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The Reformation Era
Session #1
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Professor James Korthals
9 years parish pastor
12 years professor at
Northwestern University,
Watertown, Wisconsin 10 years professor at
Wisconsin Lutheran
Seminary, Mequon,
Wisconsin
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My wife Jean
Teaches 1st grade in a
Lutheran school
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My Grandchildren
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The HISTORICAL curriculum surveys the
record of believers who have gone before us,
learning from their lives and testimony howGod graciously preserves and extends his
church by means of the unconditional Gospel.
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The ReformationEra
Pre-Reformation (1000 1483)
The Early Life ofMartin Luther
(1483 1517)
The Reformation (1517 1546)
Post-Reformation
(1546
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Terminology Reformation
reformatio a Latin term,
meaning:
reformatio - , :+ Restore something to its true,unchanging, original form ,
+ Renewal , + Reform of Church was considered
necessary and desirable
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Terminology Mysticism
Soul seeks to be in harmony with the
Supreme Being
This relationship acquired through self-examination
Revelation via a personal, inward
experience , Mystic is concerned with God and with his
own soul.
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Common ways to attain mystical condition
:
Lowest value: drugs, physical movements : ,
Highest value: silence, deprivation,
meditation
: , ,
Prayer is the best way
To use words is of lesser value
To express without words is better
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Stages in the mystic way :
purification of the soul from sinful wishes
and actions
illumination from God
meditation we think about God
contemplation God helps our thinking
mystic union denying oneself, leading tocomplete union with God
,
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Mysticism and monasticism were closelyrelated
Bernard of Clairvaux (1090-1153)
promotes love of Jesus, esp. as
bridegroom of the soul (1090-1153) ,
Hugh of St. Victor (c 1100-1141)
promotes way for soul to gain ultimateunion with God
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German Mysticism
Direct union with God combined withpractical work
Silent devotions and meditation were notonly requirement
Through faithful devotion to daily tasks,
one may realize religious experience
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This was a better way because it did
not
neglect the sacraments
challenge the authority of the church
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German mysticism seeks inner peace by
:
Preaching writing and circulating devotional works
examples of own lives
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Located along Rhine
River in Germany, this
movement
Cared for the sick
Educated the young inschools
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Additional features of their mysticism
:
Use of the vernacular language
Spoke to laymen as well as to clergy
Used New Testament more than OldTestament
Especially devoted to the words of Christ
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Meister Eckhart
(1260-1328)
First German mystic
Earliest theologian whowrote in German
Joined monastic order ofthe Dominicans
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1329 Eckhart charged with heresy. He
taught:1329 , :
As soon as God was, he created the world.
,
Soul has a little spark, a light which never
goes out. It is uncreated.
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Speaks of faith as heavenly gift, but
does not come to justification by faith
,
works do not sanctify
Encouraged people to turn away from
authority of priesthood and church
ceremonies and concentrate on inner
experience for certainty of salvation
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Johannes Tauler
(1300 - 16 June 1361) Attracted by ascetic life of Dominicans
Described as having a fiery tongue that
has kindled the horizon
,
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Began open opposition to the pope
His sermons were delivered in German
Practical emphasis
Although he revered saints, directcommunion with God was better
,
Scripture receives emphasis, yet inner
Word has higher authority ,
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Tauler warns against idleness
He values the work of earthly job, butplaces loving service even higher ,
no one is free without keeping thecommandments, good works, and aspiringto divine love , ,
Advises hearers to maintain simple,pure faith ,
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Visible church has only limited value -- it is to
lead to something higher
Visible church to be left as soon as inner
Word is received ,
To Tauler, the Friends of God -- who have
contact with God -- take the place of the
visible church ,
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His sermons are said to have been more widely
read by Protestant reformers than any othermedieval preacher
,
Philip Melanchthon: Among the moderns,Tauler is easily the first.
: ,
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Luther praised Tauler in letter (14
December 1516): I have seen notheological work in Latin or German that
is more sound and more in harmony
with the gospel than this. 1516
12 14 :
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Theologia Germanica
(German Theology) Produced by the Friends of God
Discovered and published in 1516 byMartin Luther 1516
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Luther said of the Theologia
Germanica, Next to the Bible and St.Augustine, no book has ever come into
my hands from which I have learned
more of God and Christ, and man and
all things that are.
: , , ,
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Bernard of Clairvaux
(1090 - 20 August 1153)
1113 joined small
monastery at
Citeaux in France
1113
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Monastery at Citeaux (home of the Cistercians monks
) Monastery founded in March 1098 by
Robert who wanted to restore simplicity
of Benedictine order , 1098 3
1115 Bernard sent to start new
monastery at Clairvaux, where he wasmade abbot 1115 ,
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Bernard was man of intense
feeling and dedication.
He was quick to respond to anythreat to what he held sacred.
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To Bernard working out the salvation of
the soul means to dedicate himself toservice of God ,
New life comes from God, but requires
serious work by person. ,
He preferred the contemplative life.
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His intense study of Scripture is
evident in his writing
He believes that everything owed
to the grace of God
He encouraged people to trust
in Gods grace and not in their
own works or merits
,
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Bernard does not deny that man should
have merits, but he insists these onlypossible through Gods working
,
He does give excessive glorify to saints,
especially Virgin Mary
,
He opposes the Immaculate Conception
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Bernard is regarded as main
representative of Christian mysticism.
The grace of God pardons sinner and
then liftshim up ,
His mysticism centers on Christ
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He desires to be filled with the spirit
of Christ and through it to becomelike Christ
,
By Christs work of redemption theChurch has become his bride (climax
of grace is union with God)
, (
)
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To Bernard the Church, with its hierarchy,
is the kingdom of God on earth
He demands perfect separation of
church and state
He opposes absolute papal power in the
Church
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Yet he recognizes papal power as
highest authority in the Church
Monasticism to him is the ideal Christianity
In monasticism perfection is possible
while living in world
,
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John of Salisbury(1110? - 25 October 1180)
English by birth
1136 left England to study in France for
12 years 1136 12
Returned to England as secretary of
archbishop of Canterbury
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Most important work, Policratus, written
in 1159 : 1159 Policratus
first great medieval theory to deal with
the relationship of Church and State ,
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John defended the spiritual and secular
power of the papacy and the independenceof the clergy.
They protected against secular injustice
and the consequences of sin.
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He believed that only the Roman pope
could bless Christianity.
This did not set well with the English
government or with the English bishops.
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John developed the theory that the
temporal sword belonged to the prince,and that the spiritual sword belongs tothe church. ( ) ,
He says the church gave the temporalsword to the prince and has the final
authority. ,
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1) Tyrants are bad.
2) Princes are good.
3) A good prince obeys the law and rules
the people by its dictates, accountinghimself as but their servant
, ,
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4) A good prince is the public ruler and a
kind of image of the divine majesty onearth ,
5) A good prince understands that nothingis permitted to him if it is in variance with
justice and equity
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6) A good prince recognizes that he
receives his sword from the hand of the
church and is the servant [minister] ofthe priesthood, and one who exercises
that side of the sacred offices which
seems unworthy of the hands of the
priesthood [ ],
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Peter Waldo (1140-1217)
Peter Waldo, a businessman of Lyons
(France), had a religious experience
about 1175. , 1175
He gave away his possessions andtook up begging.
,
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He was joined by disciples who called
themselves the Poor Men of Lyons
They rejected riches
At first there were no important doctrinal
difference with the Church.
They saw themselves as Catholics who
carried Christianity farther than weakerbrethren
,
,
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1179 they went to pope for approval as
monastic order. 1179 ,
Church officials examined them and
found them to be ignorant of the
simplest teachings
forbidden to preach unless invited by
priests ,
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At the same time another group from northern
Italy was also refused the privilege to preach
The two groups merged under Waldo and
promoted apostolic living and preaching Waldo ,
Soon they were found in France, Germany
and Spain. ,
Their members were chiefly lay people fromthe middle and peasant classes
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Lyons
Avignon
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Waldensians
In 1182 the
Archbishop of Lyons
expelled followers ofPeter Waldo for
preaching 1182
,
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On 4 November 1184 Pope Lucius III
(1181-5) excommunicated theWaldensians for rejecting the authority
of the Roman Catholic Church 1184
11 4 , ,
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Waldensian teachings :
The Church of God has failed.
Holy Scriptures alone are sufficient to
guide men to salvation.
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Blessing received in the Church does not
confer any particular sanctity on the things or
people blessed.
Catholic priests have no authority.
The Pope of Rome is the chief of all heretics.
Everyone has the right to preach publicly the
word of God. ( )
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Every oath is a mortal sin.
Purgatory is a dream, an invention of the sixthcentury. , Indulgences are the invention of covetouspriests.
There is no obligation to fast, nor to keep any
holy day, except for Sunday.
,
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Invocation of saints cannot be admitted.
Every honor given in the Church to
paintings of holy images and to relics of
saints is to be abolished.
The Eucharist is a memorial, not a
sacrifice.
,
Every Waldensian teaching is natural outgrowth of
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Every Waldensian teaching is natural outgrowth of
exclusion from Roman Church. :
Beginning in 1208, Waldensians were hunted
down in crusades. 1208 ,
They were forced to convert to Catholicism orwere killed.
Waldensians may never have exceeded 100,000
-- yet they survived for 350 years.
100,000 , 350
In some forms they still exist ,