located in specific areas of the city (while other areas do not benefit) The main positive economic impacts to individual historic buildings, ensembles, and neighborhoods is the distribution of restoration and maintenance spending to save buildings, the creation of employ-ment, the development of skills, the creation of a sense of place and the improvement of the quality of life. The negative impacts are the economic and cultural costs of decaying, disused or abandoned historic buildings and civic places and the costs associated with developing and maintaining heritage infrastructures. Question 2: Discuss ways in which assessments of both the cul-tural value and the economic value of a heritage building in an ur-ban setting can be taken into account in planning decisions con-cerning future use of the building Summarized answers: Ensure that decisions are based on knowledge and cultural sensi-tivity; this implies on-going identification of individual heritage as-sets, historic centers, panoramas and their values through research and community processes and the assessment of the impact of public or private individual projects, programs, policies, priorities or plans on these and on their use, authenticity, and meaning.

Dinu Bumbaru, ICOMOS Secretary General reporting on session 1

Kazan architecture

Kazan architecture - the new juxtaposed to the old

Kazan architecture

Public transport

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Establish systems of adapted quantitative and qualitative indica-tors, documentation and inclusive consultative processes based to monitor, measure and understand the decisions’ actual impact on heritage, community and economy to prevent possible negative development and to improve future decision-making. In other words, monitor and evaluate the impact. Question 3: When are controls on use considered arbitrary and how can city authorities offset legal challenges? Summarized answers: Conservation controls are part of an overall system of plans, poli-cies, regulatory and innovative tools which needs to have broad public understanding and support. Consult the community, enter-prises, academia and experts in setting appropriate use and devel-opment goals for the city and its heritage and monitoring their ac-complishment; ensure the benefits from economic activities and tourism linked to the city’s heritage contribute to improving its qual-ity of life; ensure effective, consistent, reliable and fair implementa-tion of conservation controls with adequate professional and mate-rial resources, information, positive measures, and coordinated ex-emplary public sector. 4. Report on Session 2 by Rapporteur Alfredo Conti Alfredo Conti, Territory and Environment Research Laboratory, Scientific Research Commission of the Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina, reported on the second session’s presentations and dis-cussions. The first keynote presentation was made by Eduardo Rojas from the Inter-American Development Bank. The title of his paper was “A balancing act, managing development pressures in Urban Heritage Sites”. The second keynote presentation was by Jean-Louis Luxen of Culture, Heritage and Development International, Brussels, Bel-gium. The title of his paper was “What kinds of practical tools can be used to achieve the goals of enhancing both heritage and eco-nomics in historic cities?” Participants were again separated into five groups according to languages (English, French, Spanish, Russian and Tatar) and dis-cussed three questions prepared by the speakers. Question 1: Which operational structures (coordination committee or mixed agency) seem the most effective in order to involve all the stakeholders in the funding of conservation and restoration? Summarized answers: The creation of specific organizations such as the office for the re-habilitation for the Medina of Tunis appears as a basic requisite to gather and involve the different social actors engaged in urban management. These organizations must be administratively effi-cient and their action should be transparent; they must inspire re-spect and confidence to the community. The professional sector and specific Non-Governmental Organizations should play a

Opening ceremonies

Opening ceremonies enter-tainment by Kazan artists

Opening ceremonies enter-tainment by Kazan artists

Opening ceremonies enter-tainment by Kazan artists

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prominent role in these organizations. The coordination body of these organizations should be established jointly by public and pri-vate sector representatives and should be responsible for coordi-nating the activities of all actors. Question 2: What are the most effective measures to minimize con-flict of interest in these partnerships? Summarized answers: Consensus between the different social actors was claimed to be the basis for minimizing conflicts of interests. Consultation, public awareness and public participation are basic to guarantee the suc-cess of any activity. Urban plans should clearly define opportunities and zones for investment as a way of managing and mitigating de-velopment pressures. The public sector must control and monitor projects and works. It is necessary to define and implement strate-gies and means of communication among the different social ac-tors. Political decisions, plans and projects must be clearly commu-nicated to the population. Local governments could develop mechanisms for the creation of non-profit construction companies. Loans with minimal interests should be offered to foster preserva-tion actions. Question 3: How can the housing policy best contribute to the fund-ing of urban rehabilitation schemes, while avoiding the danger of “gentrification”? Summarized answers: Housing programs should be undertaken by multi professional teams that include anthropologists and sociologists. Surveys must be undertaken in order to get to know what people really expect about their dwellings. Central or local government should invest in providing infrastructure and facilitate the private sector to invest in preservation and restoration. It is not only necessary to restore and maintain historic buildings but also the cultural diversity and tradi-tional social practices. Housing policies should take into account continuity of cultural traditions. 5. Report on the Panel of Mayors by Rapporteur Patrice Beghain Patrice Beghain, Agrégé de lettres classiques and Deputy Mayor, City of Lyon, France, reported on the Panel of Mayors’ discussions. The five mayors on the panel represented a great diversity from a geographic, historical, and demographic point of view. They were extremely different cities (Aranjuez, Spain, Hue, Vietnam, Kazan, Russia, Cuenca, Ecuador, Budapest, Hungary). They were asked two questions: 1) Is tourism enough? 2) Has your city established a limit for the maximum number of tourists that a destination can accommodate? The panelists were unanimous in saying that tourism revenue in not nearly enough to help the municipalities to take proper care of their

Bruno Delas, Mission Cul-turelle, Municipality of Lyon, France; he was a member of the congress’ scientific committee

Discussion group following session 2 presentations

Patrice Beghain, deputy mayor of the city of Lyon in France was rapporteur for the mayor’s panel

Beverly Weisblatt, GCI, helped with congress logis-tics; her Russian speaking skills were quite useful to all GCI staff involved in the organization of the con-gress

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heritage. Most of the income goes directly to the providers of ser-vices (hotels, tour operators, restaurants, gift shops etc.). The taxes generated by this income are used by their governments for pur-poses other than heritage conservation. None of the municipalities have the power to tax goods or services for the purpose of heritage conservation. It appears that the more tourists they get, the more problems they have (security, trash, congestion etc.) and the less money they have to deal with the issues. They have to borrow from national and international institutions such as the World Bank to get funds for improvement or they have to wait for subsidies from their state or national governments. Statistics now confirm that when a city is listed on the World Heri-tage List, national and foreign tourists numbers increase. This brings additional income to the local businesses, but not to the mu-nicipal governments that still have to struggle with the problems and conflicts generated by this additional tourism increase. Munici-palities have to develop their own strategies to deal with conserva-tion. Still, tourism brings many benefits to the community and is a posi-tive factor of development for small and medium size businesses. This is why none of the panelists talked about “limiting” the number of tourists. On the contrary, all of them are in a period of tourism development. They suggested that negative impact of tourism could be mitigated by different approaches such as diversifying the type of tourism; for example, try to encourage or develop business tourism; extend the tourism season length; develop new poles of attraction in the city to disperse the tourists. The major problem facing mayors of world heritage cities is related to fiscality. How can we modify the taxation systems to ensure that some of the revenue generated by tourism goes back into the care and conservation of our heritage? The tendency of central govern-ments nowadays is to decentralize responsibilities to the municipal level, but this is not followed by a decentralization of the funds nec-essary to carry on these responsibilities. The dangerous effect is that our built heritage and the infrastructures to support it will suffer dearly from this. It is not by legislation, regulation or other legal means that tourism will be limited in sensitive areas. It is by “reshaping” or “restructur-ing” the heritage offer based on moral, civil and cultural values. 6. Report on the Students’ Program by architect Ivan Mityashin The students from six different Kazan universities worked for six months to prepare 20 projects that were presented during the course of the congress. This was done through the poster session and a plenary session where each team had 10 minutes to present the results of its work. The experts brought by the GCI commented on the presentations as well as several teachers from the universi-ties. The projects covered seven topics: 1. Young people involvement 2. Intangible aspects of heritage

Student poster

R. Sagitov from the City of Kazan Organizing Commit-tee thanking the OWHC and especially the GCI for the organization of the scien-tific program

Ivan Mityashin, Kazan archi-tect, reported on the stu-dent’s program and plenary session

Student poster

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3. Ethnic cuisine and crafts 4. Improvement of the attractiveness of the City of Kazan 5. Development of the Old Tatar Village 6. Development of the Island of Sviyazhsk 7. Development of large manors and estates The students showed lots of interest in the study and preparation of these projects. The diversity of their points of view coming from business and economics, beaux-arts, anthropology and architec-ture, made for creative proposals for new generations. The City of Kazan representatives were quite impressed by the results and promised to look seriously at the proposals.

2. OWHC General Assembly

Members of the OWHC General Assembly

The OWHC General Assembly was held in parallel with the stu-dents’ presentations. The Assembly listened to various reports and discussed the organization’s business. The next OWHC world con-gress will be held in Quito, Ecuador, in 2009.

3. Closing Ceremonies

The closing ceremonies were held at the Kazan National Culture Center. There, the delegates sampled traditional Tatar food and beverages, listened to traditional music and were entertained by the Kazan Dance Ensemble. During the official ceremonies and discourses, the Mayor of Kazan thanked the GCI for its invaluable contribution and honored it with a certificate of gratitude.

Closing ceremonies - tradi-tional dances

Closing ceremonies - offi-cial buffet

Closing ceremonies - chil-dren in traditional Tatar costumes dance for the entertainment of the OWHC world congress participants

Closing ceremonies - sam-pling Tatar food, music and dance

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The "Sabantuy" Tatar national festival. The Sabantuy Tatar national festival is a unique object of intangible heritage of mankind. As it is impossible to imagine the Greeks without the Olympic games, the Spaniards without their bullfights, and the Japanese without a holiday of blossom of an Oriental cherry (Sakura), it is also impossible to speak about a way of life of Tatars without the Sabantuy. Sabantuy is the most ancient pre-served traditional festival of Tatar people. On average there are more than 20 national and common types of sport contests and games in the Sabantuy program. The major contests are the Tatar national wrestling on zones – Kuresh – and the horse ride. All com-petitions of the Sabantuy are accompanied by concerts of national ensembles, dances and songs, fair of crafts, products of decorative art.

Since 2000, under the Decree of the President of the Republic of Tatarstan, Mintimer Shaymiev, Sabantuy has been on the list of official republican festivals. The Sabantuy is entered on a special

Closing ceremonies - young people in traditional cos-tumes

Closing ceremonies - tradi-tional wrestling competi-tions

Closing ceremonies - Kazan mayor handing the OWHC flag to the representative of the city of Quito, Ecuador that will host the next OWHC world congress in 2009

Closing ceremonies - The mayor of Kazan handing a certificate of gratitude to the OWHC President

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waiting list of the UNESCO and is a candidate for entering the List of masterpieces of an oral and intangible heritage of humanity. The Director-General of UNESCO, Koïchiro Matsuura, said about Sa-bantuy: «This holiday is evidence of the living tradition, sincerely loved by people».

Tatar national wrestling - Kuresh Tatar national wrestling champion

Traditional Tatar costumes Tatar horse races

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The Kazan Kremlin

Kazan is the capital of the Republic of Tatarstan (a subject of the Russian Federation). It is situated 797 km east of Moscow. The city is located on the left bank of the Great Russian River, the Volga, on its confluence with the Kazanka River. From ancient times, Kazan had been the trading intermediary between the East and the West and it now plays an increasing role in the political and economical spheres as well as international communications. Kazan occupies 425.3 square kilometers of surface area; its population is about 1,1

Plan of the city of Kazan

National Culture Center where the closing ceremo-nies were held

The old city hall where the mayors were welcomed by the mayor of Kazan during the pre-congress workshop and where the opening re-ception was held

Kazan architecture - Mard-jani mosque

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million people, more than 90 % of whom are Tatars and Russians. The inhabitants of the capital of the Republic represent more than 100 nationalities. Kazan is one of the oldest cities of Russia; its foundation dates back to 1005. For more than three hundred years, Kazan was an outpost of Bulgaria. In the following century, the city became a sig-nificant administrative center of one of Uluses of Golden Horde. From 1445 to 1552, Kazan was the capital of the Kazan Khanate. In 1552, the city was conquered by Ivan the Terrible and became the Christian settlement in the Volga region. During the following 150 years, Kazan was the main city of the Kazan area, the east gate of Russia. During the reign of Peter the Great in 1708, the city became a capital of the Kazan province and it kept that status for more than 200 years. For the last 90 years Kazan has been the capital of Tatarstan. In August 2005, Kazan celebrated its 1000th anniversary. This sig-nificant anniversary coincided with the arrangement whereby one of the major Orthodox relics – the Icon of Kazan Madonna - which had been kept in Vatican for a long time, was returned to the city. In the year of the 1000th anniversary, the beautiful mosque Kul-Sharif was opened for parishioners. Nowadays, Kazan is an important center of pilgrimage for Christians and Muslims. Because of its his-torical and cultural value, the heritage capital of Tatarstan was classified as an "A" class (just as Moscow and St. Petersburg). There are 759 ancient monuments in Kazan. Almost all of them are concentrated within the historic center of the city, occupying 6% of the territory of Kazan.

The Kazan Kremlin, a site on the UNESCO World Heritage List

The pearl of Kazan is the Kazan Kremlin - a unique complex of archaeological, historical and architectural monuments. Kremlin consists of a group of buildings dating back to the XVIth-XIXth cen-turies, including ruins of earlier constructions of the Хth-XVIth cen-turies. Kazan Kremlin is also unique for the fact that it is the only Tatar fortress that is left within the Russian Federation. On Novem-ber 30, 2000, the historical and architectural complex of the Kazan

Kazan architecture - Opera and ballet theater

Kazan architecture - win-dow detail

Kazan architecture - win-dow detail

Fire has visibly destroyed many architectural treas-ures of Kazan in recent times

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Kremlin was inscribed on UNESCO’s World Heritage List. As a re-sult, Kazan became a member of the Organization of the World Heritage Cities and the seat of its Euro-Asia section.

A thousand legends are devoted to Kazan. It is mentioned in old manuscripts, books and songs. The combination of the East and the West make the city what it is, a fasci-nating, charming and multicultural place