2008- CCau- Cobcroft, Rachel (ed)- Building an Australasian Commons Case Book

7/31/2019 2008- CCau- Cobcroft, Rachel (ed)- Building an Australasian Commons Case Book

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/2008-ccau-cobcroft-rachel-ed-building-an-australasian-commons-case-book 1/190

mrib~awi mleelj}mb}i }~ynai} v wlfyei 2

ina~in oq rbmìf mlomrlg~

oyafnajh bj

by}~rbfb}abjmleelj}}lei rah`~} ri}irwin

j

Rk a



^ì Oyafnajh ~ì By}~rbfb}abj Mleelj} Mb}i ]~ynai} ollc a} bf}l

bwbafbofi glr nlxjflbn grle ~ì Mrib~awi Mleelj} By}~rbfab xio}a~i&

`~~t;,,mrib~awimleelj}*lrh*by,mb}i}~ynai}wlf2

^ì xbt%blyjn mlwi lg Oyafnajh bj By}~bfb}abj Mleelj} a} b

niawb~awi xlc lg /?44>*4?*?1*

iah`~gbmi\xbfftbti2?04/ oq Nbwi

Ciffbe nbwiciffbe!* Ciffbe(} lahajbf

aebhi a} bwbafbofi b~ xxx*amc*mle,t`l~l},nbwiciffbe,=770092> bjn a}

famij}in yjni b Mib~awi Mleelj}

B~~aoy ~alj%]`bi Bfaci ?*4 Hijiam

Famijmi* Gyff ~ie} bi bwbafbofi b~ `~~t;,,mib~awimleelj}*lh,famij}i},oq%jm,?*4

A~ bf}l ajmltlb~i} amlj} mib~inoq Mib~awi Mleelj} Mltlb~alj&

xàm` bi bwbafbofi yjni b Mib~awi

Mleelj} B~~aoy~alj =*4 Yjtl~inFamijmi* Gyff ~ie} bi bwbafbofi b~ `~~t;,,mib~awimleelj}*lh,famij}i},oq,=*4*

Qly mbj bmmi}} ~ì amlj} b~ `~~t;,,mib~awimleelj}*lh,ti}}ca~ *



mrib~awi mleelj}mb}i}~ynai} v wlfyei 2

ina~in oq rbmìf mlomrlg~

mrib~awi mleelj} mfajam& by}~rbfabj ri}ibrm` mlyjmafmij~ri lg ipmiffijmi glr mrib~awi ajny}~rai} bjn ajjlwb~alj

oyafnajh bj

by}~rbfb}abjmleelj}

g

BY]^_BFAB



Yjfi}} l~ìxa}i jl~in ~à} ollca} famij}in yjni b Mib~awi

Mleelj} B~~aoy~alj ?*9 By}~bfabfamijmi* Qly bi gii ~l mltq&

mleeyjamb~i bjn bnbt~ ~à}xlc& }l fljh b} qly b~~aoy~i

~ì By}~bfabj _i}ibm` Mlyjmaf

Mij~i lg Ipmiffijmi gl Mib~awi

Ajny}~ai} bjn Ajjlwb~alj bjn

~ì ina~l* Gl eli ajgleb~alj

}ii `~~t;,,mib~awimleelj}*lh,famij}i},oq,?*9,by

oyafnajh bj by}~rbfb}abj mleelj}^à} ollc lg mb}i}~ynai} a} b klaj~ ly~ty~ lg ~ì

Mib~awi Mleelj} Mfajam i}ibm` tlhbe& gyjnin oq

~ì By}~bfabj _i}ibm` Mlyjmaf Mij~i lg Ipmiffij~ gl

Mib~awi Ajny}~ai} bjn Ajjlwb~alj& Mib~awi Mleelj}

By}~bfab& bjn Mib~awi Mleelj} aj~ijb~aljbf*

xxx*mma*iny*by

`~~t;,,mib~awimleelj}*lh*by`~~t;,,mib~awimleelj}*lh

a}oj 180%4104?100%0%0


http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/2008-ccau-cobcroft-rachel-ed-building-an-australasian-commons-case-book 5/190Mrib~awi Mleelj} Mb}i}~ynai}

mrib~awimleelj}mb}i }~ynai}

Tigbmi 9

Aj~lnym~alj 7

Jix Xbq} l Nlajh Ey}am Oy}aji}};Mib~awi Mleelj} ' ]lyjn} 1

Bjmaij~ Gii Hbniji} 22

Bjnix Hb~lj 2= Bynaltàfi 27Kljb~`bj Mlyf~lj 28

Mib~awi Mleelj} Ey}am Mlffbolb~alj Tlkim~

MMEMT! 21Kbeijnl ??

Cjawi} b~ Jllj ?8

Ebhjb~yji ?1

Jaji Ajm` Jbaf} =?Tlmci~mflmc _imln} =9Tl}~elnijmli =8^ltlflhq =1Qyjqy >2

LtijWlami Gii TOP >=

Ajwi}~ajh aj Bf~ijb~awi Tlaj~} l Waix;

Mib~awi Mleelj ' Nielmb~am M`bjhi >9

B}}lmab~alj gl Tlhi}}awi Mleeyjamb~alj ” By}~bfab >8 Bmà~im~yi gl @yebja~q 94 By}~bfabj Hiij} oflh 9=IjhbhiEinab 99Hflobf Wlami} Ljfaji 90@lei Fbjn} 74Aj~ijb~aljbf ANIB Tyofa}àjhJix Aj~ijb~aljbfa}~ 7?LtijNielmbmq 7>QlyNimani?448 77

Giiajh Gll~bhi l Bff; Mib~awi Mleelj} 'Elwajh Aebhi} 71

By}~bfabj Mib~awi _i}lymi} Ljfaji BM_L! 8?

B ]xbe lg Bjhif} 89Ofbmc olx 80

Mà} Nijbl 02

Naha~bf Gajhi 0>

Glfflxajh Bfipa} Xi}~ 07_iwwi 00

]ljq iqiWal 14

WANIL ]FBE 1?

WANIL ]FBE ?; Bttltab~i Lahajbf 1>

Ipàoa~alj Ltij"; Mib~awi Mleelj} 'Wa}ybf B~} 18

Bfa K B~ ' Affy}~b~alj 11 B~bob}i 24?mm]bflj lj Gfamc*mle 24>niwabj~B_^ 240eia bjniff 222Eljciq M lj Gfamc*mle 22=Tam~yi By}~bfab Mfamc bjn Gfamc 22974]lp 220Yt]~bhi 2?4

Bm awi} Bfawi"; Mib~awi Mleelj} 'Myf~ybf bjn Hlwijeij~ Aj}~a~y~alj} 2?=

BOM Tllf 2?9Oa}obji Einab Ebt OEE! 2?8Nam~aljbq lg ]qnjiq 2?1Hlwijeij~ Ajgleb~alj Famij}ajhGbeixlc HAFG! 2=?Tlxi`ly}i Ey}iye& ]qnjiq 2=9

_ieap Eq Fa~; Mib~awi Mleelj} 'Tyofa}àjh 2=1

Bnyca Ti}}; ]~amc ^à} Aj Qly Eielq @lfi 2>2

^ì Bhi Oflh} 2>>

Gaf~i Ebhb{aji 2>9Lj Faji Ltajalj 2>0

B Jix Fibg Einab; ^ì Tyjna~ 294Kl`j Ryahhaj 29?Eam`bif ]tim`~ 299Eaci ]iqgbjh 297_ieap Eq Fa~ 291

‐]~bjhi ]qet`ljai}‑ oflh 272

Oiqljn ~ì Mfb}}lle; Mib~awi Mleelj}&Inymb~alj ' _i}ibm` 279

Mib~awi Mleelj} Mfajam 278

inhiP 271

AEI_]N i%Fibjajh Tlkim~& Hag~` Yjawi}a~q 282

CMO242 Mleeyjamb~alj aj ~ì Jix Imljleq 28>

L~bhl Tlfq~im`jam 287

TFl] Bgambj ]fiitajh ]amcji}} î}~ 280

^ì Mleeyja~q Faobq 202

Yjawi}a~q lg ]ly~ìj Ryiij}fbjn Y]R!

LtijMly}iXbi 20=

Mlj~ij~}


http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/2008-ccau-cobcroft-rachel-ed-building-an-australasian-commons-case-book 6/190Oyafnajh bj By}~rbfb}abj Mleelj}

>

oyafnajh bj by}~rbfb}abj

mleelj}

Bff aebhi} ~`b~ bi tb~ lg b objji ìbn lj ~ì }~tbhi lg ibm` mfy}~i a} famij}in yjni b Mib~awi

Mleelj} B~~aoy~alj ?*4 Hijiam famijmi& `~~t;,,mib~awimleelj}*lh,famij}i},oq,?*4

Jix Xbq} l Nlajh Ey}am Oy}aji}};Mib~awi Mleelj} ' ]lyjn} Mfy}~i

Obmchlyjn;

Ajwi}~ajh aj Bf~ijb~awi Tlaj~} l Waix;

Mib~awi Mleelj ' Nielmb~am M`bjhi

Obmchlyjn;

/niit tytfi/ oq ]ryibcqEbel~& xxx*amc*mle,

t`l~l},}ryibcqebel~,>28479>02

Giiajh Gll~bhi l Bff; Mib~awi Mleelj} 'Elwajh Aebhi}

Obmchlyjn;

/Lbjhi/ oq 17nta& xxx*amc*mle,

t`l~l},17nta,?9=8=71177

Ipàoa~alj Ltij"; Mib~awi Mleelj} ' Wa}ybf

B~}

Obmchlyjn;

Bm awi} Bfawi"; Mib~awi Mleelj} 'Myf~ybf bjn Hlwijeij~ Aj}~a~y~alj}

Obmchlyjn;

/Ga}`/ oq t}n& xxx*amc*mle,t`l~l},t}n,2>=2147>

_ieap Eq Fa~; Mib~awi Mleelj} 'Tyofa}àjh

Obmchlyjn;

/Mìq gl}~in/ oq klcb?444& xxx*amc*mle,t`l~l}, klcb?444,20292=4?4

Oiqljn ~ì Mfb}}lle; MM aj Inymb~alj '_i}ibm`

Obmchlyjn;

Ina~l _bmìf Mlomlg~

B}}a}~bj~ Ina~l} Ki}}amb Mlb~i}

Iffal~~ Ofin}li

Ni}ahji} Iffal~~ Ofin}li Màig Ni}ahji!

Eia _bjniff

Aj~iwaixi} _bmìf Mlomlg~

Iffal~~ Ofin}li

Ieeb Mblff

Kbei} Eaf}le

Mrina~}

Trlnym~alj Mrina~}

Mfy}~ir Objjir Mrina~}



9


Tribmi

^à} tlkim~ `b} oiij yjni~bcij b} bj aja~ab~awi lg ~ì B_M Mij~i lg Ipmiffijmi gl Mib~awiAjny}~ai} bjn Ajjlwb~alj MMa! aj b}}lmab~alj xa~` ~ì RY^ Fbx Gbmyf~q*

]ajmi a~} ajmit~alj ~ì B_M Mij~i lg Ipmiffijmi fin oq Tlgi}}l ]~yb~ Myjjajh`be `b} xlcin ~ljn& yjni}~bjn& ajwi}~ahb~i& iptfli bjn aetfieij~ jix xbq} ~l tlel~i ~ì }`bajh lg cjlxfinhi&myf~yi bjn mlj~ij~ b} b ciq nawi lg }lmabf& myf~ybf bjn imljleam ajjlwb~alj*

Mib~awi Mleelj} famij}ajh `b} oiij b ciq tb~ lg ~`b~ i}ibm` b} ~à} ajjlwb~awi bjn yjaryi fihbf

~llf a} b ma~ambf ajhinaij~ lg ~ì }q}~ie lg ji~xlcin ajgleb~aljbf ipm`bjhi xi jlx mbff Xio ?*4* ^ìhib~ wbfyi lg ~à} ~llf a} aj a~} yjni}~bjnajh lg bjn }qjihq xa~` ~ì ~im`jlflhq& tlwanajh b }aetfi qi~

oaffabj~ eim`bja}e gl }~b~ihambffq ebjbhajh mltqah`~ aj bj bhi lg bmmi}}*

B} tb~ lg ~ì tlmi}} lg yjni}~bjnajh& aetlwajh bjn bttfqajh MM famijmi} xi `bwi }lyh`~ ~l hb~ì iwanijmi lj `lx ~ì famijmi} bi oiajh y}in* ^à} lggi} b fbolb~lq gl ajwi}~ahb~alj b} xiff b} mb}i

}~ynai} l lfi elnif} gl l~ì bnlt~i}* A~ bf}l }iwi} b} b tllg lg mljmit~*

^l ~à} ijn ~à} tlkim~ tlwani} ni~bafin iwanijmi lg ~ì xbq} aj xàm` MM a} oiajh y}in oq mib~l}

bjn aj}~a~y~alj} bfljh xa~` bj iptfbjb~alj lg ~ìa el~awb~alj}* ]ym` b }~ynq a} xlfn fibnajh bjn b}mljeb~alj lg ~à} A xlyfn jl~i ~`b~ ly xlc jlx gle} ~ì ob}a} lg ~ì jixfq mib~in Mib~awiMleelj} Mb}i ]~ynai} xaca lj ~ì aj~ijb~aljbf MM xio}a~i ” `~~t;,,xaca*mib~awimleelj}*lh,mb}i}~ynai}* ^à} bflji a} bj ip~blnajbq bmàiwieij~*

^ì xlc lg MM aj By}~bfab xlyfn jl~ `bwi bnwbjmin }l gb xii a~ jl~ gl ~ì ~ieijnly} }yttl~ bjn

oifaig lg Tlgi}}l ^le Mlm`bji NWM RY^& ~ì MM Mfajam îbe lg Ki}}amb Mlb~i}& Iffal~~ Ofin}li&Jam ]y{l bjn _bmìf Mlomlg~ bjn ~ì B_M Mij~i lg Ipmiffijmi* Mlyj~fi}} l~ì} `bwi xlcin xa~`

y} ~l ebci MM b ibfa~q aj By}~bfab bjn gl ~ìa tb}}alj bjn mleea~eij~ xi bi ~yfq ~`bjcgyf* ^ìiggl~} lg ebjq bi iim~in aj ~ì tbhi} ~`b~ glfflx* A be ip~ieifq hb~igyf gl ~ì ~aei bjn iggl~tiltfi `bwi ~bcij ~l mlj~aoy~i ~l ~ì}i mb}i }~ynai}*

Aj tb~amyfb A }`lyfn àh`fah`~ ~ì mlj~aoy~alj bjn mleea~eij~ lg _bmìf Mlomlg~ ~ì fibn i}ibmì lj ~à} tlkim~* _bmìf `b} ty~ ì ìb~ bjn }lyf aj~l ~à} tlkim~ bjn xa~` ipmiffij~ i}yf~}* Ki}}amb

Mlb~i} bjn Iffal~~ Ofin}li `bwi hawij ì yjxbwiajh }yttl~& xa~` Iffal~~‑} fbqly~ bjn ni}ahj ìixa~` Eia _bjnbff! bhbaj oiajh b }tim~bmyfb gib~yi*

Xi `lti qly ijklq ibnajh ~ì}i }~ynai} bjn xi ijmlybhi qly giinobmc bjn aj}ah`~}*

Oabj Ga~{hibfnTlgi}}l lg Aj~iffim~ybf Tlti~q bjn Ajjlwb~alj& Ryiij}fbjn Yjawi}a~q lg îm`jlflhq RY^! xxx*at*ry~*iny*by!Tlhbe Fibni gl Fbx& By}~bfabj _i}ibm` Mlyjmaf Mij~i lg Ipmiffijmi gl Mib~awi Ajny}~ai} bjn

Ajjlwb~alj xxx*mma*iny*by!





8


Aj~rlnym~alj; Ijhbhajh Mrib~awi By}~rbfab

Mib~awi Mleelj} a} b xlfn%xani aja~ab~awi glyjnin lj ~ì mljmit~ lg ‐gii myf~yi*‑ Mifiob~ajh bff

gle} lg b~a}~am ipti}}alj bjn ajjlwb~alj& ‐MM‑ tlel~i} mib~l}‑ ah`~} ~l na}~aoy~i bjn elnagq ~ìa

xlc} aj b fihbffq imlhja}in gbeixlc lg ‐}lei ah`~} i}iwin*‑ ]ajmi ~ì ifib}i lg ~ì }~ MMfamijmi} aj Nimieoi ?44?& eaffalj} lg nlmyeij~}& aebhi}& bynal ~bmc}& fe mfat} bjn inymb~aljbfi}lymi} `bwi oiij na}~aoy~in wab ~ì Aj~iji~ bjn eli ~bna~aljbf eibj} yjni ~ì tl~im~alj}

xàm` MM tlwani}* Gle a~} ipaoafa~q ~l a~} ib}i%lg%y}i& ~ìi a} ajmib}ajh imlhja~alj lg Mib~awiMleelj} b} ~ì aj~ijb~aljbf fibni aj ltij mlj~ij~ famij}ajh LMF!*

^à} tyofamb~alj tlwani} b jix ti}tim~awi lj By}~bfab‑} mib~awi mleeyja~ai} bjn myf~ybf

aj}~a~y~alj}& Hlwijeij~ aja~ab~awi}& bjn inymb~aljbf lggiajh}* ^ì mb}i }~ynai} mlffim~in ii

iti}ij~ bj ljhlajh iggl~ ~l ebt ~ì }mlti bjn }mbfi lg Mib~awi Mleelj} famijmi y}bhi aj

By}~bfab bjn aj~ijb~aljbffq* Ieobmajh ol~` ajnawanybf} bjn lhbja}b~alj} x`l ietflq ~ì ipaofi

mltqah`~ gbeixlc& ~ì}i }~ynai} }`lx ~ì `lx}& x`q} bjn xìigli} lg ey}amabj}& t`l~lhbtì}&feebci}& oflhhi}& inymb~l}& klyjbfa}~}& i}ibmì} bjn xa~i} bi m`ll}ajh ~l }`bi ~ìa mib~awa~q* ^ìq imlyj~ ~ì ni}ai ~l ebjbhi mltqah`~} ytglj~ bjn ~l oajh b }ahjambj~ m`bjhi ~l ~ì By}~bfabj mib~awi fbjn}mbti ~`lyh` ~ì y}i lg tawb~i ah ~} ~l mib~i tyofam hlln}*

Oq affy}~b~ajh b }ifim~alj lg ~ì ajjlwb~awi ~llf} bjn ~im`jaryi} oiajh y}in gl ajmfy}alj bjn hijib~alj

lg LMF eb~iabf} bml}} ~ì gyff oibn~` lg ~ì By}~bfabj mib~awi }im~l ” gle myamyfb ~l oy}aji}}

tbm~ami} ~l ajnawanybf b~a}~am tlkim~} ” ~à} nlmyeij~ nielj}~b~i} ~ì }ahjambj~ aetbm~ xàm` MM`b} `bn aj ~à} mlyj~q }ajmi ~ì fbyjm` lg ~ì }~ flmbf famijmi} aj ?449 bjn yf~aeb~ifq& }iwi} b} brybfa~b~awi eib}yi b~~i}~ajh ~l ~ì ajyijmi lg MM aj ~à} kya}nam~alj*

Aetl~bj~fq& ~à} mlffim~alj }iic} ~l i}tljn naim~fq ~l ~ì ?448 Yjflmcajh ~ì Tl~ij~abf ~`lyh`Mib~awi Mleelj} itl~ `~~t;,,mib~awimleelj}*lh*by,yjflmcajh~ìtl~ij~abf ! bjn a~} bm~alj a~ie} gl

mleeyja~q ijhbhieij~;

Mlj~ajyin i}ibm` lj a}}yi} ifb~in ~l Mib~awi Mleelj} bjn Ltij Mlj~ij~ Famij}ajh aj2

By}~bfab3

Oyafnajh bxbiji}} lg ~ì Mib~awi Mleelj} tlkim~ aj By}~bfab3?

Iptbjnajh ~ì ajgleb~alj bwbafbofi boly~ ~ì Mib~awi Mleelj} tlkim~ aj By}~bfab3=

Tlwanajh hib~i bnwami bjn }yttl~ gl tlkim~} ~`b~ bi mlj}aniajh aetfieij~ajh& bi aj>

~ì tlmi}} lg aetfieij~ajh bjn,l ~`b~ `bwi aetfieij~in Mib~awi Mleelj} famijmi} aj

By}~bfab3 bjnGy~ì niwiflteij~ lg ~ì Mib~awi Mleelj} By}~bfab famijmi}*9

Ebttajh ~ì Mrib~awi Mleelj}

‐^ì aetbm~ lg ~ì MM tlkim~ mbj oi eib}yin oq ~ì tlfagib~alj lg a~} famijmi}*‑ LtijOy}aji}}*mm& ?447& t 0

B} nielj}~b~in oq ~ì Mib~awi Mleelj} ei~am} tlkim~ `~~t;,,xaca*mib~awimleelj}*lh,ei~am}!&

~ì aj~ijb~aljbf yt~bci lg MM famijmi} a} iptiaijmajh bj iptljij~abf a}i* Aj Kbjybq ?447& xìj ~ìelwieij~ xb} ky}~ ~ìi qib} lfn& glei MM M`baebj Fbxijmi Fi}}ah jl~in aj ^ì Hybnabj;


http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/2008-ccau-cobcroft-rachel-ed-building-an-australasian-commons-case-book 10/190Oyafnajh bj By}~rbfb}abj Mleelj}

0


mleelj}

/Xi(wi }iij b ti~~q }yo}~bj~abf fag~‧ Aj ~ì }~ qib xi imlnin boly~ lji eaffalj ~bci%yt} gl

ly famijmi}* Aj ~ì jip~ qib ~`b~ xij~ yt ~l >e* Oi~xiij Nimieoi ?44> bjn Nimieoi ?449&

~ì jyeoi xij~ gle boly~ >e ~l >9e*‑ xxx*hybnabj*ml*yc,}maijmi,?447,kbj,27,bmbnieamipti~}*mltqah`~

Xàfi jl nija~awi hyi a} bwbafbofi gl ~ì jyeoi lg a~ie} myij~fq famij}in yjni Mib~awiMleelj}& i}~aeb~i} }yhhi}~ ~`b~ a~ a} blyjn =44 eaffalj xlfnxani xxx*}maon*mle,nlm,?=7>000,Mib~awi%Mleelj}%MM%Lwiwaix!* B} bj affy}~b~alj& ~ì ljfaji t`l~l%}`bajh }a~i Gfamc bflji `l}~}

aj ipmi}} lg 78 eaffalj aebhi} yjni ~ì bjhi lg Mib~awi Mleelj} ?*4 famijmi}& b} lg Kyji ?440xxx*amc*mle,mib~awimleelj}!* ^ì ey}am }a~i Kbeijnl xxx*kbeijnl*mle,ij,mib~awimleelj} !`b} 19=8 bfoye} bwbafbofi yjni Mib~awi Mleelj} famijmi}& xàf}~ a~} mlj~ietlbq Ebhjb~yji`l}~} 0029 }ljh} bml}} 99= bfoye} oq ?>> b~a}~} xxx*ebhjb~yji*mle,ajgl,}~b~}!* ^ì aetbm~ lg

~ì mleelj} a} ~ìigli ajmib}ajhfq mfib bml}} tfb~gle} bjn kya}nam~alj}*

]ahjambj~ }~ynai} bi oiajh yjni~bcij aj rybj~agqajh ~ì mleelj} oq ~ì i}ibm` ~ibe} lg Halhal} Mìfal~a}& wa}a~ajh B}}a}~bj~ Tlgi}}l lg Ajgleb~alj ]q}~ie} b~ ]ajhbtli Ebjbhieij~

Yjawi}a~q aj ~ì Tb~amatb~lq Einab Fbo `~~t;,,tef*xacanl~*mle!& bjn ~ì By}~bfabj _i}ibm`Mlyjmaf‑} B_M! Fajcbhi Tlkim~ Yjflmcajh AT3 aj tb~amyfb& ~ì xlc lg T`N i}ibmì Oij Oafn}~iajxxx*mqoifbxmij~i*lh,yjflmcajh%at!* Y}ajh obmc%fajc} ~l famijmi} bjn bnwbjmin Mib~awi Mleelj}}ibmì} ~`lyh` Qb`ll"& Hllhfi& bjn l~ì my}~lea}in aj~igbmi}& ~ì `lti a} ~`b~ ~ìi }`bff }lljoi bj bmmyb~i i}~aeb~i xàm` mbj oi tfbmin lj ~ì yt~bci lg MM xlfnxani* ^bcajh }~lmc lg ~ì

Mib~awi Mleelj} aja~ab~awi& Mìfal~a} i~ bf* lo}iwi ~`b~ ~ìi a} bj ajmib}ajh }lmabf }àg~ ~lxbn}ltij mlffbolb~alj ol~` aj niwifltin bjn niwifltajh jb~alj}& anij~agqajh ~ì a}i lg b ‐jix hflobf

mlj}maly}ji}} lg }`bajh bjn tb~amatb~alj bml}} jb~aljbf olni}‑ `~~t;,,xaca*mib~awimleelj}*lh,aebhi},8,82,^bcajh%}~lmc%lg%~ì%mib~awi%mleelj}%iptiaeij~\ijh*tng !* ^à} itl~ bae} ~l

oyafn lj ~à} ajmib}in bxbiji}}& bjn ~l tlwani bnna~aljbf rybfa~b~awi ajgleb~alj lj ~ì eibj} bjnel~awb~alj} gl }`bajh*

^à} _itlr~

‐X`b~ b~a}~} jiin ~l }ii oigli ~ìq mbj giif mljnij~ boly~ ~ì famijmi} bi ipbetfi} lg l~ìS}U

~bcajh ~ì famijmi}3 ajmltlb~ajh ~ìe aj~l ~ìa tbm~ami}*‑ LtijOy}aji}}*mm& ?447& t 0

B} mfibfq nielj}~b~in oq ~ì glfflxajh }ap~q%wi mb}i }~ynai}& By}~bfabj mib~l} ijhbhin aj ~ìmleelj} bi ebcajh b ma~ambf mlj~aoy~alj ~l ‐gii myf~yi‑ aj ~à} kya}nam~alj* Iptflajh ~ì ajjlwb~awitbm~ami} lg By}~bfabj b~a}~} bjn inymb~l}& }maij~a}~} bjn }miijxa~i}& ~ì}i mb}i }~ynai} tlwanibj lwiwaix lg ~ì bm~awa~ai} bjn yjni~bcajh} ipti}}ajh ~ì ni}ai ~l bnlt~ b ipaofi bttlbm` ~l

ah`~} ebjbhieij~* Aetl~bj~fq& ~ì }~ynai} ipbeaji y}i}‑ el~awb~alj} ~l famij}i yjni MM& bjn bjqanij~ain aetbm~ ~ì }àg~ ~l LMF `b} `bn*

Aj titbajh ~ì}i }~ynai}& ibm` tb~amatbj~ xb} b}cin ~l i}tljn ~l b olbn }iai} lg ryi}~alj}ifb~ajh ~l ~ìa tbm~ami& ajmfynajh;

Ni}maoi qly lhbja}b~alj i}~bofa}àjh hlbf}& oy}aji}} elnif& tb~ji lhbja}b~alj}& i~m*!

X`b~ bi qly myij~ tlkim~}<

@lx nan qly }~ ìb boly~ Ltij Mlj~ij~ Famijmi},Mib~awi Mleelj}<

X`q nan qly m`ll}i ~l y}i MM< , Xàm` famijmi nan qly }ifim~ bjn x`q<

@lx a} ~ì famijmi bttfain<

X`b~ `b} oiij qly iptiaijmi xa~` MM }l gb ” x`b~ `bwi oiij ~ì oiji~} bjn tl}}aofi

tlofie}<







! (+%'ZB%'3 %''H5 -!

! (+%'ZB%'3 %''H5 -!

Aj Ebq ?440& glj~ ebj lg ~ì jla%lmc objn

Jaji Ajm` Jbaf} `~~t;,,jaj*mle!& îj~ _i{jl

bjjlyjmin ~l ~ì xlfn ~`b~ ~ìq xii ifib}ajh

b }imljn bfoye& ^ì ]fat `~~t;,,~ì}fat*jaj*mle!&

yjni b Mib~awi Mleelj} famijmi ijmlybhajh

gbj} ~l nlxjflbn& na}~aoy~i& bjn eb}`yt ~ìa

xlc* Aj nlajh }l& JAJ xb} ebcajh bj ajnifaofi

ebc ytlj ~ì ey}am ajny}~q; ~bci jl~i& oy}aji}}

elnif} bi lj ~ì elwi*

Lggiajh b ipaofi gbeixlc xa~` xàm` ~l

ebjbhi mltqah`~}& MM tlwani} b~a}~} xa~` ~ì

lttl~yja~q ~l ijhbhi mib~awifq xa~` mlj~ij~*

B} ibfq bnlt~i} lg ~ì ipaofi MM famijmi}&

ey}amabj} nielj}~b~i bj ajmib}ajh aj~ii}~

aj ij~itijiyabf bm~awa~ai} ~`lyh` ljfaji bjn

lgaji mleeyja~q%ob}in bjn mlffbolb~awi

aja~ab~awi}* Ti}ij~ajh ~ì ajmij~awi ~l ‐_at*

]betfi* Eb}`* ]`bi&‑ aj ?44> Xain Ebhb{aji

ifib}in b MM ieapbofi MN& gib~yajh ~ì

Oib}~ai Olq}& Nbwan Oqji& bjn Hafoi~lHaf& beljh}~ l~ì b~a}~} lg jl~i `~~t;,,

mib~awimleelj}*lh,xain!* ^à} wij~yi hbwi

a}i ~l ~ì mmEap~i*lh ljfaji mleeyja~q& bj

bxbn%xajjajh tlkim~ xàm` a} myij~fq oiajh

mljwi~in aj~l b oy}aji}} }taj%lgg ~l iptfli ~ì

mleeimabfa}b~alj lg y}i%hijib~in mlj~ij~*

Eli imij~fq& b} ~ì ey}am ajny}~q `b} ~yjin

~lxbn} jix oy}aji}} elnif} bttltab~i

~l ~ì naha~bf ib& }iwibf ‐}ywawbf }~b~ihai}‑

`bwi oiij tl}a~in oq Nbwan Oqji xxx*xain*mle,ij~i~bajeij~,ey}am,ebhb{aji,27%42,

gg\oqji! bjn ~ì Ltij _ah`~} Hlyt aj ~ì

jix xbq} lgnlajh ey}amoy}aji}}

ey}am ' }lyjnmb}i }~ynai}

Bjmaij~ Gii Hbniji} 22

Bjnix Hb~lj 2=

Bynaltàfi 27

Kljb~`bj Mlyf~lj 28

Mib~awi Mleelj}

Ey}am Mlffbolb~alj

Tlkim~ (MMET! 21

Kbeijnl ??

Cjawi} b~ Jllj ?8

Ebhjb~yji ?1

Jaji Ajm` Jbaf} =?

Tlmci~mflmc _imln} =9

Tl}~elnijmli =8

^ltlflhq =1

Qyjqy >2

LtijWlami Gii TOP >=

Mrib~awi Mleelj} ' ]lyjn


http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/2008-ccau-cobcroft-rachel-ed-building-an-australasian-commons-case-book 14/190Jix Xbq} l Nlajh Ey}am Oy}aji}}

24


mleelj}

Yja~in Cajhnle xxx*

ltijah`~}hlyt*lh,

mib~awioy}aji}},ajnip*

t`t,Ebaj\Tbhi!* Aj ~à}

ijwaljeij~& bj ajmib}ajhglmy} `b} oiij tfbmin

lj MM‑} lfi aj ajjlwb~awi

tbm~ami* Taljiiajh

ey}am }a~i} }ym` b}

Ebhjb~yji iti}ij~

b mljmi~in iggl~ ~l

aj~lnymi ajjlwb~alj ~l ~ì

ebjbhieij~ lg mlj~ij~&

mleoajajh ltij bmmi}}

tàfl}ltài} xa~` iwijyi%

ba}ajh eim`bja}e}*

Oyafnajh lj ~à} ajjlwb~alj&

aj Nimieoi ?448& Mib~awi

Mleelj} ly~fajin a~}

MM# gbeixlc `~~t;,,xaca*mib~awimleelj}*

lh,MMTfy}!& xàm` bae}

~l ijmletb}} ol~` ~ì

}`bajh bjn ~ì mleeimabf

imljleai}& lggiajh b~a}~}

~ì boafa~q ~l ifamij}i ~ìa xlc jlj%mleeimabffq

xàf}~ i~bajajh ~ì ah`~

gl i}bfi ~l mleeimabf

ij~ita}i}* Oy}aji}}

}~b~ihai} ieobmajh MM bi

myij~fq oiajh mlj}aniin

bjn aetfieij~in oq bj

iwi%ajmib}ajh }iai} lg

}a~i}& ajmfynajh Kbeijnl&

Oib~tamc& ]~bqgle&

Qlyfamij}i& _ah`~}Bhij~&Ofat*~w& ~ì Mltqah`~

Mfibbjmi Mij~i& bjn

Mflbcp* ì}i elnif}

tlwani }bfaij~ affy}~b~alj}

lg naggiij~ ijhbhieij~}

xa~` mleeimabf tbm~ami}&

xàm` bi mlj~ajybffq oiajh

inijin aj ~ì iggl~ ~lmbt~yi ~ì aebhajb~alj lg

ljfaji bynaijmi}*

^ì glfflxajh mb}i }~ynai}yjni}mli ~ì ni}ai lg

ajnitijnij~

By}~bfabj

b~a}~} bjn

fboif} ~l mljjim~ xa~` ~ìa mleeyja~q

lg gbj} ~`lyh` MM famijmi}* Ietflqajh

MM b} b tlel~aljbf ~llf& flmbf

ey}amabj} }ym` b} bjaei%aj}tain tlt

}~b Qyjqy& iptiaeij~bf ij}ieofi

^ltlflhq bjn Jix [ibfbjn }qj~`%

lmc objn Cjawi} b~ Jllj bfflx gii

nlxjflbn} lg ~ìa xlc} gl jlj%

mleeimabf tytl}i}& lggiajh bfoye}

lj MN Oboq bjn Kbeijnl* ]ym`

na}~aoy~alj& oqtb}}ajh ~bna~aljbf

tyofa}ì}& `b} oiij ieobmin b} b

xbq lg ajmib}ajh ~ì objn}‑ tleajijmi

aj ol~` flmbf bjn aj~ijb~aljbf ibfe}*

B~ bj aj~ijb~aljbf fiwif& ~ì ajjlwb~awioy}aji}} bttlbm` ipti}}in oq ~ì

ajnitijnij~ bjn anal}qjmb~am Kljb~`bj

Mlyf~lj `b} oiij }`lxj ~l xlc xiff aj

à} gbwly* @a} iptiaeij~ xa~` ~ì jix

xbq} aj xàm` mlj~ij~ mbj oi na}~aoy~in

bjn na}}ieajb~in b} b i}yf~ lg ~ì

Aj~iji~ `b} olj }ahjambj~ gya~& xa~`

>9) lg à} ajmlei aj ?448 oiajh niawin

gle tban naha~bf nlxjflbn}*

Xì~ì ijhbhajh aj na}~aoy~alj elnif}

b} bj ieihajh b~a}~ l b eihb}~b&

ey}amabj} bi jbwahb~ajh b jix nqjbeam

xàm` tlea}i} hib~i mib~awi mlj~lf*

^ì Mib~awi Mleelj} famij}ajh

}mìei }ahjai} b nitb~yi gle ~ì

~bna~aljbf eannfi%ebj bttlbm`& bjn b}

}ym`& iti}ij~} b yjaryi lttl~yja~q ~l

mbta~bfa}i lj mib~awa~q xàf}~ hawajh obmc

~l ~ì mleeyja~q*

Ajmfynin aj ~ì nlxjflbnbofi

tbmcbhi l ^ì ]fat a} b TNG l

bfoye b~xlc* ^ì}i bi ly

l ~ì aebhi} ajmfynin aj ~`b~ nlmyeij~*

A e b h i } ; M M O Q % J M % ] B = * 4

Y ] & ` ~ ~ t ; , , ~ ` i } f a t * j

a j * m l e

‐~`bjc qly l qly mlj~ajyin bjn flqbf

}yttl~ lwi ~ì qib} % ~à} lji‑}

lj ei*‑ îj~ _i{jl

`~~t;,,jajoflh}*xlnti}}*mle


http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/2008-ccau-cobcroft-rachel-ed-building-an-australasian-commons-case-book 15/190Mrib~awi Mleelj} ' ]lyjn Mfy}~ir

22


Lwirwaix

Bjmaij~ Gii Hbniji} bi bj ajnai%

lmc objn aj Eifolyji& By}~bfab*

^ì objn mlj}a}~} lg Kbei} Eaf}le

wlmbf}& hya~b!& Hby~be _bky ob}}

hya~b!& Mbffye Ob~i nye}! bjn ]~iwi

Elgi}}i ciq}& wlmbf}!* ^ì objn

tfbq} lahajbf ey}am xa~~ij oq Kbei}Eaf}le b~ wijyi} aj Eifolyji bjn lj

lmmb}alj! ~ly} aj~i}~b~i*

^ì objn ~bci} a~} jbei gle

~ì gaijnfq }lmai~q& Lni lg Gii

Hbniji}& xàm` nb~i} obmc ~l blyjn

~ì 29~` mij~yq* X`b~ a} ~ì bm~ybffajc oi~xiij ~ì ~xl< ^ì ~be aj~l

Eifolyji MON gle ~ì miei~iq%

}ani }`bi`ly}i aj xàm` ~ì objn xb}

i}~bofa}ìn y}ì} tb}~ ~ì jlx%nigyjm~

ìbnryb~i} lg ~ì Gii Hbniji}‑

Eifolyji objm`* Bj aetyf}i mby}in

~xl objn eieoi} ~l ebci b wa}a~ lj

lji lmmb}alj& bjn }l oa{bi xb} ~ì

iptiaijmi ~`b~ ~ì bnlt~alj lg ~ì jbei

xb} b glihlji mljmfy}alj*

Bjmaij~ Gii Hbniji} ibj ajmlei

gle tfbqajh fawi }`lx}& MN }bfi} bjn

naha~bf ey}am }bfi} wab a^yji}* @lxiwi&

~ì objn a} jl~ qi~ }ifg%}y}~bajajh& bjn

a} jbjmabffq }yttl~in oq ~ì eieoi}*^ì objn bae} ~l ibm` xani bynaijmi}

aj~ijb~aljbffq ~`lyh` ~ì y}i lg

Mib~awi Mleelj} famijmi}& `bwajh

tiwaly}fq oiij }ahjb~lq ~l na}~aoy~alj

nibf} ~`b~ bwi olji }ahjambj~fq fi}}~`bj x`b~ ~ì objn `bn baein gl* ^ìa

}~ bfoye a} myij~fq oiajh taimin~lhi~ì* ^ì }ajhfi} xaff oi Mib~awi

Mleelj}3 ti`bt} ~ì x`lfi bfoye*

Famijmi Y}bhi

Gl ~ì }ifg%~a~fi ifib}i ~ì Mib~awiMleelj} B~~aoy~alj%Jljmleeimabf%]`bi Bfaci ?*9 By}~bfab famijmi xb}y}in* Bg~i bfel}~ mletfi~ifq }iffajh ly~lg ~ì wi%~bmc IT xa~`ly~ imlytajhiptij}i}& ~ì objn ~ain bjl~ì bjhfigl ~ì na}~aoy~alj lg ~ì }bei }ljh}; ~lbnlt~ Mib~awi Mleelj}*

^ì ij~ai IT a} bwbafbofi lj ~ìa xio}a~i gl gii nlxjflbn `~~t;,,bjmaij~giihbniji}*mle,<tbhi\an5>1!l }~ibeajh* A~ a} bf}l bwbafbofi lj ~ìMib~awi Mleelj} na}~aoy~alj tfb~gleKbeijnl xxx*kbeijnl*mle,ij,bfoye,???47! bjn ~`lyh` mleeimabfna}~aoy~alj tlaj~} ajmfynajh Bttfi‑}a^yji} ey}am }~li*

^`lyh` jl }~b~a}~am} bi bwbafbofigl nlxjflbn}& ~ì objn oifaiwi ~ìq

niawin wiq fa~~fi oiji~ gle ~ì

Bjmaij~ Gii Hbniji} ” (Fi~ ~l _ah`~! Mbffye Ob~i&

Kbei} Eaf}le& ]~iwi Eli}}i bjn Hby~be _bky

Bjmaij~ Grii Hbrnijir}

ni}mrat~alj; Bjmaij~ Gii Hbniji} bi bj ajnai%lmcobjn aj Eifolyji& By}~bfab& y}ajh Mib~awi

Mleelj} famijmi} ~l na}~aoy~i ~ìa ey}am*

xio}a~i; `~~t;,,bjmaij~giihbniji}*mle

famijmi y}in; MM OQ%JM%]B ?*9 By}~bfab&

`~~t;,,mib~awimleelj}*lh,famij}i},oq%jm%

}b,?*9,by

einab; Bynal

flmb~alj; Eifolyji& By}~bfab

A e b h i ; O q O l @ y a * M M O Q % ] B ? * 9

B Y ] &

` ~ ~ t ; , , b j m a i j ~ i i h b n i j i } * m l e , < t b h i\

a n 5 2 =

Kbei} Eaf}le& Bjmaij~ Gii Hbniji}

wlmbfa}~ bjn hya~ba}~&

~llc tb~ aj ~ì

Mib~awi Mleelj}

Mfajam Aj~ij Tlhbe

aj ?440* Nyajh à}

aj~ij}àt& Kbei}

i}ibmìn bjn xl~i

b tbti iptflajh ~ì

jiin l jix oy}aji}}

elnif} l ~ì ey}am

}im~l& bjn x`b~ ~ì}i

jix elnif} eah`~

fllc faci*



2?


mleelj}

ifib}i oiajh lj a^yji} bjn l~ì

ljfaji ey}am i~bafi}* ^ì elwi ~l ltij

mlj~ij~ famij}ajh xb} b wiq imij~ lji&}l ~ì objn `b} jl~ qi~ iptiaijmin

bjq }ahjambj~ oiji~} gle famij}ajh

a~} ey}am yjni Mib~awi Mleelj}& oy~

fllc} glxbn ~l ~ì iptiaeij~* ^ìq

imij~fq iptbjnin ~ìa iptiaeij~b~alj

xa~` MM oq ifib}ajh ~ì }ajhfi Ajjbn}

Ly~ lj ~ì xio}a~i yjni ~ì }bei

famijmi b} ~ìa tiwaly} ifib}i*

El~awb~alj}

Kbei} Eaf}le& glj~%ti}lj gl ~ìobjn& }~ ìbn boly~ Mib~awiMleelj} b~ b fim~yi lj ajjlwb~aljebni oq Kl`j Xafobjc}& ~ì Ipimy~awiNaim~l bjn Wami Ti}anij~ lg ]maijmi

Mleelj} `~~t;,,}maijmimleelj}*lh!* ^ì objn oimbei bxbi lg ~ì

na}~aoy~alj bjn tyofama~q tl~ij~abfbgglnin oq ~ì Aj~iji~* Ga}~ }~it} aj~l

~ì bib y}ajh a^yji} gbafin ~l `bwi ~ì

na}~aoy~awi bjn tlel~aljbf iggim~ ~ìq

}lyh`~* Oy~ }ajmi ebcajh ~ìa ey}am

bwbafbofigii gl jlj%

mleeiambfy}i ~ìq`bwi hbajin gle }iwibf }ahjambj~tlel~aljbf lttl~yja~ai} }ym` b} bgib~yi lj ~ì Lo}myi}lyjn ey}am

oflh `~~t;,,lo}myi}lyjn*mle!*Irybffq& ~ìq jihl~ab~in b} }qjm famijmi

xa~` FljifqHaf29 xxx*fh29*mle,fljifqhaf29,<t5>9?! gl ~ì y}i lg ~ì

~bmc ‐A be jl~ b }àtxah`~‑ xàm` xlyfnyf~aeb~ifq oi waixin eli ~`bj 74&444

~aei* Ni}ta~i ~à} ajmib}in iptl}yi~ìq }~aff ljfq }bx b eajl a}i aj a yji}

}bfi}*

^ì Mib~awi Mleelj} B~~aoy~alj%

Jljmleeimabf%]`bi Bfaci ?*9

By}~bfab famijmi xb} m`l}ij oimby}i

~ì objn xa}ìn ~l i}iwi ~ìa ah`~}

~l b~~aoy~alj* Gy~ì& `bwajh famij}in

xlc tiwaly}fq bjn iptiaijmin gbafq

}iwii nagmyf~q aj hijib~ajh bjq

tl~ ~`lyh` ajnitijnij~ ey}am& ~ìobjn xa}ìn ~l i}iwi ~ìa ah`~ ~l

mleeimabffq famij}i ~ìa ey}am }`lyfn

~ì lttl~yja~q ba}i* ]ban Eaf}le;

‖Gl ~ì ~`ly}bjn} lg

objn} ky}~ faci y}& ljmi qly

yjni}~bjn ~`b~ xa~` MM

famijmi} qly nlj‑~ bm~ybffq

`bwi ~l fl}i bff lg ~ì ah`~} ~l

~ì ey}am& ~ìi a} jl~àjh oy~

oiji~ ~`b~ qly mbj niawi* Qly

`bwi jip~ ~l jl~àjh& }l qly

`bwi jl~àjh ~l fl}i*―

‐***ljmi qly yjni}~bjn ~`b~ xa~`MM famijmi} qly nlj‑~ bm~ybffq

`bwi ~l fl}i bff l ~ì ah`~} ~l ~ìey}am& ~ìi a} jl~àjh oy~

oiji~ ~`b~ qly mbj niawi*Qly `bwi jip~ ~l jl~àjh& }l qly

`bwi jl~àjh ~l ‖fl}i―‑ Kbei} Eaf}le

Bjmaij~ Gii Hbniji}

Bjmaij~ Gii

Hbniji} bwi oiij

iptiaeij~ajh xa~`

~ì y}i l Mib~awi

Mleelj} famijmi}*

^ìa }~ ifib}i& b

}if%~a~fin IT& bjn ~ìa

imij~ }ajhfi Ajjbrn}

Ly~ bi ol~` bwbafbofi

lj ~ìa xio}a~i

yjni b Mib~awi

Mleelj} B~~aoy~alj%

Jljmleeimabf%

]`bi Bfaci ?*9

By}~bfab famijmi*

A e b h i ; } i f % ~ a ~ f i n I T b ~ x l c o q I f a } b o i ~ I a m } l j *

‖ A j j b n } L y ~ ― b

~ x l c o q E b ~ a j _ a j e b j *



2=


Lwirwaix

Bjnix Hb~lj `~~t;,,bhb~lj*xlnti}}*mle! a} b tleajij~ By}~bfabj%ob}in xa~i& tlnymi bjn naha~bf einab bnwa}l x`l }a~} b~~ì gliglj~ lg jix einab tbm~amibjn mleeyja~q myf~ybf niwiflteij~* B tb}}aljb~i bnwlmb~i gl Mib~awiMleelj} bjn ltij mlj~ij~ famij}ajh&Hb~lj xlc} bml}} b jyeoi lg tlkim~} xàm` ipti}} ~ì bae} lg ajmfy}awa~q& }y}~bajboafa~q& bjn i}tim~ gl flmbf mlj~ip~* B} ~ì myij~ EbjbhajhNaim~l lg ~ì ljfaji bjn mleeyja~qeinab hlyt& ~ì B}}lmab~alj gl Tlhi}}awi Mleeyjamb~alj} By}~bfab&btm*by! `~~t;,,btm*lh*by!& Hb~ljtfbmi} glmy} lj oyafnajh }y}~bajbofiA^ ajgb}~ym~yi bjn mleeyja~q%ob}in

einab ob}in aja~ab~awi} aj By}~bfab&]ly~` Ib}~ B}ab& bjn ~ì Tbmam A}fbjn}*Gl ipbetfi& btm*by mlj}yf~} lj nifawiqtfb~gle} ~l ~ì Eifolyji Ma~q Mlyjmaf}yttl~in @lei Fbjn} tlkim~ `~~t;,,xaca*btm*lh*by,ajnip*t`t<~a~fi5@lei\ Fbjn}!* @lei Fbjn} aj~ijn} ~l b}}a}~qlyjh igyhii} ~l imljjim~ xa~` ~ìa na}ti}in mleeyja~ai} ~`lyh` bjajjlwb~awi Aj~iji~ ~ifiwa}alj tlhbeei*Aj bnna~alj& Bjnix }iwi} b}]imi~bq lg ~ì Ipimy~awi Olbn lg ~ì

aj~ijb~aljbf B}}lmab~alj gl Tlhi}}awiMleeyjamb~alj}& a} b eieoi lg ~ì

B~} Fbx Mlj}l~aye lg Wam~lab bjn bglyjnajh eieoi lg Ltij ]tim~ye By}~bfab `~~t;,,ltij}tim~ye*lh*by!*

Hb~lj mleeijmin à} mbii b~ bhi2>& tb~amatb~ajh aj mleeyja~q bjn tyofam

bmmi}} einab bjn mlj~aoy~ajh ~l ~ìiptiaeij~bf ey}am }miji}! aj ]qnjiq&

By}~bfab* Tigleajh bjn tlnymajh b}

}qj~ì}a}~& }bplt`lja}~& bjn }tlcij%xln tiglei gle ~ì fb~i 2184}& ìtfbqin xa~` tyjc,}lyf objn Tawb~iFawi} 2181%210=! bjn gy}alj,aetlwa}b~aljly~~ Fajhl Oboif2109%2108!* Aj~ì fb~i 2104}ì glein ~ì

bmly}~am%ob}inXà~i Tyjc} lj

@lti bjn ~ì kb{{,tyjc ~al&_i~yj gleJlxìi* Gl

^ì Fa}~ijajh_lle jlx

lgg%ba!& Hb~ljtiglein ~ì}~ hijib~awi}lyjn taimi gl

By}~bfabj bnalbjn Aj~iji~ aj

Bjnrix Hbr~lj

ni}mrat~alj;Bjnix Hb~lj a} b tleajij~ By}~bfabj%ob}in xa~i& tlnymi bjn naha~bf einab

bnwa}i x`l xanifq ietflq} bjn bnwlmb~i} ~ì y}i lg Mib~awi Mleelj} famijmi}*

xio}a~i; `~~t;,,bhb~lj*xlnti}}*mle

famijmi y}in; Xio}a~i,Oflh; MM OQ%JM%]B ?*9 By}~bfab& `~~t;,,mib~awimleelj}*lh,famij}i},

oq%jm%}b,?*9,by bjn Gfamc; MM OQ%JM%]B ?*4 Hijiam& `~~t;,,mib~awimleelj}*lh,

famij}i},oq%jm%}b,?*4

einab; Bynal& wanil& ~ip~& aebhi}

flmb~alj; By}~bfab

Bjnix Hb~lj

A e b h i ; O q H b ~ l j * M

M O Q % J M % ] B ? * 4

H i j i a m & x x x *

a m c * m l e , t ` l ~ l } , b j n i x % h b ~ l j , 2 4 9 2 0 9 = > =





29


famijmi} gl ~ì mib~alj lg jix xlc}~`b~ bi hawij obmc ~l ~ì mleeyja~q

gle xàm` ~ì eb~iabf mbei* ^ì}imljn WANIL ]FBE& ‐Bttltab~i

Lahajbf‑ }bx ~ì mib~alj lg gly yjaryi}`l~}& ~xl lg xàm` xii tlnymin xa~`

jl mltqah`~ i}~am~alj} x`b~ }l iwi&bff gly oiajh fbyjmìn b~ ~ì ajjlwb~awi

_ieap Glye `~~t;,,bhb~lj*xlnti}}*mle,?440,49,?9,w}4?%ieap%glye!& bf}l

mljmiawin bjn tlnymin oq Bjnix*

Bjnix tiglein b~ ~ì ajbyhybf ?447Mib~awi Mleelj} By}~bfab ]bflj

`~~t;,,mib~awimleelj}*lh*by,mm}bflj !&ajmltlb~ajh mlj~ij~ gle bml}} ~ì

By}~bfabj Mib~awi Mleelj}& }ym` b}aebhi} gle ~ì MMby Gfamc tllf xxx*amc*mle,hlyt},mmby}~bfab! i}~bofa}ìngl ~ì iwij~* Hb~lj m`ljamfin ~à}

iwij~ aj à} _ita}i `~~t;,,bhb~lj*xlnti}}*mle,?447,2?,42,mm}bflj%ita}i!*

El~awb~alj}

Lj =4 Ebm` ?448& Bjnix bnni}}in~ì Ryiij}fbjn Yjawi}a~q lg îm`jlflhq‑} Mib~awi Mleelj} MfajammmMfajam! xa~` b tlwlmb~awi ti}ij~b~alj~a~fin Bi Xi Aj}bji< `~~t;,,bhb~lj*xlnti}}*mle,?448,4>,49,bi%xi%aj}bji!* Aj ~à}& ì iptlyjnin lj`yebja~q‑} ~ijnijmq yjni ~ì iggim~}lg hflobfa}b~alj ~l eb}}%tlnymi a~ie}

}l ~ìq bttib b} eal aebhi}&

oiajh ‐ebjagi}~b~alj} lg ly faoibf

imljleai}‧ xàm` b~ ~ì ip~iei‧ij}yi b EmNljbfn‑} aj iwiq mbta~bf

ma~q& ~ì }bei mfl~àjh fboif} lj iwiq

obmc& objn} lj iwiq ~%}à~ bjn Oah

Ol~ì `bamy~} aj iwiq tyo bml}}

~ì mlyj~q ” x`b~ A‑e ~bfcajh boly~ a}

`lelhijia~q*‑

Aj wlmagily} i}tlj}i& Bjnix

timiawi} ipaofi famij}ajh b}m`bffijhajh }ym` lwibmàjh mljmit~}lg lxji}àt ” oq bfflxajh mltai} lg

~ìa xlc ~l oi ebni aj titi~ya~qyjni LMF& bj b~a}~ camc} b~ ~ì mli lg

hflobfa}b~alj‑} glyjnajh oifaig}* Xìj b}cin x`q ì m`ll}i} ipaofifamijmi} }ym` b} Mib~awi Mleelj}&bjn `lx ì a} bofi ~l ebci eljiq wab

~ì aja~ab~awi& Bjnix i}tljn} ~`b~;

‐Ky}~ b} xi `bwi ~l ~àjc lg

naggiij~ xbq} lg fawajh& }l ~ll

nl xi jiin ~l ~àjc lg naggiij~

xbq} lg ibjajh bj ajmlei*

A nl jl~ ~àjc a~ a} tl}}aofi ~l

ibj ~ì cajn lg eljiq xi

`bwi mlei ~l iptim~ gle

mib~awi ajny}~ai} oq eiifq

tl}~ajh ly mlj~ij~ ljfaji*

Aj bnna~alj& xi mbj jl fljhi

bggln ~l fawi b} xi `bwi nlji}l& b} ly gligb~ì} `bwi

nlji‧ xi ky}~ nl jl~ `bwi

~ì i}lymi} ~l }yttl~ ~à}*

B} }ym`& A giif ~llf} }ym` b}

Mib~awi Mleelj} bi tb~

lg ~ì na}my}}alj xi }`lyfn

oi `bwajh boly~ ly fawi}&

`lx xi fawi& `lx bjn x`b~

xi fibj bjn ~ì eim`bja}e}

iryain ~l }yttl~ ajjlwb~alj

bjn mib~awa~q& ~`b~ xàm`

}y}~baj} fagi& hawi} a~ eibjajh bjn tytl}i % b fagi~aei lg

fibjajh b~ì ~`bj b fagi~aei lg

yjmi~baj~q*‑

Yf~aeb~ifq& Bjnix }ii} ~ì MMelwieij~ b} nlajh eli ~`bj lggiajh

mllf }betfajh famijmi}; ‐^ìq bimlj~aoy~ajh ~l b iwa~bfa{b~alj lg

mib~awa~q bjn myf~ybf niwiflteij~ b}b mlffim~awi iggl~* A~ ij}yi} nawi}a~q&

}y}~baj} a~ bjn ciit} ly gbj} gii lg ji} bjn }lei lg ~ìe iwij ly~ lg kbaf*‑

Bjnix Hb~lj tileajh b~ ~ì mm]bflj ?447

A e b h i ; O q q a j q

b j h * M

M O Q % J M % J N ? * 4

H i j i a m &

x x x *

a m c * m l e

, t ` l ~ l } , b f o i ~ q a j q b j h , = 4 1 9 ? > 4 ? 2



27


mleelj}

Lwirwaix

Bynaltàfi a} bj By}~bfabj jl~%gl%tl~ xàm` tyofa}ì} bynal xlc} oqqlyjh bjn ieihajh tlnymi}* ^ltam}ajmfyni }lmabf ky}~ami& ~ì ijwaljeij~&Ajnahijly} a}}yi}& ~ì b~} bjn tltyfb myf~yi* Bynaltàfi }`lxmb}i} ifnimlnajh}& myf~ybf gib~yi}& bnal tfbq}&

}lmabf nlmyeij~bai}& bynal tl}~mbn}bjn iptiaeij~bf }lyjn ni}ahj}*

Bynaltàfi tlwani} tyofa} ajhlttl~yja~ai} gl ieihajh einabtlnymi} bjn bae} ~l tbq tlgi}}aljbfb~i} gl tlnym~alj ~`lyh` b faea~in

jyeoi lg mleea}}alj}*

Famijmi

Y}bhiMlj~aoy~alj}~l Bynaltàfibi tyofa}ìnyjni ~ìMib~awiMleelj} B~~aoy~alj%Jlj%Mleeimabf%]`bi Bfaci

?*9 By}~bfabfamijmi& bjn

bi bwbafbofi gl gii nlxjflbn yjfi}}l~ìxa}i }timain*

El~awb~alj}

‐A be wiq `bttq xa~` ~ì

Mib~awi Mleelj} famij}ajh

~`b~ xi y}i lj bynaltàfi*lh*

by& xàm` a} ~ì MM OQ%JM%]B

?*9 famijmi* A faci ~ì ipaoafa~q

~`b~ y}ajh MM famij}ajh lggi}*‑

]`qbe& Glyjni lg Bynaltàfi

Bynalt afi iet`b}a}i} mlj~aoy~alj}xàm` ijhbhi xa~` ~ìa }ylyjnajh}&mlffim~ajh bynal imlnajh} xàm` iim~mib~l}‑ lxj iptiaijmi}* ^ì }a~ilggi} b xbq ~l tlfi imlnajh} xàmèbq jl~ l~ìxa}i oi ìbn& tfbmajh bj

iet`b}a} lj nlmyeij~bq gleb~ b~ì ~`bj ey}am& bjn ~ì iptflb~alj lg }lmabf ky}~ami bjn ijwaljeij~bf a}}yi}*

^ì glyjni lg Bynaltàfi& ]`qbe& ~lfn_bmìf Mlomlg~ gle MMby wab iebafaj~iwaix aj Kbjybq ?440 ~`b~ ì `bn}~ ìbn boly~ Mib~awi Mleelj}~`lyh` b gaijn x`l a} b hbtàmni}ahji bjn gifflx b~a}~ boly~ ~ìiqib} tiwaly}fq* ]`qbe iet`b}a}i}~ì ipaoafa~q bjn mlj~lf ~`b~ MM hawi}

~l b~a}~} boly~ ~ì na}~aoy~alj bjnmleeimabf y}i lg ~ìa xlc}*

Bynaltàfi

ni}mrat~alj; Bynaltàfi a} bj ljfaji

itl}a~lq lg aj~ii}~ajh

}lyjnoa~i}*

xio}a~i; xxx*bynaltàfi*lh*by

famijmi y}in; MM OQ%JM%]B ?*9 By}~bfab&`~~t;,,mib~awimleelj}*lh,famij}i},oq%jm%}b,?*9,by

einab; Bynal

flmb~alj; By}~bfab

‐Mib~awi Mleelj} li}bj aetl~bj~ lt~alj l

tiltfi ~l na}~aoy~i ~ ia xlc blyjn ~ì xlfn

xa~`ly~ faea~ajh ~ìa ah`~ ~l }lei mlj~lf lwi ~ìa

mib~awi ly~ty~ & xàm` A }iib} oiajh wiq aetl~bj~ aj

~ì naha~bf bhi*‑

]`qbeGlyjni l Bynaltàfi

Bynaltàfi mb~bflhyi tbhi& Kyfq ?440



28


Kljb~`bj Mlyf~lj

ni}mrat~alj; Kljb~`bj Mlyf~lj a} bj ajnitijnij~,yj}ahjin }ajhi%}ljhxa~i x`l y~afa}i}Mib~awi Mleelj} famijmi} ~l ìft tlel~i à} ey}am wab gii nlxjflbn}*

xio}a~i; xxx*kljb~`bjmlyf~lj*mle

famijmi y}in; MM OQ%JM =*4 Hijiam& `~~t;,,mib~awimleelj}*lh,famij}i},oq%jm ,=*4

einab; Bynal

flmb~alj; Yja~in ]~b~i} lg Beiamb

Lwirwaix

Kljb~`bj Mlyf~lj a} b }ajhi%}ljhxa~i ob}in aj Beiamb* Mlyf~lj igi} ~l à}ey}am b} bj iptiaeij~ aj ~ì jix xbq}aj xàm` mlj~ij~ xaff oi na}~aoy~in bjnna}}ieajb~in b} b i}yf~ lg ~ì Aj~iji~*@a} b~aljbfi& aj à} lxj xln}& a} ~`b~&‐A hawi bxbq ey}am oimby}i A xbj~ ~l

ebci ey}am& bjn A mbj‑~ ebci ey}amyjfi}} A ebci eljiq& bjn A xlj‑~ ebcibjq eljiq yjfi}} A hi~ ìbn& bjnA xlj‑~ hi~ ìbn yjfi}} A hawi bxbqey}am*‑ xxx*kljb~`bjmlyf~lj*mle,gbr-X`l!* Aj ?449& Mlyf~lj oihbj btlkim~ ij~a~fin ‐^àjh b Xiic‑& xìiì xl~i bjn ifib}in b jix }ljh ljà} xio}a~i iwiq xiic gl b qib xxx* kljb~`bjmlyf~lj*mle,taei,~àjh%b%xiic!* ^ì tlkim~ xb} baein b~ hi~~ajhtyofama~q gl Mlyf~lj‑} ey}am& bjn }iwibflg ~ì }ljh} ajmfynajh ‐Gfamc‑ bjn ‐MlniEljciq‑ xii oah Aj~iji~ a~}* ì ^àjhb Xiic tlkim~ xb} ifib}in wab b xiicfqtlnmb}~& xa~` ibm` }ljh oiajh bwbafbofiyjni ~ì Mib~awi Mleelj} famijmi*

Mlyf~lj `b} bff lg à} ey}am bwbafbofi~l }~ibe lj à} xio}a~i& xa~` ebjq}ljh} bf}l bwbafbofi gl gii nlxjflbn*My}~lei} mbj ~ìj oyq }ljh} aj ia~ì et= l GFBM gleb~ gl .Y]2 bjnbfoye} gl oi~xiij .Y]9 ”.Y]24*My}~lei} mbj bf}l ebci nljb~alj}

wab Tbqtbf l Beb{lj& oyq t`q}ambfMN} ~`lyh` ljfaji na}~aoy~l MN Oboq&

nlxjflbn }ljh} b} ajh~lji} gl gii& l oyq ~%}à~}& ollc} bjn hbei} gle ~ìeim`bjna}i }im~alj* ^ìi bi iwijcbblci wi}alj} bwbafbofi lg }lei lg ~ì }ljh}* Iwanijmajh à} ij~`y}ab}egl ijhbhajh gbj}& Mlyf~lj `b} bf}ltiglein mljmi~} aj ~ì wa~ybf xlfn&]imljn Fagi `~~t;,,mib~awimleelj}*lh,xioflh,ij~q,7497!*

Famijmi

Y}bhi

^ì famijmibnlt~in gl bffMlyf~lj }ljh}a} ~ì Mib~awiMleelj} B~~aoy~alj%Jljmleeimabf

=*4 famijmi*Mlyf~lj àh`fah`~}~ì aetl~bjmiì tfbmi} ljbfflxajh à}gbj} ~l `bwi ~ìm`bjmi ~l y}i à}xlc aj x`b~iwi xbq ~ìq m`ll}i&ajmfynajhieapajh bjnbnnajh ~l à}xlc xxx*

kljb~`bjmlyf~lj*mle,gbr-Y}i!*

Kljb~`bj Mlyf~lj

A e b h i ; O q N b f i

E b q * Y } i n x a ~ ` t i e a } } a l j *



20


mleelj}

^`lyh` yjbofi ~lifib}i bjq }~b~a}~am}&Kljb~`bj }bq} ~`b~ }leilg à} }ljh} `bwi oiijnlxjflbnin `yjnin}

lg ~`ly}bjn} lg ~aei}&bjn >9) lg à} ajmleiaj ?448 xb} gle tbannaha~bf nlxjflbn}Aj~iwaix oq Kbei}Eaf}le xa~` Kljb~`bjMlyf~lj wab iebaf& 9 Btaf ?440!*Kljb~`bj‑} mlj~ij~ `b} oiij y}in ajey}am wanil} ebni oq gbj} bjn tl}~inlj Qly yoi& }yo}iryij~fq imiawajh aj}lei mb}i}! lwi b eaffalj à~}* Gbj}`bwi bf}l mib~in mlwi wi}alj} lg à}

}ljh}& b~xlc& nbjmi}& tfbq}& mbnhbei} bjn iwij hya~b aj}~ym~aljbfwanil}* Mlyf~lj }bq} ~`b~ ~à} }l~ lg ly~mlei a} wiq }b~a}gqajh bjn wbfanb~ajh&oy~ eli aetl~bj~fq gle b oy}aji}}tlaj~ lg waix& }ym` ij~`y}ab}e gle gbj}`b} eibj~ ~`b~ ì `b} imiawin b hib~belyj~ lg gii tyofama~q*

El~awb~alj}

Kljb~`bj Mlyf~lj ìbn boly~ ltijmlj~ij~ famij}ajh ~`lyh` à} tiwaly}xlc xa~ajh }lg~xbi* @i ìbnFbxijmi Fi}}ah }tibc b~ ~ì Tltîm`mljgiijmi aj ?44=& bjn xb} }lfnlj ~ì Mib~awi Mleelj} b~aljbfiaeeinab~ifq*

Xìj b}cin boly~ ~ì oiji~} lg famij}ajh à} ey}am yjni MM oq Xbhji Kbei} By gl Jix Xlfn Jl~i} aj]it~ieoi ?447& Kljb~`bj i}tljnin;

‐A~‑} hlji wiq xiff gl ei* B~ }~& iwij ~`lyh` A xb} bff in yt boly~ ~ì tl}}aoafa~ai}lg MM& A }~aff `bn ~`b~ tbjamcq fa{bn%obaj gib boly~ fi}`bajh* A mbj yjni}~bjn x`q a~‑} b `bn ~àjh gl tiltfi aj~ì ajny}~q ~l hi~ lwi ” A ~l~bffq }qetb~à}i* Oy~ b~ fib}~ gl }leilji aj eq tl}a~alj&a~‑} ~ì oi}~ ~àjh A mlyfn `bwinlji* Iwiq elj~` A hi~ eli~bgm& eli nljb~alj},}bfi}&bjn eli gbj}* A‑e rya~i mi~baj

~`b~ `bwajh b MM famij}i ljbff ~ì ey}am `b} ibffq ìftin ~`b~ tlmi}}* Ag }leilji x`l‑}jiwi ìbn eq ey}am oigli

hi~} b gii et= (l ~xij~q! bjn faci} a~& m`bjmi} bi ~ìq‑ihlajh ~l tb}} a~ bfljh ~l }leigaijn}& oflh boly~ a~& ebqoiiwij ebci b wanil gl a~* Ibm`lji lg ~`l}i ly~mlei} eibj}eli iptl}yi& eli gbj}& bjn eli m`bjmi} gl tiltfi ~l tbq ei ” }lei~àjh ~`b~ xlyfnj‑~ `bwi `bttijin b} ib}afq ag ~ìey}am xb} bff flmcin yt xa~`N_E bjn ~ì gyff ob~~iq lg mltqah`~ i}~am~alj}*‑

`~~t;,,jxj*oflh}*mle,jxj,?447,41, ~ì\}imljn\fagi*`~ef

Bf}l& xàfi yjni}~bjnajh ~ì}ahjambjmi lg oiajh bofi ~l hawiey}am bxbq fihbffq& Kljb~`bj }ii} ~ìaetl~bjmi lg tl~im~ajh }lei ah`~} aj

~ì ey}am3 ~ì jljmleeimabf b}tim~lg ~ì famijmi ì y}i} }iwi} ~à}

tytl}i xiff* @i }ii} a~ b} aetl~bj~gl ey}amabj} ~l i}iwi ~ìa ah`~ ~l

mleeimabffq famij}i ~ìa mlj~ij~ ag bjlttl~yja~q ~l nl }l mlei} ~ìa xbq*

Kljb~`bj y}i} ~ì Mib~awi Mleelj} B~~aoy~alj Jljmleeimabf =*4 famijmi*Glfflxajh ~abf} y}ajh famijmi} ~`b~

ajmltlb~in ~ì ]`biBfaci tlwa}alj&Kljb~`bj glyjn ~`b~ a~ xb} ~ll nagmyf~~l elja~l xì~ì tiltfi xii ajniin‐}`bajh bfaci‑ bjn famij}ajh niawb~awi

mlj~ij~ aj ~ì }bei ebjji ~`b~ ì `bnfamij}in ~ì lahajbf* Gl ~`b~ ib}lj&

ì bobjnljin y}i lg ~ì ]`biBfacitlwa}alj*

‐***Mib~awi Mleelj} a} ~ìel}~ tlxiyf anib ~`b~ A‑wi ìbn }ajmi ~ìq ~lfn

ei ~ìi xb} hlajh ~l oi b}iryif ~l ]~b Xb}*‑

Kljb~`bj Mlyf~lj

xxx*kljb~`bjmlyf~lj*mle,br-MM



21


Lwirwaix

^ì Mib~awi Mleelj} Ey}am

Mlffbolb~alj Tlkim~ MMEMT! xb}

niwifltin oq Qlbw Hawb~a ~l mib~i

b mleeyja~q beljh ey}amabj} x`l

}`bi ~ìa }ljh}& oib~}& bjn anib}

xa~` l~ì b~a}~} x`l xaff ~xibc& eap&

ina~ bjn iptbjn ytlj ~ìa xlc} ajajja~ifq mib~awi xbq}* Lggiajh bmlffbolb~awi tfb~gle lg bttfamb~alj}&

~llf}& bjn na}my}}alj glb& ~ì tlkim~

iet`b}a}i} b `lfa}~am ey}am inymb~alj

~`lyh` aj~ibm~alj oi~xiij tlgi}}aljbf

ey}amabj} bjn oihajji}& b}}a}~ajh

y}i} aj ~ì aj~iti~b~alj lg ey}am

jl~b~alj& tfbqajh ~im`jaryi& ~ìlq& bjn

}caff niwiflteij~ }ym` b} xa~ajh fqam}&

~bofb~yi& bjn yjni}~bjnajh ~im`jambf

iryateij~ bjn imlnajh }lg~xbi }ym`

b} Flham& ]LJB_& bjn Bynbma~q*

^ì MMEMT Faobq bttfamb~alj

yjnitajjajh ~ì }a~i a} b mlffbolb~awi

ey}am ijhaji xàm` bfflx} }yo}maoin

y}i} ~l mlj~aoy~i ~l fa}~in ey}ambf

tlkim~}* Xa~àj MMEMT‑} Tlkim~ bib

`~~t;,,mmemt*ajgl,tlkim~!& b~a}~} bi

ijmlybhin ~l ly~faji `lx ~ìq xa}`

l~ì} ~l aj~iti~ ~ìa xlc}& xàm` bi

}~ibein bjn bwbafbofi gl nlxjflbn*

Ibm` tlkim~ mlj}a}~} lg b jyeoi lg fi}& xàm` mleta}i bj ajnawanybf ~bmc&

}ym` b} gl fibn hya~b l nye& l b

eyf~a%~bmc mletl}a~alj* Ag b ey}amabj a}

aj}tain oq b tb~amyfb tlkim~& ~ìq bi

ijmlybhin ~l nlxjflbn a~ bmmlnajh

~l a~} }timain mltqah`~ ~ie}& bjnieoiffa}` a~ aj ~ìa lxj xbq* Ljmi

~ì jix ~bmc `b} oiij ytflbnin& ~ì

ey}amabj xaff oi bofi ~l imiawi giinobmc

wab mleeij~} bjn b~ajh} gle l~ì

eieoi}* MMEMT‑} Glye} `~~t;,,mmemt*ajgl,glye}! gbmafa~b~i na}my}}alj}

lj ~ì mlffbolb~alj}& ijbofajh inymb~alj

~`lyh` aj~ibm~alj*

^ì MMEMT tlkim~ a} myij~fq aj oi~bgle* ]ajmi a~} mleeijmieij~ lj?4 Ebq ?448& MMEMT `b} itl~infq~bcij lj }iwibf naggiij~ }`bti}*Xbj~ajh ~l ielwi ~ì na}~bjmi oi~xiijey}amabj} wab ~ì Aj~iji~ ” ~l imib~i~ì iptiaijmi lg kbeeajh fawi ” ~ì

tlkim~ `b} ietflqin ~im`jlflhai} }ym`b} }cqtimb}~} ~l mlj~ij~ ebjbhieij~}q}~ie}& bjn my}~le%oyaf~ bttfamb~alj}gl i}ibm` bjn niwiflteij~* Myij~fq&MMEMT niwiflti} bi aj ~ì tlmi}} lg oyafnajh b tfb~gle ~l itfbmi ~ì ti}ij~aetfieij~b~alj ~`b~ xaff gy~ì ieolnq~ì anib} lg ltijji}}& mleeyja~q&bjn inymb~alj* Glyjni Qlbw Hawb~aijwa}bhi} mib~ajh b }q}~ie gl fawihah}& tlnmb}~}& mfb}}ain} bjn }`lxfa}~ajh}& bjn b}tai} ~lxbn} ifib}ajh

mletafb~alj bfoye} lg xlc mib~in lj~ì }a~i* ^ì tlkim~ tfbj} ~l hl fawi aj

Mrib~awi Mleelj} Ey}am

Mlffbolrb~alj Trlkim~ (MMEMT!

ni}mrat~alj; MMEMT tlwani} b~a}~} xa~`bttfamb~alj} ~l mlj~aoy~i ~lmlffbolb~awi bynal tlkim~}*

xio}a~i; `~~t;,,mmemt*ajgl

famijmi y}in; MM =*4 Hijiam ]ya~i& gyff mltqah`~bjn Tyofam Nlebaj Ninamb~alj& `~~t;,,mib~awimleelj}*lh,famij}i},tyofamnlebaj

einab; Bynal

flmb~alj; Hflobf MMEMT `leitbhi& Kyfq ?440

Mlj~ij~ ~`b~ a}

tb~ l MMEMT a}

bwbafbofi ~`lyh`

b nlxjflbnbofi

ni}c~lt bttfamb~alj

~`b~ y~fa}a}i BnloiAj~ihb~in _yj~aei

(BA_! (xxx*bnloi*

mle,tlnym~},ba !

~l bmmi}} ~ì MMEMT

mb~bflhyi*

Bnloi BA_ fi~}

niwiflti} y}i tlwij

xio ~im`jlflhai} ~l

oyafn am` aj~iji~

bttfamb~alj} (_AB! ~`b~

nitflq ~l ~ì ni}c~lt

bjn yj bml}}ltib~ajh }q}~ie}*







??


mleelj}

Kbeijnl

ni}mrat~alj; Kbeijnl a} b ey}am tfb~gle lggiajh b~a}~} ~ì boafa~q ~l tlel~i& tyofa} & bjn

oi tban gl ~ìa ey}am xàfi }~aff ebcajh a~ bwbafbofi gl nlxjflbn yjni Mib~awiMleelj} bjn ~ì Gii B~ famijmi}*

xio}a~i; xxx*kbeijnl*mle

famijmi y}in; Myij~fq ajmfyni} gyff MM =*4 ]ya~i ajmfynajh aj~ijb~aljbf wbab~alj}!& MM ?*4 ]ya~iajmfynajh aj~ijb~aljbf wbab~alj}!& MM ]betfajh Tfy} 2*4& `~~t;,,mib~awimleelj}*lh,famij}i},}betfajh#,2*4& MM Jljmleeimabf ]betfajh Tfy} 2*4; `~~t;,,mib~awimleelj}*lh,famij}i},jm%}betfajh#,2*4 bjn Famijmi B~ Faoi Gii B~ Famijmi!; `~~t;,,b~faoi*lh,famijmi,fbf,ij

einab; Ey}am

flmb~alj; Hflobf

Lwirwaix

Kbeijnl a} b yjaryi ey}am tfb~gle

baeajh ~l b}}a}~ b~a}~} ‐tlel~i& tyofa}`&

bjn oi tban gl‑ ~ìa ey}am* Glyjnin aj

Fypieolyh oq gii myf~yi ij~`y}ab}~}

]qfwbaj [aeei& Fbyij~ Cb~{ bjn

Taii Hábn aj Ebq ?44>& Kbeijnl

`b} i}~bofa}ìn b ninamb~in aj~ijb~aljbfmleeyja~q lg glfflxi}* Y~afa}ajh tii%~l%tii na}~aoy~alj ei~`ln}& }ym` b}

Oa~^lij~ xxx*oa~~lij~*mle! bjn

iEyfi xxx*ieyfi%tlkim~*ji~!& mlytfin

xa~` Mib~awi Mleelj} bjn Gii B~

famij}ajh& Kbeijnl iet`b}a}i} ~ì

fihbf na}~aoy~alj lg mlj~ij~* A~} oy}aji}}

elnif a} ob}in lj ~ì mljmit~ ~`b~ ~ì

xani na}}ieajb~alj lg mlj~ij~ bml}}

ji~xlc}

fibn} ~l

tltyfba~q bjn

tleajijmi;

‐Oi cjlxj

bjn

imlhja{in*

]tibn

qly ey}am

xlfnxani*‑

Kbeijnl a}

~ì }~ }a~i

~l lggi a~}mlj~aoy~l}

94) lg iwijyi hbajin gle bnwi~a}ajh*Oq iha}~iajh gl ~à} lt~aljbf

tlhbeei xxx*kbeijnl*mle,ij,}~b~am,ìft\iwijyi}`bi!& b~a}~}

}`bi aj ~ì }a~i‑} tl~} bmmlnajh ~l~ìa tbhi waix}* Aj bnna~alj& Kbeijnl

lggi} ~ì boafa~q gl y}i} ~l nljb~i

naim~fq ~l ~ìa gbwlya~i b~a}~} ~`lyh`

b TbqTbf ‐~at kb‑ gbmafa~q* B~a}~} imiawi

mfl}i ~l 244) lg eljiq} nljb~in; b}ebff bneaja}~b~awi gii a} ninym~in*

^à} `b} oiij ~ì }~ }ialy} b~~iet~lg b fi%}`bajh }a~i ~l tlwani b naim~xbq ~l mletij}b~i ey}amabj} gl ~ìa

xlc* Gy~ìeli& oq bnlt~ajh Mib~awi

Mleelj}& ~ì }a~i lggi} ~ì tl}}aoafa~q

~l na}~aoy~i ey}am giifq& xàfi

ti}iwajh ~ì ob}am ah`~} lg ~ì b~a}~*

B} b tl~ebj~iby lg ‐kbe‑ bjn

‐mi}mijnl&‑ ~ì Kbeijnl tfb~gleyja~i};

B fihbf gbeixlc ~l }yttl~

b~a}~}& ~`lyh` Mib~awi

Mleelj} bjn Gii B~

Famij}ajh3

Bj aj~ihb~in b~ajh bjn

imleeijnb~alj }q}~ie

bnbt~in gle a_BÎ `~~t;,,ab~i*}lymiglhi*ji~!& b

mlffbolb~awi f~iajh }q}~iegl ey}am3

Kbeijnl `leitbhi& Kyfq ?440



?=


Gii& }aetfi& bjn ryamc

bmmi}} ~l ey}am ~`lyh` ~bh}ibmì}3

Y}i lg mleelj tii%~l%

tii ~im`jlflhai}& }ym` b}

Oa~^lij~ bjn iEyfi gl

bfoye nlxjflbn bjn mlj~ij~

}~ibeajh3

ET= bjn Lhh Wloa} fi

gleb~}3 bjn

Eim`bja}e} ~l ebci naim~

nljb~alj} ~l ~ì b~a}~}

~`lyh` TbqTbf*

Ibm` b~a}~ a} b}}ahjin b ti}ljbf

tlfi xàm` ajmfyni} fajc} ~l ~ìa xlc}ajmfynajh ajgleb~alj boly~ famij}ajh&

t`l~l}& iwij~ bjjlyjmieij~}& y}i%

}yoea~~in iwaix}& bjn b na}my}}alj

glye* B} lg 9 Jlwieoi& ?448&Kbeijnl `l}~in lwi 9444 bfoye}bjn ==7&444 b~a}~}* Oq ?2 Ebq ?440&Kbeijnl `bn }ahjambj~fq ajmib}in

~ìa lggiajh}; gib~yajh 1?>1 bfoye}&9714> bfoye iwaix}& bjn ==02=2 bm~awieieoi}*

Kbeijnl iet`b}a}i} ~`b~ a~ a};

B jljipmfy}awi tfb~gle; ~ì

b~a}~ iebaj} ~ì lxji lg

~ìa ey}am& xàm` ~ìq bi

gii ~l na}~aoy~i oq bjq l~ì

eibj} b~ ~ìa na}tl}bf*

Kbeijnl ebaj~baj} b }~ljhmleea~eij~ ~l mletfieij~ajh

~bna~aljbf ey}am na}~aoy~alj

ei~`ln}& }ym` b} MN }bfi}*

B {il%ml}~ tfb~gle;

Kbeijnl tlwani} `l}~ajh

gl gii* ]a~i ml}~} bicit~ flx oq y}ajh T?T

na}~aoy~alj* Eajaebf

bnwi~a}ajh a} ajmfynin

lj ~ì }a~i bjn ajmfynin

aj bynal }~ibe} ~l ba}i

iwijyi*

B gii tfb~gle; B~a}~}

i}iwi ~ì ah`~ ~l ielwi

~ìa mlj~ij~ gle ~ì }a~i

b~ bjq tlaj~& bjn bi ~`y}

jl~ tiwij~in gle }ahjajhipmfy}awi mlj~bm~} xa~` imln

mletbjai}*

B~a}~} bi ijmlybhin ~l ajmib}i ~ìa

iwijyi oq;

ieoinnajh ~ì Kbeijnl

Tfbqi gib~yajh ~ìa bfoye

aj~l oflh} bjn xio}a~i}3

bnwi~a}ajh ~ì fajc ~l

Kbeijnl lj qi}& b~a}~}}a~i} i~m*3

}tibnajh ~ì xln boly~

Kbeijnl; ~ì eli tltyfb

~ì }a~i& ~ì hib~i ~ì à~

mlyj~ bjn ~`y} ~ì hib~i ~ì

iwijyi*

Lj ?1 Lm~loi ?448& imljlea}~ Bblj

]màgg gle ?7imlj*mle xxx*?7imlj*mle,ey}am%oq%nljb~alj%}lei%nb~b! xl~i

lj ~ì tlhi}} lg wlfyj~bq nljb~alj} ljKbeijnl& tlwanajh }~b~a}~am} b} glfflx}&

aj bnna~alj ~l ~ì Ipmif fi xxx*?7imlj*mle,xt%mlj~ij~,ytflbn},?448,24,nljb~aljnb~b*pf}! lg ~ì nb~b* ^à} }a~}

bfljh}ani Kbeijnl‑} nljb~alj }~b~a}~am}

xxx*kbeijnl*mle,g,hi~,nljb~alj,fa}~,nljb~alj,nb~b,tfbaj,<nja5ajgl\ mleelj'j5bff!*

Lj bjbfq}a}& ]màgg glyjn ~`b~ ~l~bf

nljb~alj} xii }ebff;

Lj 7 Kyji

?440 Kbeijnl

bjjlyjmin b tb~ji}àt

xa~` Bm`l}&

ebjybm~yi} l

~ì Bm`l} XaGa

tl~bofi einab

tfbqi* ^`lyh` b

}timabffq ni}ahjin

aj~ibmi& Bm`l}

Y}i} bi bofi ~l

iifq bjn fihbffq

nlxjflbn bjq~àjhaj ~ì Kbeijnl

mb~bflhyi* A e b h i ; ‖ B m ` l } B W 9 4 4 ― o q E a m ` b ã f O l y f i j h i & x x x *

a m c * m l e ,

t ` l ~ l } , o e a c b , 2 1 ? 9 4 4 2 9 0 & M

M O Q ? * 4

H i j i a m

B} lg 9 Jlwieoi ?448& Kbeijnl `l}~in lwi 9444 bfoye} bjn ==7&444 b~a}~}& iryawbfij~ ~l;

Bwbafbofi `ly} lg ey}am >91?Jyeoi lg Bfoye ~bmc} 84 177Jyeoi lg bwbafbofi b~a}~} ==7 12>Jyeoi lg iha}~iin b~a}~} 217 092Jyeoi lg cjlxj mljmi~ nb~i} ?149l~bf }a{i lg na}~aoy~in fi} ?*9? Ô

Jyeoi lg na}~aoy~in fi} ?01 >20Gaja}ìn Oa~ lij~ nlxjflbn} ? =24 40>Nb~b ~bj}giin xa~` Oa~ lij~ 247*8> OJyeoi lg bwbafbofi fbjhybhi} ?7Jyeoi lg iwaix} 9> ?00

]lymi; xxx*kbeijnl*mle,ij,<t5}~b~}

]~b~a}~am}



?>


mleelj}

Kbeijnl myij~fq

mfbae} boly~ 71&444

}ljh} bi bwbafbofi

gl nlxjflbn‧ Lwi

~ì ?? elj~`} ~ìi

xii 2&>9> nljb~alj}

ebni& gl b ~l~bf

wbfyi lg Y].?2&294*

]l ibm` b~a}~ a}

imiawajh wiq fa~~fi

eljiq& ag bjq~àjh*

]lymi; xxx*?7imlj*mle,xt%

mlj~ij~,ytflbn},?448,24,mlyj~*tjh

Fllcajh b~ ~ì bx

nb~b& tiltfi hijibffq

ebci nljb~alj}lg lyjn jyeoi}&

el}~fq eyf~atfi} lg

.9 l ₦9* ^ìi xii

b gix lnn nljb~alj}

~`lyh`& faci 9*11 l

7*>1* ^ì fbhi}~

nljb~alj xb} boly~

.?4>* ^ì }ebffi}~

xb} .9& xàm` a} ~ì

nigbyf~ eajaeye

nljb~alj ~`b~ ~ìxio}a~i }yhhi}~}*

Bml}} bff nljb~alj}

~ì bwibhi xb}

.2>*99*

]lymi; xxx*?7imlj*mle,xt%mlj~ij~,ytflbn},?448,24,eibj2*

tjh

^ìi‑} b }fah`~

~ijn ytxbn} lwi

~aei aj ~ì bwibhi

elj~`fq nljb~alj& oy~ b fajib ~ijn a} jl~

}~b~a}~ambffq }ahjambj~

B} qly eah`~ iptim~& ~ì

na}~aoy~alj lg nljb~alj}

(bml}} bff elj~`}! a}

}cixin* El}~ nljb~alj}

mfy}~i blyjn ifb~awifq

flx wbfyi}& oy~ ~ìi

bi b jyeoi lg àhì

nljb~alj}* ^ìi xii

2? nljb~alj} lg .244

l eli* @ii‑} ~ì

à}~lhbe lg bff nljb~alj};

]lymi; xxx*?7imlj*mle,xt%mlj~ij~,ytflbn},?448,24,à}~*tjh

B~~bm~ajh WM gyjnajh aj Kyfq ?448 gle

Fypieolyh%ob}in Ebjhlwi Mbta~bfTb~ji}& bj ibfq ajwi}~l aj ]cqti&

Fbyij~ Cb~{& Kbeijnl‑} MIL bjn Ml%

Glyjni& }~b~in;

‐Xa~` ~à} gyjnajh& xi tfbj ~l

oimlei ~ì yjna}ty~in hflobf

tfbqi lg gii ey}am* Eli ~`bj

b ey}am }`bajh tfb~gle xi

bi imljleambffq }yttl~ajh

bjn tlel~ajh ~ì fljh ~baf

lg ey}am* Xi `bwi b tlwijoy}aji}} elnif xìi ey}am

a} jl~ ljfq tltl}in gl gii ~l

ijn mlj}yei} oy~ xi bi bf}l

mfl}ajh bj ajmib}ajh jyeoi

lg tb~ji}àt bhiieij~} bjn

famij}ajh nibf}*‑

]lymi; `~~t;,,mib~awimleelj}*lh,xioflh,ij~q,8982

^ì fi}}lj} bofi ~l oi fibjin gle ~ì

Kbeijnl }a~i oq l~ì ljfaji tyofa}ì}

tb~amyfbfq i%ollc ij~itijiy}& aj~à} aj}~bjmi! `bwi oiij }yeeba}inoq _loi~ Jbhfi xxx*~ifiibn*lh,oflh,<t572=0! b} glfflx};

^ìi bi ebjq mlj~ij~2

mib~l} xaffajh ~l hawi ~ìa

mlj~ij~ bxbq3

^llf} gl na}~aoy~ajh&?

mb~bflhyajh& bjn b~ajh ~à}

bi mlj}~bj~fq aetlwajh3

^ì ltijji}} tiea~~in oq=Mib~awi Mleelj} lggi}

b xbq gl ajnitijnij~} ~l

mleti~i bhbaj}~ wbaly}

ebaj}~ibe einab ltib~alj}3

B> ynal ollc} mbj ib}afq hl

~ì ‐xbq lg Kbeijnl‑& b}

`b} oiij nielj}~b~in xa~`

tlnalollc}*mle3 bjn

B9 f~`lyh` ~ì }a~i `b} qi~ ~l

tlnymi b fl~ lg iwijyi& a~nli} }l xa~`ly~ N_E* ^à}

Kbeijnl `l}~ b nawi}i bjhi

l ey}am; le aj}~yeij~bf (faci

]b_iHbEb‑} }ajhfi Brybay}! ~l

bman kb{{ (faci _iwlfy~alj Wlan‑}

Ajmib}i ~ì Nl}bhi!& le Hiebjifim~l (Tljlt`ljaryi‑} 0%oa~

Fbhiiyi! ~l Gijm` lmc (Ofyi

@bain Haf!

A j m i b } i ~ ` i N l } b h i & M M O Q % J M % ] B = * 4 Y j t l ~ i n 3 T l j l t ` l j a r y i ‑ } 0 % o a ~ F b h i i y i & M M

O Q %

J M % J N ? * 4

H i e b j b j n } i f % ~ a ~ f i n I T l O f y i @ b a i n H a f & M M O Q % J M % ] B ? * 4

G b j m i



?9


ebq mby}i nagmyf~ai} aj

wiamb~alj*

Jbhfi mljmfyni} ~`b~ ‐Kbeijnl a} bj

aj}tab~alj gl tiltfi aj ~ì mlj~ij~mib~alj ifn ihbnfi}} lg hiji*‑

Y}i l Mrib~awi Mleelj}

Kbeijnl‑} ij~ai mb~bflhyi a} bwbafbofi

gl gii nlxjflbn& oiajh famij}in

wbaly}fq yjni Mib~awi Mleelj} l

fi}} mleeljfq! ~ì Gii B~ Famijmi&

~ì Ijhfa}`%fbjhybhi wi}alj lg ~ì

Famijmi B~ Faoi& b Gijm` mltqfig~famijmi bttfqajh ~l xlc} lg b~*

Kbeijnl‑} Mib~awi Mleelj} }ibm`

aj~igbmi xxx*kbeijnl*mle,ij,mib~awimleelj}! ti}ij~} ~`yeojbaf}

lg ~ì bfoye} xàm` gbff aj~l ~ì }ap

Mib~awi Mleelj} famijmi}& mfibfq

}`lxajh xàm` bfoye} bi bwbafbofi gl

ieap l mleeimabf y}i*

Kbeijnl ietflq} ~ì ‐Kbeflbni‑ ~llf

xxx*kbeijnl*mle,ij,kbeflbni !gl ytflbn}& b HTF%famij}in& Tq~`lj%

ob}in ltij }lymi }lg~xbi

aj}tain oq mmTyofa}ì `~~t;,,xaca*

mib~awimleelj}*lh,MmTyofa}ì !&

b} y}in b~ ~ì Aj~iji~ Bmàwi `~~t;,,

bmàwi*lh!* B} xa~` mmTyofa}ì& ~à}

~llf bfflx} y}i} ~l }ifim~ bj bttltab~i

Mib~awi Mleelj} famijmi bjn ~l ~bh

bynal bjn wanil fi} xa~` ei~bnb~b

~`lyh` bj bneaja}~b~awi tbjif xxx*

kbeijnl*mle,ij,}~b~am,b~a}~}\`lx!*

Aj bnna~alj& ibm` b~a}~‑} tlfi mfibfq

ni~baf} ~ìa famijmi ~ie} yjni ~ì

‐Qly ah`~} lj ~à} bfoye‑ }im~alj&

fajcajh ~l ~ì ifiwbj~ Mib~awi

Mleelj} niin*

El~awb~alj}

Kbeijnl bfflx} b~a}~} ~l na}~aoy~i

~ìa xlc bml}} tii%~l%tii ji~xlc}

wab fihbffq%imlhja}in eibj}* ^ì }a~i

`bji}}i} ~ì tlxi lg ~ì Aj~iji~ gl

btan imlhja~alj lg ~bfij~& bjn ixbn}

~ì b~a}~ gl ~ìa xlc ~`lyh` gba

mletij}b~alj eim`bja}e}* Aj bnlt~ajh

Mib~awi Mleelj}& ~ì }a~i lggi} ~ì

tl}}aoafa~q ~l na}~aoy~i ey}am giifq& xàfi

ti}iwajh ~ì ob}am ah`~} lg ~ì b~a}~*

‐Oq by~`la}ajh ~ì gii

na}~aoy~alj lg qly bfoye lj

~ì}i ji~xlc}& qly bi ìftajh

~l ebci Tii%~l%Tii ~llf}

fiha~aeb~i* Bjn& qly xlc xaff

imiawi bnna~aljbf imlhja~alj

bjn tyofama~q nyi ~l ~ì myij~

einab b~~ij~alj lj ~ì }yokim~*

B} lg 8 Jlwieoi ?448& ~ì na}~aoy~alj lg

famijmi} lj Kbeijnl xb};

B~~aoy~alj 10

B~~aoy~alj%]`bi Bfaci >10

B~~aoy~alj%Jljmleeiambf >9 B~~aoy~alj%Jl Niawb~awi} 08

B~~aoy~alj%Jljmleeiambf%]`bi Bfaci ?71> B~~aoy~alj%Jljmleeimabf%Jl Niawb~awi} 2=79]betfajh # 4

Jljmleeiambf ]betfajh # >21Gii B~ Famijmi ??1

B} lg ?2 Ebq ?440& ~ì na}~aoy~alj lg famijmi} lj

Kbeijnl xb};

B~~aoy~alj 217 B~~aoy~alj%]`bi Bfaci 227= B~~aoy~alj%Jljmleeiambf 84

B~~aoy~alj%Jl Niawb~awi} 278 B~~aoy~alj%Jljmleeiambf%]`bi Bfaci >14?

B~~aoy~alj%Jljmleeimabf%Jl Niawb~awi} ?2?2

]betfajh # 2?1

Jljmleeiambf ]betfajh # ?7?Gii B~ Famijmi ???

]~b~a}~am}













=2


y}i} Mib~awi Mleelj} famijmi} ~l

ijbofi a~ ~l bfflx tl~ij~abf my}~lei} ~l

fa}~ij ~l gyff& jib%MN rybfa~q wi}alj}

lg ~ì }ljh} xa~` gixi i}~am~alj}*

_i}~am~alj} oiajh tfbmin lj ebaj}~ibe

mleeimabf mlj~ij~ ~l b~~iet~ ~l mleob~

mltqah`~ ajgajhieij~ bi igiin ~l

b} Naha~bf _ah`~} Ebjbhieij~* Xìi

~ì}i ~im`jlflhai} bi ni}ahjin ~l

faea~ ~ì y}i bjn ~bj}gi lg mltqah`~in

mlj~ij~& Ebhjb~yji `ltin ~l tlwani

‐mfibj‑ }ljh fi}& eibjajh ~`b~ ~ìqmlyfn oi giifq ~bj}giin bjn y}in*

_iim~ajh ~à}& Ebhjb~yji bfflx} a~}my}~lei} ~l }ijn tym`b}in }ljh

fi} ~l ~ìi gaijn} xxx*ebhjb~yji*

mle,ajgl,hawi!* ^ì bhyeij~ a} ~`b~ ag tl~ij~abf my}~lei} mbj ìb b x`lfi

}ljh xa~`ly~ bjq i}~am~alj} aj àh`

rybfa~q& ~ìq bi eli facifq ~l tbq gl ~ì

}ljh*

Bjl~ì el~awb~alj aj ~ì mib~alj lg

Ebhjb~yji `b} oiij ~ì jiin ~l oi

}ifim~awi lg mlj~ij~* Gle blyjn >44

}yoea}}alj} ibm` elj~`& Ebhjb~yji

ifib}i} boly~ 24 bfoye} ob}in lj

~ìa rybfa~q `~~t;,,mib~awimleelj}*lh,xioflh,ij~q,844?!* Xàfi ~ì jb~yi lg

ebjq na}~aoy~alj tfb~gle}& i}timabffq

~ì }lmabf ji~xlcajh lji} }ym` b}

Eq]tbmi& a} ~l oi }timambffq jlj%}ifim~awi& Ebhjb~yji oymc} ~à} ~ijn

bjn b}tai} ~l oimlei b ‐fboif‑ xa~` b

ity~b~alj lg rybfa~q& i}tim~ajh ol~`

b~a}~} bjn gbj} bfaci*

Bj aj%ni~baf }~ynq lg Ebhjb~yji b}

oiij tyofa}ìn oq ~ì Ltij _ah`~}Hlyt b~ xxx*ltijah`~}hlyt*lh,mib~awioy}aji}},ajnip*t`t,Kl`j\ Oymcebj;\Ebhjb~yji





==


tlmfbaein b} b gy~ì m`bffijhi ~l ~ì

ey}am ajny}~q& nijajh bj bf~ijb~awitb~` gl ey}amabj} aj~ii}~in aj ~ì

}ifg%tlel~alj lg xlc}* Bwbafbofi gl

naha~bf nlxjflbn aj bj bbq lg gleb~}

” ET=& fl}}fi}} GFBM& ET> E>B!& bjn~ì aeti}}awi àhì%~`bj%MN rybfa~q

?>%oa~& 17c@{ XBW fi} wab ~lij~} ” ~ì ~ij ~bmc} bi ibnafq ieapbofi

wab ~ìa eyf~a%~bmc bynal }lymi fi}bwbafbofi lj Jaji Ajm` Jbaf} _ieap }a~i

`~~t;,,ieap*jaj*mle!* ^ì ifib}i bf}l

ajmfyni} b TNG xa~` b~xlc bjn mina~}*

Ti%iet~ajh ~ì bfoye ifib}i& ~ì

}ajhfi ‐Na}matfaji‑ xb} na}~aoy~in giifq

wab ~ì lgmabf JAJ }a~i aj Btaf ?440& bjnb }imljn& ‐Im`ltfip&‑ xb} ifib}in gl

gii gle aFaci xxx*afaci*mle!* ^l mb~i

gl ~ì }yo}~bj~abf gbj ob}i aj~ii}~in

aj bmryaajh }lyh`~%bg~i eim`bjna}i&

JAJ bf}l aj~ijn} ~l ifib}i ~ì bfoye

lj wajqf bjn MN yjni b wbabofi tamajh

elnif lwi ~ì Beiambj }yeei

tialn*

Famijmi Y}bhi

JAJ bm~awifq ijmlybhi} a~} gbj ob}i

~l ijhbhi xa~` a~} ey}am& ~`lyh`

ina}~aoy~alj& ieapajh `~~t;,,ieap*jaj*mle! bjn y}i%hijib~in fe gi}~awbf}lj Qly^yoi xxx*qly~yoi*mle,hlyt,jajh`l}~}!* B} xa~` H`l}~} A%AW & ^ì ]fat

a} famij}in yjni b Mib~awi Mleelj}

B~~aoy~alj%Jljmleeimabf%]`bi Bfaci

=*4 Yja~in ]~b~i} famijmi* JAJ‑} aj~ij~aljxa~` ~à} ifib}i a} mfib& b} ti ~ì }a~i

`~~t;,,nf*jaj*mle,~ì}fat,}ahjyt !;

‐xi ijmlybhi qly ~l ieap a~

}`bi a~ xa~` qly gaijn}&

tl}~ a~ lj qly oflh&

tfbq a~ lj qly tlnmb}~&

hawi a~ ~l }~bjhi}&

i~m*‑

Aj mlj~b}~ ~l }iwami} xàm` tiwij~ i%

na}~aoy~alj lg ~bmc}& bff fi} bi 244)N_E%gii*

El~awb~alj}

Y~afa}ajh Mib~awi Mleelj}`b} oiij b }ymmi}}gyf

}~b~ihq gl JAJ; ~ìebjliywi b} bmmyin

}yo}~bj~abf tl~ bjntleajijmi aj ~ì xlfn%xani

ti}}* B} xanifq itl~in lj

> Ebm` ?440 xxx*~im`na~*

mle,b~amfi},?4404=4>,27?0>?>=9*}`~ef!& ~ì .=44yf~b nifypi ina~alj lg H`l}~}A%AW & faea~in ~l ?944 mltai}&}lfn ly~ aj b eb~~i lg nbq}*

Xa~` gbj} }~aff ciij ~l }iic‐ti}ljbfa}b~alj& by~ìj~ama~q&

ieolnaeij~‑ aj ~ì `bn

mltq& Ciwaj Ciffq jl~i} ~`b~

mlj}anibofi ajmij~awi}

iebaj }ylyjnajh a~ie}

ifib}in gl ‐gii‑ xxx*

cc*lh,~ì~im`jaye,bmàwi},?440,42,oi~~i\ ~`bj\gi*t`t!* Aj ifb~alj ~l

~ì ifib}i lg ~ì nifypiina~alj} bjn b}}lmab~in

tlnym~}& Eaci Fajc}wbqi lo}iwi};

‐Ag bj b~a}~ ~qtambffq ebci}.2*74 lj b .29*11 MN}bfi& tl~ gle }bfi} lg ~ì faea~in ina~alj bfibnq eb~mì} tl~ gle bMN }iffajh `yjnin} lg ~`ly}bjn} lg mltai}*‑

`~~t;,,hljnxbjbfbjn*mle,oflh,?440,4=,4>,jaj%h`l}~}

Mifiob~ajh ~ìa Jl~` Beiambj ~ly xa~` b giiIT }betfi Fah`~} Aj ~ì]cq `~~t;,,nf*jaj*mle,fah`~}aj~ì}cq,}ahjyt! îj~_i{jl bnn};

‐Ag qly faci x`b~ qly ìb&oi }yi ~l }`lx yt ibfq ~l ~ì }`lx (bjn tfib}iieieoi ~l }yttl~ ~ìe oq tym`b}ajh ~ìa ey}am& ag }l ajmfajin!*‑

`~~t;,,jajoflh}*xlnti}}*mle,?440,47,49,jix%objn%jix%~ly%}betfi

Ajmfynin aj ~ì nlxjflbnbofi

tbmcbhi l ‖H`l}~} A%AW― a} b TNG

l bfoye b~xlc* ì}i bi ly l ~ì aebhi} ajmfynin aj ~`b~

nlmyeij~*

A e b h i } ; M M O Q % J M % ] B = * 4

Y ] & ` ~ ~ t ; , , h ` l } ~ } * j a j * m l e



=>


mleelj}

Iwanij~ ~`lyh`ly~

ij~ai} }ym` b} Xain

Ebhb{aji‑} Fa}~ijajh

Tl}~ `~~t;,,oflh*xain*mle,ey}am,?440,49,jaji%ajm`%jbaf}*

`~ef! bjjlyjmajh ~ì

ifib}i lj 9 Ebq?440& ibm~alj} gle ~ì gbj} mlj~ajyi

~l oi }~ljhfq tl}a~awi;

‐_i{jl a} ~ì ebj""""" A }xib

A be hlajh ~l oyq à} jip~ (gl

}bfi! }~ynal bfoye ky}~ o,m ì a}

}l g-.)jh mllf‑

Hfijj

‐Bjn a~‑} bjl~ì itam wam~lq

gl _i{jl* ^ìi bfoye} aj

tbm~ambffq b qib& bjn bff lg

~ìe bo}lfy~ifq }~iffb* ^ì

ebj cjlx} ey}am& tfbaj bjn

}aetfi* A‑ff oi tamcajh yt b wajqf

mltq mlei Kyfq*‑

Em^llf

Aj i}tlj}i ~l ~ì}i }~b~ieij~} lg gbjgibf~q& ‐~ì mlj}~bj~ }cit~am‑ jl~i};

‐Dhfijj ~`b~ a} ipbm~fq x`b~

_i{jl a} `ltajh ì xaff nl&

mljwajmi à} gbj} ~`b~ ì a}

~ì ebj }l ~`b~ ~ì jip~ ~aei

}lei~àjh a} gl }bfi ~ìq xaff

oyq a~ yt* A~ a} mbffin }iffajh

gii& bjn a~ xlc} iwiq ~aei&

i}timabffq aj ~ì ljfaji bijb*

]~aff& a~ a} b eb}~igyf elwi

bjn }`lx} ~`b~ ì cjlx} `lx

~l ebjbhi à} objn oi~~i ~`bj bjqlji if}i ly~ ~ìi

ah`~ jlx& oi}ani} ebqoi

bnalìbn*‑

Iet`b}a}ajh ~ì aetl~bjmi lg ~ly

tlel~alj bjn ~ì }eb~ji}} lg ~à}

}~b~ihq aj ij}yajh ljhlajh iwijyi

}~ibe}& _bjnleMbci i}tljn};

‐D~ì mlj}~bj~ }cit~am& Xiff&

A‑e jl~ }yi îj~ ibffq

mbi} boly~ iwiq nbq imln

}bfi} ~ì}i nbq}& ~ì}i gii

nlxjflbn} ibffq ìft xa~`

~ly }bfi}& bjn ~ly} bi b

fl~ eli tl~bofi ~`bj MN

}bfi}& ~ìj ~ìi bi ~ì faea~in

ina~alj a~ie} }ym` b} wajqf

bjn jyeoiin MN} xàm`

ibffq ìft ~l bci a~ aj (H`l}~}

`bn bj ‐Yf~b Faea~in Ina~aljTbmcbhi‑ b~ .=44& bjn ~ìi

xii ?&944 lg ~ìe }l ~`b~‑}

.894&444 ebni ~ìi"! ^ìj

~ìi bi l~ì lt~alj}& }l

xa~`ly~ }iffajh `yhi rybj~a~ai}

~ìi a} fbhi tl~& bjn oq

hawajh bxbq fbhi rybj~a~ai} ì

hbaj} eb}} bttibf" Xaj xaj bff

lyjn"‑

Aj ~ì xiic glfflxajh ~à} ifib}i& JAJ

fin Beb{lj*mle‑} et= m`b~& xa~`_bnalìbn mleajh aj b~ jyeoi 9`~~t;,,oflh*xain*mle,ey}am,?440,4=,jaji%ajm`%jba%2*`~ef!* B} Xain‑} Ifal~

Wbj Oy}cac ey}i}; ‐^ìi‑} b fi}}lj gl

~ì fboif} aj ~ìi }leixìi*‑

Jl~amb~alj l ~ì MM famijmi lj H`l}~} A%AW







=8


Lwirwaix

Tl}~elnijmli a} Xiffajh~lj%ob}inji~fboif ~`b~& aj ~ì xln} lg glyjni ]be ]~itìj}& ‐mbi} boly~ ey}am& jl~mleeimi*‑ I}~bofa}ìn b} b tl~i}~bhbaj}~ ~ì mleelna~a}b~alj lg ey}ambjn ~ì anib ~`b~ b ey}amabj jiin} ~loi el~awb~in oq tl~& Tl}~elnijmli

oifaiwi} aj hawajh bj bynaijmi ~l ey}am~`b~ ni}iwi} a~& bjn ij}yajh ~`b~~ì tl~ij~abf bynaijmi lg b ifib}ia} jl~ faea~in oq eljiq l tlnym~aljmlj}~baj~}*

Bmmlnajh ~l a~} xio }a~i ~~t;,,tl}~elnijmli*mle,boly~*`~ef!&Tl}~elnijmli‑} tàfl}lt`q `b} oiijhib~fq ajyijmin oq ~ì Jihb~awfbjnxxx*jihb~awfbjn*mle! gbj mlffim~awi

]jyhhfi} xxx*}ij}lqi}ibm`*ji~,

~`lyh`~mljnya~,jix}<han58!* Glyjnajh~ì fboif wi qib} bhl& ]be ipti}}i}à} yjnifqajh oifaig};

‐A mbei ~l ~ì mljmfy}alj ~`b~

mltqah`~ xb} b ~llf y}in oq

mltlb~alj} ~l ebci tl~}&

bjn mlj~lf b~a}~} bjn ~ìa

ey}am* ‧Tl}~elnijmli a} ~ì

at }ani lg eq tl~i}~ bhbaj}~

mltqah`~ bjn ~ì anib lg ey}am

b} b mleelna~q* A nimanin ~`b~

~ì oi}~ ei~`ln gl }`bajh ~ìey}am bjn bmmletbjqajh b~

xa~` a~} bynaijmi xb}

~l lggi gii nlxjflbn} lwi

~ì aj~iji~* A bf}l xbj~in ~l

ibm` b xani bjn aj~ijb~aljbf

bynaijmi*‑

Ltib~ajh b} b }ifg%gyjnin aja~ab~awi&Tl}~elnijmli }iff} MN} lg ~ì ey}am

bwbafbofi ljfaji& }l ~`b~ ~ì fboif‑} b~a}~}bjn gbj} mbj `bwi t`q}ambf MN} ag ~ìq

xa}` ~l* ^à} a} jl~ b eljiq%ebcajh

ipima}i& bjn a} aj~ijnin eli gl tlel~aljbf tytl}i}*

Tl}~elnirjmlri

ni}mrat~alj; Tl}~elnijmli a} b ji~fboif mljmijin xa~` ifib}ajh yjnihlyjn Jix [ibfbjn

ey}am bjn l~ì ey}am lg aj~ii}~ yjni flmbf Mib~awi Mleelj} famijmi}*

xio}a~i; `~~t;,,tl}~elnijmli*mle

famijmi y}in; Mib~awi Mleelj} OQ%JM =*4 Jix [ibfbjn& `~~t;,,mib~awimleelj}*lh,famij}i},oq%jm,=*4,j{& Mib~awi Mleelj} OQ%JM%JN =*4 Jix [ibfbjn& `~~t;,,mib~awimleelj}*lh,famij}i},oq%jm%jn,=*4,j{

einab; Ey}am bjn mlwi b~

flmb~alj; Jix [ibfbjn

Tl}~elnijmli `l}~} bjyeoi l xio}a~i} l l~ì ajnitijnij~ b~}

tlkim~ aj Jix [ibfbjn ajmfynajh bj ljfaji }~li

mbffin Nbnb}`lttajh (`~~t;,, nbnb}`lttajh*ji~! xàm`

}iff} ifib}i} le ~ì ji~fboif b} xiff b} b jyeoi l l~ì

ajnitijnij~ ey}amabj} leblyjn ~ì mlyj~q*

A e b h i } ; M l w i } l ^ b j h i j ~ ‑ } B T a m ~ l r a b f @ a } ~ l r q & M

M O Q % J M = * 4

J [ b j n ^ ` i Y j c j l x j _ l m c } ~ b ‑ } G b c i A w l r q b j n N i i t I b r t f y h

E y } a m & M

M O Q ? * 9

H i j i a m



=0


mleelj}

Famijmi Y}bhi

B~a}~} lj Tl}~elnijmli bi lggiin

~ì boafa~q ~l famij}i yjni ~ì Jix

[ibfbjn Mib~awi Mleelj} B~~aoy~alj%Jljmleeimabf%Jl Niawb~awi} =*4l ~ì B~~aoy~alj%Jljmleeimabf =*4famijmi* Oiajh `bttq xa~` ~ì famijmi}}l gb& Tl}~elnijmli xaff mlj~ajyi ~l

ifib}i yjni Mib~awi Mleelj}*

^ì Mib~awi Mleelj} famijmi}}ifim~in nitijn ytlj ~ì xa}ì}

lg ~ì b~a}~}* Bmmlnajh ~l glyjni ]be ]~itìj}& }lei lg ~ì fboif‑}

ey}amabj} bi `bttq ~l `bwi niawinxlc} tlnymin gle ~ìa ey}am& bjn

}lei bi jl~& }l ~ìq ijn yt y}ajh ~ìbmmlnajh famijmi* ]be aj~ij~aljbffq

y}i} ~ì Jix [ibfbjn famij}i} ~lipti}} Tl}~elnijmli‑} ~ai} ~lJix [ibfbjn& bjn ~l }yttl~ ~ì MM

Bl~illb Jix [ibfnjb MMBJ[!aja~ab~awi*

Bg~i ibnajh lg ~ì mleeimabf y}i

lg MM%famij}in aebhi} lj oaffolbn}

oq Wahaj By}~bfab }ym` b} xxx*b}abjmbjbnabj*ji~,?448,24,t`l~l%lg%~iijbhi%bttib}%lj%by}~bfabj*

`~ef!& ]be iptfama~fq m`ll}i} jlj%mleeimabf famijmi}& }l ~`b~ gy~ì

y}i lg Tl}~elnijmli eb~iabf mbjoi wi~~in oq ~ì b~a}~}! ajwlfwin* Aj

]be‑} yjni}~bjnajh& ‐^à} nli}j‑~}~lt mleeimabf y}i lg ~ì ey}am3 a~

}aetfq iryai} iptfama~ tiea}}alj ~l oihbj~in* A ~àjc a~‑} hlln ~l ebaj~baj ~à}

fiwif lg mlj~lf*‑

El~awb~alj}

B} glyjni lg ~à} ji~fboif& ]be]~itìj} }~ ìbn boly~ LtijMlj~ij~ Famij}ajh ~`lyh` ~ì ltij

}lymi }lg~xbi elwieij~*

‐Xìj A fibjin boly~ ~ì

Mib~awi Mleelj} oajhajh ~ì}i tajmatfi} ~l ey}am bjn

~ì b~}& A xb} wiq ipma~in b}

A bfibnq xb} ifib}ajh lj ~ì

aj~iji~& bjn ~`lyh`~ ~ì}i

famij}i} `bn hib~ tl~ij~abf&

bjn ipti}}in anib} A bfibnq

`bn boly~ mib~awa~q b} b hag~&

b~ì ~`bj }lei~àjh ~l oi

lxjin bjn `lbnin*‑

Bmmlnajh ~l ]be& Mib~awi Mleelj}famijmi} tlwani ~ì bnwbj~bhi lg

bfflxajh gl na}~aoy~alj lg ey}am oq gbj}&ielwajh mij~bfa}in na}~aoy~alj bjn

b}}lmab~in ml}~} bjn bjjlqbjmi}; ‐^ìqipti}} ~ì giinle bjn }`bajh A xbj~

gle mib~awa~q*‑

B} }leilji x`l a} ijmlybhajh l~ì}~l ifib}i yjni Mib~awi Mleelj}

famijmi}& ]be a} mbigyf ~l ij}yi ~`b~b~a}~} ifib}ajh lj Tl}~elnijmli

yjni}~bjn ~ì gyff aetfamb~alj} lg nlajh}l* Aj tb~amyfb& ]be iet`b}a}i} ~`b~

b~a}~} jiin ~l yjni}~bjn ~`b~ ~ìq mbjjiwi iwlci ~ì MM famijmi& bjn ljmi

~ìq‑wi ifib}in ~ì bfoye& a~‑ff bfxbq}oi bwbafbofi gl gii& iwij ag }ynnijfq

~ìq hi~ mleeimabf aj~ii}~*

‐A~ eibj} ~`b~ eq b~a}~} jiin

~l jl~ oi tb~amyfbfq tl~%

el~awb~in& bjn,l ~`b~ ~ìq

jiin ~l `bwi ~ì mljnijmi

~l cjlx ~`b~ ag ~ìq hi~

mleeimabf aj~ii}~& ~ìq mbj

mib~i b jix xlc ~`b~ a} b}

}~ljh b} ~ì lji ~ìq ky}~

ifib}in* Eq giifajh a} ~`b~ gl

bj yjna}mlwiin b~a}~ x`l

nli} nibe lg ‖ebcajh a~― ljinbq& ~ì oi}~ ~àjh ~ìq mbj

fllc gl aj ~ì eibj~aei a}j‑~

tl~& oy~ iptl}yi* Mib~awi

Mleelj} famij}i} bfflx qly

ey}am ~l }tibn gy~ì}~*‑



=1


Lwirwaix

I}~bofa}ìn aj 2118& Oa}obji‑} bwbj~%

hbni ey}am ij}ieofi ^ltlflhq `b}

hbajin bj aj~ijb~aljbf ity~b~alj b}

b~a}~} niwl~in ~l ~ì iptiaeij~bf gle*

]ifg%ni}maoin b} ‐jl~àjh ag jl~ ipaofi&‑^ltlflhq tigle} aj b eyf~a~yni lg

wijyi} gle b~ hbffiai} ~`lyh` ~lltib `ly}i}& bmmletbjqajh }afij~ fe}bjn tfbqajh tlt mljmi~} aj 24&444%

}ib~ }~bnab* _ihyfbfq imlnajh gl ~ì

By}~bfabj Olbnmb}~ajh Mltlb~alj

BOM!& ~ì}i mlj~ietlbq ey}amabj}

mlffbolb~i xa~` jix ey}am‑}

fibnajh fah`~}& }ym` b} îq

_afiq& Kl`j Bnbe}& Tàffat

Hfb}}& Eam`bif Jqebj&

bjn ]~iwi _iam`& b} xiff b}

tltyfb ey}amabj} ajmfynajh

^qlji Jlljbj gle

~ì bxbn%xajjajh objn

‐hilhi‑! bjn Cb~i Eaffi%

@ianci xanifq imlhja}in

b} By}~bfab‑} tltib nawb!*

^ltlflhq‑} tiglebjmi}

ajmfyni ~ì ltijajh

mljmi~ lg ~ì ]qnjiq

]tajh Gi}~awbf& xìi

~ìq imiawin ~ì Oi}~

Ij}ieofi Bxbn aj 2111&

bj iptiaeij~bf Gfypy}gi}~awbf b~ ~ì Ryiij}fbjn

B~ Hbffiq& Jiaf Beifn‑} wa}alj lg ^ì Ebabhi lg Gahbl b~ ~ì ]qnjiq

Lfqetam} B~ Gi}~awbf& bjn ~ì ]ybobqb

B~} Gi}~awbf aj ?448 }ii xxx*

~ltlflhqey}am*mle,ajnip*t`t,mb~ihlq,mljmi~}!* Oaffin oq By}~bfabj Ey}am

Ljfaji xxx*bel*lh*by! b} ‐jil%mfb}}am

mlj~ietlbq ey}am iptfli}&‑ ^ltlflhq

a} _loi~ Nbwan}lj lj nlyofi ob}}&

Oijbn @liq lj walfb& Mà}~b Tlxifflj walfaj& Cqfai Nbwan}lj lj tabjl& bjn

Kl`j Oboobhi lj }bplt`lji*

Mletl}a~alj} oq _loi~ Nbwan}lj

ajmfyni Mljwip bjn Mljmbwi& b

^ltlflhq

ni}mrat~alj; ^ltlflhq a} bj aj~ijb~aljbffq bmmfbaein Oa}obji%ob}in jix ey}am ij}ieofi*

xio}a~i; xxx*~ltlflhqey}am*mle

famijmi y}in; Mib~awi Mleelj} OQ%JM%]B ?*9 By}~bfab& `~~t;,,mib~awimleelj}*lh,famij}i},oq%jm%}b,?*9,by

einab; Ey}am

flmb~alj; Oa}obji& By}~bfab

^ltlflhq ” (Gle Fi~ ~l _ah`~! _loi~ Nbwan}lj& Cqfai Nbwan}lj& Oijbn @liq&

Mà}~b Tlxiff& Kl`j Oboobhi

A e b h i ; ‖ ^ l t l f l h q b ~ ~ ` i O a } o b j i T l x i ` l y } i & b h b a j x a ~ ` h b g ~ a ― o q ~ l t l f l h q l o * Y } i n

x a ~ ` t i e

a } } a l j * x x x *

a m c * m l e , t ` l ~ l } , 9 9 2 1 9 2 = = D J 4 4 , 2 > 8 2 > 9 0 >

8 1



>4


mleelj}

‐mlj~btyj~bf eajab~yi‑ aj}tain oq ~ì

nbxajh} lg E*M* I}mì& ~ì Cbbc

mljmi~l& b timy}}awi taimi y}ajh

olxin waobt`lji&

bjn Oah Nima}alj}&b nlmyeij~bq

ltib xàm`

mlj~ietfb~i}

~ì na}ea}}bf lg

Hlyh` Xà~fbe aj

2189* ]bplt`lja}~

Kl`j Oboobhi

xb} aj}tain ~l

mletl}i lji lg

à} ebjq taimi}

M`lt M`lt xàf}~aj ]bj~abhl&

Màfi& iptflajh

~ì `beljq bjn

}qjmltb~alj lg

Hibn Olt`q

bjn Lfawai Ei}}abij gl tlhbe

jl~i} gl ~ì}i mletl}a~alj} }ii xxx*

~ltlflhqey}am*mle,ajnip*t`t,mb~ihlq,

mletl}a~alj}!*

Famijmi Y}bhi

^ltlflhq `b} tfbmin ~ìa bfoyeTiti~ybf El~alj Ebmàji lj Kbeijnl

xxx*kbeijnl*mle,ij,bfoye,>2>0!yjni ~ì hiji ‐mlj~ietlbq

mfb}}ambf‑ bjn ~ì Mib~awi Mleelj}OQ%JM%]B ?*9 famijmi* Ajnawanybf~bmc} xxx*~ltlflhqey}am*mle,ajnip*t`t,nlxjflbn}! bjn ipmit~} xxx*

~ltlflhqey}am*mle,flynoflh! bibwbafbofi lj ~ìa }a~i* ^ì mletl}i}

bf}l na}~aoy~i gii }ìi~ ey}am xxx*~ltlflhqey}am*mle,ajnip*t`t,mb~ihlq,}mli}!*

El~awb~alj}

_loi~ Nbwan}lj na}my}}in à}

el~awb~alj} ~l tlwani b }ifim~alj lg à}

}mli} bjn imlnajh} ~l ~ì tyofam xa~`_bmìf Mlomlg~ aj Gioybq ?440*

‐^ì ltij gbeixlc }ya~}

^ltlflhq b} ~ì }bfi} lg

bfoye} a} jl~ b} wbfybofi ~l y}

b} ~ì tlel~alj lg ly tlfi*

^ìi nli} }iie ~l `bwi oiij

b mby}bf fajc oi~xiij y}ajh

ltij bttlbmì} (~l et=} bjn

}ìi~ ey}am TNG} lj ~ì xio!

bjn ly tlfi oiajh ba}in&

~`lyh` a~‑} `bn ~l oi mi~baj

boly~ ~à}* Aj eq lxj mb}i&

~ìi `b} nija~ifq oiij bj

ajmib}i aj eq iwijyi gle

aj~ijb~aljbf tiglebjmi} lg

eq ey}am b} A `bwi oqtb}}in

tyofa}ì} bjn hawij bxbq gii

}mli}*‑

Aj}tain oq mlj~bm~ xa~` ~ì eieoi}

lg Jihb~awfbjn xxx*jihb~awfbjn*mle!

aj ]bj Gbjma}ml& bjn }yo}iryij~fq oq

ibnajh ~ì xa~ajh} lg Fbxijmi Fi}}ah&

~ìi `b} oiij b tàfl}ltàmbf b~~bm~alj

~l gii myf~yi gl Nbwan}lj bf}l*

‐A mbj‑~ }ii ~`b~ xi mbj elwi

glxbn aj mib~awi xlc xa~`

mltqah`~ }~bqajh b} a~ a}* A xbj~ ~l ebci ey}am y}ajh bff }l~}

lg ryl~i} bjn bffy}alj}& oy~

jn a~ tlàoa~awi ~l oi bfxbq}

jiinajh ~l tbq .?4%.2?4 ti

}imljn lg gll~bhi (A }ahjin

b mlj~bm~ ~lnbq ~l tbq ~`l}i

belyj~} ~l y}i ipmit~}!* ^ìi

`bwi ~l oi l~ì xbq}*‑

_loi~ Nbwan}lj& ^ltlflhq

‐A mbj‑~ }ii ~`b~ xi mbj elwilxbn ajmib~awi xlc xa~` mltqah`~

}~bqajh b} a~ a}*‑



>2


Qyjqy

ni}mrat~alj; Qyjqy a} b }ymmi}}gyf& yj}ahjin }ajhi,}ljhxa~i aj ]qnjiq& By}~bfab& x`l y}i}Mib~awi Mleelj} famijmi} gl tlel~aljbf tytl}i}*

xio}a~i; xxx*qyjqy*mle*by

famijmi y}in; Mib~awi Mleelj} OQ%JM%]B ?*4& `~~t;,,mib~awimleelj}*lh,famij}i},oq%jm%}b,?*4

einab; Bynal

flmb~alj; ]qnjiq& By}~bfab

Lwirwaix

Qyjqy xxx*qyjqy*mle*by! a} bjyjni}~b~in& }ifg%tlmfbaein eieoi lg ~ì ieihajh bjn aj ebjq mb}i}ieihin! hijib~alj lg oinlle%ob}inb~a}~} x`l ebq jl~& xa~`ly~ ~ì Aj~iji~&`bwi iwi }iij ~ì mlfn fah`~ lg nbq* ]ìa} b mfb}}ambffq%~bajin ey}amabj& ~`lyh`

}ì bnea~} ~l `bwajh oiij olin oq ~ìi}~am~alj} lg ~`b~ hiji* Qyjqy }~ }bx}ymmi}} oigli iwi `bwajh tfbqin b fawihah xxx*qyjqy*mle*by,`lei,oal!& wab~ì jix ~bfij~ mleti~a~alj ‐Yjib~ìn‑xxx*~atfikyjib~ìn*mle!& ltib~inoq âtfi K _bnal xxx*bom*ji~*by,~atfik! *Glfflxajh ì ‐yjib~àjh‑& Qyjqyimiawin bnal batfbq bff lwi ~ì hfloi&ajmfynajh }lei m`b~ nleajb~alj ljMbjbnabj mlffihi bnal*

Qyjqy y}i} ~ì }iwami} lg }iwibfljfaji oy}aji}}i} ~l }iff bjn }`biì ey}am* Gl ol~` t`q}ambf bjnnaha~bf na}~aoy~alj& Qyjqy‑} oy}aji}}elnif y~afa}i} b jyeoi lg naggiij~ey}am tfb~gle}* ]ì `b} MN} bjnET=} bwbafbofi gl tym`b}i gle Y]ajnitijnij~ na}~aoy~l& MN Oboq xxx*mnoboq*mle!* MN} bi bf}l bwbafbofigle ~ì By}~bfabj ajnitijnij~ }~liIb}`l~ Ey}am xxx*ib}`l~ey}am*mle*by!& xàfi tban naha~bf nlxjflbn} bibwbafbofi gle a^yji} xxx*a~yji}*mle,

}~li!* Qyjqy bf}l lggi} gbj} ~ì lt~aljlg oyqajh MN} naim~fq gle ì*

B} xa~` b jyeoi lg ajnitijnij~ objn}&Qyjqy y}i} ~ì }iwami} lg b mletbjqmbffin Y}qjm xxx*y}qjm*ji~!* ^ì}iwami tlwani} b ‐obmc}~bhi tb}}‑ ~ltbqajh gbj}& x`l mbj ~ìj hi~ bmmi}}~l ipmfy}awi mlj~ij~ aj ~ì ‐obmc}~bhi‑bib lg ~ì Y}qjm xio}a~i* ^ì }iwamii}}ij~abffq oajh} ~amci~ }bfi}& ey}am}bfi}& jix} bjjlyjmieij~} bjn l~ì mletljij~} lg b ey}am oy}aji}} elnif

aj~l ~ì lji flmb~alj l aj~igbmi*

Tltyfb ljfaji bnal}~b~alj Fb}~*ge xxx*fb}~*ge!& ifqajh lj by~leb~intii%imleeijnb~alj& bf}lb}}a}~} aj ~ì tlfagib~aljlg Qyjqy‑} ey}am& ~lhi~ì xa~` }lmabf ji~xlcajhtfb~gle} faci Eq]tbmixxx*eq}tbmi*mle! bjnGbmiollc xxx*gbmiollc*

mle!*

A e b h i } ; } ~ a f f } l e Q y j q y ‑ } w a n i l m f a t ~ l ‖ F i j l i ‑ } ] l j h * ―





>=


LtijWlami Grii TOP

ni}mrat~alj; LtijWlami Gii a} b gii%gl%nlxjflbn wlami%tlet~ajh }iwami }timabfa}ajh aj

}yttfqajh By}~bfabj wlami tlet~} gl ~ì B}~ia}c ltij }lymi TOP ~ifit`lji

}q}~ie bjn l~ì mletb~aofi AW_ }q}~ie}*

xio}a~i; xxx*ltijwlami*mle*by,gii

famijmi y}in; Mib~awi Mleelj} OQ%]B ?*2 By}~bfab& `~~t;,,mib~awimleelj}*lh,famij}i},oq%

}b,?*2,by

einab; ]lg~xbi& Bynal

flmb~alj; By}~bfab

Lwirwaix

LtijWlami xxx*ltijwlami*mle*by!

a} b }ebff oy}aji}} ob}in aj By}~bfab&

}timabfa}ajh aj tlwanajh wlami tlet~ajh

}iwami} gl ~ì B}~ia}c Ltij ]lymi

TOP }q}~ie xxx*b}~ia}c*lh! bjn

l~ì mletb~aofi ~ifit`lji wlami

tlet~ }q}~ie}* ]ym` bttfamb~alj} bimleeljfq y}in oq oy}aji}}i} bjn

lhbja}b~alj} ~l ebjbhi ~ifit`lji

}xa~mòlbn} bjn aetlwi oy}aji}}

mleeyjamb~alj}* B} tb~ lg a~} }iwami}

lggiin gl mleeimabf }bfi& LtijWlami

`b} mib~in LtijWlami Gii& b }i~ lg

By}~bfabj wlami tlet~} xàm` bi

bwbafbofi gii lg m`bhi yjni b Mib~awi

Mleelj} B~~aoy~alj%]`bi Bfaci ?*4

By}~bfab famijmi*

LtijWlami Gii a} b mletiìj}awi

}i~ lg wlami fi} ~`b~ oy}aji}}i} bjnlhbja}b~alj} mbj nlxjflbn gl y}i

bjn na}~aoy~i gii lg m`bhi aj ol~`

mleeimabf bjn jlj%mleeimabf

ijwaljeij~}* ^ì wlami fi} gib~yibj By}~bfabj wlamilwi b~a}~& tlwanajh

bj By}~bfabj bjn }lei~aei} `yelly}

~lym` ~l x`b~ bi lg~ij Beiambj wlamin

AW_ }q}~ie}* ^ì tbmcbhi mlj~baj}

b mletfi~i }i~ lg By}~bfabj wlamiebaf

tlet~}& xbci%yt mbff} bjn tlet~}gl ob}i B}~ia}c AW_ gyjm~aljbfa~q*

^à} hawi} ~ì y}i b gyjm~aljajh ob}am

}q}~ie mlj~bajajh ~ì el}~ mleelj

bjjlyjmieij~}* LtijWlami Gii a}

jl~ i}~am~in ~l ~ì B}~ia}c tfb~gle

bjn mbj bf}l oi y}in gl l~ì AW_

bttfamb~alj}* Gl eli niebjnajh

AW_ }q}~ie} bjn my}~lea}in tlet~

tbmcbhi}& LtijWlami `bwi b bjhi lg

}iwami} bwbafbofi gl tym`b}i*

Oq y}ajh Mib~awi Mleelj} famijmi}&

LtijWlami `bwi ebni b jlj%

mleeimabf mlj~aoy~alj ~l ~ì B}~ia}c

mleeyja~q bjn `b} }imyin b ei~`ln

gl fihbffq na}~aoy~ajh b niel lg ~ìa

}iwami} ~`b~ tlel~i} ~ìa eli

ip~ij}awi }ifim~alj lg mleeimabffq

famij}in einab*

Famijmi Y}bhiLtijWlami Gii a} famij}in yjni

b Mib~awi Mleelj} B~~aoy~alj%

]`biBfaci ?*2 By}~bfab famijmi* ^à}

tiea~} mleeimabf y}i} lg ~ì einab&

ij}yi} LtijWlami a} b~~aoy~in

bjn ~`b~ bjq niawb~awi xlc} bi

famij}in aj ~ì }bei xbq* Aja~abffq

LtijWlami mlj}aniin HGNF famij}ajh

gl LtijWlami Gii& oy~ glyjn ~`b~

Mib~awi Mleelj} famijmi} xii beli y}i%gaijnfq bf~ijb~awi nyi ~l



>>


mleelj}

~ìa tfbaj Ijhfa}` niin bjn eajaebf

bmmletbjqajh famijmi nlmyeij~b~alj*

Bf}l& yjfaci HGNF& Mib~awi Mleelj}

famijmi} bi jl~ gleb~ }timam* ^à}bmmlnin xa~` LtijWlami‑} hlbf lg

ebcajh LtijWlami Gii bwbafbofi xa~`

ebpaeye ib}i bjn iptl}yi*

LtijWlami itl~ ~`b~ ~ìa MM famij}in

einab a} nlxjflbnin b~ b b~i lg 94p~`b~ lg ~ì mleeimabf wi}alj} lj lggi&

bjn `bwi glyjn ~`b~ my}~lei} x`l

y}in LtijWlami Gii xii aeti}}in

ijlyh` xa~` ~ì }iwami ~l hl lj ~l

tym`b}i LtijWlami‑} mleeimabffq

bwbafbofi einab*

El~awb~alj}

B} b gbj lg gii }lg~xbi bjn einab

famijmi}& LtijWlami‑} Oij Oyp~lj xb}

aeti}}in xa~` ~ì bjhi lg famijmi}

lggiin oq Mib~awi Mleelj}* Aj bj

iebaf aj~iwaix xa~` Ieeb Mblff gle

Mib~awi Mleelj} By}~bfab aj Btaf

?440& Oij lggiin ~ì glfflxajh b~aljbfi

gl bnlt~ajh MM;

‐Xi y}i MM famijmi} oimby}i

~ìq tlwani b bjhi lg

famij}ajh lt~alj} ~`b~ }ya~ el}~

mltqah`~ `lfni} x`l xlyfn

faci ~l bfflx ifb~awifq gii

na}~aoy~alj lg ~ìa einab* ^ì

famijmi} bi bf}l }aetfi ~l

yjni}~bjn& bjn nlj‑~ iryai b

fbxqi ~l nimlni*

LtijWlami m`l}i ~ì Mib~awi

Mleelj} B~~aoy~alj%]`bi Bfaci

famijmi oimby}i;

^ì famijmi tiea~}

mleeimabf y}i lg ~ì einab*

^à} a} aetl~bj~ b} ly einab

a} aj~ijnin gl b taebafq

mleeimabf bttfamb~alj

bjn xi xlyfn faci S~l hawiU

oy}aji}}i} ~ì boafa~q ~l y}ily gii wi}alj} lg ~ì einab*

B~~aoy~alj a} iryain& b} tb~

lg ~ì ib}lj gl lggiajh ~ì

einab a} b} b niel gl ly

eli ip~ij}awi mleeimabffq

famij}in einab* Xi‑n faci

~`l}i x`l }tibn ~ì einab

blyjn ~l hawi b tlaj~i obmc

~l y}*

]`bi Bfaci }l ~`b~ niawb~awi}

lg ~ì einab i~baj ~ì

mleeimabf y}i hyanifaji& bjn

~ì b~~aoy~alj obmc ~l y}*‑

LtijWlami Gii a} b hib~ ipbetfi lg

`lx b mletbjq mbj famij}i ~ìa einab

xa~` Mib~awi Mleelj} ~l hijib~ioy}aji}} bjn mleeimabf hbaj& xàfi

lggiajh b gii wi}alj gl ~`l}i xa~`ly~

~ì oynhi~ gl mleeimabf bttfamb~alj}*

Bmmlnajh ~l Oij‑} tàfl}lt q& ‐Xi‑n

b~ì tiltfi bmmi}} b gii wi}alj ~`bj

jl~ b~ bff& b} a~ oiji~} ~ìe& bjn xi bitlyn ~l lggi bj By}~bfabj lt~alj ~l b

taebafq Beiambj }lg~xbi tbmcbhi*‑



‐Bj ltij }lymi elnif gl tb~amatb~lq&

ol~~le%yt bjn ieihij~ tlfamq xaff glmi

y} ~l mljglj~ ~ì a}}yi} lg ly ~aei*‑ Nlyhfb} _y}`clgg

?44=& Ltij ]lymi Nielmbmq& t 72

^ì ltij nielmbmq ~iji~} lg irya~q& tl}a~awi

tb~amatb~alj aj nima}alj%ebcajh& bjn bfflxbjmi

lg bf~ijb~awi tlaj~} lg waix fai b~ ~ì ìb~ lg

~ì Mib~awi Mleelj} ijnibwly* A~ mlei}

b} jl }yta}i ~ìj& ~`b~ bj ajmib}ajh jyeoi

lg }lmabf m`bjhi lhbja}b~alj} bi ieobmajh

ljfaji ~im`jlflhai} bjn Mib~awi Mleelj} b} b

wbfybofi ~llf gl }tibnajh ~ì xln* Nlmyeij~in

ìi bi ipietfbq iggl~} ~l iggim~ m`bjhi

ol~` xa~àj bjn oiqljn ~ì MM mleeyja~q

aj~ijb~aljbffq& bjn nielj}~b~in aj irybf

eib}yi aj ~ì By}~bfabj tyofam }tìi*

^ì}i tlkim~} ijmlybhi ajnawanybf} bjn

lhbja}b~alj} ~l ieobmi nielmb~am tlmi}}i}

aj ~ì naha~bf ibfe b} xiff b} lgaji& ‐}àjajh

fah`~ lj tfbmi} bjn tiltfi ~`b~ l~ì einablg~ij ahjli&‑ ti Hflobf Wlami} Ljfaji xxx*

hflobfwlami}ljfaji*lh!* `lyh` ~ì tl}}aoafa~ai}

lg ityofa}àjh bjn na}}ieajb~alj gbmafa~b~in oq

MM& ~ì hflobf wlami} xàm` ieihi bml}} ~ì

aj~ijb~aljbf tyofam }tìi bi betfain& mib~ajhmleeyja~ai} xàm` ‐hawi b nbe*‑ Bj ipietfbq

tlkim~ ~`b~ nielj}~b~i} ~à} a} Bmà~im~yi gl

@yebja~q& xàm` mlj}~ym~} ieihijmq `ly}ajh

aj ~ì xbci lg hflobf na}b}~i} yjni ~ì MM

Niwifltajh Jb~alj} famijmi*

^ì glfflxajh mb}i }~ynai} yjni}mli aetl~bj~aja~ab~awi} ~l ijmlybhi bxbiji}}& ibfa}b~alj

bjn tl~im~alj lg ah`~} gl bff }~bci`lfni}* ^ìq

iajglmi ~ì ma~ambf mlffim~alj bjn na}}ieajb~alj

lg ajnitijnij~ ti}tim~awi} ijbofin oq MM*

B} gib~yin& aj~ijb~aljbf tlkim~} ajmfynajh

IjhbhiEinab `~~t;,,ijhbhieinab*lh!& ~ì

Jix Aj~ijb~aljbfa}~ mlffim~awi xxx*jixaj~*lh!&

ltijNielmbmq lN! xxx*ltijnielmbmq*

ji~! bjn Aj~ijb~aljbf ANIB Tyofa}àjh xxx*

anib*aj~,tyofamb~alj}! ieobmi ltij bmmi}}

anibf} ~l ij}yi ~`b~ ebhajbfa}in waix} jn

bttltab~i glye}* Aj ~à} xbq& b} ipti}}in

oq Jix Aj~ijb~aljbfa}~ & ~ìq oajh ‐fagi ~l ~ì

aj}~affajh bf~irjb~awi

tlaj~} lg waix

nielmrbmq mb}i }~ynai}

B}}lmab~alj l Tlhi}}awi

Mleeyjamb~alj} ” By}~bfab >8

Bmà~im~yi l @yebja~q 94

Hiij}Oflh 9=

IjhbhiEinab 99

Hflobf Wlami} Ljfaji 90

Aj~ijb~aljbf ANIB Tyofa}àjh 74

Jix Aj~ijb~aljbfa}~ 7?

LtijNielmbmq 7>

QlyNimani?448 77

Mrib~awi Mleelj} ' Nielmrb~am M`bjhi


http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/2008-ccau-cobcroft-rachel-ed-building-an-australasian-commons-case-book 50/190Aj}~affajh Bf~irjb~awi Tlaj~} l Waix

>7


mleelj}

tiltfi& ~ì anib} bjn ~ì bm~alj& aj ~ì

h`~ gl hflobf ky}~ami*‑ Oq ijmlybhajhbf~ijb~awi& mlffbolb~awi }~lq%~iffajh&

~ì}i mb}i }~ynai} m`bffijhi ~ì

ijnyajh mltlb~i nleajbjmi lg ebaj}~ibe einab bjn ìft ~l lwimlei

olyjnbai} lg hilhbt`q& mfb}}& hijni&

}taa~ybfa~q bjn }ipybfa~q* ]aeyf~bjily}fq&

~ì}i lhbja}b~alj} mib~i bj

ip~ij}awi }iai} lg giifq bwbafbofi bjn

iy}bofi cjlxfinhi i}lymi} gl ~ìa

mleeyja~ai}& ijmletb}}ajh ipti~

ji~xlc}& lhbja}b~aljbf b}}a}~bjmi bjn

tlfamq ni~ieajb~alj}*

Lj ~ì `lei glj~& tleajij~ tlkim~}}ym` b} ~ì B}}lmab~alj gl Tlhi}}awi

Mleeyjamb~alj By}~bfab btm*by! `~~t;,,btm*lh*by!& QlyNimani ?448 `~~t;,,qlynimani*lh!& bjn ~ì By}~bfabj

Hiij}Oflh `~~t;,,hiij}oflh*lh! y~afa}i

MM ~l fiwibhi ~ì fb~i}~ ~im`jlflhai}

~l ip~ijn nielmb~am niob~i aj~l ~ì

naha~bf ibfe* Eibjxàfi& ajnitijnij~

bnal }~b~alj >[{[ bjn tyofa}ì Bnyca

Ti}} xxx*bnyca*ji~*by!& ~`lyh` ~ìa

Mljwihij~ Mleeyja~q Jix}lle bjntyofamb~alj lg ]~amc ^à} aj Qly Eielq

@lfi i}tim~awifq& mleoaji ljfaji

na}}ieajb~alj xa~` eli ~bna~aljbf

einab ~l ij}yi ~ìq ibm` ~ì xani}~

tl}}aofi bynaijmi*

Gl ~ì}i lhbja}b~alj}& Mib~awi

Mleelj} a} bj aetl~bj~ ~llf aj

~ì niwiflteij~ lg mleeyja~q

mlj}maly}ji}}& tlwanajh b fihbf

gbeixlc gl ~ì gii ipti}}aljlg anib} bjn }`bajh lg anibf} oq

ajnawanybf} x`l ebq jl~ l~ìxa}i

jn lttl~yja~ai} l `bwi ~ì boafa~q

~l ijhbhi aj ~ì tyofam nlebaj* Oq

ijmlybhajh ~ì olbn na}}ieajb~alj

lg bf~ijb~awi tlaj~} lg waix& oiqljn

~ì i}~am~alj} lg ‐bff ah`~} i}iwin‑

mltqah`~& ~ì}i hlyt} bi gl}~iajh ~ì

giinle lg ~`lyh`~ bjn }tiim` gl ~ì

yf~aeb~i oi~~ieij~ lg bff }lmai~q*

A e b h i ; ‖ N i e l m b { q ― o q F l m b m i & M M O Q % J M % J N ? * 4 H i j i a m & x x x * a m

c * m l e , t ` l ~ l } ,

f l m b m i , ? 7 7 > 0 > 4 8 = 4


http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/2008-ccau-cobcroft-rachel-ed-building-an-australasian-commons-case-book 51/190Mrib~awi Mleelj} ' Nielmrb~am M`bjhi Mfy}~ir

>8


Lwirwaix

^ì B}}lmab~alj gl Tlhi}}awi

Mleeyjamb~alj} ” By}~bfab btm*

by! a} b naha~bf einab mleeyjamb~alj}

lhbja}b~alj ~`b~ xb} i}~bofa}ìn aj

2118 lj ~ì anibf} ipti}}in aj Aj~iji~

_ah`~} M`b~i `~~t;,,ah`~}*btm*lh,

m`b~i*}`~ef! lg ~ì B}}lmab~alj gl

Tlhi}}awi Mleeyjamb~alj} BTM!*

^ì lhbja}b~alj a} ijhbhin aj ol~` ~ì

niwiflteij~ lg& bjn }y}~bajbofi bmmi}}

~l& mleeyja~q%lxjin ajgleb~alj*

Iet`b}a}ajh bxbiji}}& ibfa}b~alj&

bjn tl~im~alj lg ah`~}& ~ì M`b~i

mleea~} ~l Aj~iji~ bmmi}} gl bff&

bmmi}} ~l cjlxfinhi& tb~amyfbfq xa~`

i}tim~ ~l }`bin fibjajh bjn mib~alj

y}ajh gii bjn ltij }lymi }lg~xbi&bjn giinle lg ipti}}alj bjn

b}}lmab~alj*

Xa~àj ~à} gbeixlc& btm*by‑} mli

lokim~awi} bi;

l tlel~i bjn tlwani2

}iwami} gl ~ì niwiflteij~&

bttfamb~alj bjn }~b~iham y}i

lg& bjn mleeyja~q inymb~alj

aj i}tim~ ~l ljfaji bjn naha~bfeinab ~im`jlflhai}3

l niwiflt bjn tlwani?

ji~xlcajh ljfaji einab

}iwami}& bttfamb~alj} bjn

mlj~ij~& ajmfynajh bnwa}lq&

mlj}yf~ajh bjn ifb~in

}iwami}& tlnym~alj bjn

i}ibm`3

l b}}a}~ ~ì mawaf }im~l aj ~ì=

y}i lg ljfaji einab }iwami}bjn aj ~ì niwiflteij~ bjn

tyofamb~alj lg ji~xlc mlj~ij~&

aj bib} lg mleeyja~q aj~ii}~

ajmfynajh ijwaljeij~& }lmabf

niwiflteij~& `yebj ah`~}

bjn }lmabf ky}~ami3 bjn

l }yttl~ ljfaji einab>

aja~ab~awi} ~`lyh` ~ì

By}~bfb}abj bjn B}ab%Tbmambib} bjn tlel~i ltij

bjn irya~bofi bmmi}} ~l

ljfaji einab ~im`jlflhai}

tb~amyfbfq gl ~ì jlj%

hlwijeij~ }im~l bjn

na}bnwbj~bhin hlyt} bjn gl

~ì niwiflteij~ lg }~b~iham

xlcajh mleeyja~ai}*

btm*by }a~} lj ~ì }~iiajh mleea~~ii}

lg Ltij ]tim~ye By}~bfab `~~t;,,ltij}tim~ye*lh*by!& @lei

Fbjn} `~~t;,,xaca*btm*lh*by,ajnip*t`t<~a~fi5@lei\Fbjn}! iel~imleeyjamb~alj} tlhbe gl igyhii

B}}lmab~alj lr Trlhri}}awi

Mleeyjamb~alj} ” By}~rbfab

ni}mrat~alj; btm*by bnwlmb~i} gl ltij mlj~ij~ bjn ipaofi famij}ajh elnif} gl ~ì oiji~ lg ~ì mleeyja~q*

xio}a~i; `~~t;,,btm*lh*by& Xaca; `~~t;,,xaca*btm*lh*by

famijmi y}in; Mib~awi Mleelj} OQ%JM%JN ?*9 By}~bfab& `~~t;,,mib~awimleelj}*lh,famij}i},oq%jm%jn,?*9,by& Mib~awi Mleelj} OQ%JM%]B ?*9 By}~bfab& `~~t;,,mib~awimleelj}*lh,famij}i},oq%jm%}b,?*9,by

einab; Ljfaji einab

flmb~alj; By}~bfab



>0


mleelj}

qly~`! bjn

~ì B~} Fbx

Mlj}l~aye

tlwanajh

bmmi}} ~l AM^

ah`~} a}}yi}

~l myf~ybf

niwiflteij~

bjn b~}

xlci}!*

]ajmi a~}

i}~bofa}èij~ aj 2114& ~ì B}}lmab~alj

gl Tlhi}}awi Mleeyjamb~alj} BTM!

`b} xlcin xa~` ~ì Yja~in Jb~alj} ~lìft mawaf }lmai~q lhbja}b~alj} tb~amatb~i

aj hflobf tlfamq%ebcajh wab ~ì }~b~ihamy}i lg ajgleb~alj bjn mleeyjamb~alj

~im`jlflhai} AM^}! ajmfynajh ~ì Aj~iji~*

BTM bf}l ipbeaji} a}}yi} }ylyjnajh

tawbmq& }ywiaffbjmi& bjn ijmqt~alj& bjn

hlwijbjmi lg ~ì Aj~iji~*

btm*by }a~} bfljh}ani eieoi} aj

Bhij~ajb& Oyfhbab& Mlfleoab& ~ì

Nielmb~am _ityofam lg Mljhl& A~bfq&

Eipaml& ~ì Tàfattaji}& ]ly~` Bgamb&

]tbaj& ~ì YC bjn Yyhybq* Aj bnna~alj~l ebjq eieoi} lggiajh flmbf tl~bf}

~l na}my}} AM^ tlfamai} bjn ah`~} aj

~ìa i}tim~awi ihalj}& BTM xlc} ~l

bmàiwi }lmabf bjn ijwaljeij~bf ky}~ami

bjn }y}~bajbofi niwiflteij~* BTM

eieoi} bi lg~ij ~ì }~ tlwani}lg Aj~iji~ aj ~ìa mlyj~ai}& bjn ~ìq

mlj~ajyi ~l taljii tbm~ambf bjn

ifiwbj~ y}i} lg AM^}& tb~amyfbfq aj

niwifltajh jb~alj} bjn xa~` hb}}ll~}

lhbja}b~alj}* Hlwijin oq a~}mlj}~a~y~awi eieoi}& BTM }i~} a~}

}~b~iham tlfamai} iwiq gly qib}*

Famijmi Y}bhi

^qtambffq& tlkim~} niwifltin xa~`

tb~ji}& mfaij~} bjn b}}lmab~i}

y~afa}i Mib~awi Mleelj} B~~aoy~alj%

Jljmleeimabf%Jl Niawb~awi Xlc}

famij}i} `~~t;,,mib~awimleelj}*lh,famij}i},oq%jm%jn,?*9,by!* Tlkim~}

niwifltin

oq btm*by

ajmfyni @lei

Fbjn}& WANIL ]FBE bjn ]bbxbc

Hlji*

@lei Fbjn} a} ni}ahjin ~l mljjim~

qlyjh igyhii} ~l ~ìa `leifbjn}

bjn }itbb~in mleeyja~ai} wab ljfaji

einab bjn Mib~awi Mleelj} ah`~}

ebjbhieij~ aj b}}lmab~alj xa~` ~ì

Myf~ybf Niwiflteij~ Ji~xlc& ~ì

@lei Fbjn} _igiijmi Mleea~~ii& bjn

xa~` }yttl~ gle ~ì Ma~q lg Eifolyji*

WANIL ]FBE xxx*ltijm`bjjif*lh*by,oflh},wanil}fbe! a} b ah`~} bjn

tlnym~alj ebjbhieij~ xlc}`lt} ~`b~

ijmlybhi ml}}%na}matfaji mlffbolb~alj

aj ~ì y}i lg ipaofi famij}i}* ^à}i}yf~} aj ~ì tlnym~alj lg jix xlc}

~`b~ ty~ Mib~awi Mleelj} famij}i} aj~l

naim~ mlj~bm~ xa~` }miij tbm~a~alji}*

WANIL ]FBE iptfli} xì~ì ~ì}i

famijmi} mbj oi y}in ~l mib~i jix

xlc} gle ]`bi Bfaci mlj~ij~ bjn

xì~ì ~ìi a} ijlyh` eb~iabf aj ~ìtyofam nlebaj ~l tlnymi xlc} ~`b~ bi

ol~` eibjajhgyf bjn xb~m`bofi*

]bbxbc Hlji a} b ~abf lg ~ì y}i lg

Mib~awi Mleelj} aj bj ajnahijly}

mlj~ip~* A~ a} b mleeyja~q einab tlkim~

nlmyeij~ajh eii~ajh} oi~xiij }ap

ajnahijly} mleeyja~ai} aj iel~i

bjn yobj flmb~alj}* Bff wanil }`l~&

ina~in bjn na}~aoy~in xaff iebaj ~ì

aj~iffim~ybf tlti~q lg ~ì mleeyja~ai}~`b~ mleta}i ~à} tlkim~*

^ì HJY bjn MM bri ‐***~llf} ~`b~ trlwani b fihbf rbeixlrc ~`b~

xlyfn ij}yri lxjir}àt l myf~yrbf bjn aj~iffim~ybf trltir~q riebaj}xa~àj ~ì tyofam nlebaj bjn lr

~ì tyofam hlln*‑

Hbj~ Em@ilj

îm`jambf Naim~l& btm*by

^ì BTM Aj~iji~

_ah`~} M`b~i

anij~ai} ~ì boafa~q ~l

}`bi ajleb~alj bjn

mleeyjamb~i iifq

y}ajh ~ì aj~iji~ b}

wa~bf ~l ~ì ibfa}b~alj

l `yebj ah`~}* B}

}ym`& ~ìi jiin} ~l

oi aj~iji~ bmmi}}l bff bjn ~ì y}i

~ìil ey}~ bfflx

iinle l ipti}}alj

bjn b}}lmab~alj bjn

bmmi}} ~l cjlxfinhi

~l oi iim~awi* A~

bf}l ah`fah`~}

a}}yi} }ym` b}

tawbmq& }ywiaffbjmi&

ijmqt~alj bjn

hlwijbjmi l ~ì

aj~iji~ b} obai} ~l

ibfa}ajh ~à} lokim~awi*





94


mleelj}

Brmà~im~yri Glr @yebja~q

ni}mrat~alj; Bmà~im~yi gl @yebja~q a} b Mbfagljab%ob}in& jlj%tl~ lhbja}b~alj xàm`tlel~i} }lmabf ni}ahj& ijmlybhajh bmà~im~} bjn ni}ahji} ~l }iic bmà~im~ybf

}lfy~alj} ~l yebja~babj ma}i}*

xio}a~i; xxx*bmà~im~yigl`yebja~q*lh

famijmi y}in; Mib~awi Mleelj} Niwifltajh Jb~alj} ?*4& `~~t;,,mib~awimleelj}*lh,famij}i},

niwjb~alj},?*4

einab; Bmà~im~yi& Ni}ahj

flmb~alj; Hflobf

Lwirwaix

‐Lji oaffalj tiltfi fawi aj bokim~

tlwi~q*

Gly oaffalj fawi aj bhafi oy~

hlxajh imljleai}*

Lji aj }iwij fawi aj }fye

}i~~fieij~}*

Oq ?4=4 a~ xaff oi lji aj ~ìi*

X`b~ a} jiinin a} jl~ lji }lfy~alj

oy~ eaffalj} l }lfy~alj}*‑

xxx*bmà~im~yigl`yebja~q*lh,ji~xlc

Gl Bmà~im~yi gl @yebja~q ~ì}i

gbm~} ita~lea}i ~ì hflobf `ly}ajh

ma}a}* A~ a} bf}l ~ì ob}a} gl ~ìa

el~~l ‐Ni}ahj faci qly hawi b nbej*‑

Glyjnin gle b }ajhfi fbt~lt mlety~i

aj 2111 oq Mbeilj ]ajmfba bjn Cb~i

]~l`& BG@ a} b m`ba~bofi lhbja}b~alj

xàm` tlel~i} }lmabf ni}ahj& }iicajh

bmà~im~ybf }lfy~alj} ~l `yebja~babj

ma}i}* Ob}in aj Mbfagljab& bjn

xa~` m`bt~i} blyjn Beiamb bjn

aj Mbjbnb& ~ì Yja~in Cajhnle&Aifbjn& A~bfq& Eipaml& ]ajhbtli& Jix

[ibfbjn bjn By}~bfab& BG@ i}tljn}

~l hflobf iwij~}; ti}ij~ bjn tb}~

A e b h i ; b H l l h f i E b t i t i } i j ~ a j h m ` b t ~ i } l B m ` a ~ i m ~ y i l @ y e b j a ~ q b l y j n ~ ` i

x l f n & x x x * b m ` a ~ i m ~ y i l ` y e b j a ~ q * l h , m ` b t ~ i }

Bmà~im~yi l @yebja~q `b}

flmbf m`bt~i} aj ]qnjiq& By}~bfab3

Elj~ibf& Mbjbnb3 Nyofaj& Aifbjn3

Hijlb bjn ^lajl A~bfq3 ^betaml&Eipaml3 Bymcfbjn& Jix [ibfbjn3

]ajhbtli3 Yja~in Cajhnle3 B~fbj~b&

Bei}& Bjm`lbhi& By}~aj&

Ofbmc}oyh,Wahajab îm`& Ol}~lj

Obnij~lj&Màmbhl& Mfiwifbjn&

Ni~la~& @bxbaa& @ly}~lj&

Ajnabjbtlfa}& Cjlpwaffi& Fl}

Bjhifi}& Eajji}l~b& Jix Qlc&

Gbhl& L~~bxb& Tàfbniftàb&

Tl~fbjn& ]bmbeij~l& ]bf~ Fbci

Ma~q & ]bj Naihl& ]bj Bj~ljal& ]bj

Gbjma}ml& ]ib~~fi& ]~ Flya}& ^betb

bjn Xb}àjh~lj NM& Yja~in ]~b~i}*







9=


Hriij}Oflh

ni}mrat~alj; Hiij}Oflh a} ~ì

lgmabf ljfaji ti}ijmilg ~ì By}~bfabjHiij} ]ijb~l}*

xio}a~i; `~~t;,,hiij}oflh*lh

famijmi y}in; Mib~awi Mleelj} OQ%]B ?*9 By}~bfab& `~~t;,,mib~awimleelj}*lh,famij}i},oq%}b,?*9,by

einab; Aebhi}& îp~

flmb~alj; By}~bfab

Lwirwaix

^ì By}~bfabj Hiij} Oflh& cjlxj b}

‐Hiij}Oflh&‑ xb} i}~bofa}ìn b} ~ì

ljfaji ti}ijmi lg ‐^ì Hiij}‑ gl ~ì

?448 By}~bfabj ginibf ifim~alj* ^ì

oflh ti}ij~} ~ì a}}yi}& tlfa~am} bjn

tlfamai} lg ~ì ginibf tb~q& iet`b}a}ajh

~ì tl}}aoafa~ai} gl ljfaji hb}}ll~}bm~alj* Aj~ijnin ~l ijhbhi b} ebjq

tiltfi b} tl}}aofi aj b mlj}~ym~awi

na}my}}alj boly~ Hiij} a}}yi}& ~ì

oflh gib~yi} xa~ajh oq myij~ Hiij}

]ijb~l} l ‐]ijboflhhi}! ajmfynajh;

~ì fibni lg ~ì By}~bfabj

Hiij}& ]ijb~l Olo Olxj&

Hiij} ]ijb~l gl ^b}ebjab

}ajmi 21173

]ijb~l Mà}~aji Eafji&

Hiij} ]ijb~l gl ^b}ebjab

}ajmi ?44>3

]ijb~l _bmìf ]aixi~&

Hiij} ]ijb~l gl Xi}~ij

By}~bfab }ajmi ?44>3

]ijb~l ]ml~~ Fynfbe& Hiij}

]ijb~l gl Xi}~ij By}~bfab

}ajmi ?4483 bjn

]ijb~l ]bb` @bj}lj%

Qlyjh& Hiij} ]ijb~l gl ]ly~` By}~bfab }ajmi ?448*

b

jyeoi lg myij~ Hiij} }~bggi}ajmfynajh âe Jl~lj bjn Mà} ^xleiq

gle ]ijb~l ]aixi~‑} }~bgg& âe @lfflbjn Lfawi Xlfnajh gle ]ijb~l

Eafji‑} }~bgg& Bnbe Oyfajh gle ]ijb~l Olxj‑} }~bgg bjn Hieeb Mfbc gle

]ijb~l @bj}lj%Qlyjh‑} }~bgg*

Hiij}Oflh xb} }iij b} bmletfieij~bq }~b~ihq ~l ~ì Hiij‑}

Qly yoi wanil tfb~gle xxx*qly~yoi*mle,by}~bfabjhiij}!& xàm` ijbofin

mleeij~} oigli ~ì ebkl tb~ai}~llc ~`b~ aja~ab~awi* ^`lyh` ~ì}i xio

?*4 aja~ab~awi}& ~ì By}~bfabj Hiij}na}my}}in ~ìa tlfamai} lg imlflhambf

}y}~bajboafa~q& }lmabf bjn imljleam ky}~ami& hb}} ll~} nielmbmq& bjn

tibmi bjn jlj%walfijmi* B} ipti}}inoq âe @lffl;

‐B} ~ì ebaj}~ibe einab oimlei}

eli }ytimabf& xio ?*4 oihaj} ~l

li hib~i lttl~yja~ai} l aj

nit~` na}my}}alj bjn bjbfq}a}* Xi‑n

flwi ~l }ii Hiij}Oflh oimlei

b waobj~ yo l na}my}}alj l

Hiij}%ifb~in a}}yi}& x`b~‑} oiij

hlajh lj aj Tbfabeij~ bjn ly

mlj}~a~yijmai}& bjn `lx ~ì Hiij}eah`~ bnni}} a}}yi} l ~ì nbq*‑

Hiij}Oflh `leitbhi& Kyfq ?440



9>


mleelj}

`~~t;,,hiij}oflh*lh,?448,24,4=,ltij%

}lymi%nielmbmq

Famijmi Y}bhi

Bff mlj~ij~

gib~yin lj ~ì Hiij}Oflh a}& yjfi}}

l~ìxa}i jl~in& famij}in yjni b

Mib~awi Mleelj} B~~aoy~alj%]`bi

Bfaci ?*9 By}~bfab famijmi `~~t;,,

mib~awimleelj}*lh,famij}i},oq%

}b,?*9,by!* Yjni}mlajh tb~amatb~alj

aj nielmb~am tlmi}}i}& ~ì oflh

bm~awifq ijmlybhi} iy}i bjn

igiijmajh lg ij~ai} xa~` bttltab~i

b~~aoy~alj* `lyh` a~} ‐}`bajh‑ gbmafa~q

`~~t;,,hiij}oflh*lh,boly~,}`bajh%

hiij}oflh!& Hiij}Oflh ijbofi} a~}

ibni}àt ~l tyofa}` ~ì tb~q‑} _]]

giin} lg fb~i}~ ìbnfaji} ~`lyh` xanhi~}

bjn ‐ofanhi~}‑ ” b àh`fq my}~lea}bofi

xanhi~ aj~ijnin ~l oi aj ciitajh xa~`

x`b~iwi ~ì ~ìei lg ajnawanybf}‑ oflh}*

Hiij} }~bggi âe Jl~lj jl~i} aj bj

iebaf aj~iwaix xa~` _bmìf Mlomlg~

gle Mib~awi Mleelj} By}~bfab aj

Ebq ?440 ~`b~ ì }~ ìbn boly~

MM gle eieoi} lg ~ì Oa}obji

lgmi& bjn `b} y}in ~ì famijmi} gl

l~ì tlkim~} aj ~ì tb}~* Gl ~ì

Hiij}Oflh& âe jl~i};

‐Xi m`l}i ~ì B~~aoy~alj%]`bi

Bfaci famij}i b} xi jiin tiltfi ~l

imlhja}i bjn b~~aoy~i ly xlc&

xàf}~ b~ ~ì }bei ~aei ij}yajh

~`b~ ~ì famij}i a} tb}}in lj* Xi

mbjjl~ y}i b Jljmleeimabf

famij}i& b} lmmb}aljbffq ly xlc

xaff oi itaj~in aj mleeimabf

tyofamb~alj}*‑

Bmmlnajh ~l âe& ~ì }a~i y}i} MM%famij}in aebhi} y}in xìiwi

tl}}aofi&

bjn tfbj} ~l

aetfieij~

Mib~awi Mleelj} bml}} bff a~} xio

ti}ijmi*

El~awb~alj}Ip`l~ajh ibni} ~l fajc obmc ~l

Hiij}Oflh ‐faoibffq bjn lg~ij&‑ ~ì }a~i

}iic} ~l oimlei bj iggim~awi }tbmi

gl ltij }lymi nielmbmq `~~t;,,hiij}oflh*lh,?448,24,4=,ltij%}lymi%nielmbmq!* B} âe @lffl lo}iwin aj

b hyi}~ mlfyej lj = Lm~loi ?440 b~Fbwb~y} Tlnil `~~t;,,fbwb~y}tlnil*ji~,?448,24,4=,hyi}~%tl}~%oq%~ae%`lffl%ltij%}lymi%nielmbmq!& xàm` aj}tain

~ì i}~bofa}èij~ lg ~ì Hiij}Oflh;

‐Ly yf~aeb~i& bjn el}~ ipma~ajh

bae a} ~l hl oiqljn na}my}}alj& xbq

oiqljn ei}}bhi na}}ieajb~alj&

bjn y}i ~ì oflh ~l niwiflt

}lei~àjh jix; ltij }lymi

nielmbmq* Xi xbj~ anib} ”

}yhhi}~alj} l tbfabeij~bq

el~alj}& l beijneij~} ~l

oaff}* Xi xbj~ ~l tl}~ tlfamai} ajniwiflteij~ }l ~`b~ ~ì àwieajn

mbj ìft y} niwiflt ~ìe* A& b}

xi oifaiwi a} tl}}aofi& xi bmàiwi

obfbjmi l tlxi aj ~ì ]ijb~i

b~i ~à} ifim~alj& Hiij}Oflh

b} ijwa}bhin mlyfn `bwi b ibf

aetbm~ lj ~ì m`lami} By}~bfab‑}

Tbfabeij~ ebci} aj ~ì mleajh

qib}*‑

‐Lyr `lti bjn aj~ij~alj a} ~`b~&lwir ~aei& S~ì Hriij}OflhU mbj

oimlei bj iim~awi }tbmi lr ltij }lyrmi nielmrbmq‑

Hiij}Oflh

`~~t;,,hiij}oflh*lh,boly~





97


mleelj}

anib} boly~

~ì xbq

aj xàmàjnawanybf}

mbj oieliiggim~awibm~awa}~}~`lyh`~ì ~llf}~ìq y}i* Ijhbhi%Einab‑} lgmi} biob}in aj Eifolyji& By}~bfab& bjn ~ìa mlffim~awi myij~fq mleta}i} wi jixeinab }timabfa}~}*

Famijmi Y}bhi

IjhbhiEinab gy~ì} a~} aj~ij~alj ~lmib~i bj bf~ijb~awi ti}ij~b~alj bjnna}~aoy~alj tlaj~ gl ajnitijnij~ feoq i}~bofa}àjh a~}ifg b} b naha~bf bmàwilg ajnitijnij~ wanil tlnym~alj}ietflqajh ltij mlj~ij~ famijmi}* ^ìIna~labf Tlfamq lg ~ì }a~i }~b~i};

‐Xi xbj~ wa}a~l} ~l ~à} }a~i ~l oi

bofi ~l iifq mltq bjn ina}~aoy~i~ì xlc} ìi b} fljh b} a~ a} l

jlj%tl~ tytl}i}& yjfi}} qly

m`ll}i ~l fi~ l~ì} y}i qly xlc

l mleeimabf tytl}i} bf}l*

Xlc }`lyfn tiibofq oi }`bi%

bfaci& xàm` eibj} ‖A }`bi a qly

}`bi―& bfflxajh l~ì} ~l i%ina~

l y}i tb~ l qly xlc aj ~ìa}&

}l fljh b} ~ìq bfflx l~ì} ~l nl

~ì }bei xa~` ~ìa xlc* Btb~

le ~ì i~àm} l }ym` b tlfamq& xi

oifaiwi a~ a} tbm~ambffq aetl}}aofi ~l

}~lt tiltfi itlnymajh qly xlc

ljmi a~ a} aj naha~bf le* ^à} a}

bf}l b tl}a~awi& `lxiwi& b} tiltfi

xaff ift qly na}~aoy~i qly xlc

blyjn ~ì hfloi a ~ìq ijklq a~*‑

xxx*ijhbhieinab*lh,ina~labf%tlfamq

^ì }a~i bttfai} b ofbjci~ nigbyf~Mib~awi Mleelj} B~~aoy~alj%Jljmleeiambf%]`bi Bfaci =*4

Yjtl~in Famijmi ~l bff ytflbninmlj~ij~* Nyajh ytflbnajh& ~ì }a~i

iryai} y}i} ~l nimani ag ~ìq xaffbttfq ~ì nigbyf~ famijmi& }ifim~ bjl~ì famijmi beljh ~ì el}~ imij~ yjtl~inwi}alj} lg ~ì Mib~awi Mleelj}

famijmi} l bttfq ~ì HJY GiiNlmyeij~b~alj Famijmi* ^ì xlcajh}lg ~ì MM famijmi} bi ly~fajin aj ni~baflj ~ì }a~i xxx*ijhbhieinab*lh,mib~awi%mleelj}!& xìi na}~ajm~alj}bi nbxj oi~xiij mleeimabf bjnjlj%mleeimabf y}i}& bjn ~ì lt~alj}gl niawb~awi xlc}* IjhbhiEinabaj~ihb~i} b Mib~awi Mleelj}famijmi hijib~l aj~l ~ì wanil ytflbntlmi}}& ~ìioq ebcajh ~ì tlmi}}lg anij~agqajh b famijmi bjn bttfqajh

a~ ~l ~ì fe wiq ib}q* ^ì }a~i bf}ltlwani} ~llf} ~l ijbofi wanil} ~l oiieoinnin aj~l l~ì xio tbhi}& b}xiff b} bj ib}afq nlxjflbnbofi àh`%i}lfy~alj wi}alj lg ibm` fe*

^l ijmlybhi gy~ì niwiflteij~ bjnna}~aoy~alj lg giifq bwbafbofi mlj~ij~&~à} wanil }lg~xbi a} bf}l bwbafbofi ajbj ltij }lymi gleb~*

‐^ì IjhbhiEinab xio}a~iijmlybhi} y}i} ~l nlxjflbn

bjn }`bi wanil& b~ì ~`bj

}aetfq }~ibeajh ~ì wanil* Xi

xbj~ tiltfi ~l oi bofi ~l }bwi ~ì

wanil} bjn i%na}~aoy~i ~ìe* ^ì

jiin ~l ltij yt l~ì m`bjjif}

l na}~aoy~ajh ~à} cajn l xlc a}

mfib bjn ijmlybhajh ~ì }`bcajh

l xlc lj ~ì aj~iji~ oq ielwajh

i}~am~awi mltqah ~ xaff ltij yt

~ì}i m`bjjif}*‑

`~~t;,,mib~awimleelj}*lh*by,mleelji},

ijhbhieinab

‐***xi‑ri aj~iri}~in aj mlffbolrb~awi}~lrq~iffajh& bjn aj elwajh bxbq

rle ri}~ram~awi mltqrah`~ fbx} ~`b~ ijlrmi rahan anib} l ajnawanybf

aj~iffim~ybf trltir~q*‑ xxx*ijhbhieinab*lh,mib~awi%mleelj}



98


El~awb~alj}

Ob}in lj ~ì tàfl}ltài} lg ltij

bmmi}} bjn }`bajh& ~ì IjhbhiEinab

}a~i ieobmi} Mib~awi Mleelj}b} lggiajh b tbm~ambf gbeixlc gl

mletfabjmi xa~` mltqah`~ fbx} aj ebjq

jb~alj}* Aj bj aj~iwaix mljnym~in oq

Mib~awi Mleelj} By}~bfab tlkim~

lgmi Iffal~~ Ofin}li xa~` Bjjb@ifei gle IjhbhiEinab `~~t;,,mib~awimleelj}*lh*by,mleelji},ijhbhieinab!& ~ì }a~i‑} el~awb~alj} ~l

famij}i yjni Mib~awi Mleelj} bi

mfibfq iptfbajin;

‐Gl y} xi lyjn ~`b~ Mib~awi

Mleelj} tlwani} b wiq y}bofi

beixlc l feebci} xa}àjh

~l y}i ltij mlj~ij~ famijmi}*

^ìq mbj bfflx itlnym~alj

bjn na}~aoy~alj xàfi ti}iwajh

}lei ah`~} ~`b~ fibwi} ltij ~ì

tl~ij~abf ~l imlyt yjn} ~`lyh`

mleeimabf na}~aoy~alj l ~ìa

xlc*‑

^ì hlxajh tltyfba~q lg Mib~awi

Mleelj} famijmi} `b} oiij b ciq

ajmij~awi ~l aetfieij~ajh ~ìe lj

~ì }a~i* Bjjb @ifei oifaiwi} ~`b~ ~ì

mleelj} `bwi jlx ibmìn b ma~ambf

eb}}& ajmib}ajh ~ìa y~afa~q* ]ì }bq};

MM `b} tlwin a~}if ~l oi b wiq

iim~awi }lmabf ~llf b} iwanijmin oq

a~} fbhi bjn hlxajh tltyfba~q*

A~‑} ibffq aetl~bj~ l ltijmlj~ij~ famij}i} ~l `bwi b ma~ambf

eb}} l tiltfi y}ajh ~ìe bjn

MM `b} bmàiwin ~à} wiq ryamcfq*

Gl ei MM a} ol~` b tbm~ambf

beixlc l y} ~l nibf xa~`

i}~am~awi mltqah`~& ijbofajh y}

~l tlwani ~ì }iwami xi }i~ ly~ ~l

tlwani& bjn aj ~ie} l a~} tlfa~ambf

bttlbm` a~ a} bj aj~ii}~ajh

bjn tl}a~awi ipbetfi l b fihbf

beixlc oyaf~ oq fbxqi} oy~ ob}in lj }lmabf elwieij~} bjn

myf~ybf ibfa~ai}* A~ bf}l nai} le

l~ì bttlbmì} ~l mltqah`~

ebjbhieij~ }ym` b} xba~ajh l fbx ile l na}ihbnajh ~ì

fbx ij~aifq bjn ieobmajh wanil

tabmq b} bj i~ am a~}if*

Xìj b}cin boly~ feebci}‑el~awb~alj} ~l ytflbn ~ìa wanil lj

IjhbhiEinab& Bjjb @ifei ltaji};

‐^ì ei}}bhi b~ì ~`bj ~ì

tl~ ~ijn} ~l oi ~ì taebq

el~awi aj ~à} cajn l ajnitijnij~ tlnym~alj& oy~ feebci} bi

l~ij aj~ii}~in aj b~~bajajh

ebaj}~ibe na}~aoy~alj ~l

ibm` ebaj}~ibe bynaijmi}& aj

imlytajh yjn} bjn aj oyafnajh b

ity~b~alj ~l y~ì ~ìa mbii

aj fe aj wanil tlnym~alj* Wanil

bm~awa}~} bi bf}l l~ij aj~ii}~in

aj `bwajh }lei mlj~lf lwi ~ì

mlj~ip~ aj xàm` ~ìa wanil a}

na}~aoy~in* ^à} eibj} ~ b~ tlnymi} bi fi}} facifq ~l xa} ~l

ifib}i ~ìa xlc aj~l ~ì tyofam

nlebaj* ìq xlyfn tii ~l ebci

m`lami} boly~ xàm` ah`~} ~ìq

xa}` ~l i}iwi& xàm` a} xìi

Mib~awi Mleelj} a} i}timabffq

y}iyf*‑

B mfat lj IjhbhiEinab nlmyeij~} eljc} nielj}~b~ajh bhbaj}~ ~ì

Oyei}i Eafa~bq Hlwijeij~& ?1 ]it~ieoi ?448

A e b h i ; ] ~ a f f l e ‖ E l j c } t l

~ i } ~ b h b a j } ~ O y e i } i E a f a ~ b q

K y j ~ b ‖ o q b ` f b } i j h 0 7 * M

M O Q % J M % J N = * 4

Y j t l ~ i n &

` ~ ~ t ; , , x x x * i j h b h i e i n a b * l

h , E i e o i } , b ` f b } i j h 0 7 ,

w a n i l } , t i b m i % o b j m ` i } % l % ~ ` i % t i l t f i * e t h , w a i x



90


mleelj}

Lwirwaix

Hflobf Wlami} Ljfaji a} bj bxbn%

xajjajh jlj%tl~ tlkim~ glyjninaj ?44> oq ~ì Oicebj Mij~i gl

Aj~iji~ bjn ]lmai~q& @bwbn Fbx

]m`llf `~~t;,,mqoi*fbx*`bwbn*iny!* ^ì tlkim~‑} hlbf `b} oiij

~l ini}} ~ì ajirya~ai} aj einabb~~ij~alj oq fiwibhajh ~ì tlxi lg

‐ma~a{ij}‑ einab‑* ^à} a} bmàiwin oq

bhhihb~ajh ljfaji eb~iabf}& }ym` b}

xaca}& xioflh}& tlnmb}~}& ~bh}& bjn

ljfaji m`b~}& ~ìioq nbxajh b~~ij~alj

~l ~ì mljwi}b~alj} ” ~ì ‐hflobf wlami}‑

” xàm` `bwi à~ì~l hlji yjìbn*

^ì tlkim~ xlc} ~l niwiflt ~llf}&

~l i}~bofa}` aj}~a~y~alj}& bjn ~l gl}~i

ifb~alj}àt} aj tb~} lg ~ì xlfn xìi

ltajalj a} bifq }lyh`~*

‐Xi oifaiwi aj ~ì tlxi l naim~

mljjim~alj* ì oljn oi~xiij

ajnawanybf} le naiij~ xlfn}

a} ti}ljbf& tlfa~ambf bjn tlxiyf*

Xi oifaiwi mljwi}b~alj bml}}

olyjnbai} a} i}}ij~abf ~l b y~yi

~`b~ a} ii& ba& tl}tily} bjn

}y}~bajbofi % l bff ma~a{ij} l ~à}

tfbji~*‑

Hflobf Wlami} Ljfaji Nbg~ Ebjagi}~l&

xxx*hflobfwlami}ljfaji*lh,xaca,b~amfi,Hflobf\ Wlami}\Nbg~\Ebjagi}~l

Fbyjmìn oq Oicebj Gifflx} _ioimmbEbmCajjlj bjn I~`bj [ymciebj&

~ì Hflobf Wlami} tlkim~ nbx} lj

bj aj~ijb~aljbf ~ibe lg oflhhi} x`l

elja~l ljfaji mljwi}b~alj} ti~bajajh

~l& bjn lmmyajh aj ~ìa ihalj}*

Ltib~aljbffq& ~ì lhbja}b~alj xlc}

~`lyh` }ap ihaljbf ina~l}; gle ~ì

Eannfi Ib}~ bjn Jl~` Bgamb3 ]yo%

]b`bbj Bgamb3 ]ly~` B}ab3 Ib}~ B}ab3

~ì Beiamb}3 bjn Ib}~ij Iylti&

_y}}ab& Mbymb}y} bjn Mij~bf B}ab*Giin} bi }yeeba}in bjn na}~affin lj b

Hflobf Wlami} Ljfaji

ni}mrat~alj; ^ì Hflobf Wlami} Ljfaji tlkim~ ti}ij~} xa~ajh} gle bj aj~ijb~aljbf ~ibe lg

oflhhi} x`l elja~l ljfaji mljwi}b~alj} ti~bajajh ~l ~ìa ihalj}*

xio}a~i; xxx*hflobfwlami}ljfaji*lh

famijmi y}in; Mib~awi Mleelj} OQ ?*9 Hijiam& `~~t;,,mib~awimleelj}*lh,famij}i},oq, ?*9,by

einab; îp~& tlnmb}~}

flmb~alj; Ltib~alj a} hflobf& nawanin aj~l }ap ihalj}; Eannfi Ib}~,Jl~` Bgamb3 ]yo%]b`bbj Bgamb3 Ib}~ B}ab3 ]ly~` B}ab3 ~ì Beiamb}3 Ib}~ij Iylti& _y}}ab& Mbymb}y} bjn

Mij~bf B}ab*

Hflobf Wlami} `leitbhi& Kyfq ?440



91


nbafq ob}a}& bjn ciq oflhhi}

bi aj~iwaixin ~l tlwani

nawi}i bjn hilhbtàmbffq

na}ti}in ti}tim~awi}*

Eb~iabf} bi ~bj}fb~in

aj~l Objhfb& ]tbja}`& Gb}a&

Gijm`& Tl~yhyi}i& Màji}i

}aetfain bjn ~bna~aljbf!&bjn xaff }llj oi bwbafbofi aj

Hiebj& @ajna& Kbtbji}i&

Bboam& bjn Ebfbhb}q*

]iicajh iti}ij~b~awi

}betfi} lg Aj~iji~ itl~bhi&

Hflobf Wlami} bttlbmì} tleajij~

ihaljbf eieoi} aj ~ì oflhl}tìi

b} ieihajh fibni} aj ~ìa flmbfmleeyja~ai} ~l mlj~aoy~i ~l ~ì }a~i* Aj

~ì xln} lg glyjni I~`bj [ymciebj&

~à} a} ‐}leilji x`l a} bfibnq b hlln

oflhhi& bfibnq `b} b ibni}àt&

bfibnq `b} bj yjni}~bjnajh lg ~ì

mleeyja~ai} ~ìq‑i nibfajh xa~`*‑

Hflobf Wlami} ijmlybhi} naim~

mlj~bm~ xa~` ~ì mlj~aoy~l} ~l ~ì }a~i&

tb~amyfbfq gle jix} lhbja}b~alj}

aj~ii}~in aj ~ì }~lai} tlwanin*

‐^à} a} b }ebff tfbji~ aj jiin l

}lei oah anib}* ^ì eli tiltfi

~ìi bi aj ~ì mljwi}b~alj& ~ì

eli facifq xi bi ~l jn ~ìe*‑

xxx*xlfnm`bjhajh*mle,bmàwi},

442871*`~ef

Famijmi Y}bhi

^ì Hflobf Wlami} }a~i a} tyofa}ìn

yjni b Mib~awi Mleelj} B~~aoy~alj

?*9 famijmi* ^ì }a~i‑} b~~aoy~alj tlfamq

xxx*hflobfwlami}ljfaji*lh,boly~,

hflobf%wlami}%b~~aoy~alj%tlfamq! ly~faji}

~`b~ xàf}~ ~ì }a~i ol~` by~`la}i} bjn

ijmlybhi} tiltfi ~l i%y}i a~} mlj~ij~&

a~ a} bf}l aetl~bj~ ~`b~ mlj~aoy~l} ~l

~ì }a~i imiawi bttltab~i mina~* B}

}ym` Hflobf Wlami} }~ljhfq ijmlybhi

~ì y}i lg ~ìa obnhi xa~` b fajc obmc ~l~ì `leitbhi*

El~awb~alj}‐Xi oifaiwi ~`b~ }`bajh ly

mlj~ij~ aj ~à} xbq a} el}~

mlj}a}~ij~ xa~` ly ebaj hlbf;

ebcajh ~ì wlami} l oflhhi}

blyjn ~ì xlfn ìbn oq b} ebjq

tiltfi b} tl}}aofi*‑

Hflobf Wlami} Ljfaji Nbg~ Ebjagi}~l

^ì tàfl}lt`q yjnifqajh Hflobf

Wlami}‑ nima}alj ~l y}i ~ì Mib~awiMleelj} B~~aoy~alj ?*9 Hijiamfamijmi gl bff eb~iabf} `b} oiij ~l

‐ebci a~ ib}q gl‧ mlj~ij~ ~l oi i%

tyofa}ìn lj l~ì xio}a~i}& mleeimabf

bjn jlj%mleeimabf& }l fljh b} ~`l}i

}a~i} mina~ SHflobf Wlami}U b} ~ì

lahajbf }lymi*‑

Mlj~aoy~l} ~l Hflobf Wlami} }iic

~l ‐i}tim~& b}}a}~& ~ibm`& fibj gle&

bjn fa}~ij ~l lji bjl~ì*‑ Xàf}~~ìq ‐mlj~ajyi ~l xlc bjn }tibc b}

ajnawanybf}&‑ ~ìq bf}l }iic ~l ‐anij~agq

bjn tlel~i S~ìaU }`bin aj~ii}~} bjn

hlbf}&‑ ~`y} }yttl~ajh ~ì anibf} lg mawaf

}lmai~q `~~t;,,xxx*hflobfwlami}ljfaji*lh,xaca,b~amfi,Hflobf\Wlami}\Nbg~\ Ebjagi}~l!*

‐Xi oifaiwi ~`b~ }`brajh lyr

mlj~ij~ aj ~à} xbq a} el}~ mlj}a}~ij~ xa~` lyr ebaj hlbf;ebcajh ~ì wlami} l oflhhir}

brlyjn ~ì xlrfn ìbrn ***‑ Hflobf Wlami} Ljfaji Nb~ Ebjai}~l

Hflobf Wlami} Ljfaji

xb} ~ì xajji l

~ì ?449 Niy~}mì

Xiffi bxbn l Oi}~

Klyjbfa}~am Oflh aj

Ijhfa}`* A~ xb} bf}l ~ì

imataij~ l ~ì ?447

Cjah`~%Ob~~ij Hbjn

Ta{i l Ajjlwb~alj} aj Klyjbfa}e*



74


mleelj}

Aj~irjb~aljbf ANIB Tyofa}àjh

ni}mrat~alj; Aj~ijb~aljbf ANIB a} bj aj~ihlwijeij~bf lhbja}b~alj }iicajh ~l }~ijh~ìj

nielmb~am tlmi}}i} bjn aj}~a~y~alj} xlfnxani*

xio}a~i; xxx*anib*aj~,tyofamb~alj}

famijmi y}in; Mib~awi Mleelj} OQ%JM%]B =*4 Yjtl~in& `~~t;,,mib~awimleelj}*lh,famij}i},

oq%jm%}b,=*4

einab; îp~

flmb~alj; Hflobf* @ibnryb~iin aj ]~lmc`lfe& ]xinij& xa~` lgmi} aj B}ab& Bgamb&

bjn Fb~aj Beiamb*

Lwirwaix

^ì Aj~ijb~aljbf Aj}~a~y~i gl Nielmbmq

bjn Ifim~lbf B}}a}~bjmi Aj~ijb~aljbf

ANIB! `~~t;,,xxx*anib*aj~! gyjm~alj}

b} bj aj~ihlwijeij~bf lhbja}b~alj

~l }yttl~ }y}~bajbofi nielmbmq*

Lggiajh bj ip~ij}awi }iai} lg

cjlxfinhi i}lymi} aj ~ì gle lg ipti~ ji~xlc}& tlfamq tltl}bf}

bjn lhbja}b~aljbf b}}a}~bjmi xa~`

nielmb~am igle& Aj~ijb~aljbf ANIB

}iic} ~l }~ijh~ìj hflobf tlfa~ambf

tlmi}}i}* Ob}in aj ]~lmc`lfe&

]xinij& Aj~ijb~aljbf ANIB `b} lgmi}aj Bgamb& B}ab& bjn Fb~aj Beiamb*

Hlwijin oq b Mlyjmaf mleta}ajh

Eieoi ]~b~i} bjn b}}a}~in oq b Olbn

lg ieajij~ lgmabf}& Aj~ijb~aljbf ANIB`b} oiij hbj~in lo}iwi }~b~y}

b~ ~ì Yja~in Jb~alj}* Aj~ijb~aljbfANIB‑} bib} lg ipti~a}i fai }timambffqaj mlj}~a~y~alj%oyafnajh bjn ifim~lbf

tlmi}}i}& b}}i}}ajh tlfa~ambf tb~ai}&

bjn }yttl~ajh ~`llyh` ipbeajb~alj}

lg nielmbmq bjn hijni*

B} tb~ lg ~ì cjlxfinhi i}lymi}

a~ hijib~i}& ibm` qib Aj~ijb~aljbf

ANIB tyofa}ì} b }yo}~bj~abf bjhi lg

jix ~a~fi} aj ~ì bib} lg nielmbmq

b}}i}}eij~& mljam~ ebjbhieij~&ifim~lbf tlmi}}i}& tlfa~ambf tb~ai}&

mlj}~a~y~aljbf%oyafnajh tlmi}}i} bjn

hijni* ANIB‑} i}ibm` }iic} ~ltlel~i bmmlyj~boafa~q& igmaijmq bjn~bj}tbijmq gl nielmb~am tlmi}}i}

bjn aj}~a~y~alj}& bjn ~l ajgle ~ì niob~i

}ylyjnajh tlfa~ambf tb~amatb~alj bjn

mbtbma~q oyafnajh* ^ì}i tyofamb~alj}

bi lj ~ì ANIB }a~i xxx*anib*aj~,tyofamb~alj}!& xìi ~a~fi} bi bofi ~l oi

olx}in oq ~ltam& ihalj& bjn fbjhybhi&

~ìj nlxjflbnin ~l na}c* Nb~bob}i}

mlj~bajajh ajgleb~alj lj ~ì xlcajh}

lg nielmbmq bi bofi ~l oi bmmi}}in~`lyh` ~ì }a~i bjn ajmfyni Wl~i

ANIB Tyofa}àjh tbhi& Kyfq ?440



72


^yjly~& ~ì BMI Ifim~lbf Cjlxfinhi

Ji~xlc& ~ì _imljmafab~alj _i}lymi

Ji~xlc& bjn Ryl~b} gl Xleij*

Famijmi Y}bhi

Aj ?448& Aj~ijb~aljbf ANIB bfflxin ~ì

bttfamb~alj lg ~ì Mib~awi Mleelj}

B~~aoy~alj%JljMleeimabf%]`bi

Bfaci =*4 Yjtl~in famijmi ~~t;,,mib~awimleelj}*lh,famij}i},oq%jm%}b,=*4! ~l }ifim~in ~a~fi} xa~àj a~}

tyofamb~alj}* ANIB‑} MM%famij}in

xlc} bi fa}~in b~ `~~t;,,xxx*anib*aj~,

tyofamb~alj},mm\tyofamb~alj}*mge& ajbft`boi~ambf lni* B} lg ?4 Nimieoi

?448& ~ìi bi 24> Aj~ijb~aljbf ANIB

~a~fi} famij}in yjni MM* Hyanifaji} lj

`lx ~l y}i ~ì MM%famij}in nlmyeij~}

bi bwbafbofi b~ `~~t;,,xxx*anib*aj~,tyofamb~alj},`lx\~l\y}i\mmf\~a~fi}*mge*

El~awb~alj}

Aj~ijb~aljbf ANIB‑} elwi ~l famij}i

a~} tyofamb~alj} yjni Mib~awiMleelj} aj ?448 xb} }iij ~l ij}yi

ajmib}in bmmi}} ~l ~ì lhbja}b~alj‑}

i}ibm`& ~ìioq tlel~ajh ~ì bae}

lg mlffbolb~alj& imljmafab~alj& bjn

ajmfy}awi nielmbmq* B} xa~` bff MM

famijmi}& ~ì mltqah`~ lg ~ì by~`l

a} b}}i~in aj ibm` aj}~bjmi& bjn }a~}

bfljh}ani bj ajnamb~alj lg ~ì y}i}

gl xàm` jl tiea}}alj jiin} ~l oi

}imyin& tlwanin ~`b~ ~ì famijmi‑}

mljna~alj} bi glfflxin*



7?


mleelj}

Jix Aj~irjb~aljbfa}~

ni}mrat~alj; Jix Aj~ijb~aljbfa}~ ipa}~} ~l ajgle& inymb~i bjn mleeyjamb~i a~} ei}}bhi bjn

anibf} aj bj bmmi}}aofi }~qfi ~`lyh` ~ì Jix Aj~ijb~aljbfa}~ ebhb{aji& ollc}&

aj~iji~ bjn l~ì einab* Jix Aj~ijb~aljbfa}~ Tyofamb~alj} }iic ~l ‐oajh ~l fagi ~ì

tiltfi& ~ì anib} bjn ~ì bm~alj aj ~ì h`~ gl hflobf ky}~ami*

xio}a~i; xxx*jixaj~*lh

famijmi y}in; Mib~awi Mleelj} OQ%JM%JN ?*9 Hijiam& ~~t;,,mib~awimleelj}*lh,famij}i},oq%jm%jn,?*9

einab; îp~

flmb~alj; Hflobf& ìbnryb~iin aj Lpgln& Ijhfbjn xa~` lgmi} aj ^llj~l& Mbjbnb3 Bnifbani& By}~bfab3 Mà}~m`ym & Bl~iblb,Jix [ibfbjn3 bjn lcql& Kbtbj*

Lwirwaix

Jix Aj~ijb~aljbfa}~ JA ! a} b elj~`fq

ebhb{aji xàm` }iic} ~l tyofa}`

ajgleb~alj ifb~ajh ~l }lmabf ky}~ami bjn

`yebj ah`~}& ~l bnni}} ~ì aeobfbjmi

lg tlxi oi~xiij ~ì }~ xlfn bjn ~ì

‐ebkla~q xlfn&‑ bjn ~l ajwi}~ahb~i yjni%

itl~in i~àmbf bjn imlflhambf a}}yi}*

I}~bofa}ìn aj

218= oq Jix

Aj~ijb~aljbfa}~

Tyofamb~alj} aj

Lpgln& Ijhfbjn&

~ì ebhb{aji

a} naim~in

oq b xlci}‑

ml%ltib~awi

xàm` yj} b}bj ajnitijnij~

~y}~ bmmlnajh ~l

}~am~ i~àmbf bjn

ijwaljeij~bf

mlni} lg tbm~ami*

JA bf}l ebaj~baj}

ina~labf bjn

}bfi} lgmi}

aj Bnifbani&

Mà}~m`ym`&

Jix Qlc& bjn^llj~l*

JA ‑} }yo}maoi ob}i myij~fq ipmiin}

89&444& xàm` `b} ijbofin ~ì jl~%gl%tl~ ml%ltib~awi ~l iptbjn aj~l~ì tlnym~alj lg ollc}& fe}& bjnl~ì eb~iabf} ~l }yttl~ Yja~inJb~alj} bjn ifb~in olnai} mljmijin

xa~` mleeyja~q niwiflteij~ bjn

}y}~bajboafa~q* Lahajbffq }tlj}lin

oq Lpgbe& ~ì Mbnoyq bjn _lxj~ii

^y}~}& bjn Mà}~abj Ban& ~ì ml%

ltib~awi `b} oiij }ifg%}y}~bajajh }ajmi

~ì ibfq 2104}*

Aj ?448& JA xlj ~ì Y~ji Ajnitijnij~Einab Bxbn gl ‐Oi}~ Aj~ijb~aljbf

Mlwibhi‑ gl ~ì iah`~` ~aei xxx*y~ji*

mle,yatb*b}tp!& `ljlyajh ‐ajnitijnij~

iggl~} ~`b~ tlwani olfn& ajjlwb~awi&

~`lyh`~%tlwlcajh bf~ijb~awi} ~l

eb}} einab gbi‑ xxx*jixaj~*lh,boly~,~ì%ml%ltib~awi!* L~ì ebkl

bmmlfbni} ajmfyni ~ì Ajnitijnij~Ti}} Bxbn gl ‐Oi}~ Aj~ijb~aljbf

Mlwibhi‑& bxbnin gl ~ì }iwij~`

~aei& aj bnna~alj ~l ~ì àh`fq%ihbnin

ibni}‑ tlff& bxbnin aj ?444* JA `b}

oiij imataij~ lg ~ì Yja~in Jb~alj} B}}lmab~alj Einab Tibmi Ta{i gl a~}

ly~}~bjnajh mlj~aoy~alj ~l xlfn tibmi

bjn niwiflteij~& b} xiff b} ~ì Yja~inJb~alj} Niwiflteij~ Tlhbeei

Tbyf @lggebj Ta{i bxbnin gl JA ‑}

ly~}~bjnajh mlj~aoy~alj ~l xlfnniwiflteij~* ^ì ebhb{aji `b} bf}l

^ì mlwi l Jix Aj~ijb~ajbfa}~& A}}yi >2=& Kyfq ?440



7=


oiij xanifq ijnl}in oq a~} ibni}àt&

xàm` ajmfyni} Kl`j Tafhi bjn Bmòa}`lt Ni}eljn y~y*

‐Jix Aj~ijb~aljbfa}~ a} bj ljhlajh

inymb~alj bjn b elj~`fq ieajni

l ly mleelj `yebja~q* B

xljniyf ibnbofi hyani ~l ~ì

}lmabf bjn tlfa~ambf lmi} ~`b~

}`bti ly xlfn***Xa~` a~} bn%

à~~ajh mlwibhi l xlfn bba}&

iwlmb~awi }~%ti}lj i}}bq}&

}xiitajh iptl}i} l }ym` ~ltam} b}

fbjn eaji} bjn ~ì hiltlfa~am} l ofyi kibj}& ~ì Jix Aj~ijb~aljbfa}~

li} b mlj}a}~ij~fq yjaryi bjn

aetl~bj~ ti}tim~awi lj hflobf

myf~yi*‑

^ì Ina~l} lg Y~ji _ibni& aj ti}ij~ajh ~ì 2110 bxbn

Famijmi Y}bhi

JA ofbjci~ famijmi ~ì }a~i yjni b Mib~awi Mleelj} B~~aoy~alj%

JljMleeimabf%JlNiawb~awi} ?*9Famijmi oy~ iptfama~fq ipmfyni aj ~ì

xio}a~i‑} gll~i bff ~ì aebhi} lj ~ì }a~i*

Mltqah`~ gl aebhi} iebaj} xa~` ~ì ~ì

t`l~lhbtì& affy}~b~l l iti}ij~b~awi

bhijmq* ^ìq bf}l }~b~i ~`b~ mlj~ij~

l~ì ~`bj aebhi} ~`b~ a} jl~ yjni

~ì ~ie} lg ~ì MM famijmi bi jl~in

}itbb~ifq* ^ì ebhb{aji iptfbaj} ~à}

tlfamq aj ni~baf aj ~ìa mltqah`~ tlfamai}xxx*jixaj~*lh,ea}m,mltqah`~!*

JA bf}l y}i Mib~awi

Mleelj} famij}in

aebhi} gle Gfamc

~l }yttfieij~

mlj~ij~ tyofa}ìn

lj ~ì xio}a~i*

Ibm` Gfamc aebhi

a} b~~aoy~in oq

ajmfynajh b mltqah`~ flhl bjn ~ìa

Gfamc y}ijbei& xàm` a} fajcin ~l ~ì

}timam aebhi ~`b~ JA `b} i}yin* ^ìq

bf}l ajnamb~i ~`b~ ~ì aebhi a} bwbafbofi

yjni b Mib~awi Mleelj} famijmi bjn

fajc ~l ~ì bttltab~i Mleelj} Niin*

El~awb~alj}

JA ‑} ea}}alj }~b~ieij~ xxx*

jixaj~*lh,boly~,~ì%ml%ltib~awi!

iet`b}a}i} a~} mbetbahj gl }lmabf bjn

ijwaljeij~bf ky}~ami aj ~ì tyofamb~alj

lg tiwaly}fq yjìbn wlami}* Aj lni ~l ebaj~baj a~} ea}}alj& JA wbfyi}

‐}ifg%ìft& i}tlj}aoafa~q& nielmbmq&

irybfa~q& irya~q bjn }lfanba~q‑* ^ì

ifib}i lg eb~iabf} yjni Mib~awi

Mleelj} famijmi} mljgle} ~l Jix

Aj~ijb~aljbfa}~ ‑} i~`l} lg ltijji}}

bjn nielmb~am tb~amatb~alj; b} }~b~in&

JA ipa}~} ~l ‐ajgle& inymb~alj bjn

mleeyjamb~i a~} ei}}bhi bjn anibf}

aj bj bmmi}}aofi }~qfi ~`lyh` ~ì

Jix Aj~ijb~aljbfa}~ ebhb{aji& ollc}&aj~iji~ bjn l~ì einab*‑

A e b h i ; ‖ o l l c } ~ l i & m

f l ~ ` i n * ―

o q m k i f f a * M M O Q % J M %

J N ? * 4

H i j i a m &

x x x *

a m c * m l e , t ` l ~ l } , h f b } } x b i , 2 ? 4 1 9 9 8 0 1

Jix Aj~ijb~aljbfa}~ yj Mib~awi

Mleelj} famij}in Gfamc aebhi} ~l

}ytfieij~ }lei l ~ìa jix} bjn

ib~yi b~amfi} lj xxx*jixaj~*lh*

^ì aebhi lj ~ì ah`~ xb} ~bcij oq Gfamc y}i mkiffa bjn iy}in oq JA b}

b nbx%aj ~l b ib~yi oq Bjjb Mìj

boly~ ~ì bnyly} ~b}c l aljajh

xàm` oih} ~ì ryi}~alj& ‐X`b~‑}

xljh xa~` majcfi}& bjq`lx<‑



7>


mleelj}

ltijNielmrbmq

ni}mrat~alj; ltijNielmbmq a} bj ajnitijnij~ ljfaji ebhb{aji lggiajh hflobf ti}tim~awi} lj

myij~ a}}yi}& gl}~iajh nielmb~am niob~i*

xio}a~i; xxx*ltijnielmbmq*ji~

famijmi y}in; ]lei b~amfi} ifib}in yjni b Mib~awi Mleelj} OQ%JM%JN ?*4 YC Ijhfbjn' Xbfi}!& `~~t;,,mib~awimleelj}*lh,famij}i},oq%jm%jn,?*4,yc& aebhi} `l}~in lj

Gfamc yjni b Mib~awi Mleelj} OQ%]B ?*4 Hijiam& `~~t;,,mib~awimleelj}*lh,famij}i},oq%}b,?*4

einab; îp~& Aebhi}

flmb~alj; Hflobf& ìbnryb~iin aj Fljnlj xa~` lgmi} aj Jix Qlc

Lwirwaix

ltijNielmbmq lN! lggi} bj

ajnitijnij~ wlami lj hflobf jix}

bjn myij~ bggba} wab b fibnajh ljfaji

ebhb{aji* Tlel~ajh ‐gii ~àjcajh

gl ~ì xlfn&‑ ~ì }a~i ipa}~} ~l ‐tyofa}`

mfbagqajh niob~i} ~l ìft }~aeyfb~i

qly eajn& m`bffijhi qly timit~alj}bjn ~ìj ajwa~i bjn ijmlybhi qly

~l ~bci tb~‑ aj b bjhi lg tleajij~

a}}yi} }ylyjnajh `yebj ah`~}

bjn nielmbmq xxx*oa~a}`mlyjmaf*

lh,{ilmboljma~q%niob~i*`~e!* lN

oanhi} hilhbtàmbf olyjnbai}& b}

xiff b} ~`l}i lg mfb}}& hijni bjn

}ipybfa~q& ij}yajh ~`b~ ebhajbfa}in

waix} bjn wlami} `bwi ti}ijmi*

]ajmi a~} i}~bofa}èij~ aj ?442& lN

`b} `l}~in mlj~aoy~alj} oq ma~a{ij}

lg ol~` ~ì Jl~` bjn ]ly~`& ~lhi~ì

xa~` fibnajh ~àjci} bjn tleajij~

tyofam hyi} }ym` b} Cl Bjjbj&]bfebj _y}`nai& _am`bn ]~bffebj

bjn ]awb Wban`qbjb~`bj* Tyofa}ìn oq

ltijNielmbmq Faea~in& tb~ lg ~ì

ltijNielmbmq Glyjnb~alj gl ~ì

Bnwbjmieij~ lg Hflobf Inymb~alj& lN

a} ìbnryb~iin aj Fljnlj& YC& bjnebaj~baj} bj lgmi aj Jix Qlc*

Famijmi Y}bhi

Lj 2> Kyji& ?449& ltijNielmbmqbjjlyjmin b tb~ji}àt xa~` Mib~awiMleelj} ~l ‐oajh xlc} oq ~ì

xlfn‑} fibnajh }m`lfb} bjn xa~i}aj~l ~ì hflobf mleelj}‑ `~~t;,,mib~awimleelj}*lh,ti}}%ifib}i},ij~q,9>87!* ^ìq mleea~eij~ ~lifib}i ~ì xlc lg 294 lN by~`l}yjni b Mib~awi Mleelj} famijmi&ebcajh ltijNielmbmq ~ì }~ebkl ljfaji tyofa}ì ~l bnlt~ ~ì

MM gbeixlc lj b fbhi }mbfi* Aj

ltijNielmbmq `leitbhi& Kyfq ?440



79


Lm~loi ?449& Mib~awiMleelj}‑ ]ijal Mlyj}if

Eab Hbfamc na}my}}in ~ìaetfamb~alj} lg ~à} nima}alj

xa~` lN‑} ml%ebjbhajhina~l& ]lfbjb Fb}ij& lj~ì Mib~awi Mleelj} oflh`~~t;,,mib~awimleelj}*lh,xioflh,ij~q,84=>!& x`l nimfbi} ~`b~ lN‑}mleea~eij~ a} ‐~l hi~~ajh anib} ly~aj mamyfb~alj*‑ Eii~ajh xa~` ‐hijyajiij~`y}ab}e‑ oq a~} mlj~aoy~ajh by~`l}&lN‑} bhiieij~ xa~` Mib~awi Mleelj}`b} bfflxin ~ì tyofam ~l ityofa}` el}~lg ~ì b~amfi} lj ~ì ltijNielmbmq*ji~}a~i gl jlj%mleeimabf ijn}*

‐Tbm~ambffq& ~ì y}i l SMib~awiMleelj}U famijmi} hbj~

tb~amatb~ajh ltijNielmbmq

by~`l}‧ eli mlj~lf lwi `lx

~ìa xlc} xaff im`l ~`lyh` ~ì

xlfn l naha~bf ~ip~* ^ìq xaff

ijmlybhi ii ityofamb~alj bjn

na}}ieajb~alj l ~ìa b~amfi} aj jlj%

mleeimabf einab bml}} ~ì hfloi*‑

]awb Wban`qbjb~`bj& xxx*ltijnielmbmq*ji~,einab%mltqah`~fbx,mib~awimleelj}\?917*k}t

B~amfi} tyofa}ìn b} tb~ lg ~à}aja~ab~awi bi ifib}in yjni b Mib~awiMleelj} B~~aoy~alj%JljMleeimabf%JlNiawb~awi} famijmi* ^ìq iptfbaj~à} ifb~alj}àt aj ni~baf lj ~ì xio}a~i`~~t;,,xxx*ltijnielmbmq*ji~,mib~awi\mleelj}!& xìi ~ìq tlwaniimleeijnin b~~aoy~alj ~ip~ bjn @ÊFmlni* ^ìq bf}l }~ljhfq ijmlybhi~ì y}i lg ~ìa obnhi xìi mlj~ij~ a}ityofa}ìn*

Aebhi} tyofa}ìn ltijNielmbmqlj ~ì xio}a~i bi bwbafbofi lj Gfamc `~~t;,,amc*mle,t`l~l},ltijnielmbmq !yjni b Mib~awi Mleelj} B~~aoy~alj%

]`bi Bfaci =*4 Hijiam famijmi*

El~awb~alj}

Ni}maoajh lN‑} ~bkim~lq gle mfl}in

~l ltij& ]lfbjb Fb}ij mifiob~i} ~ìnima}alj ~l ebci ~ì ebhb{aji‑} bmàwi

bmmi}}aofi ~l bff& mljnij~ ~`b~ tiltfixaff ‐ibn ityofa}ìn b~amfi} bjn oi

nbxj ~l ~ì }lymi oq myal}a~q*‑

‐Ina~labffq& ltijNielmbmq b}

tban b hib~ nibf l b~~ij~alj

~l ~ì fihbf }~yhhfi} ~`b~ fin ~l

~ì niwiflteij~ l ~ì Mib~awi

Mleelj}& bjn aj~iwaixin

ol~` _am`bn ]~bffebj bjn Iam

_bqeljn xìj Jbt}~i xb}

}~aff b oah }~lq* Aj~iffim~ybffq& a~

xb} b taimi l mbci ~l }ii ~`b~

~ì Mib~awi Mleelj} li}

b mlj}~ym~awi bjn nielmb~am

}lfy~alj ~l b ibffq yhi tlofie*

Tbm~ambffq& a~ xb} `bni ~l xbfc

olfnfq aj~l yjcjlxj ~ia~lq*‑

]lfbjb Fb}ij aj aj~iwaix xa~` Eab Hbfamc&

`~~t;,,mib~awimleelj}*lh,xioflh,ij~q,84=>

Xifmleajh ~ì mlffbolb~alj oi~xiij

Mib~awi Mleelj} bjn ltijNielmbmq aj

?449& ]awb Wban`qbjb~`bj }ii} ~ì elwib} ‐ebcajh b tlglyjn }~b~ieij~ boly~ ~ì

aetl~bjmi lg ltijji}} bjn ~ì nbjhi}

lg b myf~yi lg ipmi}}awi lxji}àt*‑

‐^ì bm~ ~`b~ ltijNielmbmq‑}

b~amfi} hi~ tamcin yt bjn i%tl}~in

lj l~ì }a~i}& l ebni bwbafbofi

ly~ l mlj~ip~ ~`lyh` Hllhfi

Jix}& jl~ ljfq hi~} ~ìe ~l eli

tiltfi& a~ naim~} }lei l ~`l}i

ibni} obmc ~l ~ì }a~i‧ ^ì fajc

obmc ~l ltijNielmbmq& ~`lyh`

b~~aoy~alj bjn ~`lyh` b fa~ibf

`qtifajc& a} b cajn l bnwi~a}ajh&

b cajn l ajwa~b~alj& b cajn l

ij~amieij~*‑

`~~t;,,xxx*}awbmbmq*ji~,bmàwi},

44>=>>*`~ef

‐Nielmrbmq& faci myf~yri a~}if&ey}~ oi b mlffbolrb~awi trlkim~*‑

]awb Wban`qbjb~`bj&xxx*ltijnielmbmq*ji~,einab%mltqah`~,mib~awimleelj}\?917*k}t










http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/2008-ccau-cobcroft-rachel-ed-building-an-australasian-commons-case-book 74/190Griiajh Gll~bhi Glr Bff

84


mleelj}

‐^ìi a} b na}~ajm~ jiin gl

b ah`~} ebjbhieij~ }q}~ie

~`b~ a} ipaofi ijlyh` ~l bfflx

gl ryamc bjn ib}q bmmi}} ~l

y}ibofi eb~iabf} oy~ xàm`

a} fihbffq }lyjn ~l bttib}i

~ì xani }im~l}‑ mltqah`~

mljmij}* Mib~awi Mleelj}

a} lji }ym` famij}ajh elnif*‑

Aj ~à} ijwaljeij~ oi}i~ oq fljh& ml}~fq

bjn mletfamb~in mfibbjmi}& Mib~awi

Mleelj} ti}ij~} b mfib bf~ijb~awi

aj tlwanajh yt%glj~ tiea}}alj}* B}

_loi~ Hiijxbfn& naim~l lg Ly~glpin &ltaji};

‐Aj ebcajh Ly~glpin bjn

Yjmlwiin& A fibjin `lx

myeoi}lei bjn iptij}awi a~

mbj oi ~l famij}i gll~bhi gle

jix} lhbja}b~alj}* Mib~awi

Mleelj} famijmi} bfflx

ei b} b feebci ~l cjlx

aeeinab~ifq `lx A mbj y}i b

taimi lg mlj~ij~ aj eq fe}*‑

_loi~ Hiijxbfn aj @byhìq& E (?44>!

^ì ltib~alj lg Mib~awi Mleelj}

famijmi} `b} oiij affy}~b~in aj ~ì

Ebqi ' Oi~~fi bjaeb~alj} mib~in oq

Oa}obji%ob}in }~ynal Ofbmc olx* Xa~`

~ì }~ fe ni}maoajh ~ì na}~aoy~alj

bjn y}i lg mib~awi xlc} ‐gii bjn

jl~ affihbffq&‑ ~ì }iryif ly~faji} ~ì

ah`~} bjn i}tlj}aoafa~ai} ajìij~ aj

~ì mib~alj lg b~a}~am xlc}& ajmfynajh

mlffbolb~awi iggl~}* _ifib}in b}

bj inymb~aljbf aja~ab~awi gl ~ì ?440

Ryiij}fbjn Yjawi}a~q lg îm`jlflhq]eb~ ^baj klyjiq blyjn ~ì ]~b~i&

~ì fe a} ibnq gl ieap& oiajhfamij}in yjni ~ì Mib~awi Mleelj}

B~~aoy~alj ?*9 By}~bfab famijmi*

By}~bfabj feebci} }iicajh bmmi}} ~lMib~awi Mleelj}%famij}in }~lmc bi

bofi ~l bwbaf àh`%rybfa~q naha~bf eb~iabf}

gle ~ì By}~bfabj Mib~awi _i}lymi

Ljfaji BM_L! nb~bob}i& xàm` lggi}b bjhi lg itytl}bofi Mib~awi

Mleelj} bjn BI]`biJi~ Gii gl

Inymb~alj famij}in gll~bhi& t`l~lhbt`}

bjn bynal* Naim~l lg ~ì Jix [ibfbjn

bjn Yja~in ]~b~i} nlmyeij~bqGlfflxajh Bfipa} Xi}~ Oabj Olqcl

bnìi} ~l b }aeafb tàfl}lt`q lg iy}i&

lggiajh lwi ?4 `ly} lg naha~a}in bx

gll~bhi yjni ~ì Mib~awi Mleelj}

B~~aoy~alj%JljMleeimabf%]`bi Bfaci

=*4 famijmi ~l ~ì Jix [ibfbjn febmàwi& ~ì ]ly~` ]ib} Gafe ]m`llf&

bjn ~ì Yjawi}a~q lg îpb} ]m`llf lg Mleeyjamb~alj _bnal%îfiwa}alj%Gafe

tlhbe gl inymb~aljbf tytl}i}&

b} xiff b} tlwanajh bj ljfaji ifib}i

A e b h i ; B

} ~ a f f l e O a h O y m c O y j j q o q O f i j n i A j } ~ a ~ y ~ i * G a f e a } M M O

Q = * 4 Y j t l ~ i n & ` ~ ~ t ; , ,

t i b m ` * o f i j n i * l h , x t % m l j ~ i j ~ , y t f l b n } , o o o % } t f b } ` * t j h

Oah Oymc Oyjjq a} ~ì }imljn fe le

~ì Ofijni Aj}~a~y~i& cjlxj l ebcajh

fe} y}ajh ii }l~xbi* A~ xb} ifib}i

ljfaji lj =4 Ebq ?440* Oq Kyji a~ `bn

`bn eli ~`bj `bf b eaffalj waix} ljWaeil bjn Qly^yoi bjn eli ~`bj

>44C l nlxjflbn}*

^ì fe a} bwbafbofi yjni b Mib~awi

Mleelj} B~~aoy~alj =*4 Yjtl~in

famijmi bjn mlei} aj b wbai~q l

leb~}& rybfa~q fiwif} bjn nlxjflbn

tlaj~}* ^ì fe }mli a} bf}l bwbafbofi

l nlxjflbn b} ET= l Lhh fi} bjn

a} famij}in yjni b Mib~awi Mleelj}

B~~aoy~alj%Jljmleeiambf%JlNiawb~awi Xlc} =*4 Yjtl~in famijmi*


http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/2008-ccau-cobcroft-rachel-ed-building-an-australasian-commons-case-book 75/190Mrib~awi Mleelj} ' Elwajh Aebhi} Mfy}~ir

82


gl gy~ì à}~lambf bjn l~ì jlj%

mleeimabf tlkim~}*

‐Ltij ajjlwb~alj elnif}

imlhja}i ~`b~ lji ti}lj‑}

~b}` a} bjl~ì ti}lj‑}

~ib}yi* ^ìi a} bj ajoyaf~

b}qeei~q oi~xiij ~ì lxji}

l my}~lnabj} lg ajgleb~alj&

bjn tl~ij~abf y}i} aj ~ie} lg

~ì y}i} lg ajgleb~alj bjn ~ì

wbfyi lg ~`l}i y}i}*‑

îq My~fi& ?448& Ajjlwb~alj bjn ltij bmmi}} ~l

tyofam }im~l ajleb~alj& t 8

Oa}obji%ob}in bjaeb~l Mà} Nijbl

ihyfbfq i%y}i} Mib~awi Mleelj}%famij}in aebhi} lo~bajin gle Gfamc*

@a} xlc} i%ipbeaji ~ì tlmi}}i}

ajwlfwin aj mleeimabf tl~l~qtajh& xa~`

~ì aj~ihb~alj lg Mib~awi Mleelj}

aebhi} ma~ambffq oajhajh }tlj~bjia~q

bjn }iijnata~q ~l à} xlc}*

Ipti}}ajh ~ì ijnfi}} aj~ibm~awa~q

ijbofin oq eyf~aeinab& Eifolyji‑}

Naha~bf Gajhi gi}~awbf bae} ~l gl}~i

bwbj~%hbni ~im`%myf~ybf aj~ibm~alj}bjn ~l ieobmi ~ì anilflhambf mljmit~

lg ltij }lymi bjn }`bin myf~yi&

cjlxfinhi bjn ipti~a}i* Bf}l `l}~in

b~ Eifolyji‑} wanil flyjhi @l}i

Ob{bb& WANIL ]FBE a} b `bjn}%

lj }lyjn bjn wanil iwij~ ietflqajh

Mib~awi Mleelj} eb~iabf} gl

`qoan b~} tbm~a~alji}* Ti}ij~in oq

Ltij M`bjjif aj b}}lmab~alj xa~` Gafe

Wam~lab& =___& btm*by& B~} Bmmi}}&

bjn ~ì Mib~awi Mleelj} Mfajam b}tb~ lg B~} Fbx Xiic& WANIL ]FBE

yja~i} By}~bfabj feebci}& tlnymi}&b~a}~} bjn fbxqi} ~l mib~i b }lyjn

bjn wanil xlc iptflajh bttltab~alj&

ieapajh bjn ~ì y}i lg tyofam }tbmi aj

ifim~ljam b~}*

Aj~ijb~aljbffq& y}i mib~awa~q a}

`bji}}in oq ~ì na}~aoy~in fetlmi}} lg B ]xbe lg Bjhif}* Aja~ab~in

oq Oa~a}` naim~l Eb~~ @bj}lj b} b

mlffbolb~awi ijnibwly ~l ty}yi ~ì

tlnym~alj lg b }maijmi m~alj fe& B]LB iet`b}a}i} b ‐_LI‑ ” _i~yj lj

Ij~i~bajeij~ ” gl a~} ajwi}~l}& ~`bjc}

~l ~ì tl}}aoafa~q ~l nlxjflbn ~ì elwai

giifq bjn ~l i%y}i l ieap tb~ l

x`lfi lg ~ì tlkim~‑} ly~ty~* @bj}lj

oifaiwin a~ aetl~bj~ gl ~ì tlnym~alj

mix ~l imiawi ‐tlti }bfbai}‑ ajnipin

gle ‐ebci~ b~i}‑ ob}in lj ~ìa

ajwlfwieij~ xa~` ~ì gib~yi*

Ieobmajh iwijyi%}`bajh oy}aji}}

elnif}& wanil%}`bajh tfb~gle}

ipietfain oq _iwwi na}~aoy~ibnwi~a}ajh ajmlei ~l mlj~aoy~l}*

Kbtbj‑} ]ljq iqiWal }iwami }iic} ~l

iet`b}a}i ~ì oiji~ gl mleeimabfij~ita}i} oq }my~aja}ajh ~ì mltqah`~}

lg ibm` ytflbnin wanil& ~ìioq

b}}yajh ~ì fiha~aebmq lg ytflbnin

mlj~ij~ bjn eajaea}ajh bj lhbja}b~alj‑}

iptl}yi ~l a}c; yjfaci b }iwami }ym`

b} Qly^yoi xàm` bnlt~} b ‐xba~ bjn

}ii‑ bttlbm`& iqiWal ~bci} tlbm~awi

eib}yi} ~l ij}yi a~} tl}a~alj b} b

àh`%rybfa~q wanil tfb~gle*



8?


mleelj}

Lwirwaix

^ì By}~bfabj Mib~awi _i}lymi

Ljfaji BM_L! a} bj ltij i}lymi

itl}a~lq bmàwajh bjn }~lajh naha~bf

bjn naha~a}in eyf~aeinab eb~iabf}„

wanil mfat}& naha~bffq nbxj aebhi}&

t`l~lhbt`}& bjn bynal }iheij~}„aj

ina~bofi gleb~} aj~ijnin gl iy}i*

Iet`b}a}ajh bj ltij gbeixlc& BM_L

bae} ~l mib~i b na}~aoy~alj ji~xlc lg

àh`%rybfa~q& flx%ml}~ eb~iabf} xàm`

bi ia~ì aj ~ì tyofam nlebaj l ietflq

ltij mlj~ij~ famijmi}* Oq lggiajh

}~ibefajin bmmi}} ~l mlj~ij~& BM_L

}iic} ~l ijhbhi hb}}%ll~} mib~awi

tlnymi} bjn mleeyja~q einab

lhbja}b~alj}& gbmafa~b~ajh ajjlwb~alj

bjn mib~awi tlnym~alj xa~`ly~ gib lg fa~ahb~alj l fijh~`q ah`~}%mfibbjmi

tlmi}}i}* B} eb~iabf} bi iy}in& a~ a}

`ltin ~`b~ mib~l} bjn tlnymi} i%

mlj~aoy~i ~ìa mlj~ij~ ~l ~ì bmàwi*

‐Aj }`l~& oq tlwanajh

tlnymi}& olbnmb}~i}&

}~ynij~}& ~ibmì}& i}ibmì}

bjn ~ì mleeyja~q xa~` bmmi}}

~l b bjhi lg tlnym~alj&

i}ibm`& bjn inymb~aljbf

i}lymi} blyjn bj ltij

i}lymi itl}a~lq& BM_L xaff

}~aeyfb~i fljh%~ie mib~awi

bjn myf~ybf mbta~bf gl mib~awi

ajny}~ai}*‑

_lljiq ' Hb`be& ?44>

BM_L mleeijmin b} bj By}~bfabj

_i}ibm` Mlyjmaf B_M!%gyjnin

ajgb}~ym~yi tlkim~ aj ?44?& xàm` xb}

gy~ì }yttl~in oq ~ì Yjawi}a~q lg Ryiij}fbjn aj ?44=*

^ì glyjnajh lokim~awi} lg BM_L `bwi

oiij;

l niwiflt bjn tlwani b

loy}~ bjn btan ajgb}~ym~yi

gl jb~aljbf i}ibm` bjn

aj~ijb~aljbf mlffbolb~alj

bml}} By}~bfab‑} mib~awiajny}~ai}3

l }~aeyfb~i By}~bfab‑}

olbnobjn mlj~ij~ ajny}~q&

jb~aljbffq bjn aj~ijb~aljbffq3

l tlwani b am` tyofam

i}lymi gl mib~awi

ajny}~ai} i}ibm` bjn

mlj~ij~ tlnym~alj3

l niwiflt b i}lymi gl

tlnym~awi aj~ijb~aljbfi}ibm` mlffbolb~alj}3

By}~rbfabj Mrib~awi _i}lyrmi} Ljfaji (BM_L!

ni}mrat~alj; BM_L a} bj ltij i}lymi itl}a~lq lg iy}bofi naha~bf eyf~aeinab eb~iabf}*

xio}a~i; xxx*bml*iny*by

famijmi y}in; Mib~awi Mleelj} bjn BI]`biJi~ Gii gl Inymb~alj&

`~~t;,,xxx*bi}`biji~*mle*by,GgI?

einab; Bynal& aebhi}& wanil

flmb~alj; By}~bfab





8>


mleelj}

~ì BI]`biji~ famijmi} a} ~ì Gii

gl Inymb~alj famijmi `~~t;,,xxx*bi}`biji~*mle*by,GgI?,!& xàm`tiea~} eb~iabf ~l oi giifq y}in bjn

mltain gl inymb~aljbf tytl}i}*

El~awb~alj} Bmmlnajh ~l b ?44> i}ibm` tbti

ti}ij~in oq BM_L Ml%Naim~l} Nbwan

_lljiq bjn Tàf Hb`be& ‐Mib~awi

Mlj~ij~ bjn ]y}~bajbofi Mleeyja~q

Einab Lhbja}b~alj}; By}~bfabj

Mib~awi _i}lymi} Ljfaji‑ `~~t;,,xxx*bml*iny*by,bmltyo}*`~ef!& tyofa}ìn aj By}~bfabj ]~ynai} aj Klyjbfa}e xxx*

yr*iny*by,klyj%mlee,ajnip*`~ef<tb

hi59899'tan59899'j~ietfb~i5980!&~ì ebaj b}}yet~alj yjnifqajh ~ì

i}~bofa}èij~ lg ~ì nb~bob}i `b} oiij

~`b~

‐^ì wbfyi} lg ltijji}}&

jlwif~q& bjn ajjlwb~alj bi

eli facifq ~l ~bj}fb~i aj~l

imljleam wbfyi aj jix einab

~`bj ~ì wbfyi} lg tinam~boafa~q&

àh`fq ihyfb~in tlnym~alj&

bjn mfl}in AT ihaei} lj

xàm` ‖eb}}― einab elnif}

bi ob}in*‑

^ì BM_L bmàwi} bjn

b}}lmab~in ljfaji ~llf}

bi ob}in lj bj ‐ltij

i}lymi‑ tàfl}lt`q* ^ì

mij~bf lhbja}ajh flham lg BM_L a} ~`b~ ltij bmmi}}

~l ah`%rybfa~q mlj~ij~

bjn mlj~ij~ niwiflteij~

~llf} xaff oiajh tyofam bjn

tawb~i oiji~} aj ~ì

gle} lg ajmib}in myf~ybf

bm~awa~q3 ajmib}in fiwif}

lg ijhbhieij~ aj myf~ybf

tlnym~alj3 ajmib}in

aj~imyf~ybf bxbiji}}3

bjn ajmib}in imljleambm~awa~q ifb~in ~l myf~ybf

tlnym~alj& na}~aoy~alj&

bjn ipm`bjhi*

‐Oq tlwanajh b yjaryi bjn

nawi}i }i~ lg i}lymi}& bjn

oq ijmlybhajh niawb~awi

bjn ltij y}bhi lg ~`l}i

i}lymi} gl ~ì tlnym~alj

lg jix mib~awi xlc}& BM_L

xaff ìft fbq ~ì glyjnb~alj} gl jix naha~bf ah`~} ebjbhieij~

}q}~ie} bjn bf~ijb~awi

oy}aji}} tbm~ami} }ya~in ~l

olbnobjn ijwaljeij~}*‑

Yjnitajjajh ~ì bmàwi a} ~ì boafa~q~l iy}i bjn imqmfi ‐xb}~i‑ eb~iabf}

” ~ì fig~lwi} gle ~bna~aljbf myf~ybf

tlnym~alj tlmi}}i} }ym` b} ‐my~~ajh%

lle ll‑ gll~bhi* ^ì Mib~awi

Mleelj} famij}ajh gbeixlc gbmafa~b~i}~ì na}~aoy~alj bjn ibttfamb~alj lg ~à}

mlj~ij~ gl hlyt} aj ~ì mleeyja~q&

oiajh wbfybofi ~l fe& ~ifiwa}alj& bjnbnal tlnymi}& ey}amabj}& à}~labj}&

bnwi~a}i}& nlmyeij~bq tlnymi}&

~ì A^ ajny}~ai}& bjn ‐bjqolnq xa}àjh

~l }~ynq& yjni}~bjn& l mbta~bfa}i ytlj

By}~bfab‑} mib~awi tl~ij~abf‑ xxx*

~lex*ji~*by,?44?,bmb*`~ef!*

Nbwan _lljiq bjn Tàf Hb`be& BM_L Ml%Naim~l}

‐^ì wbfyi} l ltijji}}& jlwif~q&bjn ajjlwb~alj bi eli facifq

~l ~bj}fb~i aj~l imljleam wbfyiaj jix einab ~`bj ~ì wbfyi} l tinam~boafa~q& àh`fq ihyfb~in tlnym~alj& bjn mfl}in AT ihaei} lj xàm` ‖eb}}― einab

elnif} bi ob}in*‑





87


mleelj}

aj ~ì nima}alj%ebcajh tlmi}} ~`lyh`

b xio%ob}in tlffajh }q}~ie& bj ljfaji

na}my}}alj glye bjn b xaca tfb~gle*

@bj}lj bnìi} ~l ~ì ‐lji ìbn

lji wl~i‑ hlwijbjmi yfi& yjaryifq

tb~amatb~lq ijwaljeij~; ‐Bg~i bff&

tfij~q lg fe} `bwi ~ain ~ì ―ebjqtlnymi},ajwi}~l} ly~i&― oy~ jlji`bwi ~bttin aj~l ~ì xa}nle lg mlxn}*‑

@bj}lj xb} ~ì }~ }yo}maoi ~l B]LB lj 27 Kbjybq ?4473 ~ì }imljnbjhif klajin lj 2= lg Ebm` ?448* Oq~ì 8 Kyfq ?448& 2444 eieoi} `bnoiij ibmìn ” ~ì }imljn eafi}~lji

gl ~ì tlkim~ `~~t;,,b}xbelgbjhif}*

mle,gyjn,ea}}alj%eafi}~lji}!*

^ì }~ niwiflteij~ t`b}i} `bwi jlxoiij yjjajh gl bttlpaeb~ifq ~xlqib}* ^ì ebaj ly~mlei} bi ~xl nbg~}mat~} ^ì Yjglfn bjn ^ì _bwbhi}!&~ì ~bafi bjn tl}~i gl ~ì tlkim~& bjnb tl}~i gl ‐^ì Yjglfn&‑ xàfi l~ì ly~ty~} bi }~aff aj ~ì tatifaji*

^ì bjhif} bi ~ì aja~abf bjn taebq

}lymi lg gyjnajh& oy~ @bj}lj nli} jl~yfi ly~ bnna~aljbf gyjn} gle einabmletbjai} bjn na}~aoy~l} x`l eah`~xbj~ ~l olbnmb}~ l y}i fe b}}i~}gl ~ìa lxj mleeimabf ijnibwly}*Facixa}i& }yttl~ ebq mlei gle

l~ì lttl~yja~ai} xàm` nlj‑~ mljam~xa~` B]LB hijibf tajmatfi}& }ym` b}}tlj}l}àt bjn iryateij~ tb~ji}àt*

A~ a} aj~ijnin ~`b~ tlnym~alj miximiawi ‐tlti }bfbai}‑ ob}in lj ~ìa ajwlfwieij~& bjn ‑ebci~ b~i}‑ gl b £2eaffalj gib~yi* Eb~~ @bj}lj bf}l nbx}b }bfbq gle ~ì tlkim~& `bwajh nimaninb gix elj~`} bg~i ~ì tlkim~ xb}fbyjmìn ~l mljmij~b~i lj B]LB bjnmbjmif l~ì xlc }ym` b} ytmleajhollc tlkim~}& mlj}yf~bjmq bjn l~ì tlnym~alj}* @bj}lj ihyfbfq ijhbhi}aj tlel~aljbf iwij~} blyjn ~ìxlfn faci aj à} imij~ bttibbjmi b}

b ciqjl~i }tibci b~ ~ì ti}~ahaly}Oifaj Gafe Gi}~awbf xxx*oifajbfi*ni,ij!* Jlolnq if}i aj ~ì mleeyja~q&ihbnfi}} lg ~ì mleea~eij~& a} naim~fq

tban*

Famijmi Y}bhi

Bg~i b mlj}yf~b~alj tlmi}} xa~` ~ìbjhif}& a~ xb} nimanin ~`b~ B]LB xaff

ifib}i a~} ijn%tlnym~} ~l ~ì tyofamyjni b Mib~awi Mleelj} B~~aoy~alj%

Jljmleeimabf%]`biBfaci ?*9 famijmi*^ì ]`bi Bfaci ifieij~ ij}yi}

~`b~ ~ì eb~iabf a} bwbafbofi gl

iy}i oq l~ì feebci}& xàfi ~ìJljmleeimabf lt~alj

ijbofi} ~ì ]xbe

~l hijib~i iwijyi

oq lggiajh b }itbb~i

ieyjib~in famij}i ~l

mleeimabffq iptfla~ ~ìmib~in elwai& i*h* oq

}miijajh a~ aj b elwai

~ìb~i l }`lxajh a~ lj

^W* ^à} ij}yi} xln%

lg%ely~` tlel~alj

a} yji}~am~in& xàf}~

tlwanajh b hybbj~ii ~`b~

jl mleeimabf ij~a~q mbj

bttltab~i ~ì oiji~}

lg ~ì tlkim~ xa~`ly~

ieyjib~ajh ~ì mib~awimleeyja~q*

A e b h i ; ‖ E b ~ ~ @ b j } l j t l ~ b a ~ ― o q e b ~ ~ o a h ` ~ l j & M M O Q = * 4 Y j t l ~ i n & x x x * a m c * m l e ,

t ` l ~ l } , e

b ~ ~ ` b j } l j , 2 = 8 9 > 4 0 > 0

Glyjni l B ]xbe l Bjhfi}& Naim~l Eb~~ @bj}lj





80


mleelj}

Lwirwaix

Ofbmc olx a} b Oa}obji%ob}in

mlffbolb~awi feebcajh lhbja}b~alj

i}~bofa}ìn oq Ti~i Glfiq bjn Mà}

Tiij& }timabfa}~} aj wanil bjn bynal

tlnym~alj* Ltib~ajh yjni ~ì objn

‐Ofbmc olx ebci} fe}&‑ Ti~i bjn

Mà} `bwi mletfi~in gly bjaeb~alj}

xàm` bi gib~yin lj ~ìa }a~i* ^ìa

el}~ imij~& =p]yti _lol~ @ib~oibc

xxx*ofbmcolx*mle,elwai},=p]_@*

elw!& gib~yi} ~ì ‐G^ Xlc 1444&‑

‐Ahjlbeb~lj‑ bjn ‐Ei"ei"ei"ol~‑

lol~} x`l xibc `bwlm aj b ~lxj*

^ìi obwi can} }~bjn yt ~l ~ì

eim`bjambf ~ìb~& }`lxajh ~ìe

~ì aetbm~ lg ~ìa ni}~ym~alj& xàm`

yf~aeb~ifq ìft} ~ìe nimani ~l beijn~ìa xbq}*

Aj ?449& Ofbmc olx xb} mleea}}%aljin oq Iffal~~ Ofin}li gle Mib~awi

Mleelj} By}~bfab ~l ìft mib~i b

}`l~ bjaeb~alj iptfbajajh `lx MM

famijmi} ltib~i* Bm~l bjn wlami lg

Ebqi& Nb}` Cymc& ~lhi~ì xa~` Iffal~~&

niwifltin ~ì }mat~ xàm` xb} olyh`~

~l fagi lj }miij oq Ti~i bjn Mà}*

^ì fe xb} mleea}}aljin ~l oitb~ lg ~ì Ryiij}fbjn Yjawi}a~qlg îm`jlflhq‑} ]eb~ ^baj xxx*

~baj*ry~*iny*by! xàm` nitb~in gle

Oa}obji lj 29 Ebq ?449 lj a~} wi%xiic klyjiq blyjn ?> ihaljbf bjn

ybf mij~i} aj Ryiij}fbjn ajmfynajh

E~ A}b& Oyjnboih& _lmc`bet~lj&

Ebqollyh` bjn Ea~mìff* ^ì i}yf~ lg

~xl elj~`} lg mlffbolb~alj xb} Ebqi bjn Oi~~fi xxx*mib~awimleelj}*

lh*by,bjaeb~alj\~baj!& b xljnigyffqijhbhajh iptfbjb~alj lg `lx ~l

nlxjflbn ey}am ‐gl gii bjn jl~

affihbffq‑* ]miijin b~ jyeily}

MM iwij~} xlfnxani& ajmfynajh

~ì ajbyhybf MMby mm]bflj `~~t;,,mib~awimleelj}*lh*by,mm}bflj! ajJlwieoi ?447 bjn MM‑} g~` oa~`nbqtb~q mifiob~alj} aj Oifaj aj Nimieoi

?448& ~ì fe `b} oiij ~bj}fb~in aj~lGijm`& Hiebj bjn @ioix ~`bjc}

~l ~ì MM famijmi tiea~~ajh niawb~awixlc}*

Ofbmc orlx

ni}mrat~alj; Ofbmc olx a} b feebcajh nyl ob}in aj Oa}obji& By}~bfab x`l}i tlnym~alj}ajmfyni ~ì Mib~awi Mleelj} By}~bfab bjaeb~alj} ~`b~ gib~yi Ebqi bjn Oi~~fi*

xio}a~i; xxx*ofbmcolx*mle

famijmi y}in; Ofbmc olx‑} fe}; Mib~awi Mleelj} OQ%JM%]B ?*9 By}~bfab& `~~t;,,mib~awimleelj}*lh,famij}i},oq%jm%jn,?*9,by& Ebqi ' Oi~~fi; MM OQ%]B ?*2

By}~bfab& `~~t;,,mib~awimleelj}*lh,famij}i},oq%}b,?*2,by & Ebqi ' Oi~~fi ?; MM

OQ ?*9 By}~bfab& `~~t;,,mib~awimleelj}*lh,famij}i},oq,?*9,by

einab; Elwajh Aebhi


Oi~~fi hi~} bj inymb~alj lj y}ajh Mib~awi Mleelj}

A e b h i ; ] ~ a f f l

e E b q i r b j n O i ~ ~ f i & M

M O Q % ] B ? * 9

B y } ~ b f a b &

` ~ ~ t ; , , m i b ~ a w i

m l e e l j } * l h * b y , e b q i b j n o i ~ ~ f i



81


]ajmi a~} ljfaji nioy~ lj 2= Ebq ?449&~ì fe `b} oiij nlxjflbnin eli ~`bj9&444 ~aei} wab ~ì Mib~awi Mleelj} By}~bfab xio}a~i* Nyajh ~ì ajbyhybf

aj~ijb~aljbf Mib~awi Mleelj}gyjnba}ajh nawi `~~t;,,}yttl~*mib~awimleelj}*lh*by! Mib~awiMleelj} By}~bfab nljb~in ~ì fe~l ~ì mby}i oq ytflbnajh a~ ~l _iwwi xxx*iwwi*mle,wanil,1>8?>,mm%ebqi%bjn%oi~~fi%bjaeb~alj! xìi a~ `b} oiijwaixin bfel}~ 7&444 ~aei}* Bff iwijyihijib~in ~`lyh` _iwwi a} mlj~aoy~in~l ~ì aj~ijb~aljbf olnq gl Mib~awiMleelj}* ^ì fe a} bf}l bwbafbofi gl waixajh ljfaji b~ IjhbhiEinab xxx*

ijhbhieinab*lh,Eieoi},iffal~~o,wanil},mmby%einaye*elw,waix ! bjn

Qly^yoi xxx*qly~yoi*mle,!

Hawij ~ì hflobf }ymmi}} lg ~ì }~fe& xìj ~ì RY^ ]eb~ ^baj aja~ab~awi}~b~in yt bhbaj aj ibfq ?440& bjn

~ì tl}}aoafa~q lg b }iryif mbei yt&Iffal~~ xìj obmc ~l Ti~i bjn Mà}

~l mleea}}alj Ebqi bjn Oi~~fi? `~~t;,,mib~awimleelj}*lh*by,

ebqibjnoi~~fi?!& ~à} ~aei b} b ml%tlnym~alj oq Ofbmc olx bjn Oa}obji%

oly~aryi fe tlnym~alj mletbjqAjWa}alj Einab xxx*ajwa}aljeinab*

mle*by!* Iffal~~ bjn Nb}` niwifltin ~ìaja~abf }mat~ x`ma` xb} gy~ì ijinoq Ki}}amb Mlb~i} bjn _bmìf Mlomlg~gle Mib~awi Mleelj} By}~bfab*^ì fe ijhbhin ~ì }bei wlamibm~l}„Nb}` Cymc b} ~ì wlami lg

Ebqi bjn Eie _qjji b} ~ì wlami lg Oi~~fi„ ~l tfbq ~ì ajgbely} m`bbm~i}&

bjn Fia}b Tb~~ ~l nl ~ì wlami lg ~ìjixi}~ m`bbm~i& Gfamc& Oi~~fi‑} ‖gbj bjn

mlffbolb~l*―

@ii a} x`b~ Ebqi `bn ~l }bq nyajhtlnym~alj lg ~ì jix fe;

‐‖Eym` `b} m`bjhin }ajmi

xi }`l~ ~ì }~ fe&― Ebqi

}ban& ‖Xàm` a} x`q Oi~~fi bjn

A bi hi~~ajh obmc aj glj~ lg

~ì Mbeib*― âh`~ijajh lg ~ìfamijmi}& iptbjnin ei~bnb~b&

b ninamb~in inymb~alj

nawa}alj bjn iptflb~alj

aj~l mletfaeij~bq

famij}ajh lt~alj} bi

ky}~ }lei lg ~ì ciq

niwiflteij~}*‑

`~~t;,,mmiffal~~*oflh}tl~*mle,?448,2?,ebqi%oi~~fi%

}iryif*`~ef

Bmmlnajh ~l tleajij~

By}~bfabj oflhhi bjn

jix einab bmbnieam b~

~ì Yjawi}a~q lg Xi}~ij By}~bfab& beb Fibwi&

‐A~‑} bjl~ì ji iggl~gle MMby& ebcajh MM

famij}i} yjni}~bjnbofi bjn

bmmi}}aofi ~l b hijibf jlj%

fbxqia}`! bynaijmi"‑ xxx*

~bebfibwi*ji~,?440,4>,?4,ebqi%bjn%oi~~fi%bi%obmc!*

Faci ~ì lahajbf fe&Ebqi bjn Oi~~fi ? a}`l}~in lj _iwwi `~~t;,,iwwi*mle,wanil,09>8=9,ebqi%bjn%oi~~fi%?!

b} tb~ lg ~ì Mib~awi

Mleelj} gyjnba}ajh

mbetbhj `~~t;,,}yttl~*mib~awimleelj}*lh,wanil}!* A~ a} bf}l bwbafbofi

ljfaji b~ IjhbhiEinab

xxx*ijhbhieinab*lh,Eieoi},iffal~~o,wanil},mmbyebqioi~~fi*elw,waix!

bjn Qly^yoi xxx*qly~yoi*

mle,xb~m`<w5QiwAi{Li>`c!*

Famijmi Y}bhi

^ì Ebqi bjn Oi~~fi

bjaeb~alj xb} ifib}in

yjni ~ì MM B~~aoy~alj%

]`biBfaci ?*2 By}~bfab

famijmi* A~} }mat~ `~~t;,,mib~awimleelj}*lh*by,eb~iabf},mmby%~baj%}mat~*nlm! Eaml}lg~ Xln gleb~!bjn }lymi fi} `~~t;,,

]miij }`l~} le =p ]yti _lol~

@ib~oibc& ~ì fb~i}~ bjaeb~alj

ifib}in oq Ofbmc olx& ~ì

feebcajh ~ibe x`l tlnymin ~ì~xl MM By}~bfab bjaeb~alj}*

A e b h i } ; M M O Q % J M % J N ? * 9

B y } & ` ~ ~ t

; , , x x x * o

f b m c o l x * m l e , e l w a i } , = p ] _ @ * e l w







0?


mleelj}

~ì}i tlmi}}%nawij

bjaeb~alj}& mlj~b}~ajh

~bna~aljbf ajny}~abf ni}ahj

ei~`lnlflhai}* @a}

ipihi}a} ‐~bmi} b tb~`~`lyh` ~ì tlnym~alj lg

bj bjaeb~in xlc& bjn

na}my}}i} ~ì iwlfy~alj lg

bj ajnawanybf tlnym~alj

xlclx ~`b~ imljhyi}

~ì ajny}~abf bjaeb~alj

tlmi}} lg tl~l~qtajh*‑

Nyajh ~à} ~aei Mà}

niwifltin CAO249;

Bjaeb~alj bjn El~alj

Hbtàm}& b RY^ Mib~awi

Ajny}~ai} yja~nifawiin

~l 244 yjnihbnyb~i}

bjn jaji tl}~hbnyb~i}

xàm` iryain }~ynij~}

mleta}ajh! ~l ebci 2 % ?

eajy~i bjaeb~alj} gl ~ìa

jbf b}}i}}eij~* ]lymi

eb~iabf y}in oq ~ì

}~ynij~} `bn ~l oi bwbafbofiyjni b Mib~awi Mleelj}

famijmi* Irybffq& }~ynij~}‑

jbf xlc `bn ~l bf}l oi

famij}in yjni MM* Aj

iim~ajh lj ~ì yjjajh lg

~ì yja~& Mà} lo}iwin ~`b~

b oi~~i ly~mlei xlyfn `bwi

oiij ~l ti}ij~ }~ynij~}‑

jbf b}}i}}eij~ ljfaji

yjni ~ì }~ynij~}‑ m`ll}ij

famijmi& hawajh ~ì eb~iabf b

fagi oiqljn ~ì mfb}}lle*

Mà} a} myij~fq b~a}~%aj%

i}anijmi b~ Ei~l B~}

xxx*ei~lb~}*mle*by!

aj Oa}obji‑} MON* @i

`b} tiwaly}fq oiij b~a}~%

aj%i}anijmi b~ Oa}obji

Hbeeb ]m`llf& xìi

lwi ~ìi xiic} ì naim~in~ì b~ mfb}}i} gl qib

24 }~ynij~}& iryaajh ~ìe ~l mib~i

~ìa lxj aj~iti~b~alj} lg Oflokim~}

bjn mlj}yei a~ie} y}ajh ~ì tlmi}}

ì `bn tiwaly}fq nielj}~b~in bjn

ni}maoin*

Famijmi Y}bhi

^`lyh` a} tbm~ami%fin i}ibm`&

Mà} niwifltin b ‐iipawi tlmi}}

~`b~ ajmfynin ea}i ij tfbmi& Mib~awi

Mleelj} bjn ijwaljeij~bf ajyijmi}

b} ajhinaij~}‑* Mà} iptfbaj} aj à}

ipihi}a};

‐^ì }lymi eb~iabf} A hb~ì

bi famij}in yjni Mib~awi

Mleelj}& xàm` a} b jix ~qti

lg mltqah`~ mlj~bm~& ni}ahjin

gl }`bajh bjn elnagqajh

mib~awi mlj~ij~* ^ì by~`l

lg b xlc mbj bfflx l~ì} ~ì

ah`~ ~l mib~i niawb~awi xlc}

ob}in lj ~ìa mlj~ij~* _b~ì

~`bj ‖bff ah`~} i}iwin&― ~ì

Mib~awi Mleelj} ebj~b a}‖}lei ah`~} i}iwin―*‑

Y}ajh Gfamc‑} Mib~awi Mleelj}eb~iabf xxx*amc*mle,mib~awimleelj}!& na}mlwiin ~`lyh`~ì bnwbjmin }ibm` eim`bja}e&

bfflxin Mà} ~l }lymi ~ì aebhi} ìiryain gl à} ajjlwb~awi& }tlj~bjily}

tl~l~qtajh tlmi}}i}* Mà} xb}mbigyf ~l }ifim~ aebhi} xàm` xii

famij}in ~l bfflx niawb~awi xlc}&hawij à} tbm~ami lg na}b}}ieofq bjn

ib}}ieofq lg lokim~}*

El~awb~alj}

Mib~awi Mleelj} famij}ajh ijbofin

Mà} ~l ajmltlb~i }tlj~bjia~q aj~l

à} bjaeb~alj xlclx& y~afa}ajh ~ì

bnwbjmin Gfamc MM f~iajh ~llf ~l

hb~ì }lymi eb~iabf} bjn ~bciaj}tab~alj gle ~ì aebhi} ~ìioq

^ì}i }~aff bi le ‖Nabflhyi} xa~`

~ì Tl~lqti&― b }iai} l bjaeb~alj

fe} y}ajh ifieij~} le Mib~awi

Mleelj} famij}in Gfamc aebhi}

ib}}ieofin ~l ti}ij~ jix ti}tim~awi} lj ~ i lahajbf }yokim~

eb~~i*

A e b h i } ; ( G l e ~ l t ~ l o l ~ ~ l e

! ] ~ a f f } l e b j a e b ~ a l j } ‖ T l ~ l ~ q t i 9 ― & ‖ T l ~ l ~ q t i 2 8 ― &

‖ T l ~ l ~ q t i 2 7 ― ' ‖ T l ~ l ~ q t i 2 2 ― o q M ` a } N i j b l *





0>


mleelj}

‖^ì ipaoafa~q bjn bmmi}}aoafa~q ~`b~ Mrib~awi Mleelj} trlwani} ribffq ltij} ~ì lt~alj} lr br~a}~} boly~ `lx ~ìq xbj~ ~ìar mrib~alj} ~l

mlj~ajyi ~ìar myf~yrbf fai― ]aeilj Elbj& Naha~bf Gajhi ml%tlnymi

Lwirwaix

Olbnmb}~ bml}} ~ì ma~q lg Eifolyji

y}ajh }miij}& tlkim~alj} bjn ~ì xio&

Naha~bf Gajhi NG! }`lxmb}i} naha~bf

b~ bjn ‖aj~ibm~awi einab }ìjbjahbj}

gle b hbhhfi lg flmbf einab b~a}~}―

`~~t;,,naha~bfgajhi*mle*by,<r5jlni,28 !

bjn aj~ijb~aljbf b~a}~} b} tb~ lg ~ìbjjybf Eifolyji Gajhi Gi}~awbf xxx*

eifolyjigajhi*mle*by!*

Ebjbhin oq naha~bf b~} ob

@l}i Ob{bb ijlxjin gl a~}

yjaryi aeei}awi wanil tlkim~alj

ijwaljeij~!& NG ipàoa~} a~} xlc}

nyajh ~ì gi}~awbf aj ~ìi xbq}; ~ì

Hijibf ]~ibe& Aj~ibm~ bjn ~ì Eloafi

Tlkim~alj Yja~ ETY!*

^ì hijibf }~ibe a} b mlj~ajybf

tfbqfa}~ lg naha~bf b~ tlkim~in bml}}

}miij} bjn }ygbmi} aj hbffiai}&

tyofam }tbmi} }ym` b} ~ì Ginib~alj

]rybi tfb{b }miij!& ij~i~bajeij~

bjn `l}ta~bfa~q wijyi}& mqoi}tbmi bjn

ma~q a@yo}* ì Aj~ibm~ ipàoa~ y~afa}i}

eloafi t`lji} bjn Aj~iji~ ~im`jlflhai}

~l mib~i bj aj~ibm~awi mib~awi tfb~gle

gl naha~bf b~a}~}* B} tb~ lg ~ì hijibf

mbff gl }yoea}}alj}& b~a}~} mbj ti}ij~

aj~ibm~awi naha~bf b~ tlkim~} gl ajmfy}alj

aj bj ‖belt`ly} eloafi t`lji

aj~ibm~awi taimi― `~~t;,,naha~bfgajhi*mle*by,<r5jlni,?=!* Aj~ibm~ fajc} nb~b }ij~

gle eloafi t`lji} naim~fq aj~l b~xlc}

na}tfbqin ~`lyh` tb~amatb~ajh }miij}

bml}} Eifolyji bjn ~ì NG xio}a~i*

^ì ETY a} b wbj ~bwiffajh ~`lyh`

~ì }~ii~} lj ~ìiwijajh} lg ~ì

gi}~awbf* Hyi}~ b~a}~

tlhbeei} aj~ibm~

xa~` ~ì bmà~im~ybf

jybjmi} lg ~ì ma~q oq

tlkim~ajh ~ìa tfbqfa}~

lj~l jiboq oyafnajh}*

HT] tl}a~aljajh bjn

tlkim~alj} gle ~ì

wbj bi elja~lin aj

ibf ~aei bfljh}aniwanil `llc%yt} xa~`

Naha~bf Grajhi

ni}mrat~alj; Tb~ lg ~ì Eifolyji Gajhi Gi}~awbf& Naha~bf Gajhi a} ninamb~in ~l }`lxmb}ajh ~ìy}i lg naha~bf }miij%ob}in ~im`jlflhq aj ~ì b~}*

xio}a~i; `~~t;,,naha~bfgajhi*mle*by

famijmi y}in; Mltqah`~& TN bjn Wbaly} Mib~awi Mleelj} ?*9 By}~bfab bjn =*4 Yjtl~in

famijmi}

einab; Aj~ibm~awi Einab& Bjaeb~alj& Bynal& Wanil& Aebhi}& îp~

flmb~alj; By}~bfab



09


~ì tlhbeei}* Aj~iji~

y}i} mbj bf}l y}i ~ip~ wab

]E] ~l aj~ibm~ xa~` ~ì

ETY*

^ì gi}~awbf bae} ~l gl}~i

bwbj~%hbni ~im`%myf~ybf

aj~ibm~alj} bjn ieobmi}

~ì anilflhambf mljmit~ lg

ltij }lymi bjn }`bin

myf~yi& cjlxfinhi bjn

ipti~a}i*

Famijmi Y}bhi

B~a}~} ytflbnajh mlj~ij~

~l ~ì NG xio}a~i mbj

}ifim~ gle ~ì gyff

bjhi lg famijmi}& ai

gle ~bna~aljbf ‐bff ah`~}

i}iwin‑ ~l tyofam nlebaj ninamb~alj*

@lxiwi aj lni ~l ebpaea}i ~ì

aj~ibm~awi bjn ieap ifieij~} lg ~ì

gi}~awbf xàfi i~bajajh ~ìa mltqah`~&

tb~amatbj~} bi ijmlybhin ~l }ifim~

b ‐}lei ah`~} i}iwin‑ Mib~awi

Mleelj} famijmi* B} bj ip~b mljna~alj

~ì b~a}~ ey}~ bhii ~l ~ìa xlc}

oiajh }miijin nyajh ~ì gi}~awbf bjn

gl ~ì tlel~alj lg Naha~bf Gajhi&

`lxiwi mltqah`~ aj ibm` xlc iebaj}

xa~` ~ì b~a}~ aj ij~ai~q*

B~ ti}ij~ ~ì yt~bci lg Mib~awi

Mleelj} famijmi} oq b~a}~} lj ~ì NG

xio}a~i nielj}~b~i} bj ij~`y}ab}e

gl ~ì famijmi} eb~mìn oq ~ì Naha~bf

Gajhi lhbja}i}*

‖Xi ~àjc MM a} hib~ ” ~ìi

}iie} ~l `bwi oiij b ibffq

hlln yt~bci gle b~a}~}

}yoea~~ajh xlc} ~l NG }l a~

lowaly}fq a} b~~bm~awi ~l b~a}~}

b} xiff―

]aeilj Elbj& Naha~bf Gajhi ml%tlnymi

A~ a} i}~aeb~in ~`b~ blyjn 89) lg xlc}

`bwi oiij tyofa}ìn yjni Mib~awiMleelj} xa~` 24) }ifim~ajh bff ah`~}

i}iwin mltqah`~ bjn 29) jl ah`~}i}iwin tyofam nlebaj!* ^ì tl}a~awi

i}tlj}i `b} ijmlybhin ~ì NG ~ibe

~l niwiflt gy~yi ipàoa~alj} ~l ajmfyni

ieap bm~awa~ai}& bjn ~bci bnwbj~bhi lg

~ì mib~awi tl~ij~abf gbmafa~b~in oq ~ì

MM famijmi}*

El~awb~alj}

Xìj a~ mbei ~l famij}ajh ~à} tlkim~&

~ì NG ~ibe oifaiwin Mib~awi

Mleelj} famijmi} xii ~ì el}~

bttltab~i bjn ipaofi lt~alj&mlj}aniajh ~ì i~`l} oiàjn NG bjn a~}

ajjlwb~awi y}i lg naha~bf ~im`jlflhq bjn

b~* Gle bj anilflhambf }~bjntlaj~& ~ìqxii ciij ~l ty}` ~ì mljmit~ lg ltij

}lymi bjn }`bin myf~yi& cjlxfinhi

bjn ipti~a}i& oy~ bf}l yjni}~lln ~ì

jiin gl myf~yi mib~l} ~l i}iwi

}lei lg ~ìa ah`~} aj mi~baj }a~yb~alj}*

Gl ~à} ib}lj b~a}~} xii ijmlybhin

~l famijmi ~ìa xlc} xa~` bjq gle lg

MM famij}ajh ~`b~ }ya~in ~ìa tb~amyfb

jiin}* Mib~awi Mleelj} famijmi}

mlyfn ~ìj ol~` gbmafa~b~i ~ì ipàoa~alj

bjn ìft ciit NG mlj~ij~ ltij gl bf~ijb~i mib~awi y}i}*

A e b h i ; ] ~ a f f l e ‖ B m ~ a m ] b j m ~ y b q ― o q I J I ] ] & M

M O Q % J M = * 4

Y j t l ~ i n & ` ~ ~ t ; , , n a h a ~ b f a j h i *

m l e * b y , < r 5 j l n i , ? 9 9

Tb~ l eyf~a%na}matfajbq ni}ahj ~ibe IJI]] aeei}awi tlkim~ ‖Bm~am ]bjm~ybq― aj RW

]rybi& Eifolyji



07


mleelj}

Lwirwaix

^ì nlmyeij~bq fe Glfflxajh Bfipa} Xi}~

m`ljamfi} ~ì iggim~} ~`b~ Jix [ibfbjn‑} }xa~m`

~l b tltl~aljbf iti}ij~b~alj wl~ajh }q}~ie

`b} `bn lj a~} myf~yi bjn tlfa~am} }ajmi 2117*

Ealajh ~ì klyjiq ~bcij oq Gijm` tlfa~ambf

~ìla}~ bjn fbxqi Bfipa} ni ^lmryiwaffi ~l

Beiamb ~l ipbeaji ~ì xlcajh} lg nielmbmq

aj ~ì ibfq jaji~iij~` mij~yq& xàm` myfeajb~in

aj ~ì xa~ajh lg Ni fb náelmb~ai ij Beáaryi

Nielmbmq aj Beiamb!& ~ì fe‑} tlnymi

Oabj Olqcl ~bwif} ~l Jix [ibfbjn gle ~ì

Yja~in ]~b~i} ~l nlmyeij~ ~ì mlyj~q‑} tlfa~ambf

bjn myf~ybf bmàiwieij~}* ^ì nlmyeij~bq

ipbeaji} ~ì xbq aj xàm` Jix [ibfbjn‑}

imljhyin wl~ajh }~ym~yi ebq }iwi ~l

tiwij~ ‐hiqebjniajh& jihb~awi mbetbahjajh&

mawam na}ijhbhieij~& bjn yjnyi ajyijmilg tlxigyf flooai}& b} xiff b} ~bcajh b fllc

b~ tlofie} xa~` nielmbmq aj Jix [ibfbjn

~`b~ Sbi oifaiwin jl~ ~l ipa}~U aj Beiamb& faci

i}~am~alj} lj }b~ai bjn fe mfb}}amb~alj‑ xxx*

oflhtàfl*mle,ebaj,<tbhi\an51!* Aj~iwaix}

bi mljnym~in xa~` tleajij~ Jix [ibfbjn

tlfa~amabj}& tlfa~ambf }maij~a}~}& einab hyi}&

oflhhi}& bjn ‐ky}~ tfbaj lfn glfc} aj ~ì tyo&‑ xa~`

b waix ~l hbajajh aj}ah`~} aj~l ~ì }ymmi}} lg ~ì

tltl~aljbf iti}ij~b~alj wl~ajh }~ym~yi& bjn

yf~aeb~ifq x`b~ ~ì ifb~alj}àt a} oi~xiij J[‑}tbfabeij~bq }q}~ie bjn a~} tiltfi*

Lj ~ì iwi lg ~ì ?440 Y] Ti}anij~abf ifim~alj}&Olqcl }iic} ~l niawi ajwbfybofi fi}}lj} gl

à} `leifbjn& b}cajh ‐Xìi aj ~ì xlfn nl

qly jn Nielmbmq<‑ ]timambffq& Olqcl a}}iicajh bj}xi} ~l xì~ì ~ì tltl~aljbf

iti}ij~b~alj }q}~ie tlwani} b gba mletlea}i

oi~xiij mljam~ajh aj~ii}~ hlyt}& bjn xì~ì hlwijeij~} glein aj Jix [ibfbjn bi }~bofi

bjn bofi ~l hlwij iggim~awifq*

^l nb~i& ?0 `ly} lg gll~bhi `bwi oiij }`l~ aj

Bymcfbjn bjn Xiffajh~lj& Jix [ibfbjn& bjn bi

aj ~ì tlmi}} lg oiajh naha~a}in bjn ytflbnin*

]imljnbq

}`ll~ajh

aj By}~aj&

îpb}& a}

~l glfflx&

xa~` tl}~%

tlnym~alj ~l

oi mletfi~i

oq Ebm`?440* ^à}

xaff bfflx ~ì

nlmyeij~bq

~l oi

}yoea~~in

~l Jl~`

Beiambj

bjn

Iyltibj

fe gi}~awbf}

gle Btaf?440*

Glfflxajh Bfipa} Xi}~

ni}mrat~alj; Glfflxajh Bfipa} Xi}~ a} b nlmyeij~bq fe xàm` ipbeaji} ~ì iggim~ lg Jix

[ibfbjn‑} }xa~m` ~l b tltl~aljbf iti}ij~b~alj }q}~ie `b} `bn lj a~} tlfa~am} bjn

myf~yi }ajmi 2117*

xio}a~i; xxx*oflhtàfl*mle,ebaj,<tbhi\an51

famijmi y}in; Mib~awi Mleelj} OQ%JM%]B =*4 `~~t;,,mib~awimleelj}*lh,famij}i},oq%jm%

}b,=*4

einab; Gafe

flmb~alj; Jix [ibfbjn& Yja~in ]~b~i} lg Beiamb

Tlel~aljbf tl}~i l Glfflxajh Bfipa} Xi}~

A e b h i ; O

q e b ~ ~ o a h ` ~ l j * M

M O Q % J M % J N ? * 4

H i j i a m &

x x x * a m

c * m l e , t ` l ~ l } , e b ~ ~ ` b j } l j , ? > 0 1 2 > > 7 ?



08


Famijmi Y}bhi

Glfflxajh Bfipa} Xi}~ a} oiajh tlnymin

ajnitijnij~fq& bjn xaff }iic na}~aoy~l}

gl ~ì fe‑} mleeimabf ifib}i* ^ìnlmyeij~bq tlkim~ ajwlfwi} ~ì

tlnym~alj lg ~ìi }itbb~i ijn%

gleb~}; b 14%eajy~i gib~yi& ifib}in

~l Beiambj bjn Iyltibj fe gi}~awbf}3b 97%eajy~i Jix [ibfbjn%ljfq }itbb~iina~ ‐Oq Tltyfb Niebjn‑3 bjn lwi

?4 `ly} lg bx gll~bhi* Bmmlnajh

~l Olqcl& ~ì naha~a}in bx gll~bhi

xaff el}~ facifq oi ifib}in yjni

~ì Mib~awi Mleelj} B~~aoy~alj%

JljMleeimabf%]`bi Bfaci =*4 famijmi&xìioq a~ xaff oi lggiin ~l ~ì Jix

[ibfbjn fe bmàwi& ~ì ]ly~` ]ib}Gafe ]m`llf& bjn ~ì Yjawi}a~q lg îpb} ]m`llf lg Mleeyjamb~alj _bnal%

îfiwa}alj%Gafe tlhbe gl inymb~aljbf

tytl}i}& b} xiff b} ifib}in ljfaji

gl gy~ì à}~lambf bjn l~ì jlj%

mleeimabf tlkim~}* Aj bnna~alj& Olqcl

`lti} ~l y~afa}i ~ì jix MM# famijmi

gl mleeimabf y}i gl jlj%}`bi%bfaci

tlkim~}*

El~awb~alj}

Glfflxajh Bfipa} Xi}~ tlnymi Oabj

Olqcl }bq} ~`b~ ì bmmit~} Mib~awi

Mleelj} b} b jlebf& lnajbq tb~

lg ~ì nbq%~l%nbq gyjm~aljajh lg ~ì

xio* Aj}tain oq ~ì ifib}i lg Mlq

Nlm~llx‑} xa~ajh yjni Mib~awi

Mleelj}& bjn ~ì Gfamc famijmiaj~ihb~alj& Olqcl oifaiwi} à} xlc

}`lyfn oi ltij ~l bjqlji x`l a} xaffajh

~l y}i a~ gbafq*

‐Ag b can xbj~} ~l ieap ]a

Hilggiq Tbfei aj~l b bt

ob~~fi xa~` Ieajie& oi}~ lg fymc

~l àe* Mib~awi Mleelj} a}

hib~ oimby}i A nlj‑~ `bwi ~l

}bq yt glj~ x`l %mbj% y}i ~ì

eb~iabf* Bjqlji mbj y}i ~ì

eb~iabf xa~` ~ì hyanifaji}

tlwanin3 ag qly xbj~ ~l }~it

ly~}ani ~ì hyanifaji}& xiff& a~‑}

tl}}aofi& oy~ xi jiin ~l ~bfc

boly~ ~`b~*‑

Iebaf aj~iwaix xa~` Oabj Olqcl oq _bmìfMlomlg~& ?0 Nimieoi ?448

Lj ~ì a}}yi lg ~ì aetfieij~b~alj lg

Mib~awi Mleelj} famijmi}& Olqcl

oifaiwi} ~`b~ ~ìa }~ym~yi a} }aetfi

bjn }~bah`~glxbn* Ag tlofie} ba}i&

ì oifaiwi}& a~ a} nyi ~l inymb~alj;

‐Tiltfi lg~ij fboly yjni

~ì nify}alj ~`b~ iwiq~àjh a}

‖bff ah`~} i}iwin― l bjqlji

mbj ~bci a~ bjn y}i a~& bjn ~`b~

~ìi‑} jl eannfi hlyjn*‑

Aetl~bj~fq& Olqcl oifaiwi} ~`b~ Mib~awi

Mleelj} hib~fq ajmib}i} ~ì y~afa~q lg

b mib~l‑} xlc};

‐^ìi‑} b m`bjmi Glfflxajh

Bfipa} Xi}~ eah`~ l~ aj eq

b~~am& yjflwin bjn yj}lfn* Oy~

iwij ag ~ì ebaj xlc a} b

gbafyi bjn a~‑} eq }~ elwai&

}l a~ eah`~ xiff oi"! ag ~ìi

a} b niawb~awi y~afa~q ~l xàm`

eq xlc mbj oi y}in& A xbj~

tiltfi ~l oi bofi ~l nl }l*‑



00


mleelj}

_iwwir

ni}mrat~alj; _iwwi }ifg%ni}maoi} b} oiajh ‐b tlxigyf tfb~gle bjn }ya~i lg ~llf} gl }iwajh

bjn }`bajh einab‑ xàf}~ gleajh b mleeyja~q lg wanil flwi} bjn b~a}~} x`l

}`bi aj ~ì }a~i‑} tl~} ~`lyh` a~} bnwi~a}ajh }~ym~yi*

xio}a~i; xxx*iwwi*mle

famijmi y}in; Mib~awi Mleelj} OQ%JM%JN ?*9 Hijiam& `~~t;,,mib~awimleelj}*lh,famij}i},oq%jm%jn,?*9

einab; Wanil

flmb~alj; Hflobf

Lwirwaix

_iwwi a} b wanil%}`bajh tfb~gle

nitflqajh bj ajjlwb~awi oy}aji}}

elnif xa~` `qtina}~aoy~alj b} a~} mli*

Naggiij~ab~ajh a~}ifg gle mleti~a~l

Qly^yoi oq lggiajh ti%waix iwijyi&

~ì tfb~gle ~bci} bnwbj~bhi lg tii%

~l%tii na}~aoy~alj eim`bja}e}gl }`bajh a~} `l}~in wanil}* Xìj

b y}i ytflbn} b wanil ~l _iwwi&

my}~lea}in }lg~xbi aj}i~} b oaig&

yjlo~y}awi bnwi~a}ieij~ b~ ~ì ijn

lg ~ì wanil }~ibe* B~ ~à} tlaj~& ~ì

‐_iwwia}in‑ wanil mbj oi nlxjflbnin

bjn na}~aoy~in wab bjq ei~`ln ”

xio}a~i& iebaf& T?T& xa~`ly~ fl}ajh ~ì

bnwi~a}ieij~* _iwwi }lg~xbi itl~}

obmc ~l ~ì ebaj xio}a~i iwiq ~aei

~ì ieoinnin bn a} mfamcin ai}tim~awilg flmb~alj& tlet~ajh ~ì bnwi~a}i

~l oi m`bhin b eamltbqeij~* ^ì

tfb~gle }`bi}

~ì b}}lmab~in

iwijyi xa~`

~ì lxji lg ~ì

wanil lj b 94,94ob}a}* _iwwi‑}

y}i} bi bofi ~l

~bmc ~ìa wanil‑}

tiglebjmi&

elja~lajh `lx

ebjq ~aei} ~ì

wanil `b} oiij waixin& bjn ~ì belyj~

lg iwijyi bmmyajh* ]`bi} bi bofi ~l

ibj ?4) lg bn iwijyi gl glxbnajh~ì wanil}* _iwwi a} ~ìigli glyjnin

lj ~ì ‐gii bjn yjfaea~in }`bajh lg

mlj~ij~ ljfaji aj bj ijwaljeij~ xìi

~ì mib~l a} ixbnin gl à},ì xlc*‑

Famijmi Y}bhi

‐Mltqah`~ a} mletfamb~in }~ygg*

Ly tl}a~alj lj a~ a} ti~~q

}aetfi*‑

xxx*iwwi*mle,hl,mltqah`~

_iwwi‑} oy}aji}} elnif a} tb~amyfbfq

jl~ixl~`q b} a~ bae} ~l ~bci ~ì xani%

}tibn }`bajh lg mltqah`~ eb~iabf ~`b~

lmmy} ljfaji bjn ~yj a~ aj~l bj b}}i~&

b~ì ~`bj b ib}lj gl fa~ahb~alj* ^ì

}a~i y}i} Mib~awi Mleelj} B~~aoy~alj%

Jljmleeimabf%JlNiawb~awi} famijmi}

~l tiea~ y}i} ~l na}~aoy~i ~ìa mlj~ij~

xa~` ieoinnin bnwi~a}ajh! wiob~ae

gl jlj%mleeimabf tytl}i}* ^ì ljfq

bnna~aljbf iryaieij~ a} ~`b~ ~ì mib~l

lg ~ì wanil a} b~~aoy~in bfljh}ani

_iwwi b} `l}~* ^à} iwijyi%ba}ajh

}~b~ihq jl~ ljfq tiea~} xani}tibn

na}~aoy~alj3 a~ ifai} lj a~ ” ~ì eli

tiltfi x`l }ii ~ì wanil& ~ì elieljiq ol~` ~ì }a~i bjn ~ì mib~l ibj*

_iwwi leitbhi



01


Bnìijmi ~l mltqah`~ fbx a} bj

aetl~bj~ a}}yi gl _iwwi* Bff ytflbnin

wanil} bi iwaixin oq b `yebj oigli

oiajh ebni bwbafbofi ljfaji* _iwaixi}

fllc gl mltqah`~ walfb~alj}& gbynyfij~

~bhhajh& bjn bjq ajbttltab~i mlj~ij~

xàm` xlyfn walfb~i ~ì }a~i‑} eieoi

bhiieij~ xxx*iwwi*mle,hl,~ly!&

}ym` b} mlj~ij~ niiein lo}miji l

`b~igyf* Ag ~ì }a~i‑} iwaixi} ni~im~

tl}}aofi mltqah`~ walfb~alj}& ~ì

ytflbni a} iebafin& bjn b}cin ~l

nlmyeij~ ~ìa lxji}àt lg ~ì a~ie

aj ryi}~alj& oi a~ ~ì wanil gll~bhi&

obmchlyjn ey}am l l~ì mlj~ij~*

_iwwi‑} mltqah`~ }~b~ieij~ xxx*

iwwi*mle,hl,mltqah`~! nimfbi};

‐B~ _iwwi& xi }~byjm`fq

}yttl~ mltqah`~ fbx}* Ly

ea}}alj bjn oy}aji}} a}

efq ll~in aj ~ì anib ~`b~

b~a}~} ni}iwi ~l mlj~lf

bjn oi ixbnin gle ~ìa

aj~iffim~ybf tlti~q* Xi

bf}l oifaiwi }~ljhfq aj ~ì

tl~im~alj} tlwanin oq ~ì

nlm~aji lg Gba Y}i& xàm` a} tb~ lg Y] mltqah`~ fbx& bjn

~l mletbbofi tl~im~alj}

tlwanin yjni ~ì mltqah`~

fbx} aj l~ì kya}nam~alj}*

Xàfi a~ a} aetl}}aofi ~l nbx b

`bn bjn gb}~ faji oi~xiij x`b~

a} Gba Y}i bjn x`b~ a} jl~& xi

yjni}~bjn ~`b~ xi bi fawajh aj

b ieap myf~yi bjn xi }yttl~

bj ltij einab ijwaljeij~

~`b~ bfflx} mib~l} ~l fbxgyffq

oyafn lj ~ì xlc lg ibfai

mib~l}*‑

El~awb~alj}

_imlhja}in b} bj ibfq bnlt~i lg

jip~%hijib~alj oy}aji}} elnif}&

_iwwi a} yjnitajjin oq ~ì oifaig ~`b~

‐b gii bjn ltij& nielmb~a{in einab

ijwaljeij~ a} hlln gl iwiqlji* Ly hlbf a} ~l ietlxi wanil ebci} bjn

}`bi} ~l nl x`b~ ~ìq nl oi}~‑ xxx*

iwwi*mle,hl,gbr!*

]yttl~ gl ~ì obfbjmi aj mltqah`~

fbx& bjn bf~ijb~awi lt~alj} ajmfynajh

Mib~awi Mleelj} a} gy~ì iwanijmin

aj _iwwi‑} }yttl~ gl ltij }lymi

mleeyja~ai}* _iwwi bmcjlxfinhi}

~`b~ ~ìq `bwi oyaf~ ~ìa tlnym~} xa~`

b jyeoi lg ltij }lymi }lg~xbi

tlkim~} ajmfynajh Tq~`lj& ^xa}~in&

eq]RF& Tl}~hi]RF& Pij& Kbwb& T@T&

Btbmì& Fah`~~tn& bjn Nkbjhl xxx*

iwwi*mle,hl,gbr,-bta2!* Aj i~yj&

_iwwi `b} ebni ~ì ‐Bm~awi_iwwi‐ bjn

‐]tbcfaji‑ taimi} lg }lg~xbi bwbafbofi

gl y}bhi& elnamb~alj& bjn na}~aoy~aljyjni ~ì EA^ famijmi* _iwwi‑}

Niwiflti Mij~i `~~t;,,niwiflti*iwwi*mle! tlwani} bmmi}} ~l ~ì

Bttfamb~alj Tlhbeeajh Aj~igbmi

BTA!& ajwlfwajh }lg~xbi niwiflti} aj

~ì ij`bjmieij~ lg ~ì tfb~gle*

Hawij ~ì }`bajh bjn gyjnba}ajh

mbtboafa~ai} lggiin oq _iwwi& Mib~awi

Mleelj} y}in ~ì tfb~gle nyajh

a~} aja~abf gbff gyjnba}ajh mbetbahj aj?447 `~~t;,,mib~awimleelj}*lh,xioflh,ij~q,72?9! xa~` ~ì wanil

Xbjjb Xlc ^lhi~ì `~~t;,,}yttl~*mib~awimleelj}*lh,wanil}-xx~!*]yo}iryij~fq ~ìq `bwi ytflbnin b

jyeoi lg fe} lj _iwwi& ajmfynajhol~` Ebqi bjn Oi~~fi fe}*



14


mleelj}

]ljq iqiWal

ni}mrat~alj; ]ljq‑} iqiWal a} bj Aj~iji~ bjn eloafi }iwami aj Kbtbj ~`b~ tlwani} b àh`

rybfa~q wanil%}`bajh tfb~gle gl tiltfi ~l }`bi wanil} xa~` gbeafq bjn gaijn}*

xio}a~i; `~~t;,,iqiwal*kt

famijmi y}in; Wbaly} Mib~awi Mleelj} famijmi}

einab; Wanil

flmb~alj; Kbtbj

Lwirwaix

]ljq iqiWal a} bj Aj~iji~ bjn eloafi

}iwami aj Kbtbj ~`b~ lggi} àh`

rybfa~q wanil} gl gaijn} bjn gbeafai}

~l ytflbn bjn }`bi* Ni}maoin oq

]ljq MIL ]a @lxbn ]~ajhi b}

b taebq ifieij~ aj ~ì mletbjq‑}

‐ryai~ }lg~xbi iwlfy~alj‑ xxx*n~h*lh*yc,jix},jix}*t`t<an5?>4?!& iqiWal

}~b~ihambffq mletfieij~}

ipa}~ajh ]ljq Hlyt

b}}i~} bjn oy}aji}}i}*

Fbyjmìn lj ?1 Btaf ?448

b} b Kbtbji}i%fbjhybhi

wanil%}`bajh tfb~gle&

~ì iqiWal }a~i ebci} y}i

lg N@ÊF& BKBP& bjn

b }ifim~alj lg xio ?*4

~im`jaryi}& xa~` mlj~ij~nawanin aj~l imleeijnin

wanil} bjn m`bjjif}* B ciq gib~yi lg

iqiWal a} ~ì boafa~q ~l mljjim~ naim~fq

xa~` ]ljq `bnxbi niwami}& }ym` b}

eloafi t`lji}& ~ì T]T bjn ]ljq wanil

Xbfceij* @ah`fah`~ajh aj~iltiboafa~q&

y}i} bi bofi ~l ytflbn fi} aj b xaniwbai~q lg gleb~}& bjn bi bofi ~l

}timagq x`l mbj waix ~ìa mlj~ij~& bjn

`lx fljh b wanil xaff iebaj bwbafbofi

lj ~ì }iwami*

Yjfaci el}~ wanil%}`bajh }a~i} }ym`b} Qly yoi& xàm` ifai} lj b tlfamq lg

‐xba~%bjn%}ii&‑ iqiWal‑} }~bgg elja~l

bjn iwaix iwiq ytflbn ~l ~ì }a~i bjn

nifi~i bjq eb~iabf ~ìq mlj}ani ~l oi

aj oibm` lg mltqah`~ fbx}* ^à} a} b

}ahjambj~ }iffajh tlaj~ gl oy}aji}}i} ajb}}yajh ~ì fiha~aebmq lg ~ì mlj~ij~&

~ìioq eajaea}ajh ~ìa iptl}yi ~l

a}c*

Famijmi Y}bhi

^ì iqiWal famijmi }ifim~l hawi} ~ì

ytflbni ~ì boafa~q ~l m`ll}i oi~xiij

bff }ap lg ~ì Mib~awi Mleelj}

famijmi}& b} xiff b} }~bjnbn bff ah`~}

i}iwin mltqah`~* iqiWal‑} bttlbm` ~l

fi~ y}i} naim~fq bttfq ~ì }ap Mib~awi

Mleelj} famijmi} ~l ~ìa wanil}ebci} ~bj}giajh wanil} oi~xiij

ofyo

A e b h i } ; ( G l e ~ l t ~ l o l ~ ~ l e ! ] ~ a f f } l e ~ ` i I t a } l n i ? l ~ ` i } ` l ~ g f e } i a i } くじぜなワワ & ` ~ ~ t ; , , i q i w a l * k t ,

e l w a i , 2 ?

4 2 0 0



12


eyf~atfi niwami} b xlq%gii iptiaijmi*

^ì }a~i‑} }lg~xbi bf}l y}i} ~ì famijmi

m`lami ~l ni~ieaji ~ì bttltab~i

gyjm~aljbfa~q gl ibm` wanil& }l ~`b~ ljfq

~`l}i wanil} yjni b Mib~awi Mleelj}

famijmi mbj oi nlxjflbnin* ^à} bwlan}

~ì fihbf yjmi~baj~q ~`b~ }ylyjn}

}l eym` lg ~ì nlxjflbnbofi eb~iabf

bwbafbofi ljfaji& bjn ij}yi} ~`b~ ol~`

mib~l} bjn nlxjflbni} bi mfib lj

`lx ~ì eb~iabf ebq oi y}in*

El~awb~alj}

Aj~ihb~ajh Mib~awi Mleelj} aj~l

iqiWal `b} ìftin }lfwi ~ì mltqah`~

ebjbhieij~ a}}yi gbmin oq ebjq y}i%

hijib~in mlj~ij~ }iwami}* Mib~awi

Mleelj} tlwani} iqiWal xa~` b ~llf

~l hawi einab mlj}yei} ~ì giinle

~l ~bci mlj~ij~ bml}} niwami} xàfi

ebaj~bajajh ~ì ah`~} gl einab tlnymi}

~l ciit mlj~lf lg ~ìa mib~alj}* B}

]a @lxbn ]~ajhi ty~} a~; ‖A~‑} bj

lttl~yja~q ~l ~bj}ea~ y}i%hijib~in

wanil bjqxìi qly xbj~ ~l& bjq~aei ~l

bjqolnq& aj b tl~im~in ijwaljeij~―

`~~t;,,xxx*n~h*lh*yc,jix},jix}*t`t<an5?>4?!* ^à} hawi} iqiWal bjbnwbj~bhi lwi l~ì }aeafb }a~i}& xàm`

ljfq bfflx faea~in gyjm~aljbfa~q }ym` b}

ieoinnajh aj oflh}! l ‐flmc‑ nlxjflbn}

~l tb~amyfb niwami}*

^à} ijbofi} iqiWal ~l ~yfq ieobmi

~ì Xio ?*4 wbfyi} lg tl~boafa~q bjn

ipaoafa~q* ^à} ajmib}i} ~ì bttibf lg ~ì }a~i ~l& gl ipbetfi& bnwi~a}i}&

x`l xa}` ~l ij}yi ~`b~ ~ìa mlj~ij~

a} waixin oq ~ì ebpaeye jyeoi

tiltfi* A~ bf}l ajmib}i} ~ì y~afa~q lg ~ì

}a~i gl wanil mib~l}& x`l mbj y}i a~}

ipaofi mltqah`~ lt~alj} ~l ebjbhi ~ìna}~aoy~alj lg ~ìa mlj~ij~ ~l ~bci oi~~i

bnwbj~bhi lg jix oy}aji}} elnif} ob}in

lj ~ì oyafnajh lg ity~b~alj bjn bynaijmi

~`lyh` imleeijnb~alj} bjn xln lg

ely~`*





1=


iggim~} bjn ey}am ~bmc}*

Xa~` lo}iwb~alj} lg ~ì iwij~ oflhhin

fawi oq WANIL ]FBE tlnymi Bjnix

Hb~lj& aj ~ì klyjbf ij~q ‐]fbe hli}

lj‧‑ `~~t;,,ltijm`bjjif*lh*by,oflh},wanil}fbe,<t5?=! lj Eljnbq 2> Ebq

?448 ì xa~i};

‐A~‑} ajminaofi `lx xi

ebjbhin ~l jn ky}~ boly~

iwiq~àjh xi jiinin& ah`~

nlxj ~l lo}myi mbofi}

bjn bnbt~l}& ~atln}& ip~b

mbeib} bjn eami& mlety~i}

bjn ~lmì}‧ xi ollxin&

}`bin‧ }`bin" Iwiqljixb} }l ~l~bffq mllf& }yttl~awi&

ijmlybhajh& mbfe bjn

ajwij~awi"‑

Famijmi Y}bhi

‐Oimby}i }lei MM eb~iabf

`b} i}~am~alj} lj `lx a~ mbj

oi famij}in ljmi a~ `b} oiijieapin& ~ì famijmi m`l}ij

gl ~ì jbf tlnym~ xlyfn

ni~ieaji x`b~ mlj~ij~ mbj

oi y}in aj ~ì fe* _ifabofi

}lymi} lg MM eb~iabf `bn ~l

oi flmb~in& ~l ebci }yi ~ìa

eb~iabf xb} mletb~aofi xa~`

~à} famijmi*‑

Iffal~~ Ofin}li bjn Ki}}amb Mlb~i}&

Gaf~i 79; ^à} a} jl~ Ltij ]lymi

Lj bnwami gle Iffal~~ Ofin}li bjn

Ki}}amb Mlb~i} lg ~ì Mib~awi

Mleelj} Mfajam& a~ xb} nimanin ~`b~

~ì tlnym~alj xlyfn oi ifib}in

yjni MM‑} el}~ tltyfb famijmi& ~ì

B~~aoy~alj%Jljmleeimabf%]`biBfaci

?*9 By}~bfab famijmi à} eibj~ ~`b~wanil }fbeei} xii bofi ~l y}i bjq

eb~iabf ifib}in yjni MM B~~aoy~alj&

B~~aoy~alj%Jljmleeimabf bjn

B~~aoy~alj%Jljmleeimabf%]`bi Bfaci famijmi}* Bf~`lyh` ~à} ipmfynin

eb~iabf gle }lei tltyfb }a~i}& a~

xlyfn hawi ~ì feebci} bmmi}} ~l ~ìfbhi}~ tl}}aofi tllf lg mlj~ij~}* ^ì

fe bf}l ajmltlb~in eb~iabf }`l~ oq~ì feebci} aj bjn blyjn Eifolyjigl ~ì iwij~*

El~awb~alj}

Bjnix Hb~lj& x`l xb} aj~ii}~in aj

~ì y}iboafa~q lg ltij mlj~ij~ eb~iabf&

aja~ab~in ~ì iwij~ ~l ~i}~ Mib~awi

Mleelj} tbm~ambf bttfamb~alj*

Aetl~bj~fq& ì ijwa}bhin b jix xlc

xàm` xlyfn oi }`bin bmmlnajh ~l ~ì}bei famijmi} gle xàm` ~ì mlj~ij~

xb} }lymin& ~`y} hawajh obmc ~l ~ì

mleeyja~q gle xàm` ~ì eb~iabf

mbei bjn mib~ajh b waobj~ myf~ybf

nlebaj gl By}~bfabj b~a}~}* Oy~

~ì b~a}~} jiinin ~l yjni}~bjn ~ì

famij}ajh }q}~ie;

‐Ni}ta~i& l ti`bt} oimby}i

lg& ~ì }~iit fibjajh mywi

~ì WANIL ]FBE tlwin

~l oi bj ip~ieifq wbfybofi

iptiaijmi gl bff ajwlfwin*

Bff ~ì feebci} ajwlfwin

xij~ bxbq xa~` b eym` oi~~i

yjni}~bjnajh lg ~ìa famij}ajh

bjn mlj~ij~ lt~alj} aj ~ì

naha~bf bhi*‑

Iffal~~ Ofin}li bjn Ki}}amb Mlb~i}&

Gaf~i 79; ^à} a} jl~ Ltij ]lymi

B} lo}iwin oq Bjnix Hb~lj

aj ~ì xbt%yt ~l ~ì iwij~ `~~t;,,ltijm`bjjif*lh*by,oflh},wanil}fbe,<mb~58!;

‐^à} tlkim~ xlyfn jl~ `bwi

oiij tl}}aofi `bn a~ jl~ oiij

gl ~ì tb~amatb~alj lg ~ì

Mib~awi Mleelj} Mfajam ~ibe

x`l ~ibein yt xa~` LTIJ

M@BJJIF bjn xlcin xa~`

y} bjn ly ~ibe lg b~a}~}

~l ij}yi bff mlj~ij~ xb}bmmyb~ifq b~~aoy~in*‑



1>


mleelj}

Wanil ]fbe; Bttrltrab~i Lrahajbf

ni}mrat~alj; WANIL ]FBE 4?; Bttltab~i Lahajbf xb} bj iptiaeij~ aj ~aei%faea~in&

mlffbolb~awi& ltij%famij}ajh fe tlnym~alj aj i}tlj}i ~l ~ì }~ WANIL ]FBEiwij~*

xio}a~i; xxx*ltijm`bjjif*lh*by,b~}fbx

famijmi y}in; Gajbf MM Gafe}; Mib~awi Mleelj} OQ%JM%]B ?*9 By}~bfab& `~~t;,,mib~awimleelj}*lh,famij}i},oq%jm%}b,?*9,by3 ajmltlb~in ifieij~}; OQ&

OQ%JM bjn OQ%JM%]Beinab; Wanil& Bynal

flmb~alj; By}~bfab

Lwirwaix

Glfflxajh ~ì }ymmi}} lg WANIL

]FBE‑} ?448 nioy~& LTIJ M@BJJIF

ti}ij~in ~ì }imljn mlffbolb~awi

fe tlkim~ b} tb~ lg B~} Fbx XiicWam~lab ?440; WANIL ]FBE ?;

Bttltab~i Lahajbf `~~t;,,xaca*btm*

lh*by,ajnip*t`t<~a~fi5WANIL\]FBE!*]tbjjajh ~xl nbq} lg xlc}`lt} bjn

myfeajb~ajh aj b }miijajh&

glye} bjn fawi ieap iwij~&

WANIL ]FBE oajh} ~lhi~ì

feebci} bjn fbxqi} ~lmib~i b }lyjn bjn wanil

xlc iptflajh bttltab~alj&

ieapajh bjn ~ì y}i lg tyofam

}tbmi aj ifim~ljam b~}*

^ì tlkim~ nbx} tyifq gle

Mib~awi Mleelj}%famij}inmlj~ij~& xìi tb~amatbj~}

bi hyanin ~`lyh` ~ì tlmi}}i} lg

ni}ahjajh bjn mib~ajh b }`l~ felwi b >0%`ly xlc}`lt ìfn b~ @l}i

Ob{bb& Eifolyji‑} naha~bf b~} ob*

^ì i}yf~} bi }miijin b~ ~ì WANIL

]FBE Glye& xìi ~ìq bi bf}l i%

bttltab~in aj~l ~ì WANIL ]FBE fawi

ieap iwij~* ^ìi b tbjif lg `qoan

b~} tbm~a~alji} ajmfynajh feebci}&fbxqi}& bynal%wa}ybf b~a}~}& tlnymi}

bjn myb~l} mleoaji ~l hijib~i ~xl%

bjn%b%`bfg `ly} lg naha~bf }lyjn bjn

wanil ieapajh ebnji}}* Glfflxajh

~à} b tbjif lg jix einab tbm~a~alji}

b}}ieofi ~l na}my}} bttltab~in `qoan

b~xlc} bjn ~ì fihbf gbeixlc} ~ìq

i}ani aj*

Xa~` ~ì tlnym~alj tlmi}} ajglein oq

Iffal~~ Ofin}li gle Mib~awi Mleelj}

By}~bfab bjn ~ì ly~mlei kynhin oq]`byj Eaffi gle Eb}`bff} bjn Nij~&

ciq mljmit~} bnni}}in b~ WANIL

]FBE ? Bttltab~i Lahajbf ajmfyni;

Bttltab~alj aj ~ì b~}

bjn `lx a~ mlj~aoy~i} ~l ~ì

xlc lg bj b~a}~3

Bttltab~alj bjn myf~yi aj

~ì naha~bf bhi3

Fihbf gbeixlc} tl~im~ajh

b~a}~} bjn ~ì xlc} ~ìqmlj}yei3 A e

b h i ; B

} ~ a f f l e K l ` j ] l B o a ~ b q & x x x * i j h b h i e i n a b * l h , E i e

o i } ,

l t i j m ` b j j i f , w a n i l } , W ] 4 ?\

^ I B E % 4 2 * l h h , w a i x

]~aff }`l~} le îbe 2‑} ‖Kl`j ]l Boa~bq― xàm` ajmfynin mltqah`~ oibmì}








http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/2008-ccau-cobcroft-rachel-ed-building-an-australasian-commons-case-book 102/190Ipàoa~alj Ltij"

10


mleelj}

niawb~awi}* B} b}}ieofin

gl ~ì ajbyhybf mm]bflj

aj By}~bfab& ìfn b~ ~ì

RY^ Mib~awi Ajny}~ai}

Timajm~ aj Oa}obji ajJlwieoi ?447& flmbf Gfamc t`l~lhbtì} `bwi oimlei

bnij~ bnwlmb~i} lg ~ì

mleelj}*

l ryl~i EljciqM& b

mlj~aoy~l ~l ~ì iwij~;

‐^ì Mib~awi Mleelj}

famij}i a} b tigim~

ipbetfi lg ~ì }l~ lg

mltqah`~ m`bjhi} ~ì

elnij xlfn jiin} ~l

mlei ~l hat} xa~` aj ~ì

naha~bf bhi& ajgleb~alj

}`lyfn oi gii ~l bff*‑ Kl`j @bwiq& ‐eljciqm*ji~‑

xxx*amc*mle,t`l~l},eljciqm

Yf~aeb~ifq& ~ì jiin ~lebaj~baj bj ltij bjn

waobj~ }tbmi aj xàm` ~l

ipti}} b~a}~am ijnibwly a} xanifq mbffin gl* Mib~awi

Mleelj} a} timiawin b}

~ì wa~bf ifieij~ aj ciitajh

~à} mljwi}b~alj lxajh*

B }betfi l xlc} le 74]lp;

‖pNafima}&― b t`l~lhbt` oq klni}ahj&

‖Affy}~b~in haf % naha~bf tbaj~ ‖ oq

kb}tbnl& ‖]lq― oq awbj bjn b }~aff }`l~ le ~ì bjaeb~alj ‖Hiji

Elnamb~alj― oq Oijbn Xaj~i

h

h

k

h

” n a h a ~ b f t b a j ~ & ― ` ~ ~ t ; , , 7 4 } l p * l h * b y , m l j ~ i j ~ } , k b } t b n l , 2 9 7 7 * ‖ ] l q & ― ` ~ ~ t ; , , 7 4 } l p * l h * b y , m l j ~ i j ~ } ,

a w b j , 8 0 8 * ‖ H i j i E l n a g m b ~ a l j

& ― ` ~ ~ t ; , , 7 4 } l p * l h * b y , m l j ~ i j ~ } , o i j b n x a j ~ i , 7 8 1 * B

f f M M

O Q % J M % ] B ? * 9

B y } *

A e b h i ; ‖ @ i f a l ~

l t a b N i ~ b a f ― o q ] b b ` J a m l f i T ` a f f a t } ( ` ~ ~ t ; , , } b b ` j a m l f i t `

a f f a t } * m l e ! &

M M O Q % J M % J N =

* 4 H i j i a m & ` ~ ~ t ; , , b ~ b o b } i * j i ~ , b ~ a } ~ , ? 9 ? % } b b ` % j a m l f i % t ` a f f a t }

^à} aebhi lj B~bob}i nitam~} lji tb~ l ‖@ifal~ltab&― b 2>%tb~ }lfb%tlxiin

aj}~bffb~alj oq Beiambj b~a}~ ]bb` Jamlfi Tàffat}*





44


mleelj}

‐Mib~awi Mleelj} hawi} ei ~ìbnnin b}}ybjmi ~`b~ A xaff oimina~in l eq aebhi}& bjn a~ bfflx} ~ìe ~l oi na}tfbqin bjn y}in aj}~ibn l ky}~ }a~~ajh aj b fi*‑

Bfa K aj iebaf aj~iwaix

@i xlc} bi }lfn

aj ~ì I~}q ljfaji

}~li xxx*

by}}aitb~mì}*

i~}q*mle!&xìi ~ìq

`bwi oiij

imlhja}in

b} ‐B ^àjh

lg Oiby~q‑

xxx*~àjh%

lg%oiby~q*

mle,244%hib~%b~a}~}%

i~}q%qly%

eah`~%xbj~%~l%

wa}a~!& oiajh wl~inaj ~ì ~lt 244

b~a}~} lj ~ì }a~i*

Bfa K‑} ibajh} `bwi

bf}l oiij fa}~in xa~` Fiifll

b~ ~ì ]`lt âf Qly Nlt I%oly~aryi

xxx*}`lt~afqlynlt*mle*by,ioly~aryi\ tlnym~}*`~e<objn52=?'tan5?199 !*

Bfa K‑} ipàoa~alj }mìnyfi a} jlx ~ah`~fq

tbmcin& xa~` ~ì el}~ imij~ iwij~

oiajh ~ì Ti~` Mlffihi B~ Ipàoa~aljgle > ~l 7 Btaf ?440 xìi }ì `b}iptflin b eba~aei ~ìei* Lwi ~ì

fb}~ ~xl qib} Bfa K `b} ipàoa~in aj

b jyeoi lg }`lx}& ajmfynajh hlyt

ipàoa~alj} aj Ti~`& ]qnjiq& Eifolyji

bjn Jix Qlc bjn b }lfl ipàoa~alj aj

Ti~`*

Bfa K‑} b~xlc bjn affy}~b~alj} i}ani aj

tawb~i mlffim~alj} }tbjjajh ?= mlyj~ai}

ajmfynajh Aifbjn& A~bfq& Tlfbjn& Tl~yhbf&

Eipaml& ]tbaj& Ob{af bjn Xbfi}& b} xiff

b} ~ì Yja~in Cajhnle bjn ~ì Yja~in]~b~i}* ^ì tyofam mlffim~alj} `ly}ajh

Bfa K‑} xlc bi ~ì Ma~q lg Klljnbfyt

B~ Mlffim~alj& bjn ~ì lxj lg Wajmij~

Faobq*

@i aebhi ‐Oboqnlff Fi~~i}‑ xxx*amc*

mle,t`l~l},by}}aitb~mì},229>4>>719 !

xb} gib~yin aj ~ì Btaf ?440 By}~bfabj

ina~alj lg Ebai Mfbai ebhb{aji* Aj ~ì

}bei elj~`& ì xlc xb} gib~yin aj

Pti}} Ebhb{aji xxx*pti}}ebh*mle*by! aj Ti~`*

Bfa tlwani} bnwami lj ~ì ebci~ajh lg

tlnym~}& jl~ajh ~`b~ bjqlji mbj }iff b

tlnym~3 `lxiwi& hijib~ajh b itib~

}bfi ~bci} jly}& iet`b}a}ajh ~`b~ a~ a}

oi}~ ~l yjni tlea}i bjn lwi nifawi

xxx*by}}aitb~mì}*~qtitbn*mle,by}}aitb~mì},?440,4=,ebci~ajh%qly*

`~ef!*

]~b~a}~am}

^ì glfflxajh bi b }betfi lg

lo}iwb~alj} Bfa K hb~ìin b~ ~ì

Yjxbttin Ni}ahji Ebci~ lj Eijn}

]~ aj ]ly~` Ti~` lj 27

Ebm` ?440 Gyff }~b~a}~am}

bi bwbafbofi lj ì oflh&

xxx*by}}aitb~mì}*~qtitbn*mle,by}}aitb~mì},?440,4=,

yjxbttin%flxnl*`~ef!;

@i bwibhi }bfi xb}

.?9%.=4 bjn ajmfynin lj

bwibhi = a~ie}3

@i }bfi bjhi xij~ gle

.?*94 ~l .248*943

@i flxi}~ tamin tlnym~

xb} .?*94 bjn ~ì àhì}~

A e b h i ; ‖ e l q ~ l q & ―

M M O Q % J M % J N ? * 4 H i j i a m &

x x x *

a m c * m l e , t

` l ~ l } , b y } } a i t b ~ m ` i } , 0 7 = > 4 1 9 1 4





4?


mleelj}

Lwirwaix

B~bob}i a} b oi~b }lmabf ji~xlcajh

}a~i gl b~a}~}& hbffiai} bjn b~ flwi}&

ninamb~in ~l ~ì tlel~alj bjn bmàwajh

lg b~a}~am ipàoa~alj} bjn iwij~}

‐oimby}i tiltfi flwi b~*‑ Ltib~ajh

gle By}~bfab }ajmi ?44> bjn xa~` bj

ljfaji ti}ijmi }ajmi ?448& B~bob}i}tibc} ~l,mib~i} b hflobf mleeyja~q;

oq jleajb~ajh b ihalj lg aj~ii}~& y}i}

mbj oi cit~ yt%~l%nb~i xa~` yt%mleajh

iwij~} aj ~ìa wamaja~q* ]yo}maoi} ~l

~ì }a~i bi ijmlybhin ~l mib~i b gii

ljfaji tlfi }`lxmb}ajh ~ìa wa}ybf

xlc}& hawajh b~a}~} bjn hbffiai} bj

lttl~yja~q ~l tlel~i ipàoa~alj} aj

bnwbjmi bjn ~l bmàwi ~ìa bm~awa~ai}*

^à} mib~awi nb~bob}i a} bwbafbofi gl

y}i oq b~ à}~labj}& klyjbfa}~} bjn

mlffim~l} yjni}mlajh ~ì }a~i b}

ijbofajh b mlffim~awi nija~alj lg à}~lq*

B~bob}i‑} ‐B~} Lttl~yja~ai}‑ iebaf

fa}~} bjjlyjmi b~} klo}& mleti~a~alj}&

mbff} gl tltl}bf}& bjn gyjnajh

lyjn}* Mleeyja~q na}my}}alj} mlwi

~ltam} }ym` b} ljfaji b~} i}lymi}

bjn jix hbffiq }tbmi}* B ‐bjnle‑

olx}i ~`lyh` b~a}~} gib~yin lj ~ì}a~i iwibf} ‐waniltli~}&‑ eyf~aeinab

tbm~a~alji}& t`l~lhbtì}& bjn

aj}~bffb~alj ipti~} beljh}~ l~ì}* ^ì

B~bob}i }a~i a} bf}l bofi ~l oi f~iin

oq ihalj bjn olx}in oq bft`boi~ambf

fa}~ajh*

]~b~a}~am}

Aj Kbjybq ?440 B~bob}i `bn;

?11= yjaryi wa}a~l}

18? _iha}~iin Y}i}

=94 Iebaf Fa}~ ]yo}maoi}

?71 Ipàoa~alj fa}~ajh}

?99 B~a}~ Tlfi}

2?2 Hbffiq tlfi}

L~ì xio ~bgm ni~baf} bi bwbafbofi wab

Bfipb& bj ljfaji xio ~bgm elja~lajh

}a~i xxx*bfipb*mle,nb~b,ni~baf},~bgm\

ni~baf},b~bob}i*ji~!*

Famijmi Y}bhi

B~bob}i bjjlyjmin a~} nima}alj ~l

bfflx aebhi} ~l oi famij}in yjni

Mib~awi Mleelj} aj Lm~loi ?448 `~~t;,,mib~awimleelj}*lh,

Br~bob}i

ni}mrat~alj; B~bob}i a} b oi~b }lmabf ji~xlcajh}a~i gl b~a}~}& hbffiai} bjn b~ flwi}&

mib~ajh b ‐lji }~lt }`lt‑ gl jix} lg ipàoa~alj} bjn iwij~}*

xio}a~i; `~~t;,,b~bob}i*ji~

famijmi y}in; ]lei aebhi} yjni Mib~awi Mleelj}=*4 Yjtl~in }ya~i

einab; Aebhi}

flmb~alj; By}~bfab

B~bob}i `leitbhi& Kyfq ?440

Ni}ta~i oiajh aj

Oi~b }~bhi& B~bob}i

imiawin bj `ljlii

eij~alj aj ~ì

B~} mb~ihlq aj

~ì ?440 Xiooq

Bxbn}& ~ i ‖L}mb}

l ~ì Aj~iji~*―

A~ }b~ bfljh}ani

jleajb~alj} }ym` b}

^ì ^b~i Ljfaji bjn

b Tyfa~{i Glyjnb~alj

Gl ^ì B~} ipàoa~aljxio}a~i*


http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/2008-ccau-cobcroft-rachel-ed-building-an-australasian-commons-case-book 107/190Mrib~awi Mleelj} ' Wa}ybf Br~} Mfy}~ir

24=


xioflh,ij~q,8872!* Bmmlnajh ~l

_ioimmb Mbjjlj& Naim~l lg ~ì }a~i&

bttlpaeb~ifq 2?) lg ~ì aebhi}

ytflbnin ~l B~bob}i ~l nb~i `bwi b

Mib~awi Mleelj} famij}in aebhi*Mib~awi Mleelj} B~~aoy~alj%

]`biBfaci a} ~ì el}~ mleelj famijmi

m`l}ij* ^ì }a~i iptfbaj} ~ì ib}ljajh

oiàjn a~} bfflxbjmi lg MM;

‐Xi‧ b}}a}~ b~ gbj} bjn

iwaixi} oq lggiajh Mib~awi

Mleelj} famij}ajh lt~alj}

lj aebhi} xàm` bi ytflbnin

~l ly xio}a~i* ^à} tlwani}

wa}a~l} ~l ly xio}a~i xa~` bjaj}~bj~ ajnamb~alj lg ~ì i%y}i

ah`~} bwbafbofi lj bjq aebhi}

~ìq bi aj~ii}~in aj& ~`y}

ebcajh a~ ib}ai ~l na}tfbq bj

aebhi lj bjl~ì xio}a~i& l

aj b i}ibm` b~amfi& l iwij aj

~ì jix b~a}~am& bttltab~awi

xlc}& l iwij gl mleeimabf

tytl}i}& xa~`ly~ }~

mljeajh tiea}}alj gle

~ì b~a}~ ” xìi ~ì b~a}~

`b} ajnamb~in ~`b~ ~`l}i i%y}i

ah`~} bi giifq bwbafbofi*‑

`~~t;,,b~bob}i*ji~,tyofam,boly~\flwajh\jl~\ rya~i\b~

_iim~ajh lj ~ì bttfamb~alj lg Mib~awi

Mleelj} famijmi} lj ~ì }a~i& _ioimmb

Mbjjlj mleeij~} aj bj iebaf aj~iwaix

xa~` _bmìf Mlomlg~ gle Mib~awi

Mleelj} By}~bfab;

‐Tàfl}ltàmbffq A‑e bff gl

bjq mltqah`~ `lfni `bwajh

~ì giinle ~l y}i Mib~awi

Mleelj} famijmi}& oy~ b}

b oy}aji}} lxji A nl xlq

~`b~ xi eah`~ oi ty~~ajh

ly}ifwi} b~ a}c b} aebhi

`l}~} ag ly y}i} m`l}i

Mib~awi Mleelj} xa~`ly~

gyffq yjni}~bjnajh ~ì fihbf

beamb~alj}& b} `b} `bttijin

lj l~ì xio}a~i}*‑

Aj bnna~alj& B~bob}i a} b ‐oah%~aei

}yttl~i‑ `~~t;,,b~bob}i*ji~,tyofam,

flwi! lg ltij }lymi }lg~xbi* A~

ietflq} _yoq lj _baf} gl }a~i

niwiflteij~* B~ ~à} }~bhi& ~ìi a} jl

_yoq lj _baf} Mib~awi Mleelj} BTA&

}l ~ìq bi }i~~ajh boly~ niwifltajh

~ìa lxj& bjn aj~ijn ~l ifib}i a~ obmc

~l ~ì xlfn xìj ibnq*

El~awb~alj}

Oigli mleeijmajh B~bob}i& _ioimmb

Mbjjlj xb} ajwlfwin aj NAQ mib~awi

tlnym~alj}& ebcajh wanil bjn `bnmltq

taj~ {aji} beljh}~ l~ì tlkim~}*

‐Faci ebjq tl}~elnij

b~xlc} eym` lg ~ì eb~iabf

xb} bttltab~awi ~ll& }l xijiinin ~l gii yt ~ì i%y}i

ah`~} lg ly lxj xlc ~l

i}tim~

~ì hib~i

hiji tllf

lg mib~awi

eb~iabf}

xi xii

}betfajh*

Mib~awi

Mleelj}xb} b naim~

i}yf~ lg

bm~awa~ai}

faci ~à} ~`b~

xi mlyfn

bff y}i bjn

ifb~i ~l*‑

B t`l~l le ~ì ‐Bjaebf @ly}i‐ mlffbolb~awi tlkim~ xàm` }bx b~a}~

^ba ]jba~` aj}i~ aj}~bffb~alj} aj~l b i}anijmi ni}ahjin oq bmà~im~ Ieafal

Gy}mbfnl le Ji}~ Bmà~im~}* Bmmlnajh ~l Ji}~‑} xio}a~i& ~ì anib ‖***m`bjhin ~ì b~el}tìi l ~ì `ly}i le by}~ii bmà~im~yi ~l

}lei~àjh bcaj ~l b ti~~ajh {ll*― A e b h i ; O q K i } }

q E b f l x ( x x x * k i } } i e b f l x * m l e ! l b j a j } ~ b f f b ~ a l j x l c o q ^ b a ] j b a ~ ` ( x x x * ~ b a } j b a ~ ` * m l e ! *

M M O Q % J M % ] B = * 4

Y j t l ~ i n & ` ~ ~ t ; , , b ~ b o b } i * j i ~ , b ~ a } ~ , 1 > % ~ b a % } j b a ~ ` * B m ` a ~ i m ~ y i o q I e a f a l G y } m b f n l l

J i } ~ B m ` a ~ i m ~ } ( x x x * j i } ~ b m ` a ~ i m ~ } * m l e * b y ! *



4>


mleelj}

Lwirwaix

^ì ajbyhybf mm]bflj By}~bfab

`~~t;,,mib~awimleelj}*lh*by,mm}bflj! Gfamc ipàoa~alj ~llctfbmi lj ?1 Jlwieoi ?447 b~~ì Ryiij}fbjn Yjawi}a~q lg îm`jlflhq Mib~awi Ajny}~ai}

Timajm~& Oa}obji& By}~bfab*I}~bofa}ìn ~l }`lxmb}i ~ì mib~awa~qlg By}~bfab‑} t`l~lhbtì}& ol~`

tlgi}}aljbf bjn beb~iy&~ì ipàoa~alj ijmletb}}inb }iai} lg MM%famij}inaebhi} }ifim~in gle ~ìmm]bflj By}~bfab Gfamc tllfmib~in gl ~ì iwij~* B}iai} lg }~yjjajh aebhi} ” b~a}~am& bey}ajh& bmà%~im~ybf& bjn yjea}~bcbofq

By}~bfabj ” xb} na}tfbqinlj ~ì xbff} lg ~ì Hfb}}@ly}i bjn ~ì Oflmc& bjntlkim~in aj~l ~ì Timajm~‑}Tbbni Hlyjn& b} xiff b}ebni bwbafbofi ljfaji*

^ì mm]bflj bm~in b} ~ìjbfi ~l ~ì MMby Ajny}~qGlye& `l}~in oq ~ì B_MMij~i lg Ipmiffijmi gl Mib~awi Ajny}~ai} bjn

Ajjlwb~alj xxx*mma*iny*

by! bjn Mib~awi Mleelj}

By}~bfab `~~t;,,mib~awimleelj}*lh*by!* ^à} iwij~ olyh`~ ~lhi~ì iti}ij~b~awi} lg ~ì By}~bfabjhlwijeij~& inymb~alj& faobai} bjnmib~awi ajny}~ai} ajmfynajh fe&ey}am& tyofa}àjh& bjn eyf~aeinab!}im~l}& ~l na}my}} a}}yi} bjn }~b~ihai}ifb~ajh ~l ~ì aetfieij~b~alj lg Mib~awi Mleelj} aj By}~bfab* ^ì}iiti}ij~b~awi} xii ijmlybhin ~l

}ii ‐x`b~‑} `bttijajh ly~ ~ìi‑ oqb~~ijnajh ~ì mm]bflj glfflxajh ~ìna}my}}alj}*

B} b tyofam ipàoa~alj lg `lx b~a}~} biy}ajh Mib~awi Mleelj} famijmi} bjneb~iabf} aj ~à} ihalj& ~ì mm]bfljajmfynin b fawi bynal%wa}ybf eb}`ytlg ey}am bjn Gfamc aebhi} oq Bjnix

Hb~lj xxx*~lq}b~iffa~i*lh! bjn ey}am

oq Mlffbt}amlj xxx*mlffbt}amlj*

ji~! bjn ~ì `qoan ey}am ij}ieofi

Mlffy}alj xxx*mlffy}alj*mle*by!* A~ bf}lajmfynin bj ipàoa~alj lg t`l~lhbt`}

mm]bflj Gfamcr Tllf

ni}mrat~alj;^ì ajbyhybf mm]bflj By}~bfab Gfamc ipàoa~alj xb} i}~bofa}ìn ~l }`lxmb}i ~ì

xlc lg flmbf t`l~lhbtì} famij}ajh ~ìa eb~iabf yjni Mib~awi Mleelj}*

xio}a~i; xxx*amc*mle,hlyt},mm}bflj

famijmi y}in; Mib~awi Mleelj} ?*4 Hijiam }ya~i

einab; Aebhi}

flmb~alj; By}~bfab

^beb Fibwi

xxx*gamc*mle,t`l~l},~bebfibwi

‐^ì y~yri l mrib~awa~q l iwirq }lr~ rifai}

ytlj }`brajh***‑

} ` i c h b ` b e , ? > 2 1 8 ? ? 9 9 b j n ‖ X b p T l i ~ a m ― o q f y c i l o i ~ } & M M O Q % J M % ] B ? * 4 H i j i a m & a m c * m l e , t ` l ~ l } ,

f y c i l o i ~ } , ? 2 0 ? 4 0 ? ? 1



249


}ifim~in bjn myb~in oqMib~awi Ajny}~ai} T`Ni}ibmì _bmìf Mlomlg~gle ~ì aebhi} aj ~ìmm]bflj Gfamc hlyt tllf*

Famijmi Y}bhi

‐A y}i b Mib~awi

Mleelj} famijmi gl

el}~ lg eq t`l~l} lj

Gfamc }ajmi A xbj~in ~l

y}i l~ì tiltfi‑} gl

b tb~amyfb tlkim~* A

glyjn ~ì jyeoi lg Bff

_ah`~} _i}iwin t`l~l}

~l oi b}~lyjnajh&

bjn bf}l& rya~i

na}bttlaj~ajh* ]l A m`bjhin

bff lg eq famij}ajh ~l oq%jm%}b*

^ì }b b~ì ~`bj jn oimby}i

A xb} }~qeain }l lg~ij& aj

eq }ibm` gl t`l~l}& xìj A

xbj~in ~l mlt bjn mlyfnj‑~"‑

xammcin& xxx*amc*mle,t`l~l},xammcin

Bff t`l~l} ytflbnin ~l ~ì Mib~awi

Mleelj} By}~bfab mm]bflj Gfamc

tllf xii iryain ~l oi famij}in

yjni ~ì Mib~awi Mleelj} }mìei&

}`lxajh }yttl~ gl ltij famij}ajh b}

xiff b} gbmafa~b~ajh ~ì taj~ajh lg ~ì

aebhi} gl ~ì iwij~* Mlj~aoy~l}

xii ajwa~in ~l ~bh ~ìa t`l~lhbt`}

xa~` ‐MM]bfljieap‑ ag ~ìq xa}ìn ~l

`bwi ~ìe ajmltlb~in aj~l ~ì fawi

eyf~aeinab tiglebjmi mllnajb~in

oq Bjnix Hb~lj& bfflxajh ~ì aebhi}tlkim~in lj~l ~ì wijyi‑} xbff} aj

mljmi~ xa~` ~ì ey}am* Gfamc‑} fbmc lg

flmbf famijmi} xb} jl~in& xa~` ~ì ljfq

lt~alj oiajh ~ì bnlt~alj lg ?*4 hijiam

famijmi}*

El~awb~alj}

‐^ì gy~yi lg mib~awa~q lg iwiq

}l~ ifai} ytlj }`bajh* Ajly ib lg ip~iei mltqah`~&

Mib~awi Mleelj} famij}ajh fi~} b~a}~}& }~ynij~} bjn ma~a{ij} bml}} ~ì hfloi bfflx l~ì} ~l waix& }`bi bjn ieap aj b ebjji mlj}a}~ij~ xa~` ~ìmy~~ajh inhi lg mib~awa~q bjn ajjlwb~alj& jl~ ~ì `betiin oq ~ì fyeoiajh elj}~l}a~q ~`b~ lwi{ibfly} ‖bff ah`~}

i}iwin― mltqah`~ fbx `b}oimlei*‑

~bebfibwi& xxx*amc*mle,t`l~l},~bebfibwi

A e b h i ; ‖ ` l e i ― o q f y c i l o i ~ } ( ` ~ ~ t ; , , f y c i l o i ~ } * y } ! & M M O Q % J M % ] B

? * 4

H i j i a m &

x x x * a m

c * m l e , t ` l ~ l } , f y c i l o i ~ } , ? 0 1 = 9 0 4 2 4

A e b h i ; ( ^ l t ~ l

o l ~ ~ l e ! ‖ T ` l ~ l h b t ` } l j ~ ` i x b f f ‖ o q x a m m c i n & M

M O Q % J M

% ] B ? * l

H i j i a m &

x x x *

a m c * m l e

, t ` l ~ l } , x a m m c i n , = 4 1 8 9 > 7 = 9 b j n ‖ H l q b c a ~ i " ― o q F b f b f a b j & M

M O Q % J N ? * 4

H i j i a m &

x x x *

a m c * m l e

, t ` l ~ l } , f b f b f a b j , ? 9 2 2 > 7 9 = 8

Gfamc& lji l ~ì xlfn‑} fbhi}~

t`l~l tyofa} ajh xio}a~i}& xb}

bj ibfq bnlt~l l Mib~awi

Mleelj}* B~ ~aei l taj~ajh

Gfamc `l}~in eli ~`bj 84

eaffalj MM famij}in t`l~lhbt`}&

}ibm`bofi oq famijmi ~qti b~ xxx*

gamc*mle,mib~awimleelj}



47


mleelj}

B taebq b}tim~ lg ~à} iwij~ xb} ~ì

iryi}~ ~`b~ ~ì Gfamc t`l~lhbtì}

tlwani b oaig ni}mat~alj lg x`q

~ìq m`l}i ~l famij}i yjni Mib~awi

Mleelj}* ^à} iryi}~& ijnl}in oq~ì RY^ _i}ibm` I~àm} Mleea~~ii&

i}yf~in aj ~ì glfflxajh ipti}}alj}

lg ~ì aetl~bjmi lg gii myf~yi& lg

ljhlajh mib~awa~q bjn imatlma~q*

‐Nigbyf~ Mltqah`~ a} }~aajh

ly myf~yi* A }ii Mib~awi

Mleelj} Famij}ajh b} b

eibj} lg ijhbhajh bm~awifq aj

b mltqah`~ niob~i& lg iptflajh

bf~ijb~awi} bjn ijmlybhajh mib~awa~q& myf~ybf ipm`bjhi

bjn hlx~`*‑

Oi~~ajb& xxx*amc*mle,t`l~l},}yofaeini}ahj

‐A flwi ~ì xbq ~ì ji~

ijmlybhi} i}tim~gyf }`bajh

oi~xiij faci%eajnin tiltfi*

Mib~awi Mleelj} hawi}

ei ~ì mljnijmi ~l }`bi aj

~ì cjlxfinhi ~`b~ A xaff oi

imlhja}in gl eq xlc*‑

xllxllxll& xxx*amc*mle,t`l~l},fitimlj

‐A‑wi bfxbq} facin ~ì anib

lg Ltij ]lymi ]lg~xbi&

bjn Mib~awi Mleelj} gl

t`l~lhbtì} }iie} ~l

mletfieij~ ~`b~ anibf& ebcajh

a~ ib}q ~l }`bi xa~` ~ì eb}}i}

oy~ xa~`ly~ }yijniajh ~ì

ah`~} gl ~`b~ mib~awa~q*‑

qajqbjh& xxx*amc*mle,t`l~l},bfoi~qajqbjh

‐Ag xi bnlt~ ~ì Beiambj

elnif xàm` ~ib~} aj~iffim~ybf

tlti~q ~ì }bei b} t`q}ambf

tlti~q& xi xaff oi fig~ xa~`ly~

b tyofam nlebaj* ^`b~ `b}

}ialy} aetfamb~alj} gl }lmai~q&

oimby}i bff jix cjlxfinhi(mib~awa~q& mletl}a~alj&

tlofie%}lfwajh! mlei} gle

x`b~ xij~ oigli* Myf~yi

(aj iwiq }ij}i lg ~ì xln!

nitijn} lj b fawifq mleelj}

bjn A be tlyn ~l oi tb~ lg a~*‑

}`bjl}ij& xxx*amc*mle,t`l~l},tbel}ijhij

Tlgi}}aljbf t`l~lhbtì} }ym`

b} Kl`j @bwiq eljciqm*ji~! bf}lfijn wlmagily} }yttl~ ~`lyh` ~ìa }~b~ieij~};

‐^ì Mib~awi Mleelj}

famij}i a} b tigim~ ipbetfi lg

~ì }l~ lg mltqah`~ m`bjhi}

~ì elnij xlfn jiin} ~l

mlei ~l hat} xa~` aj ~ì naha~bf

bhi& ajgleb~alj }`lyfn oi gii

~l bff*‑

eljciqm*ji~& xxx*amc*mle,t`l~l},eljciqm

Nlyh ]~ifiq n84nyh! bjl~ì mleeimabf t`l~lhbtì& igiijmi}boafa~q ~l }y}~baj b oy}aji}} b~ ~ì }bei~aei b} }`bajh beljh}~ gaijn};

‐Mib~awi Mleelj} bfflx} ei

~l na}tfbq bjn }`bi eq t`l~l}

xàfi }~aff bfflxajh ei ~l }iff

~ìe lj }~lmc faobai}*‑

n84nyh& xxx*amc*mle,t`l~l},

878?1?44DJ44

_bmìf Mloml~ }ifim~in

t`l~lhbt } le ~ì ?>9

t`l~l} nitl}a~in aj ~ì mm]bflj

Gfamc hlyt ~l oi tb~ l ~ì

‖By}~bfabj MM T`l~lhbtì} lj

Gfamc― ipàoa~alj b~ ~ì ajjbyhbf

By}~bfabj mm]bflj*

A e b h i ; ( ^ l t ~ l

o l ~ ~ l e ! ‖ o l x i i m ~ a l j } ‖ o q x l l x l l x l l l & x x x * a m c * m l e , t ` l ~ l } , f i t i m l j , 2 7 1 > 1 8 = 7 2 b j n

‖ } f a n i } ` l x ― o q

x a m m c i n & ` ~ ~ t ; , , a m c * m l e , t ` l ~ l } , x a m m c i n , = 4 1 8 0 7 4 9 8 * B f f M M O Q % J M % ] B ? * 4

H i j i a m



248


@bwajh ~ì boafa~q ~l }`bi xa~` l~ì}&

bjn ~l oi imlhja}in gl nlajh }l& xb}

}~b~in b} ma~ambf ~l eieoi} lg ~à}

hlyt;

‐A y}i ~ì Mib~awi Mleelj}

famijmi lj eq t`l~lhbt`} b}

A xbj~ eq t`l~lhbt`} ~l oi

}iij bjn ijklqin oq l~ì}* A

hi~ ijlely} tfib}yi }iiajh

eq t`l~l} lj l~ì tiltfi‑}

oflh}& bjn ~ì b~~aoy~alj

famijmi eibj} ~`b~ A hi~ mina~

gl eq t`l~l}* Eq t`l~l} bi

eq xbq lg ipti}}ajh eq}ifg

aj ~ì xlfn bjn }`bajh xa~`l~ì}*‑

]ìc Hb`be& xxx*amc*mle,t`l~l},}ìchb`be

B} xb} iwibfin aj ~ì LtijOy}aji}}*

mm itl~& imatlma~q tfbq} b ma~ambf

lfi aj ~ì famij}ajh lg aebhi} yjni

Mib~awi Mleelj}* B YC i}tljnij~

bj affy}~b~l! ajnamb~in;

‐A famij}i bff lg eq t`l~lhbt`q lj Gfamc yjni MM* A nlj‑~

}ii x`q bjqlji xlyfn xbj~ ~l

ieap l y}i ~ìe gl bjq~àjh

oy~ A giryij~fq y}i l~ì

tiltfi‑} aebhi} gl anib} bjn

A xlyfn giif b oa~ yni ag A nanj‑~

}`bi eaji aj ~yj*‑

YC B~a}~} % ^ìa Bttlbmì} ~l Mltqah`~ bjn Mib~awi Mleelj}& t 2?& xxx*ltijoy}aji}}*mm,

xt%mlj~ij~,ytflbn},?447,22,BMI_itl~*tng

Aj ~ì mm]bflj tllf& ~ìi xb} b

}aeafb }ij~aeij~ ipti}}in oq }iwibf

tb~amatbj~}& ipti}}ajh b

ni}ai ~l hawi obmc x`b~ `bn

oiij bmryain;

‐B} eq iptiaeij~}

aj t`l~lebjatyfb~alj

`bwi ajmib}in A

`bwi glyjn bmmi}} ~l

l~ì}‑ aebhi} wiq y}igyf* Mlj}iryij~fq&

a~ a} ljfq gba ~`b~ A ty~ }lei

}lymi eb~iabf obmc aj~l ~ì

mleeyja~q gl l~ì} ~l y}i aj

~ìa lxj iptiaeij~}*‑

Ea}~iannfi}& xxx*amc*mle,t`l~l},ea}~iannfi}

‐A ~ijn ~l famij}i el}~ lg

eq t`l~l} xa~` b Mib~awi

Mleelj} famijmi bjn `bwi

oiji~in naim~fq gle ~à}

xìj b hlyt lg t`l~l

i}~li} y}in b mlytfi lg eq

lfni t`l~l} b} ipima}i}* ^ìq

~ìj tyofa}ìn ~ì ja}ìn

a~ie} yjni b MM famijmi& }l

A mlyfn ~ìj y}i ~ì i}~lin aebhi}* A bf}l faci ~l }ii

tiltfi y}i eq aebhi}& xì~ì

aj oflh}& ~l affy}~b~i b~amfi} aj

xaca}& l aj hbtàmbf ni}ahj}*‑

_biB& xxx*amc*mle,t`l~l},bibffij

_bmìf itl~} ~`b~ giinobmc gle ~ì

jah`~ xb} ajminaofq tl}a~awi& xa~` ~ì

t`l~lhbtì} oiajh ~àffin ~l `bwi

~ìa xlc tlfin bjn imlhja}in

oq tii}* ^ì Gfamc t`l~lhbtàm

mleeyja~q mlj~ajyi} ~l }yttl~ ~ì

Mib~awi Mleelj} aja~ab~awi aj By}~bfab

oq tb~amatb~ajh

aj ~ì Mib~awi

Mleelj}

By}~bfab hlyt

`~~t;,,amc*mle,hlyt},

mmby}~bfab!& aj

bnna~alj ~l ~ì

Tam~yi By}~bfab

hlyt}*

A e b h i ; ( F i ~ ~ l

a h ` ~ ! ‖ K b a f O y n n a i } ― o q T b e _ l } i j h i j & M

M O Q % J M ? * 4


a m c * m l e , t ` l ~ l } ,

t b e l } i j h i j

, 2 ? 7 0 2 7 7 = > b j n Y j ~ a ~ f i n o q H b ~ l j & M

M O Q % J M % ] B ? * 4

H i j i

a m & x x x a m c * m l e , t ` l ~ l } , b j n i x %

h b ~ l j , 8 0 > 0 > =

= 4 *



40


mleelj}

Lwirwaix

niwabj~B_^ booiwab~in ~l ‐nB‑!ebci~} a~}ifg b} ~ì ‐xlfn‑} fbhi}~&

el}~ waobj~ bjn ifiwbj~ ljfajimleeyja~q glmy}in }timambffq lj B_^‑ `~~t;,,boly~*niwabj~b~*mle,bnwi~a}ajh!* Glyjnin lj 8 Byhy}~&

?444 aj Mbfagljab& nB ~lnbq olb}~} bmb~bflhyi lg lwi =7 eaffalj b~xlc}mbffin ‐niwab~alj}&‑ gle lwi >*9 eaffaljiha}~iin y}i}& cjlxj b} ‐niwabj~}*‑+mg* Xacatinab; 7 eaffalj y}i}& lwi 9=eaffalj }yoea}}alj}!* ^ì }a~i gib~yi}

b xani wbai~q lg mib~awi ipti}}alj}ajmfynajh bjaeb~alj}& t`l~lhbt`}& xio}caj}& fe}& bjn fa~ib~yi& xàm` bimb~ihla}in xa~àj ~ì my}~lea}bofi nB

hbffiq bmmlnajh ~l b mletiìj}awi}~ym~yi* Eieoi} bi bofi ~l gle

mleeyja~ai} lg aj~ii}~ ~`lyh` ‐nBej&‑~ì niwabj~B_^ Ei}}bhajh Ji~xlc& bibf%~aei m`b~ }q}~ie xàm` a} nawanin

aj~l m`bjjif} aj bnna~alj ~l -niwb~&~ì lgmabf m`bjjif& bjn -ìft& ~ì nBb}}a}~bjmi m`bjjif*

^ì }a~i a} ob}in lj b }yo}mat~aljelnif lg .Y]?>*19 ti qib gl b tieaye ‐Taj~}‑ bmmlyj~* Oq}yo}maoajh& ~ì y}i xaff ibj 94)

lg ~ì iwijyi hbajin gle taj~ajhmbjwb}i}& mbfijnb}& ely}i tbn}&

tl}~mbn}& ~%}à~}& bjn ebhji~}& gl

ipbetfi& bolwi b ti%}i~ ‐ob}i ml}~&‑}ym` b} .4*=? gl b > p 7 ajm` taj~*Gii eieoi}àt bfflx} b niwabj~ ~lbmmyi 24) lg iwijyi hbajin gle ~ì}bfi lg ~ìa b~xlc aj ~ì nB ]`lt&xàm` xb} lahajbffq nB ‐Taj~}‑*

nB bfflx} bnwi~a}ajh ~`lyh` a~} bnMb}~

}iwami `~~t;,,eq*niwabj~b~*mle,}iwami},-bnmb}~!& xa~` jlj%tl~ bjnmleeyja~q%ifb~in tlnym~} imiawajhb na}mlyj~in b~i aj waix lg ~ì }a~i‑}

mleea~eij~ ~l ìftajh b~a}~} ba}i ~ìa tlfi bjn }`bi ~ìa mlj~ij~* Tbqeij~a} ti mfamc& xa~` 2&?94 mfamc} myij~fqml}~ajh .Y]94* Tb~ji} ajmfyni b~hlyt}& {aji}& bjn tlel~i} lg }caj}bjn ~ìei}*

Xio}a~i niwiflteij~ `b} lmmyin ajwi}alj}& xa~` ythbni} oiajh ifib}ineli l fi}} lj bj bjjybf ob}a}* Bimij~ bnna~alj ~l wi}alj 9 aj Nimieoi ?448 bfflxin y}i} ~l mb~ihla}i ~ìa hbffiq b~ aj~l glfni}*

Famijmi Y}bhi

‐^ì oi}~ xbq ~l bwlan

ajgajhajh lj ~ì ah`~} lg bjl~ì mib~awi ti}lj a}

niwabj~B_^

ni}mrat~alj; niwabj~B_^ a} bj ljfaji mleeyja~q

ninamb~in ~l }`lxmb}ajh b~ b} taj~}&

wanil} bjn fa~ib~yi*

xio}a~i; xxx*niwabj~b~*mle

famijmi y}in; Mib~awi Mleelj} =*4 Yjtl~in ]ya~i

einab; Aebhi}& îp~& Wanil}

flmb~alj; Hflobf niwabj~B_^ `leitbhi& Kyfq ?440



241


~l y}i qly }caff& ~bfij~ bjn

aebhajb~alj ~l mib~i qly lxj

mletfi~ifq lahajbf xlc*‑

`~~t;,,boly~*niwabj~b~*mle,tlfamq,mltqah`~

niwabj~B_^ fbyjmìn b jix&}~ibefajin ytflbnajh }q}~ie

ajmltlb~ajh b Mib~awi Mleelj}famijmi hijib~l lj 2> Jlwieoi ?447* B} xa~` bff hijib~l}& niwabj~}bi bofi ~l }ifim~ ~ì famijmi ~ìq xa}`

~l bttfq ~`lyh` nimanajh lj xì~ì ~lbfflx mleeimabf y}i l elnamb~alj}*^ì }a~i }timai} ‐jlji‑ b} ~ì nigbyf~*Oq lt~ajh gl b MM famijmi& ~ì fajcin

MM flhl bjn famijmi ni}mat~alj bttib

yjni ~ì y}i‑} niwab~alj*

^ì }a~i ajmfyni} ~ìa mltqah`~ tlfamai}

ifb~ajh ~l }yoea}}alj} bjn iy}i `~~t;,,boly~*niwabj~b~*mle,tlfamq,mltqah`~!*^à} tlfamq iet`b}a}i} ~`b~ i}tim~ gl bj ajnawanybf‑} lahajbf b~xlc }`lyfnoi ebaj~bajin& mib~ajh b ‐oijimabf bjntl}a~awi b~el}tìi gl bff nB wa}a~l}

bjn eieoi}*‑ Xìj ebni bxbilg mltqah`~ walfb~alj}& oq ~ì lxji

lg ~ì eb~iabf l ~`lyh` bjljqely}itl~ajh& niwabj~B_^ bneaja}~b~l}

xaff nifi~i ~ì ajgajhajh eb~iabfaeeinab~ifq yjni } 92? lg ~ì Yja~in]~b~i} Naha~bf Eaffijjaye Mltqah`~ Bm~ 2110* Tb~ai} oifaiwajh ~`b~ ~ìa

xlc} `bwi oiij ielwin aj il `bwiimly}i ~l ~ì fajh lg b mlyj~i jl~ami~`lyh` b ìft bnni}}*

Aj ~à} xbq& ~ì nB bneaja}~b~l}b~~iet~ ~l obfbjmi ~xl taebq bjnlg~ij mljam~ajh hlbf}; }~fq& ~l bfflx}a~i eieoi} ~l ipti}} ~ìe}ifwi}

xa~àj ib}lj xa~` b} gix i}~am~alj} b}tl}}aofi xàfi jy~yajh bj ijwaljeij~

lg mib~awa~q& fibjajh& bjn ~bfij~3 bjn}imljnfq& ~l tl~im~ ~ì eieoi} lg ~ì mleeyja~q& ~l ~ì oi}~ lg ~ìa

boafa~ai}& gle ajgajhieij~ lg mltqah`~&na}maeajb~alj& `bb}}eij~& bjn

tikynami `~~t;,,boly~*niwabj~b~*mle,tlfamq,i~aryi~~i!*

Nlxjflbn} lg niwabj~}‑ ~y~labf} bjn

}~lmc t`l~l} bi bf}l bwbafbofi* Bj

ipbetfi a} +inìbn}~lmc‑} ~y~labf

`~~t;,,inìbn}~lmc*niwabj~b~*mle,b~,^y~labf%Oy}ì}%bjn%Mlfl}%>977>980!lj ~ì y}i lg oy}ì} bjn mlfly} aj

T`l~l}`lt& famij}in yjni Mib~awiMleelj} B~~aoy~alj%JlNiawb~awi} =*4*

El~awb~alj}

Gbmin xa~` xani%}tibn bttltab~alj

lg lahajbf b~xlc} tyofa}ìn ljniwabj~B_^& ~ì nB mleeyja~q

mifiob~in ~ì aj~lnym~alj lg Mib~awi

Mleelj} famijmi} b} b eib}yilg tl~im~alj ~`b~ hli} }lei xbq ~ltiwij~ajh ~ì tbm~ami& l b~ fib}~

ebcajh l~ì} bxbi lg ~ì y}i}‑ ah`~}*^à} lt~alj xb} }iij b} tigibofi ~l

‐}tlafajh‑ b~xlc ~`lyh` ~ì y}i lg xb~iebcajh ~im`jlflhai}*

Bjjlyjmajh ~ì Mib~awi Mleelj}

}yoea}}alj tlmi}}& niwabj~B_^ oi~b~i}~i ‐]iwiajb]jbti‑ gy~ì iptfbajin

~ì b~aljbfi oiàjn ~ì aj~lnym~alj lg

~ì famijmi} `~~t;,,jix}*niwabj~b~*mle,b~amfi,?=198!;

‐‖_attajh― a}

b} mleelj

b} Bjaei

ìi b~

niwabj~B_^*

B} ag

niwabj~}

nanj‑~ `bwi

ijlyh`~l mlj~ij~

xa~` gle

l~ì& rya~i

lg~ij jbìwi

niwabj~}

x`l nlj‑~

ibfa}i ~`b~

~ìq bi

jl~ gii ~l

ky}~ ~bci

lji‑} xlc

S~lU y}i

a~ b} ~ìq

A e b h i ; ‖ y } a l j * ― o q + ^ G N M & M

M O Q % J M % J N = * 4

Y j t l ~ i n & ` ~ ~ t ; , , ^ G N M * n i w a b j ~ b ~ * m l e , b ~ , y } a l j % 1 4 2 8 ? 9 8 7



24


mleelj}

xa}`3 xi jlx `bwi ~l nibf

xa~` aj~ijb~aljbf xio}a~i}

ninamb~in ~l ~ì b~ lg ~bcajh&

na}tfbqajh bjn y}ajh ly xlc}

xa~`ly~ ly cjlxfinhi l

tiea}}alj*

Xiff ” nB `b} b }ahjambj~ jix

gib~yi xàm` xi }`lyfn bff oimlei wiq gbeafab xa~`* A~ a}

eym` jiinin beeyja~alj aj

~ì ob~~fi bhbaj}~ naha~bf ~ìg~ l

‖ollxajh―*

Ajmltlb~in aj~l ~ì

}yoea}}alj} tlmi}} a} ~ì

boafa~q ~l famij}i qly xlc

~`lyh` ~ì y}i lg b Mib~awi

Mleelj} Famij}i* Mib~awi

Mleelj} ìft} qly tyofa}`

qly xlc ljfaji xàfi fi~~ajh

l~ì} cjlx ipbm~fq x`b~ ~ìq

mbj bjn mbj‑~ nl xa~` qly

xlc*‑

_ibm~alj} ~l ~ì aj~lnym~alj `bwi oiij

tl}a~awi;

‐^à} a} wiq y}igyf& bjn A‑e

}yi EBJQ tiltfi xaff ijklq

~à}* ^`bjc} gl nlajh ~à}*‑

fbq{oy~~ lj ?= Jlwieoi ?447

Ti%iet~ajh ~ì }a~i‑}

aj~lnym~alj lg ~ì Mib~awi

Mleelj} famijmi

hijib~l& zrlymì

tltl}i} ~ì famijmi} b} bxbq ~l tiwij~ xlc oiajh

}~lfij aj Nimieoi ?449;

‐SGUle x`b~ A

yjni}~bjn& b mletbjq

mbffin Mib~awi

Mleelj} lggi} gii

~llf} gl `bwajh b

mltqah`~ famij}i lj

qly xlc* A ìb rya~i

b oa~ boly~ xlc oiajh

}~lfij bjn NB `bwajh bff }l~} lg tlofie} bjn

x`b~%jl~& }l ebqoi ~à}

ky}~ eah`~ ìft*‑

`~~t;,,glye*niwabj~b~*mle,niwb~,hijibf,99?00>

^ì Yoyj~y niwiflteij~ mleeyja~q& lg

~ì xlfn‑} ~àn el}~ tltyfb ni}c~lt

ltib~ajh }q}~ie& a} myij~fq lggiajh

b mleti~a~alj gl ~ì niwabj~B_^

mleeyja~q ~l ini}ahj ~ì fllc bjngiif lg ~ì Yoyj~y 0*24 na}~aoy~alj& ~l

oi ifib}in aj Lm~loi ?440* ^ìq

`bwi mbffin ytlj b~a}~}& affy}~b~l}

bjn t`l~lhbtì} ~l ni}ahj lahajbf

xbfftbti} ~`b~ eb~m` Yoyj~y‑} mlfly

tbfi~~i* ^ì}i xbfftbti} ey}~ oi;

oiby~agyf32

lahajbf b~xlc}& }yoea~~in?

oq ~ìa by~`l}3y}i Yoyj~y‑} ipa}~ajh tbfi~~i3=

MM famij}in3 bjn>

oi }ya~bofi gl màfnij bjn9

naggiij~ myf~yi}*

‐Yoyj~y 0*24‑} ~ìei iwbet

}`lyfn ijhbhi xa~` ~ì

fbhi mleeyja~q lg Mib~awi

Mleelj} b~a}~} b~ Niwabj~B~*‑

`~~t};,,ofyitaj~}*fbyjm`tbn*ji~,yoyj~y,#}tim,niwabj~b~%~ìei%mleti~a~alj

A e b h i ; ‖ o f f j } c f f ― o q t f l m & M M O Q % J M % J N = * 4 Y j t l ~ i n & ` ~ ~ t ; , , t f l m * n

i w a b j ~ b ~ * m l e , b ~ ,

o f f j } c f f % 1 4 = ? 0 7 9 ?



222


Lwirwaix

eia bjniff a} b Oa}obji%ob}in tl}~%

tlnym~alj b~a}~ x`l mib~i} eyf~aeinab

b~xlc} bjn aj}~bffb~alj} ajmltlb~ajh

bjn ~bcajh aj}tab~alj gle Mib~awi

Mleelj} famij}in eb~iabf*

]ì a} myij~fq yjni~bcajh b nlm~lb~ib~ ~ì Ryiij}fbjn Mlffihi lg B~&

Hag~` Yjawi}a~q xxx*hag~`*iny*by,rmb!& xàm` glmy}i} lj ~ì mlj}~ym~alj

lg bj ljfaji }tbmi xàm` iy}i} aebhi}

glyjn ~`lyh` Gfamc‑} Mib~awi Mleelj}

bnwbjmin }ibm` xxx*amc*mle,}ibm`,bnwbjmin!* eia mib~i} jix jbb~awi}

gle glyjn aebhi} xàm`& b} Jamlfb}

Olyabyn ni}maoi} a} ~ì ciq tbm~ami lg

b tl}~tlnym~alj b~a}~*

‐Tl}~tlnym~alj b~a}~} ajwij~

jix y}i} gl xlc}& ajmfynajh

bynal l wa}ybf gle} lg

~ì tb}~& xa~àj ~ìa lxj

mlj}~ym~alj}* Oy~ ~ìq bf}l

iina~ à}~lambf l anilflhambf

jbb~awi}& aj}i~ajh ~ì

ifieij~} ~`b~ mletl}i ~ìe

aj~l bf~ijb~awi }mijbal}*‑

Jamlfb} Olyabyn aj ]m`jiani& M ina~l!&

@iebj& K ~bj}fb~l! ?44?! Tl}~tlnym~alj ;myf~yi b} }miijtfbq ; `lx b~ itlhbe} ~ì

xlfn & Jix Qlc ; Fycb} ' ]~ijoih& t =1

eia‑} bf~ijb~awi jbb~awi} bi iwlcin

oq ~ì bbjhieij~ bjn elwieij~ lg

aebhi} aj ì bjaeb~alj}* ^ìq

m`bffijhi ~ì bynaijmi‑}

olyjnbai} oi~xiij

gb}majb~alj bjn

ityf}alj ~l yhfaji}}

l bokim~alj* ì}i

jbb~awi} bi

na}~yoajh bjnnitam~ yhfq

eleij~} aj ~ì

b~a}~} ti}ljbf

iptiaijmi* Oq

i%mib~ajh bjn

i%ti}ij~ajh

~ì}i jbb~awi}&

ieoinnin xa~àj

}`l~ flltajh& ltij%

ijnin bjaeb~alj}& eia

m`bffijhi} ~ì jbb~awi}xàm` `bwi mlj~aoy~in ~l ~ì

mlj}~ym~alj lg ì anij~a~q*

eia a} y}ajh ~à} tlmi}} b} b

ei~`ln ~l ijhbhi xa~` ~ì ti}ljbf

% bfel}~ mljgi}}aljbf& mlffbolb~awi&

ajmfy}awi bjn bj~a%àibmàmbf myf~yi

lg ~ì xio* Oq nlajh ~à} }ì bae} ~l

tlwlci ltij%ijnin nabflhyi xa~`

ì bynaijmi& `ltigyffq }~aeyfb~ajh

~ìe ~l oi mlj~aoy~l} l b} }ìigi} ~l ~ìe& ml%tb~amatbj~}* Ml%

eirra rbjniffni}mrat~alj; eia bjniff a} bj By}~bfabj ifb~aljbf& tl}~%tlnym~alj b~a}~& bjaeb~l bjn

ni}ahji* @i myij~ nlm~labf i}ibm` bjn mib~awi xlc glmy}i} lj mib~ajh

nifaoib~ifq na}~yoajh bjaeb~alj} l ‐aeti}}alj}‑ xàm` ma~ambffq bjbfq}i ~ì

jbb~awi} xàm` `bwi mlj~aoy~in ~l ~ì mlj}~ym~alj lg ì anij~a~q*

xio}a~i; xxx*eiabjniff*mle

famijmi y}in; Mib~awi Mleelj} OQ%JM%]B ?*4 Hijiam& `~~t;,,mib~awimleelj}*lh,famij}i},oq%jm%}b,?*4

einab; Aebhi}& Bjaeb~alj}& Wanil}




2?


mleelj}

tb~amatb~alj a} b ifb~aljbf bi}~ì~am}

~ie xàm` ni}maoi} bj irybf& bj~a%

àibmàmbf ifb~alj}àt xa~` tiltfi

Gfac mleeyja~q! x`l mlj~aoy~i ~l

bjn iptiaijmi eia‑} xlc*Aj ~lnbq}ieap myf~yi& bynaijmi} bi jl fljhi

tb}}awi imiawi} bjn ~`lyh` b ma~ambf

nabflhyi xa~` ~ì}i ml%tb~amatbj~}&

eia oifaiwi} xi mbj bff tb~amatb~i

aj ìftajh mlj}~ym~ b eli ajmfy}awi

myf~yi* `lyh` b ma~ambf nabflhyi xa~`

~ì}i ml%tb~amatbj~}& eia oifaiwi} xi

mbj bff tb~amatb~i aj ~ì mlj}~ym~alj lg

myf~yi*

eia `b} xlcin jb~aljbffq bjn

aj~ijb~aljbffq gl bfel}~ ?4 qib}b} b mib~awi aj ljfaji& taj~& fe& ^Wbjn bnal b~ ol~` b mleeyja~q bjn

tlgi}}aljbf fiwif* @i myij~ tbm~ami

i}tljn} naim~fq ~l ì xlc b} b

^W tlnymi& b} b }miijxa~i bjn

fajib }~lq~iffajh* Gl qib} }ì `b}

gif~ yjmlegl~bofi boly~ ~à} jlj%

aj~ibm~awi bjn àibmàmbf tlmi}} lg

}~lq~iffajh bjn tawafihajh ajgleb~alj

bjn bynaijmi}*

eia‑} myij~ b~xlc} bi b i%

mib~alj lg ~ì yhfq bjn }`beigyf

jbb~awi} xàm` `bwi mlj~aoy~in ~l ~ì

mlj}~ym~alj lg i anij~a~q* ì}i xlc}

bi ml%mlj~awin oq ml%tb~amatbj~}

x`l `bwi famij}in ~ìa aebhi} yjni

Mib~awi Mleelj}* Oq i%ti}ij~ajh

~ì}i yhfq& aj~ibm~awi jbb~awi} ~l

bj bynaijmi lg ml%tb~amatbj~}& ~ì

ml%tb~amatbj~} oib xa~ji}} bjn ~ì

jbb~awi} oimlei tb~ lg ~ì }lmabfolnq lg ~ì xio bjn oimlei aj}tab~alj

gl gy~ì niob~i boly~ ~ì olyjnbai}

oi~xiij gb}majb~alj bjn ityf}alj*

^`lyh` ~à} tlmi}} eia `lti} ~l

bmàiwi ì hlbf bjn mlj~aoy~i ~l b

}lmabf `la{lj xàm` oimlei} olbni&

eli bmmit~ajh& ietb~ì~am bjn

ajmfy}awi*

‐^ì }~yhhfi ~l yjni}~bjn

bjn ietb~à}i xa~` x`b~ a}

b~ }~ mlj}aniin yhfq mbj

i}yf~ aj bj iptbj}alj lg ~ì

t}qm`lflhambf bjn ifb~aljbf

`la{lj ~`b~ niji} lji‑} fagi*

Aj ~à} xbq& yhfaji}} }ymmyeo}

~l oiby~q*‑

Hilhi @bhebj ?449! Bi}~ì~am Iptiaijmi;Oiby~q& Mib~awa~q& bjn ~ì ]ibm` gl ~ì Anibf &

Be}~inbe; _lnlta& t2??

Famijmi Y}bhi

eia a} y}ajh b mlffbolb~awi& tbm~ami%

fin bttlbm` aj ì i}ibm` bjn

mib~awi xlc ” b tlmi}} xàm`

ajmfyni} y}ajh aebhi} gle ì màfn`lln bjn ~bcajh aj}tab~alj

gle aebhi} famij}in yjni Mib~awi

Mleelj}*

]ì y}i} Mib~awi Mleelj}

eb~iabf lj Gfamc xxx*amc*mle,mib~awimleelj}!& oy~ a} mbigyf ~l ljfq

}ifim~ aebhi} xàm` bi famij}in ~l

bfflx niawb~awi xlc}& b} ì tbm~ami a}

ob}in blyjn b iaj~iti~b~alj lg ~ì}i

aebhi} b} myf~ybf }ahj}*

El~awb~alj}

Mib~awi Mleelj} famij}ajh ijbofi}

eia ~l xlc mlffbolb~awifq xa~` l~ì}

x`l nifaoib~ifq xa}` ~l }`bi ~ìa

aebhi} oq b}}ahjajh b ]`bi%bfaci

Mib~awi Mleelj} famijmi ~l ~ìa

mlj~aoy~alj}* ^`lyh` ~à} mlffbolb~awi

tlmi}} aj ~ì mib~alj lg ì xlc

}ì oifaiwi} }ì mlj~aoy~i} ~l ~ìmlj}~ym~alj lg myf~yi bjn aj}tai}

l~ì} ~l nl ~ì }bei& b} Olyabyn

jl~i}*

‐B~a}~am bm~awa~q a} b hbei&

x`l}i gle}& tb~~ij} bjn

gyjm~alj} niwiflt bjn iwlfwi

bmmlnajh ~l tialn} bjn }lmabf

mlj~ip~}3 a~ a} jl~ bj aeey~bofi

i}}ijmi*‑

Jamlfb} Olyabyn aj Tfib}bjmi& Xlln} 'Mltifbjn ~bj}fb~l}! ?44?! _ifb~aljbf

Bi}~ì~am} Gbjmi; Fi} ti}}i} ny iif& t22





2>


mleelj}

Famijmi Y}bhi

Eljciqm*ji~‑} Gfamc aebhi} bifamij}in yjni ~ì Mib~awi Mleelj} B~~aoy~alj%Jljmleeimabf%]`bi Bfaci?*4 Hijiam famijmi* @a} mlffim~aljmyij~fq }~bjn} b~ 182 t`l~l}& nawaninaj~l >> }i~}* Kl`j‑} Gfamc }~b~a}~am} mbj

oi glyjn ìi `~~t;,,oah`yhifbo}*mle,amc,njb*t`t<y}ijbei5eljciqm*ji~!& mbi lg ~ì Oah @yhi Fbo} ‐NJB‑

bttfamb~alj `~~t;,,oah`yhifbo}*mle,amc !*

Oklj Oinjbic lo}iwi} aj Yjflmcajh ~ì Tl~ij~abf ^`lyh` Mib~awiMleelj} `~~t;,,mib~awimleelj}*lh*by,yjflmcajh~ìtl~ij~abf ! ~`b~ b}b glei tlgi}}aljbf t`l~lklyjbfa}~&

Kl`j‑} m`lami ~l famij}i bfflg à} xlc} yjni Mib~awi

Mleelj} a} ijmlybhajh;

‐Oq ty~~ajh ~y}~ aj ~ìfamijmi}& bjn bm~awifq bnwlmb~ajh ~ìe xa~àj~ì Gfamc mleeyja~q&Kl`j a} ìftajh ~lfiha~aea}i bjn tltyfba}iMib~awi Mleelj}*Xàf}~ aj~ii}~in aj

}iffajh à} xlc} mleeimabffq&ì y}i} Mib~awi Mleelj}

~l }`bi à} xlc jlj%mleeimabffq*‑

El~awb~alj}

Kl`j ij~iin }iwibf lg à} tam~yi}aj~l b t`l~l tllf gl ~ì }~ By}~bfabjmm]bflj `~~t;,,mib~awimleelj}*lh*by,mm}bflj! ìfn aj Oa}obji lj ?1Jlwieoi ?447* Aj nlajh }l& Kl`jni}maoin x`q ì `bn ieobmin

Mib~awi Mleelj} gl à} t`l~l};

‐^ì nima}alj ~l famij}i eq xlc b} mib~awi mleelj} xb}bj ib}q bjn bfel}~ by~leb~am lji ” eq xlc a} gl ti}ljbf ijklqeij~ bjn A xbj~ l~ì} ~loi bofi ~l ijklq eq xlc bjn ~lajmltlb~i a~ aj~l ~ìa wa}alj}*^lnbq A jn t`l~lhbt`q a}b ti}ljbf tfib}yi& A jlfljhi `bwi ~l ebci b fawajh

gle eq mbeib ” a~} ky}~ eq wa}alj lg ~ì xlfn ” b yjaryiwa}alj ~l ei oy~ xa~` MM a~} bf}l}lei~àjh qly mbj ~bci bjn ~yj aj~l }lei~àjh gle qly xlfn ” ~ì }mlti a} ajja~i bjn a~ }i~} ~ì aebhi} gii aj }l ebjq xbq} ” ^ì mib~awi mleelj}famij}i a} b tigim~ ipbetfi lg ~ì }l~ lg mltqah`~ m`bjhi} ~ì

elnij xlfn jiin} ~l mlei

~l hat} xa~` aj ~ì naha~bf bhi&

ajgleb~alj }`lyfn oi gii ~l bff*‑

‖ m l j ~ l f f a j h

w a } a l j } & ― x x x * a m c * m l e , t ` l ~ l } , e l j c i q m , ? 2 0 1 7 9 = 1 1 * O l

~ ` o q e l j c i q m * j i ~ * O l ~ ` M M O Q % J M % ] B

? * 4

H i j i a m

‐^ì Mib~awi Mleelj} famij}i a}b tiim~ ipbetfi l ~ì }l~ l

mltqah`~ m`bjhi} ~ì elnij xlfn jiin} ~l mlei ~l hat} xa~` aj ~ìnaha~bf bhi& ajleb~alj }`lyfn oi

ii ~l bff*‑ Kl`j @bwiq& t`l~lhbtì



229


Tam~yri By}~rbfab Mfamc j Gfamc

ni}mrat~alj; Mfamc j Gfamc a} b Jb~aljbf Faobq lg By}~bfab aja~ab~awi ~l ltij Tam~yi By}~bfab ~lt`l~lhbtàm mlj~aoy~alj} gle ~ì hijibf tyofam*

xio}a~i; xxx*tam~yiby}~bfab*hlw*by,mlj~aoy~i,tb~amatbj~},Gfamc*`~ef

famijmi y}in; Mib~awi Mleelj} ?*4 Hijiam ]ya~i

einab; Aebhi}

flmb~alj; By}~bfab

Lwirwaix

Mfamc j Gfamc a} b Jb~aljbf Faobq

lg By}~bfab JFB! aja~ab~awi ~l ltij

~ìa ljfaji tam~labf hb~ixbq& Tam~yi

By}~bfab xxx*tam~yiby}~bfab*hlw*

by!& ~l mlj~aoy~alj} gle ~ì By}~bfabj

tyofam* Fbyjmìn aj Kbjybq ?447 aj

mlffbolb~alj xa~` t`l~l%}`bajh }a~iGfamc& Mfamc j Gfamc ijbofi} ajnawanybf}

~l mlj~aoy~i ~ìa lxj aebhi} ~l ~ìi

ninamb~in Gfamc aebhi tllf}; ‐Tam~yi

By}~bfab; Ly~lxj‑ xxx*amc*mle,

hlyt},tb\ly~lxj!& ‐Tam~yi By}~bfab;

Tiltfi& Tfbmi} bjn Iwij~}‑ xxx*amc*

mle,hlyt},Tam~yiBy}~bfab\tti!&

bjn ~ì imij~fq fbyjmìn ‐_i%Tam~yi

By}~bfab‑ xxx*amc*mle,hlyt},

i%tam~yiby}~bfab!& ninamb~in ~l ~ì

iaj~iti~b~alj lg a}~lam By}~bfabj

aebhi} aj ~ì tyofam nlebaj*

‐B~ Tam~yi By}~bfab& xi‑wi

bttlbmìn ~ì m`bffijhi} lg

~ì naha~bf bhi xa~` b oah wa}alj

” oifaiwajh a~ }`lyfn oi tl}}aofi

~l }ibm` b mletiìj}awi

tam~labf imln lg By}~bfabj

à}~lq bjn ijnibwly gle

lji tfbmi* Eli ~`bj ~`b~&

~`lyh`& ~ì wa}alj a} ~l ajwa~i bff By}~bfabj} ~l tfbmi ~ìa lxj

aebhi mlffim~alj} ~ìi ~ll& }l

xi bff tfbq b tb~ aj ~iffajh ~ì

gyff }~lq*‑

Galjb @ll~lj& Jb~aljbf Faobq lg By}~bfab&

xxx*jfb*hlw*by,jfb,}~bggtbti,?447nlmyeij~},Oah%Wa}alj*tng

Tam~yi By}~bfab xb} fbyjmìn aj ?444&bjn bae} ~l oi ~ì nija~awi tam~labf

xio}a~i gl bjn boly~ By}~bfabj} bjn By}~bfab& tlwanajh lji }aetfi }ibm`

gl ebjq mlffim~alj}* A~ oihbj xa~`b gix ~`ly}bjn aebhi} gle }iwijlhbja}b~alj}& bjn `b} }ajmi hlxj ~l

ajmfyni lwi 2*2 eaffalj aebhi} gle~ì mlffim~alj} lg >9 lhbja}b~alj} bjnjlx ajnawanybf} wab Gfamc* Tb~amatb~ajhlhbja}b~alj} ajmfyni b bjhi lg flmbf&

}~b~i bjn ginibf hlwijeij~ lhbja}%b~alj} bjn

ol~` fbhibjn }ebff

aj}~a~y~alj}gle

bml}} ~ì By}~bfabj

myf~ybf}im~l ai

hbffiai}&ey}iye}&

bjnfaobai}!*

Tam~yi By}~bfab `leitbhi& Kyfq ?440



27


mleelj}

‐Y}ajh lji }aetfi }ibm`gbmafa~q& Tam~yi By}~bfab tlwani} bmmi}} ~l ebjq mlffim~alj} ~`b~ lggi bj aj}ah`~ aj~l ~ì b~a}~am& }lmabf& myf~ybf&

à}~lambf& ijwaljeij~bf bjn tlfa~ambf fagi lg By}~bfab*‑

Galjb @ll~lj& Jb~aljbf Faobq lg By}~bfab&

xxx*jfb*hlw*by,jfb,}~bggtbti,?447nlmyeij~},

Oah%Wa}alj*tng

^ì Mfamc j Gfamc tlkim~ bl}i gle

b }ywiq xàm` glyjn ~`b~ tiltfixbj~in eli mlj~ietlbq aebhi} ~l

oi bwbafbofi lj ~ì Tam~yi By}~bfab}iwami* Gfamc xb} }yhhi}~in b} bj

ib}q xbq ~l fi~ ~ì tyofam ytflbn bjntlwani ei~bnb~b gl ~ìa aebhi}& xàm`

~ì faobq mlyfn ~ìj `bwi}~* ^à}bttlbm` bf}l ~ai} aj xiff xa~` ~ì JFB‑}

]~b~iham Naim~alj}& xàm` ajmfyni} ~ìlokim~awi} ~l ‐ij}yi ~`b~ By}~bfabj}

`bwi bmmi}} ~l waobj~ bjn ifiwbj~ajgleb~alj }iwami}‑ bjn ~l ‐ij}yi ly

ifiwbjmi aj b btanfq m`bjhajh xlfn&tb~amatb~i aj jix ljfaji mleeyja~ai}

bjn ij`bjmi ly wa}aoafa~q*‑ Xàfi ~ìJFB nli} einab~i ~ì mlffim~alj& ~l

hybbj~ii ~ì bttltab~iji}} lg ~ìt`l~lhbt`}& ~ìq bifq jiin ~l mij}l

~ì eb~iabf*

Famijmi

Y}bhi

B} tb~ lg ~à}tlkim~& Tam~yi

By}~bfabijmlybhi}tiltfi ~l ebci

~ìa eb~iabfbwbafbofi lj ~ì

bmàwi yjni ~ì Mib~awi

Mleelj}famijmi}* ^ì

myij~ Gfamc hlyt }a~i}

mlj~baj ~ìglfflxajh

}~b~ieij~ ihbnajh Mib~awi Mleelj}

famij}ajh;

‐Xàfi ~à} a} jl~ b mljna~alj gl mlj~aoy~ajh ~l ~à} hlyt& xi}yhhi}~ qly mlj}ani famij}ajh qly aebhi} xa~` b Mib~awiMleelj} faci ‖B~~aoy~alj%JljMleeimabf―* Tam~yi By}~bfab }ifim~} Mib~awiMleelj famij}in aebhi}xìj tlnymajh bynal wa}ybf na}tfbq} gl Jb~aljbf iwij~}bjn gi}~awbf} i*h*; Jb~aljbf Glfc Gi}~awbf l ~ì ytmleajh ?440 Jb~aljbf T`l~lhbt`q Gi}~awbf*Oimby}i lg ~ì belyj~ lg xlc

ajwlfwin aj ah`~} mfibajh& a~ a}jl~ gib}aofi ~l y}i ‖bff ah`~}i}iwin― aebhi} gl bynalwa}ybf na}tfbq tytl}i}* Qlymbj jn gy~ì ni~baf} boly~ ~ì 7 Mib~awi Mleelj}famij}i} lj ~ì Gfamc Mib~awi

Mleelj} tbhi*‑

Bg~i tl}a~awi iptiaijmi} xa~` wlfyj~bq

Mib~awi Mleelj} famij}ajh xa~`~ì lahajbf Tam~yi By}~bfab hlyt}&

‐By}~bfab Nbq‑ bjn ‐Tiltfi& Tfbmi}bjn Iwij~}&‑ xìj ~ì JFB fbyjmìn

~ì jix ‐Ly~lxj‑ hlyt aj Kbjybq?448& ~ìq nimanin ~l iptiaeij~ xa~`

ebcajh Mib~awi Mleelj} famij}ajhmletyf}lq* @lxiwi& aj Byhy}~

?448 ~ì JFB iwi}in ~à} nima}alj&iwi~ajh ~l lt~aljbf famij}ajh gl a~}

iebajajh Gfamc hlyt} ‐Tiltfi&Tfbmi} bjn Iwij~}‑ bjn ‐Ly~lxj‑!* ^à}

m`bjhi xb} ebni b~ ~ì tlet~ajh lg

}iwibf eieoi} lg ~ì t`l~lhbt`qmleeyja~q& bjn xb} aj~ijnin ~lij}yi ~`b~ t`l~lhbtì} mlyfn i~baj

ebpaeye mlj~lf lwi `lx ~ìq m`l}i~l famij}i ~ìa xlc*

^ì el}~ imij~ Gfamc hlyt& ‐_i%

Tam~yi By}~bfab&‑ iet`b}a}i} y}i}‑boafa~q ~l mib~awifq iy}i& iaj~iti~

bjn ‐i%tam~yi‑ By}~bfab‑} jb~aljbf

mlffim~alj} xxx*jfb*hlw*by,tyo,hb~ixbq},a}}yi},14,}~lq49*`~ef!*

Ebcajh b }iai} lg tyofam nlebaj aebhi}bwbafbofi gl nlxjflbn gle Nimieoi

A e b h i ; ‖ R y i i j

W a m ~ l a b O y a f n a j h * ―

o q c n ~ & M M O Q % J M % ] B ? * 4

H i j i a m & x x x * a m c * m l e , t ` l ~ l } , ` e c n ~ , ? 7 = 4 4 4 1 2 ? 8



228


?448 b} nljb~in oq b }ifim~alj lg

Tam~yi By}~bfab‑} tb~amatbj~} xxx*

tam~yiby}~bfab*lh,mlj~aoy~i,tb~amatbj~},ajnip*`~ef!& ~ì hlyt

ijmlybhi} b~a}~} ~l eb}`yt ~ì}iàh`%i}lfy~alj t`l~lhbt`}& ~ìioq‐oajhajh gi}` }ahjambjmi ~l ~ìà}~lambf mlffim~alj eb~iabf bwbafbofi aj

Tam~yi By}~bfab*‑ ^ì jix xlc} biytflbnin ~l ~ì _i%Tam~yi By}~bfab

hlyt xa~` bttltab~i ni}mat~alj}bjn ~bh} ajnamb~ajh ~ìa lahaj}* Xàf}~Mib~awi Mleelj} famijmi} bi jl~

mletyf}lq& ~ìq bi ijmlybhin* Ajtb~amyfb& MM xlc} xaff oi bofi ~l

oi ajmltlb~in aj~l iwij~} xa~àj

Tam~yi By}~bfab‑} ?440 Wawan Jb~aljbfT`l~lhbt`q Gi}~awbf xxx*jfb*hlw*by,wawan!& xàm` xaff ajmfyni ~ì tlnym~alj

lg b NWN lg MM aebhi} aj~i}ti}inxa~` b }iai} lg }`l~ aj~iwaix} xa~`

Tam~yi By}~bfab i}ibmì}& Gfamc hlyt eieoi} bjn mlffim~alj myb~l}&

~l oi fbyjmìn b} tb~ lg b eyf~aeinab

na}tfbq b~ JFB lj 2> Kyfq ?440*

El~awb~alj} B} ~ì bolwi Gfamc hlyt }~b~ieij~

}`lx}& ~ì JFB bnlt~} Mib~awiMleelj} famij}ajh aj tb~ oimby}ilg ~ì tbm~ambf oiji~} a~ tlwani}& oqij}yajh ~`b~ ~ì faobq `b} ~ì ah`~} a~

jiin} ~l `bwi}~& ebaj~baj bjn tlel~i~ì mlffim~alj& xàfi }~aff bfflxajh ~ì

ajnawanybf ~l i~baj mlj~lf lwi `lx~ìa aebhi a} ebni bwbafbofi* Aj bj

aj~iwaix tyofa}ìn aj ~ì tlhbe lg ~ì aMleelj} a]yeea~ ?447& Galjb@ll~lj& ebjbhi lg Tam~yiBy}~bfab&ajnamb~in ~`b~ ~ì Mib~awi Mleelj}famijmi} xii }~ }yhhi}~in oqTam~yiBy}~bfab‑} xio ebjbhi gl ~à}

ib}lj*

@lxiwi& ~ì JFB bf}l `b}tàfl}ltàmbf el~awb~alj} gl tlel~ajh

Mib~awi Mleelj}* B} E} @ll~ljty~} a~& Mib~awi Mleelj} famij}ajh

‐ijmlybhi} mlj~ij~ mlj~aoy~l} ~l~àjc aj ~ie} lg b faobabj ciitajh

aj eajn ~ì tyofam oiji~lg tlwanajh ebpaeyebmmi}} ~l mlj~ij~ b} tb~

lg By}~bfab‑} jb~aljbf

mlffim~alj‑*

E} @ll~lj `b} bf}l

ajnamb~in ~`b~ ~ì JFB‑}nima}alj ~l y}i Mib~awi

Mleelj} famij}ajh xb}aj tb~ el~awb~in oq ~ì

oiji~} ltij mlj~ij~famij}ajh tlwani} gl ~ì y}i} lg

Tam~yiBy}~bfab* Oimby}i lg ~ìtlàoa~awi ml}~ lg lo~bajajh mltqah`~

mfibbjmi} gl }ym` b fbhi tllf lg

eb~iabf& el}~ lg ~ì t`l~lhbt`}bwbafbofi ~`lyh` Tam~yiBy}~bfab bifa}~in b} ‐bff ah`~} i}iwin‑* Bf~`lyh` b

jyeoi lg ~ì tb~amatb~ajh aj}~a~y~alj}`bwi hijibf tlfamai} tiea~~ajh ‐tawb~i

bjn nlei}~am‑ y}i lg ~ìa aebhi}&ebjq tam~yi} aj ~ì mlffim~alj iryai

tiea}}alj ~l oi }lyh`~ gle ~ì

lxji aj}~a~y~alj gl itlnym~alj* Oq

iryaajh mib~l} x`l ytflbn ~ìa lxj

t`l~lhbt`} ~`lyh` Gfamc ~l ltij

famij}i ~ìa eb~iabf gle ~ì ly~}i~&~ì JFB a} `ltajh ~l ‐niwiflt b tllf lg

Mib~awi Mleelj} famijmin S}amU aebhi}

xàm` mbj oi hijibffq y}in xa~`ly~

jiinajh ~l }iic bnna~aljbf tiea}}alj‑*

A e b h i } ; ( ^ l t ~ l o l ~ ~ l e & f i

~ ~

l a h ` ~ ! ‖ X a f f a b e K l f f q O a n h i ― o q h i i j t f b } ~ a m n b w i & M

M O Q % J M % J N = * 4

Y j t l ~ i n &

x x x *

a m c * m l e , t ` l ~ l } , = ? > 1 2 7 1 7 D J 4 4 , = 0 > > = 0 8 0 1 b j n ‖ ` l ~ ‐ j n q ― o q F i l j b n K l ` j E

b ~ ~ ` i x } & M M O Q % J M % ] B

? * 4


a m c * m l e , t

` l ~ l } , e q ~ ` l ~ l , 9 = 9 8 9 > 4 2 >



20


mleelj}

74]lpni}mrat~alj; 74]lp a} b eyf~aeinab tl~glfal bjn

ji~xlcajh }a~i tlwanajh b mij~bf

glmbf tlaj~ gl ieihij~ mib~awa~q aj By}~bfab bjn Jix [ibfbjn*

xio}a~i; xxx*74}lp*lh*by

famijmi y}in; Mib~awi Mleelj} ?*9 By}~bfab}ya~i

einab; Bjaeb~alj& Ni}ahj& Gafe ' Wanil&Aj~ibm~awi Einab& Ey}am ' Bynal&T`l~lhbt`q& Wa}ybf B~& Xa~ajh

flmb~alj; By}~bfab& Jix [ibfbjn

Lwirwaix

74]lp a} bj ljfaji ji~xlc baeinb~ mljjim~ajh ieihij~ mib~awitbm~a~alji} bjn ajny}~q tlgi}}aljbf}aj By}~bfab bjn Jix [ibfbjn* Oqtlwanajh b `lei ~l }`lxmb}i ~ìa naha~bf xbi}& 74]lp hawi} mib~l} ~ìlttl~yja~q ~l hijib~i iptl}yi& ebci

ajny}~q mlj~bm~}& bjn imiawi giinobmcbjn ma~ambf bttba}bf gle tii} bjnajny}~q ipti~}& xa~` bj bae ~l aetlwi~ìa m`bjmi} b~ hi~~ajh tban gl ~ìa xlc l mlffbolb~ajh xa~` tiltfitl}}i}}ajh mletfaeij~bq }caff }i~}*

^ì ji~xlc a} nawanin aj~l iah`~ mib~awimb~ihlai}; Bjaeb~alj& Ni}ahj& Gafe 'Wanil& Aj~ibm~awi Einab& Ey}am ' Bynal&T`l~lhbt`q& Wa}ybf B~ bjn Xa~ajh*74]lp y}i} b mleoajb~alj lg xio}a~i

myb~alj bjn eieoi b~ajh} ~l }l~ ~ìlahajbf mib~awi mlj~ij~& xa~` àh`fq%b~in bjn }ifim~in a~ie} lo~bajajhìah`~ijin iptl}yi lj ~ì ebajna}tfbq tbhi} lg ~ì xio}a~i* A~ a} bf}ly}i elnib~in& xa~` b ‐nlnhq‑ oy~~ljxìi eieoi} mbj bh bjq a~ie ~`b~~ìq mlj}ani eah`~ `bwi ajbttltab~il ajgajhajh mlj~ij~*

X`b~ }i~} 74]lp btb~ gle ~ì mlxna} ~ì ‐?oloelo&‑ b glye lg àh`%tlfibjn }ymmi}}gyf ajny}~q tlgi}}aljbf}x`l tlwani mlj}~ym~awi giinobmcbjn bnwami ~l 74]lp eieoi}* ^ì}itlgi}}aljbf} mleeij~ lj }ap a~ie}gle ibm` mb~ihlq ti elj~`& bjn bibofi ~l tlwani ~ìa lxj b~ajh} ~l oll}~eb~iabf ~l ~ì glj~ tbhi*

Mljmiawin aj Oa}obji& By}~bfab& oq}ijal i}ibmì bjn iptiaijmin

74]lp `leitbhi& Kyfq ?440

Nigbyf~ famijmi} m`l}ij oq 74]lp eieoi};

B~~aoy~alj >2

B~~aoy~alj%]`bi Bfaci jl~ bwbafbofi

B~~aoy~alj%Jljmleeimabf jl~ bwbafbofi

B~~aoy~alj%Jl Niawb~awi} 2

B~~aoy~alj%Jljmleeimabf%]`bi Bfaci 218

B~~aoy~alj%Jljmleeimabf%Jl Niawb~awi} 2? Bff _ah`~} _i}iwin 224

Famijmi} m`l}ij gl ajnawanybf xlc};

B~~aoy~alj ?2

B~~aoy~alj%]`bi Bfaci 2

B~~aoy~alj%Jljmleeimabf jl~ bwbafbofi

B~~aoy~alj%JlNiawb~awi} = B~~aoy~alj%Jljmleeimabf%]`bi Bfaci >42

B~~aoy~alj%Jljmleeimabf%Jl Niawb~awi} 2> Bff _ah`~} _i}iwin =>=

]~b~a}~am}

74]lp‑} lye l

ajny}~q ipti~}(~ì ‐?oloelo‑!

ajmfyni} by~`l Kl`j

Oaeajh`be& NK Can

Cijloa& ey}amabj

Hl~qi& ni}ahji

Hbq Ieiq& hbei}

MIL _loi~ Eybq&

Jamciflnilj‑} Eamc

Iffal~ bjn ]aelj Mbàff

l ]ljq,OEH



221


ajny}~q tlnymi Ky}~aj Olx& ~ì74]lp tlkim~ fbyjmìn aj Byhy}~?448* A~ a} b mlffbolb~alj lg ~ì

Aj}~a~y~i gl Mib~awi Ajny}~ai} bjnAjjlwb~alj aMa! b~ ~ì Ryiij}fbjnYjawi}a~q lg îm`jlflhq RY^!& ~ì By}~bfabj _i}ibm` Mlyjmaf B_M!&

~ì Ryiij}fbjn bjn ]ly~` By}~bfabjHlwijeij~}& ~ì By}~bfabj Aj~ibm~awi

Einab Ajny}~q B}}lmab~alj BAEAB!& ~ì]ly~òbjc Aj}~a~y~i lg îm`jlflhq bjn

~ì Oaffq Ofyi ]m`llf lg Hbtàm B~}*

Famijmi Y}bhi

‐74]lp a} wiq tlyn ~l oi

qajh ~ì MM objji*‑

Ky}~aj Olx& Tlnymi,Myb~l& 74]lp

B} bj aetl~bj~ tb~ lg a~} i~`l} lg }`bajh b} b wa~bf tb~ lg tlel~aljbjn mib~awa~q& 74]lp ijmlybhi}mib~l} ~l ytflbn ~ìa eb~iabf} yjni b Mib~awi Mleelj} famijmi y}ajha~} ipaofi& bjn ib}q%~l%glfflx ytflbn}q}~ie* ^à} oi}~%tbm~ami }q}~ie y}i}

~ì MM B~~aoy~alj”JljMleeimabf%]`biBfaci ?*9 By}~bfab famijmi b} a~}nigbyf~ gl ytflbn}& oy~ hawi} y}i} ~ìlt~alj ~l m`bjhi ~à} nigbyf~ ~l bjl~ì MM famijmi& l bff ah`~} i}iwin ag ~ìq xa}`* Oq nlajh }l& 74]lp bm~awifqtlel~i} ~ì ipm`bjhi lg b~a}~am xlc}aj ~ì naha~bf nlebaj bjn ijmlybhi}mib~awi aj~ibm~alj i*h* ~`lyhìeapajh!& oy~ b~ ~ì }bei ~aei i~baj}mib~l}‑ giinle ~l m`ll}i b famij}ajhelnif ~l eii~ ~ìa lxj tigiijmi}*

^ì y}i aj~igbmi mfibfq na}tfbq}bjn iptfbaj} ~ì nigbyf~ famijmi& xàm`mib~l} mbj m`ll}i ~l oqtb}} ~l ~ìebaj MM famijmi hijib~l* Eieoi}mbj }i~ b nigbyf~ famijmi gl bff lg ~ìa xlc}& bjn bi ieajnin lg ~à} famijmibjn hawij ~ì lt~alj ~l m`bjhi a~ ibm`~aei ~ìq ytflbn* Gy~ì& ~ìq mbjm`ll}i b naggiij~ famijmi gl ajnawanybfa~ie} bjn m`bjhi ~ì famijmi lj b xlcb~ bjq ~aei*

B} ~ì }~b~a}~am} ~bofi }`lx}& ~ì

ebkla~q lg eieoi} lg 74]lp `bwi ieobmin ~ìMM lt~alj& xàm` a} `yhifqijmlybhajh*

El~awb~alj}

74]lp‑} tlnymi& Ky}~ajOlx& }bq} boly~ y}ajh ~ì

Mib~awi Mleelj} famijmi};

‐MM bfflx} mib~l} lg

lahajbf mib~awi naha~bf

eb~iabf ~l ni~ieaji

`lx ~ìq bi titbin gl ~ìa xlc ~l oi y}in*

^à} mib~i} b wiq

ijmlybhajh tfb~gle gl

~ì }`bajh lg mib~awa~q

bjn niwiflteij~ lg

ajjlwb~alj* A facij ~à}

‖tb}}ajh%lj― lg mib~awa~q

~l myf~ybf niwiflteij~

aj b naha~bf xlfn*‑

Ky}~aj xb} aja~abffq aj}tain ~l

bnlt~ ~ì MM famijmi} bg~i

eii~ajh Fbxijmi Fi}}ah

aj Oa}obji aj ?449* Fi}}ahmljwiqin à} tlaj~ xa~` b

tyjm`; ag iwiq~àjh hi~}

flmcin nlxj aj mltqah`~

fbx}& a~ ibffq ljfq }iwi}

~ì hb~iciiti} lg mlj~ij~

b~ì ~`bj ~ì hijibf

tltyfbmi* Ky}~aj gif~ ~`b~

ag ~ì 74]lp }a~i mlyfn

ijmlybhi ajjlwb~aljaj By}~bfab bjn Jix

[ibfbjn& a~ xlyfn ty~ ~ì

jb~alj} aj b oi~~i tl}a~alj

~l aetlwi aj~ijb~aljbf

mleti~a~awiji}} aj ~ì naha~bf

mlj~ij~ ajny}~ai}*

Ti}ij~ajh lahajbf eb~iabf

}`lxajh olbn mib~awi

}caff}& ~à} jl~%gl%tl~

ji~xlc tfbmi} By}~bfabjbjn Jix [ibfbjn‑}

ofyo

A e b h i } ; ( ^ l t ~ l o l ~ ~ l e ! ] m i i j } ` l ~ l ‖ ^ b j k b\

N i b \ N i } a i\

A } f b j n\

T l ~ l f a l ‖ o q ~ b j k b n i b & ` ~ ~ t ; , ,

7 4 } l p * l h *

b y , m l j ~ i j ~ } , ~ b j k b n i b , 2 = 8 = &

‖ ^ % } ` a ~

‖ o q e a n j a h ` ~ } j b m c &

` ~ ~ t ; , , 7 4 } l p * l h * b y , m l j ~ i j ~ } , e a n j a h ` ~ } j b m c , 2 1 ? 0 *

‖ o i b m ` t b w a f f a l j i f i w b ~ a l j ‖ o q x l l n a e t & ` ~ ~ t ; , , 7 4 } l p * l h * b y , m l j ~ i j ~ } , x l l n a e t , 2 7 > 9 b j n

‖ x l e b j ―

o q p l n i } a h j & ` ~ ~ t ; , , 7 4 } l p * l h * b y , m

l j ~ i j ~ } , p l n i } a h j , ? 2 0 = B f f M M O Q % J M % ] B ? * 9

B y } ~ b f a b



?4


mleelj}

Yt}~bhini}mrat~alj; Yt]~bhi a} b xio%ob}in wijyi gl fawi ljfaji tiglebjmi

xio}a~i; xxx*yt}~bhi*lh*j{

famijmi y}in; Mib~awi Mleelj} OQ%JM%]B ?*9& `~~t;,,mib~awimleelj}*lh,famij}i},oq%jm%}b,?*9 bjn HJY Hijibf Tyofam Famijmi HTF!& `~~t;,,xxx*hjy*lh,mltqfig~,htf*`~ef

einab; ~ip~& aebhi}& wanil& bynal& ~ip~?}tiim`

flmb~alj; mqoi}tbmi bttfamb~alj niwifltin aj Jix [ibfbjn oy~ y}in ljfaji oq b~a}~}

bjqxìi!

Lwirwaix

Yt]~bhi a} b tytl}i%oyaf~ xio%ob}in bttfamb~alj gl fawi ljfajib~a}~am tiglebjmi mqoiglebjmi!*Na}~aoy~in tfbqi} ebjatyfb~i ti%flbnin einab aebhi}& ~ip~& bynal& fawixio }~ibe}& i~m! aj ibf ~aei ~l ti}ij~tiglebjmi} ~l bj ljfaji bynaijmi x`l

mbj aj~ibm~ xa~` ~ì xlc wab b ~ip~ m`b~*

Yt]~bhi a} b }iwi%}ani bttfamb~alj3tfbqi} bjn bynaijmi jiin ljfq b xioolx}i xa~` ~ì Gfb}` tfbqi tfyh%aj!bjn bj Aj~iji~ mljjim~alj* ^à} ebci}a~ wiq ib}q gl bynaijmi} ” ~ìi a} jljiin ~l nlxjflbn& aj}~bff l fibj jix}lg~xbi b} iwiq~àjh a} nifawiin ~l~ì xio olx}i* ^ì }iwi bttfamb~alja} giifq bwbafbofi gl bjqlji x`l xa}ì}~l mib~i ~ìa lxj Yt]~bhi& bjn ~ì

tlkim~ ltib~i} b }iwi xàm` a} y}inoq b jyeoi lg b~a}~} x`l nl jl~ `bwi~ìa lxj }iwi*

^ì wa}alj gl Yt]~bhi xb}niwifltin oq ~ì hflobffq na}~aoy~inmqoiglebjmi ~lyti Bwb~b OlnqMlffa}alj& x`l}i eieoi} oihbjmib~ajh fawi tiglebjmi y}ajh giim`b~ }lg~xbi aj ?444* Gyjnajh gl ~ì}~ wi}alj lg Yt]~bhi mbei gle ~ì]eb}` Tbfbmi Mlffbolb~alj Gyjn aj?44= b klaj~ wij~yi oi~xiij Mib~awiJix [ibfbjn bjn ~ì J[ Eaja}~q gl _i}ibm`& ]maijmi bjn îm`jlflhq!* B

}imljn hbj~ gle ~ì J[ Hlwijeij~‑}Naha~bf ]~b~ihq Gyjn aj ?447 ijbofin~ì niwiflteij~ lg Yt]~bhi W? xàm`xb} fbyjmìn aj Kyji ?448* Tb~ji}aj ~ì niwiflteij~ lg Yt]~bhi ajmfyniEinabFbo& Ma~qFAjc bjn ~ì BymcfbjnYjawi}a~q lg îm`jlflhq& bjn xi `bwioiij gl~yjb~i ~l `bwi ~ì ljhlajh}iwami} lg fibn niwiflti Nlyhfb}

Obhjbff& x`l a} bf}l b naha~bf b~a}~*Yt]~bhi a} fawi tiglebjmi }lg~xbiebni oq b~a}~}& gl b~a}~}*

Myij~fq Yt]~bhi a} yjgyjnin&bjn ljhlajh niwiflteij~ a} oiajhyjni~bcij lj b wlfyj~bq ob}a} Obhjbffbjn b ~ibe lg }lg~xbi niwiflteij~}~ynij~} gle BY * Nyajh ?440& ~ìYt]~bhi niwiflteij~ ~ibe xaff oiaetfieij~ajh jix gib~yi} bjn aj Byhy}~ xaff `lfn ~ì 404040 Yt]~bhi

Gi}~awbf ” ~ì }imljn gi}~awbf lg tiglebjmi} aj Yt]~bhi ~ì }~ oiajh484848& aj mljkyjm~alj xa~` ~ì fbyjm` lg

Yt]~bhi W?!*

Famijmi Y}bhi

^ì Yt]~bhi }iwi bttfamb~alj a}famij}in yjni Mib~awi Mleelj} B~~aoy~alj%JljMleeimabf%]`biBfaci

?*9 famijmi bjn HJY Hijibf TyofamFamijmi* ^`l}i mib~ajh xlc aj



2?2


Yt]~bhi bi bf}l ijmlybhin ~l bnlt~Mib~awi Mleelj} famijmi} gl ~ìa mlj~ij~* Bff einab ytflbnin ~l ~ìltij Yt]~bhi }iwi xàm` a} y}inoq jyeily} b~a}~}! bi bwbafbofi ~lbjqlji xa~` b flh%aj ~l ~`b~ }iwi3~ìigli& ~ì Yt]~bhi niwiflteij~~ibe b}c} tb~amatbj~} ~l oi ltij ~l}`bajh einab b~ ~ì }bei ~aei b}i}tim~ajh l~ì}‑ xlc*

^l nb~i& jl tlofie} `bwi oiijiptiaijmin xa~` ~ì y}i lg Yt]~bhixa~` i}tim~ ~l ~ì}i famijmi}*

El~awb~alj}

Lji lg ~ì el~awb~alj} gl mib~ajhYt]~bhi xb} ~ì aetijnajhlo}lfi}mijmi lg ì Tbfbmi hbtàmbf

m`b~ bttfamb~alj xxx*~ìtbfbmi*

mle!* ^ì Tbfbmi xb} niwifltin oqMleeyja~ai}*mle gle 2119 ~l ?444&b~ xàm` tlaj~ ~ì mletbjq mib}ina~} niwiflteij~* B} a~ xb} jl~ ltij

}lymi& ~ì gy~yi fllcin hae b} ^ìTbfbmi oimbei ajmib}ajh ajmletb~aofixa~` jixi wi}alj} lg ltib~ajh}q}~ie}* Aj mib~ajh Yt]~bhi& ~ìniwiflteij~ ~ibe xb} ni~ieajin ~lebci }lg~xbi ~`b~ mlyfn oi niwifltinoq b mleeyja~q& ~`b~ xlyfn hlx aj ~ìnaim~alj} ~ì y}i mleeyja~q xbj~inbjn jiinin& bjn ~`b~ xlyfn jl~ oimleilo}lfi~i b} fljh b} ~ìi xb} }leiljix`l xbj~in ~l mlj~ajyi a~} niwiflteij~*^ìq bf}l cjix ~`b~ ly gyjnajh bjni}lymi} xii faea~in3 ~ìigli ltij}lymi }iiein ~ì el}~ facifq ly~i gl }y}~bajboafa~q lg ~ì tlkim~*

@ifij Wbfiq Kbeai}lj& Yt]~bhi‑}Tlkim~ Ebjbhi bjn ‐mib~awi mb~bfq}~&‑iptfbaj};

‐Gl ~ì}i ib}lj}& bjn

oimby}i xi oifaiwi aj ltij

}lymi b} b gba bjn irya~bofi

tàfl}lt`q& xi m`l}i ~ì

Mib~awi Mleelj} B~~aoy~alj%

JljMleeimabf%]`biBfaci

?*9 Famij}i3 xi bf}l bnlt~in

~ì HJY Hijibf Tyofam

Famijmi (HTF! ~l ij}yi ~`b~

bff ifib}in aetlwin wi}alj}

lg Yt]~bhi mlj~ajyi ~l oi gii}lg~xbi* Ly fibn tlhbeei

xb} bofi ~l bnwa}i ~ì tlkim~

~ibe lj xàm` famijmi} xii

bttltab~i gl Yt]~bhi*‑

Hijirbf

Xàfi Yt]~bhi a~}ifg a} ltij }lymibjn el}~ lg ~ì l~ì }lg~xbi ~llf}

a~ iryai} bi bf}l ltij }lymi& a~ a}jl~ rya~i bj ijn%~l%ijn ltij }lymi

}lfy~alj; y}i} ey}~ `bwi ~ì Gfb}`

tfbqi tfyh%aj gl ~ìa olx}i& xàm` a}

b tltai~bq bttfamb~alj* ^ì Yt]~bhiniwiflteij~ ~ibe `b} ajwi}~ahb~in

~ì gib}aoafa~q lg y}ajh Hjb}` b} bj

ltij }lymi bf~ijb~awi ~l Gfb}`& oy~ a~

xb} ~`lyh`~ ~`b~ b~ ~à} }~bhi a~ xlyfn

mletlea}i Yt]~bhi‑} gyjm~aljbfa~q ~l}ym` bj ip~ij~ ~`b~ a~ a} jl~ wabofi* A~ a}

`ltin ~`b~ aj ~ì gy~yi& Yt]~bhi xaff oibofi ~l oi ltij }lymi ijn%~l%ijn*

A e b h i ; ‖ O b o b Q b h b ― a } b } ~ a f f l b t i l e

b j m i l ~ ` i } b e i j b e i o q _ i o i c b ` X a f n b j n W a m c a

] e a ~ ` & M

M O Q % J M % J N ? * 4


a m c * m l e , t ` l ~ l } , y t } ~ b h i , 8 7 ? 1 9 9 ? 2 2





‐X`q a} ltij bmmi}} ~l tyofam }im~l ajgleb~alj aetl~bj~ gl ajjlwb~alj<‧oimby}i cjlxfinhi bjn ajgleb~aljlx} yjnitaj mib~awa~q bjn ajjlwb~alj* A~ a} i}timabffq aetl~bj~ ajb }ebff mlyj~q imljleq faci By}~bfaboimby}i lg ~ì ifb~awi }mlti bjn }mbfi lg tyofam }im~l ajgleb~alj*‑

îq My~fi& ?448& Ajjlwb~alj bjn ltij bmmi}} ~l tyofam

}im~l ajgleb~alj& t 1

‐Ltij bmmi}} ~l hlwijeij~ mltqah`~ eb~iabf a} ajmib}ajhfq oiajh imlhja}in lj bj aj~ijb~aljbf }mbfib} aetl~bj~ jl~ ljfq b} bj ifieij~ lg ltij nielmbmq& oy~ b} ‐b ciq nawi lg }lmabf& myf~ybf bjn imljleam niwiflteij~‑

Ga~{hibfn& ?447& xxx*lbcfbx*ry~*iny*by,fi},Fbx_itl~,

LBC\Fbx\_itl~\w2*tng

Xa~` ~ì ieihijmi lg naha~bf ~im`jlflhai} ~`b~ijbofi na}}ieajb~alj lg hlwijeij~ eb~iabf b~

flx ml}~& mltqah`~ fbx a} jlx ~ì fb}~ }ahjambj~

obai ~l ~yfq ltij hlwijeij~* Xìi fbhi

belyj~} lg tyofamfq%gyjnin mib~awi& inymb~aljbf

bjn }maij~am eb~iabf} bi lxjin oq hlwijeij~

aj}~a~y~alj}& ~ìi ipa}~} bj ijlely} lttl~yja~q

~l yjflmc ~à} eb~iabf gl i%y}i aj ~ì jbei lg

ajjlwb~alj bjn inymb~alj*

Gl By}~bfabj hlwijeij~ ij~a~ai}& ~ì ~b}c

a} jlx ~l anij~agq oi}~%tbm~ami elnif} ~`b~ebpaea}i ~ì oiji~} ~l By}~bfab gle ~ì

ifib}i lg tyofamfq%gyjnin eb~iabf} ” oiji~}

~l a~} imljleq& a~} ajny}~q& bjn a~} ma~a{ijq* ^ì

Ryiij}fbjn‑} Hlwijeij~ Ajgleb~alj Famij}ajh

Gbeixlc HAFG! tlkim~ a} ajwi}~ahb~ajh ~ì

ebjq bgglnbjmi} lg ltij mlj~ij~ famij}ajh

b} b eibj} ~l }yttl~ imljleam bm~awa~q aj ~ì

tawb~i }im~l xàf}~ bmàiwajh mljmyij~ }lmabf&

myf~ybf& inymb~aljbf bjn ijwaljeij~bf bae}*

HAFG bnwlmb~i} ~`b~ ltij bmmi}} }`lyfn oi ~ì

nigbyf~ }i~~ajh gl hlwijeij~ ajgleb~alj* Aj

~à} ~ìq bi }yttl~in oq ebjq lg By}~bfab‑}

fibnajh ~àjci}& ajmfynajh N îq My~fi aj à}?448 Ajjlwb~alj bjn ltij bmmi}} ~l tyofam }im~l

ajgleb~alj bnni}}*

B_M@AWI] BFAWI"

hlwirjeij~ ' aj}~a~y~aljbfmb}i }~ynai}

BOM Tllf 2?9

Oa}obji Einab Ebt (OEE! 2?8

Nam~aljbq l ]qnjiq 2?1

Hlwijeij~ Ajleb~alj

Famij}ajh Gbeixlc (HAFG! 2=?

Tlxi`ly}i Ey}iye&

]qnjiq 2=9

Mrib~awi Mleelj}& Hlwirjeij~ ' Aj}~a~y~alj}


http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/2008-ccau-cobcroft-rachel-ed-building-an-australasian-commons-case-book 128/190Brmàwi} Bfawi"

?>


mleelj}

Gl myf~ybf aj}~a~y~alj}& x`l}i lhbja}ajh

tajmatfi `b} bfxbq} oiij ~ì tlwa}alj

lg tyofam bmmi}} ~l mib~awi eb~iabf}&

Mib~awi Mleelj} ti}ij~} ~ì

lttl~yja~q ~l ijhbhi xa~` ~ì tyofam

mlj}maly}ji}} lj b jix fiwif* Aj

By}~bfab ~ìi a} ajmib}ajh imlhja~alj

lg ~ì aetl~bjmi lg ltijajh ~ì}i

myf~ybf bmàwi} gl ol~` mlj~aoy~alj

bjn mleeij~* Gl tlkim~} }ym` b} ~ì

Tlxi`ly}i Ey}iye‑} T`l~l lg ~ì Nbq

oflh& ~ì Jb~aljbf Faobq lg By}~bfab‑}

‐_i%Tam~yi By}~bfab‑ Mfamc j Gfamc

ijnibwly }ii MM Wa}ybf B~}! bjn BOM

Tllf& MM lggi} bj lttl~yja~q gl ~ì}i

~bna~aljbf myf~ybf lhbja}b~alj} ~l jl~

ljfq }lymi eb~iabf mlffbolb~awifq gle~ì By}~bfabj tyofam& oy~ ~l ijbofi ~ì

By}~bfabj tiltfi ~l aj~ibm~ xa~` ~ìa

mib~awi tlti~ai}& ijmlybhajh ~ìe

~l ‐nlxjflbn& eb}`%yt bjn iflbn xa~`

jix eibjajh‑ xxx*amc*mle,hlyt},i%tam~yiby}~bfab!*

Eibjxàfi& jix mleeyja~q%mlj}yf~b~awi

tlkim~} }ym` b} Nam~aljbq lg ]qnjiq

Nl]! bjn ~ì Oa}obji Einab Ebt OEE!

bi oyafnajh tyofam i}lymi} glyjnin gle~ìa ly~}i~ lj tajmatfi} lg ltij bmmi}}

bjn iy}i& ij}yajh ~ìq i~yj oiji~ ~l~ì By}~bfabj mleeyja~q gle xàm` ~ìq

}lymi ~ìa ajgleb~alj* Aj nlajh }l& ~ìq

ibt ixbn} gl ol~` ~ìa mlffim~alj} bjn

~ì tyofam ~ìq }iwi*


http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/2008-ccau-cobcroft-rachel-ed-building-an-australasian-commons-case-book 129/190Mrib~awi Mleelj} ' Aj}~a~y~alj} Mfy}~ir

2?9


BOM Tllf

ni}mrat~alj; Tllf a} bj ljfaji iptiaeij~bf mlffbolb~awieinab tyofa}àjh tfb~gle ltib~in oq ~ì By}~bfabj Olbnmb}~ajh Mltlb~alj‑}*

xio}a~i; xxx*tllf*lh*by

famijmi y}in; Mib~awi Mleelj} OQ%JM& `~~t;,,mib~awimleelj}*lh,famij}i},oq%jm,=*4 bjn OQ%J]%]B =*4 Yjtl~in& `~~t;,,mib~awimleelj}*lh,famij}i},oq%jm%}b,=*4

einab; Wbaly} ” ajmfyni} wanil& bynal& ~ip~&tam~yi& ni}ahj bjn aj~ibm~awi einab*

flmb~alj; By}~bfab

Lwirwaix

Tllf a} bj iptiaeij~bf mlffbolb~awi

ljfaji einab tfb~gle yjni niwiflteij~oq ~ì By}~bfabj Olbnmb}~ajh

Mltlb~alj BOM!& aj b}}lmab~alj xa~`

wbaly} By}~bfabj ~i~abq aj}~a~y~alj} bjneieoi} lg ~ì naha~bf einab mleeyja~q*^ì aja~ab~awi oihbj aj ?448 yjni ~ì

bneaja}~b~alj lg BOM _bnal Jb~aljbf* A~`b} oiij niwifltin xa~` ~ì b}}a}~bjmi lg Yjawi}a~q lg îm`jlflhqe& ]qnjiq& _lqbfEifolyji Aj}~a~y~i lg îm`jlflhq bjnYjawi}a~q lg Xlffljhljh& bjn imiawingiinobmc gle wbaly} naha~bf einabxlci} bjn b~a}~} bm~ajh b} oi~b ~i}~i}*

^ì tlkim~ bae} ~l gl}~i flmbf& ihaljbfbjn yjawi}a~q tb~ji}àt} xa~` ~ì

BOM bjn tlel~i By}~bfab‑} oyhiljajhmib~awi naha~bf ajny}~ai}*

^ì Tllf xio}a~i `b} oiij ni}ahjin

~l ltib~i b} bj ljfaji mleeyja~q ~lgbmafa~b~i ~ì }`bajh lg b wbai~q lg einab&

aj b ebjji taebafq mljjim~ajh ~ìmib~awi mlj~ij~ mleeyja~q xa~` ~ì BOM*

Mlj~aoy~l} mbj tyofa}`& nlxjflbn& ieapbjn }`bi einab aj }ym` gle} b};

Gafe bjn wanil

Ey}am bjn bynal

Wa}ybf b~ bjn t`l~lhbt`q

Bjaeb~alj

Ni}ahj

Aj~ibm~awi einab

Xio}a~i ni}ahj3 bjn

îp~*

^ì }a~i bf}l mlj~baj} b glye xìi anib}

mbj oi }`bin bjn ifb~alj}àt} glhin* B~a}~} mbj y}i Tllf b} b tfbmi ~l mljjim~

bjn mlffbolb~i lj mleelj mib~awitlkim~}& b} xiff b} oyafn mleeyja~q

aj~ii}~ aj ~ì naha~bf ajny}~ai}*

@bwajh imij~fq mljmfynin a~} aja~abf ~abf&~ì tlkim~ a} }~aff aj ~ì i}ibm` bjn

niwiflteij~ }~bhi}* Tllf xb} i%fbyjm`

aj Btaf ?440 bjn mlj~ajyi} ~l tlhi}} b}a~} y}iob}i iptbjn}* Xàfi Tllf‑} mlj~ij~xb} bmmi}}aofi oq ~ì tyofam nyajh

~ì ~abf& mlj~ij~ mlj~aoy~alj} xii oqajwa~b~alj ljfq* ^ì lgmabf }a~i xaff ip~ijnmlj~aoy~alj ah`~} ~l ~ì By}~bfabj tyofam*

Aetl~bj~fq& oimby}i Tllf a} tb~ lg ~ì BOM a~ a} }yokim~ ~l BOM ina~labf tlfamai}

bjn hyanifaji}* ^à} eibj} ~`b~ bf~`lyh`mlj~aoy~l} bi ijmlybhin ~l wlami

~ìa waix}& ~à} ey}~ lmmy aj b ebjji

xìi bff eieoi} lg ~ì mleeyja~qbi ~ib~in i}tim~gyffq* ^l ~à} ijn ~ì

BOM Tllf `leitbhi& Kyfq ?440

^ì jip~ }~bhi l Tllf

xaff ajwlfwi ~xl jix

bnna~alj} ~l ~ì }a~i*

^ìq xaff iptbjn lj

~ì ipa}~ajh famij}ajh

lt~alj} ~l ajmfyni ~ìyff }ya~i l }~bjnbn

Mib~awi Mleelj}

famijmi} b} xiff b}

~ì ~xl Mib~awi

Mleelj} ]betfajh

famijmi}*

Tllf xaff bf}l oihaj

mfibajh bjn ifib}ajh

mlj~ij~ le ~ì BOM‑}

bmàwi}& mib~ajh b

}tbmi ~l ieap bjn itytl}i oa~} le

~ì BOM bjn le

l~ì y}i}*



?7


mleelj}

}a~i ey}~ tyofa}` mlj~ij~ ob}in ytljgly gyjnbeij~bf}; `lji}~q& gbaji}}&

ajnitijnijmi bjn i}tim~ BOM Ina~labfTlfamai}& xxx*bom*ji~*by,mlt,tyo},intlf}*`~e!*

Aj Nimieoi ?448& Tllf xb}mleea}}aljin gl b gy~ì }ap%elj~`

niwiflteij~ mqmfi* B~ ti}ij~ ~ì Tllf~ibe mlj~ajyi ~l mbff gl mleeij~} bjn

}yhhi}~alj} ifb~ajh ~l ~ì ltib~alj bjnnaim~alj lg ~ì tlkim~* Eibjxàfi ~ì

iptiaeij~ mlj~ajyi} ~l }`bti ~ì gy~yilg tyofam einab*

Famijmi Y}bhi

^ì Tllf ~abf `b} bnlt~in ~xl Mib~awi

Mleelj} famijmi} yjni xàm`mlj~aoy~l} mbj m`ll}i ~l tyofa}` ~ìa

mlj~ij~* Myij~fq bff mlj~ij~ ytflbnin ~l~ì }a~i a} }yokim~ ~l b Mib~awi Mleelj}

B~~aoy~alj%JljMleeimabf%JlNiawb~awi?*9 By}~bfabj famijmi& yjfi}} mlj~aoy~l}m`ll}i ~l bfflx niawb~awi xlc}* ^ì B~~aoy~alj%JljMleeimabf ?*9 famijmi

gbmafa~b~i} ~à}* Xìj fbyjmìn ~ì lgmabfTllf }a~i xaff ajmib}i ~ì m`lami lg famijmi

elnif} bwbafbofi*

Xìj mlj~aoy~l} xii lggiin ~ì m`lamilg bfflxajh niawb~awi} lg ~ìa mlj~ij~

nyajh ~ì ~abf& el}~ m`l}i jlj%niawb~awi

famijmi}* A~ a} b}}yein mlj~aoy~l} bixbq lg bfflxajh ~ìa xlc ~l oi bf~iin

l ieapin& b} el}~ xa}` ~l hybn ~ìa b~a}~am aj~iha~q* Aj elwajh ~lxbn}

tlel~ajh hib~i mlffbolb~alj bjnmib~awi aj~ibm~alj}& ~ì Tllf ~ibe aj~ijn

~l ieoin bj inymb~alj tlmi}} aj~l ~ìfamij}ajh }q}~ie ~l oi~~i iryat y}i}

aj ni~ieajajh xàm` famijmi a} oi}~ gl ~ìe* B} ~ì }a~i ~im`jlflhq niwiflt}&

~ì ajmfy}alj lg aj%oyaf~ famijmi }ifim~aljgib~yi} }`lyfn gy~ì b}}a}~ mlj~aoy~l}

aj ni~ieajajh xàm` famijmi a} el}~}ya~bofi ~l ~ìa jiin}*

El~awb~alj}

Tllf bae} ~l xanij ~ì }mlti lg mib~l

bjn mlj}yei iptiaijmi& mib~i jixbynaijmi}& yjmlwi lttl~yja~ai} bjn

ijmlybhi ajjlwb~awi bjn ijamàjh~ibmàjh bjn fibjajh tlmi}}i}* Mib~awi

Mleelj} famijmi} lggi b mfib tb~`~lxbn} gbmafa~b~ajh ~ì}i hlbf}* Einab ml%

mib~alj bjn }`bajh `b} oiij b glyjnajhmljmit~ gl ~ì tlkim~& fibnajh ~ì Tllf

~ibe ~l m`ll}i Mib~awi Mleelj} b}~ì famij}ajh }q}~ie ~`b~ mlyfn oi}~

ijbofi }ym` aj~ibm~alj& xàfi bfflxajhmlj~aoy~l} ~l i~baj mib~awi mlj~lf lwi

~ìa xlc}*

B} ~ì BOM elwi} ~lxbn} faoibfa}ajh~ìa ~bna~aljbf mltqah`~

tlfamai} bjn }~ijh~ìjajh~ìa yjnitajjajh i~`l} b} b

tyofamfq gyjnin jlj%mleeimabf

lhbja}b~alj& Mib~awi Mleelj}`bwi b}}a}~in ~ì Tllf ~ibeaj ti}ij~ajh bf~ijb~awi tyofam

famij}ajh }lfy~alj} ~l ~ìolbnmb}~ajh lhbja}b~alj*

A e b h i ; ] ~ a f f l

e b e y } a w i w a n i l m f a t & ] t l l G b a q ~ b f i o q @ b a i ~ E b m n l j

b f n & M M O Q % J M % J N

= * 4

Y j t l ~ i n & ` ~ ~ t ; , , t l l f * l h * b y , a e b h i , ` b a i ~\ e b m n l j b f n , } t l l \ b a q

~ b f i





?0


mleelj}

Famijmi Y}bhi

Xa~` ~ì ipmit~alj lg ~`l}i ebcin xa~`

~ì ¡ flhl mltqah`~ ” bff ah`~} i}iwin!&

bff ~ip~ bjn t`l~lhbtàm mlj~ij~ lj ~ìOEE xio}a~i a} famij}in yjni Mib~awi

Mleelj} B~~aoy~alj%JljMleeimabf%

Jl Niawb~awi} ?*2 By}~bfab famijmi* ^ì

~im`jlflhq nb~bobi bjn mlni! ~`lyh`

xàm` ~ì Oa}obji Einab Ebt ltib~i}

a} bf}l famij}in yjni ~ì }bei MM%OQ%

JM%JN ?*2 elnif* ^à} eibj} ~`b~ ~ì

ajgleb~alj bjn aebhi} lj ~ì OEE }a~i

mbj oi ibnafq }`bin bjn na}~aoy~in& ~l

gbmafa~b~i ~ì na}}ieajb~alj lg ajgleb~alj

~`b~ ~ì tlkim~ ijmlybhi}*

]ajmi a~} ajmit~alj aj ?44=& ~ì }a~i `b}jlx lwi 7444 wa}a~l} ti elj~`& gle b~l~bf lg 2?? mlyj~ai}* ^à} nielj}~b~i}

~ì ip~ij~ ~l xàm` ~ì }a~i mbj tlel~i

flmbf ajny}~q lj bj aj~ijb~aljbf }mbfi*

Aetl~bj~fq Mib~awi Mleelj} famijmi}

gbmafa~b~i ~à} aj bfflxajh OEE y}i} ~l

}`bi bjn na}~aoy~i ajgleb~alj gle ~ì

nb~bob}i& xàfi ij}yajh by~`l b~~aoy~alj

bjn jlj%mleeimabf iryaieij~}* ^ì

famijmi} tl~im~ ~ì by~`l}‑ aj~iha~q xàfi

ij}yajh ~ì ajgleb~alj a} waixin oq b}

ebjq tiltfi b} tl}}aofi*

Famij}ajh OEE yjni Mib~awi Mleelj}

xb} b i}yf~ lg }~ynij~ aja~ab~awi bjn

mìmcajh ~ì famijmi} gl mletfabjmi

bjn bfahjeij~ xa~` MM gbeixlc} bjn

niwiflteij~} iebaj} lji lg ~ì mli

~b}c} b}}lmab~in xa~` }~ynij~ ebaj~ijbjmi

lg ~ì }a~i*

El~awb~alj}

^ì Oa}obji Einab Ebt ~ibe imlhja}i~`b~ jix bttlbmì} ~l mltqah`~ebjbhieij~ ey}~ oi mlj}aniin ajlni ~l iptfla~ ~ì ijlely} tl~ij~abfgl cjlxfinhi na}~aoy~alj tlggiin oq~ì Aj~iji~* Mib~awi Mleelj} famijmi}mletfieij~ ~ì OEE‑} lfi aj }yttl~ajhOa}obji‑} iptbjnajh einab bjn mib~awimleeyja~ai}*

A e b h i ; b H l l h f i E b t i t i } i j ~ a j h m ` b t ~ i } l B m ` a ~ i m ~ y i l @ y e b j a ~ q b l y j n ~ ` i

x l f n & x x x * b m ` a ~ i m ~ y i l ` y e b j a ~ q * l h , m ` b t ~ i }

^ì Oa}obji Einab Ebt lhbja}i} einabbjn mib~awi ajny}~ai} oy}aij}}i}& }iwami

tlwani}& mleeyja~ai}& lhbja}b~alj} bjn ihyfb~l} aj~l mfy}~i} l jbwahb~alj oq

mb~ihlq* Ibm` mfy}~i `b} b jyeoi l }yomb~ihlai} xàm` i~yj i}yf~} xìjmfamcin lj& ajmfynajh ~ì ij~q‑} jbei&

flmbfi bjn hlytajh*

A qly mfamc lj bj ij~q qly bi ~bcij ~l ~`b~

ij~q‑} fa}~ajh xàm` ajmfyni} b }yeebq&mlj~bm~ ni~baf}& bjn imya~eij~ bjn

à}~lambf ajleb~alj* A~ bf}l tfl~} ~ì ij~q lj bj ieoinnin Hllhfi ebt*

Bf~ijb~awifq& qly mbj tfl~ bff ~ì ij~ai}

xa~àj b mfy}~i l b mb~ihlq* à} ebt tfl~} bff ~ì ij~ai} aj ~ì ey}am mfy}~i& {llein aj ~l ~ i Oa}obji MON bjn }ylyjnajh ajjima~q }yoyo}*



2?1


Lwirwaix

‐Ag a~ `bttijin aj ]qnjiq& ~ìj

a~ oifljh} aj ~ì Nam~aljbq*

^`lyh` am`fq aj~imljjim~in

~ip~& eyf~aeinab bjn ebt}& ~ì

Nam~aljbq xaff ~iff ~ì }~lq lg ]qnjiq‑} à}~lq bjn ebci a~

bwbafbofi ~`lyh` b xani bjhi

lg naha~bf tl}}aoafa~ai}*‑

xxx*nam~aljbqlg}qnjiq*lh

^ì hlbf lg ~ì Nam~aljbq lg ]qnjiq

Nl]! tlkim~ a} ~l oyafn b }ifg%}y}~bajajh

itl}a~lq lg à}~lambf ajgleb~alj lj

]qnjiq& By}~bfab& b}}ieofin gle

jixfq mleea}}aljin ij~ai} b} xiff

b} yjnifqajh eyf~aeinab bjn }tb~abf

ajgleb~alj* ^ìi a} jl lji jbei ~l

mlwi ~ì Nam~aljbq‑} beoa~& bmmlnajh ~l

a~} ajgleb~alj tbmcbhi; a~ a} mljmyij~fq

b nam~aljbq& ijmqmfltbinab& b~fb}&

hyaniollc& bjn hb{i~~ii* A~ iti}ij~}

]qnjiq ‐~ìj‑ bjn ]qnjiq ‐jlx&‑ gle

mljwam~ }i~~fieij~ ~l hflobf ei~ltlfa}&

ieobmajh ~ì ma~q aj a~} jb~ybf bjn oyaf~

gle}& a~} ol~bjq bjn hilflhq& xa~` b

mbjwb} }~i~m ajh gle Ta~~xb~i ~l Tl~@bmcajh bjn ly~ ~l ~ì Ofyi Elyj~baj}*

^ì Nam~aljbq‑} mlj~ij~ xaff hlx lwi

~ì mleajh qib}& oajhajh ~l fagi ~ì

m`bbm~i}& tlfa~ambf tfbqi}& xa~i}&

nibei}& }tl~} tiltfi& bjn iwij

maeajbf} x`l `bwi ebni ~ì ma~q x`b~ a~ a}

~lnbq* ^ì tlkim~ xaff imln yobj eq~`}&

na}my}}ajh ebkl ~ìei} bjn niob~i} aj]qnjiq‑} à}~lq*

‐^ì Nam~aljbq lg ]qnjiq&

‖olj naha~bf― ~l ~bci bnwbj~bhi

lg ~ì fb~i}~ niwiflteij~}

aj ajgleb~alj ijhajiiajh

bjn ~im`jlflhq& xaff oi

bj aj~imljjim~in xio lg

~ip~& ebt} bjn eyf~aeinab&

bmmi}}aofi lj qly mlety~i

bjqxìi aj ~ì xlfn l ~`lyh` qly eloafi niwami b}

qly elwi ~`lyh` ~ì ma~q a~

ni}maoi}* ^ì Nam~aljbq xaff

aj~ii}~& inymb~i& ij~i~baj bjn aj}tai*‑

`~~t;,,iti}}*fao*y~}*iny*by,lk},ajnip*t`t,

}qnjiq\klyjbf,bjjlyjmieij~,waix,24

Mlj~aoy~alj} ~l ~ì Nam~aljbq bi }lyh`~

gle bmbnieam}& xa~i}& bjn eieoi}

lg ~ì hijibf tyofam& ~`lyh` mleeyja~qhlyt} }ym` b} a}~lambf }lmai~ai} bjn

Nam~aljbrq l ]qnjiq

ni}mrat~alj; ^ì Nam~aljbq lg ]qnjiq Nl]! a} b tlkim~ ~l i}~bofa}` b naha~bf ijmqmfltbinab lg ~ìà}~lq lg ]qnjiq& By}~bfab*

xio}a~i; xxx*nam~aljbqlg}qnjiq*lh

famijmi y}in; Mib~awi Mleelj} B~~aoy~alj%Jljmleeimabf ?*9 By}~bfab

`~~t;,,mib~awimleelj}*lh,famij}i},oq%jm,?*9,by

einab; bynal& wanil& aebhi}& ~ip~& }tb~abf

flmb~alj; ]qnjiq Ob}aj tfy} Ofyi Elyj~baj}& By}~bfab



=4


mleelj}

flmbf faobai}* Nbxajh ~lhi~ì b bjhi

lg ij~ai}& ~ì Nam~aljbq lg ]qnjiq xaff

ajmfyni;

}`l~ ~bhi~in taimi} lg

ajgleb~alj3

b wb}~ bjhi lg ~ltam} }ya~bofi

gl ryamc igiijmi3

fljhi mlj~aoy~alj} ajwlfwajh

jix }m`lfb}àt3

lbf à}~lai}& t`l~lhbt`}&

ebt} bjn b~a}~am

iti}ij~b~alj}3 bjn

bynal imlnajh} bjn elwajh

aebhi}*

]timabfa}~} xaff ietflq my~~ajh%inhi

~im`jlflhq ~l }~li bjn ti}ij~ ~ì

ajgleb~alj& nijajh oi}~ tbm~ami gl naha~bf bmàwajh* Bmmlnajh ~l Nl] Tlkim~

Ebjbhi& ]~ixb~ Xbffbmi& ~ì Nam~aljbq

xaff tigibofq oi ebjbhin oq bj lj~lflhq

l b~ fib}~ b }ltà}~amb~in ~bpljleq!

xàm` xaff tlwani lhbja}b~alj& mlj~ip~

bjn jbwahb~alj gl ~ì }a~i‑} y}i} bjn

mlj~aoy~l}* Eb~iabf aj ~ì Nam~aljbq‑}

itl}a~lq xaff oi ti}ij~in aja~abffq b}

b xio}a~i3 gy~yi tfbj} ipa}~ gl a~ ~l oi

iptl}in aj l~ì xbq} ” eloafi& xio

}iwami& taj~%lj%niebjn& bjn }l lj ”

xì~ì b} tb~ lg ~à} tlkim~ l oq l~ì tb~ai} hawij bmmi}} ~l ~ì itl}a~lq*

^ì tlkim~ a} yj yjni ~ì

by}tami} lg ~ì jl~%gl%tl~Nam~aljbq lg ]qnjiq y}~* A~

a} }yttl~in jbjmabffq bjnaj%cajn ~`lyh` ~ì Ma~q lg

]qnjiq& bjn oq b jyeoi

lg ]qnjiq%ob}in myf~ybf

aj}~a~y~alj}* Aj ?449 ~ì tlkim~xb} bxbnin bj By}~bfabj

_i}ibm` Mlyjmaf B_M! hbj~

~`lyh` ~ì mlltib~awi iggl~}

lg ~ì Yjawi}a~q lg ]qnjiq&~lhi~ì xa~` ~ì Ma~q lg ]qnjiq&

Yjawi}a~q lg îm`jlflhq ]qnjiq&~ì ]~b~i Faobq bjn ]~b~i

_imln}& Jix ]ly~` Xbfi}*

Famijmi Y}bhi

^ì Nam~aljbq lg ]qnjiq‑} Mltqah`~

bjn AT Tlfamq xxx*nam~aljbqlg}qnjiq*lh,xxx,`~ef,2>1%mltqah`~%%at*b}t<aj~]a~iAN52! }timai} ~ìi ciq tlaj~};

By~`l} ciit mltqah`~ aj ~ìa

xlc*

By~`l} bi i}tlj}aofi gl

ij}yajh ~`b~ ~ìq nl jl~ }yoea~

eb~iabf gl xàm` mltqah`~

mfibbjmi b} jl~ oiij lo~bajin*

ì Nam~aljbq i}iwi} ~ì

ah`~ ~l igleb~ eb~iabf ~l ~bci

bnwbj~bhi lg ~ì tl}}aoafa~ai} lg

naha~bf ti}ij~b~alj* Xi xaff jl~&

lg mly}i& nl bjq~àjh ~l bf~i

~ì }yo}~bj~awi eibjajh lg bj

by~`l‑} xln} bjn by~`l} xaff

bfxbq} oi bmcjlxfinhin*

Xàf}~ ~ì Nam~aljbq‑} tlkim~ ~ibe `b}jl iptiaijmi xa~` ltij mlj~ij~ famij}ajh

~l nb~i& ~ìq ijwa}bhi y}i lg ~ì Mib~awiMleelj} B~~aoy~alj%Jljmleeimabf ?*9 By}~bfab famijmi `~~t;,,mib~awimleelj}*lh,famij}i},oq%jm,?*9,by,! gl Nam~aljbq%

mleea}}aljin ~ip~* _ah`~} lj eyf~aeinabeb~iabf} xaff wbq nitijnajh lj ~ì

}lymi*

A e b h i ; ‖ ] q n j i q L t i b @ l y } i * * ― o q ] a E i w } & M M O Q ? * 4 H i j i a m & x x

x * a m c * m l e , t ` l ~ l } ,

} a \

e i w

} , ? 7 ? > > 0 0 7 = 0



2=2


El~awb~alj}

^ì Nam~aljbq lg ]qnjiq tlkim~ `b}

mlj}aniin ~ì bnlt~alj lg ltij mlj~ij~

famij}ajh ~l ijbofi olbn iy}i lg eb~iabf`l}~in aj ~ì Nam~aljbq* Nl] Tlkim~

Ebjbhi ]~ixb~ Xbffbmi `b} ipti}}in

~à} tàfl}lt`q aj bj iebaf aj~iwaix xa~`

_bmìf Mlomlg~ gle Mib~awi Mleelj}

By}~bfab;

‐Xi bi }iicajh bj ltij oy~ ebjbhibofi ihaei xàm`xaff ijmlybhi ~ì xani}~ tl}}aofi nitflqeij~ lg ~ì

eb~iabf aj ~ì Nam~aljbq& b~ ~aei} ~`lyh` ~àn%tb~ai}&xàfi ebaj~bajajh }ygmaij~ tl~im~alj gl mlj~aoy~l}~`lyh` bttltab~i b~~aoy~alj*Xi bi jl~ aj b tl}a~alj ~l}yttl~ b wiq mletfip ah`~}}q}~ie*‑



=?


mleelj}

Hlwirjeij~ Ajlreb~alj Famij}ajh Grbeixlrc (HAFG!

ni}mrat~alj; ^ì Ryiij}fbjn Hlwijeij~ Ajgleb~alj Famij}ajh Gbeixlc HAFG! }iic} ~l mib~i

bjn aetfieij~ b jix }~bjnbna}in Mib~awi Mleelj}%ob}in ajgleb~alj famij}ajh

bbjhieij~ gl bff Ryiij}fbjn Hlwijeij~ ajgleb~alj& tlwanajh lj%niebjn bmmi}}

~l bmmyb~i& mlj}a}~ij~ bjn by~`la~b~awi tyofam }im~l ajgleb~alj T]A! ~l }yttl~ b

bjhi lg Hlwijeij~ aja~ab~awi}*

xio}a~i; xxx*r}am*rfn*hlw*by

famijmi y}in; Mib~awi Mleelj} B~~aoy~alj%]`biBfaci ?*9 Famijmi

`~~t;,,mib~awimleelj}*lh,famij}i},oq%jm%}b,?*9,by,

einab; îp~*

flmb~alj; Ryiij}fbjn& By}~bfab

Lwirwaix

^ì Ryiij}fbjn Hlwijeij~ Ajgleb~alj

Famij}ajh Gbeixlc HAFG! `~~t;,,xxx*r}am*rfn*hlw*by,R]AM,R]AM*j}g,MTOqYJAN,7M=247=G1>9MN1=O>B?984

17444MOB2B! xb} i}~bofa}ìn aj ?447oq ~ì Ryiij}fbjn ]tb~abf Ajgleb~alj

Mlyjmaf R]AM! `~~t;,,xxx*r}am*rfn*hlw*by,r}am,R]AM*j}g,jbwahb~l},Aj}ani)?4R]AM! ~l iwaix aj~ijb~aljbf ~ijn} aj ~ì~bj}bm~alj lg tyofam }im~l ajgleb~aljT]A!& bjn ~l gleyfb~i oi}~ tbm~ami gl ~ì oy}aji}} ijwaljeij~* HAFG }iic} ~lmib~i bjn aetfieij~ b jix }~bjnbna}inajgleb~alj famij}ajh bbjhieij~ gl bffRyiij}fbjn Hlwijeij~ ajgleb~alj&tlwanajh lj%niebjn bmmi}} ~l bmmyb~i&

mlj}a}~ij~ bjn by~`la~b~awi tyofam }im~l ajgleb~alj T]A! ~l }yttl~ b bjhi lg Hlwijeij~ aja~ab~awi}*

Bg~i mlj}yf~b~alj xa~` }~b~i& ginibf&bjn flmbf hlwijeij~ bhijmai} ~lhi~ì xa~` ~ì tawb~i }im~l& HAFG `b}imleeijnin ~`b~ ]~b~i Hlwijeij~bhijmai} elwi ~l bj ajgleb~alj famij}ajhgbeixlc ob}in lj Mib~awi Mleelj}gl ajgleb~alj ~`b~ mbai} jl mljmij}ifb~ajh ~l tawbmq& mljnij~abfa~q l l~ì fihbf l tlfamq mlj}~baj~}* Aj

~ì tlkim~‑} ]~bhi ? _itl~ tlnyminaj ?447& ~a~fin `~~t;,,xxx*r}am*rfn*

hlw*by,R]AM,R]AM*j}g,MTOqYJAN,GNM47?=7GBNO702>B?98?8O442=M8II! Hlwijeij~ Ajgleb~alj bjn LtijMlj~ij~ Famij}ajh; Bj Bmmi}} bjn Y}i]~b~ihq `~~t;,,xxx*r}am*rfn*hlw*by,R]AM,R]AM*j}g,4,G0?9??N1G?=G7G2M>B?98?IB448N98B7,.GAFI,]~bhi)?4?)?4

Gajbf)?4_itl~)?4%)?4TNG)?4Gleb~*tng<ltijifieij~!& HAFG mljmfynin ~`b~ b}ahjambj~ ebkla~q i*h* 09)! lg T]A ~l oi}ya~bofi gl y}i xa~` Mib~awi Mleelj}famijmi}*

^ì ]~bhi ? _itl~ }i~} ly~;

ltij mlj~ij~ famij}ajh bjn

ajgleb~alj ebjbhieij~

tajmatfi} oiajh niwifltin

jb~aljbffq bjn aj~ijb~aljbffq3

b hbt bjbfq}a} yjni~bcij

oi~xiij wbaly} ipa}~ajh jlj%

}~bjnbn famijmi} aj y}i bjn ~ì

Mib~awi Mleelj} famijmi}3

~ì iwaix yjni~bcij lg ~ì

Naha~bf _ah`~} Ebjbhieij~

N_E! mletljij~ lg ~ì HAFG ~l

ifim~ljam ~bh famij}in nb~b3

b lbnebt ~l aetfieij~ ~ì

gbeixlc aj tafl~ bhijmai}*

B tifaeajbq nbg~ ~llfca~ a}ajmfynin ~l b}}a}~ xa~` tafl~



2==


bhijmq aetfieij~b~alj ajmfynajh

bnni}}ajh tlfamq& ~im`jlflhq

bjn fihbf a}}yi}*

Aj b }yo}iryij~ mljgiijmi itl~ gl ~ì By}~bfabj Jb~aljbf ]yeea~ lj Ltij

Bmmi}} ~l Tyofam ]im~l Ajgleb~alj xxx*

r}am*rfn*hlw*by,R]AM,R]AM*j}g,MTOqYJAN,1OM112=9M87M=M4>B?98?IB44?= BN74!& ìfn aj Oa}obji lj 2= Kyfq ?448&HAFG lo}iwin ~`b~;

‐B olbn mlj}ij}y} ieihin aj gbwly lg ~ì oiji~} ~loi niawin gle hlwijeij~ aetfieij~ajh bj ltij bmmi}}

tlfamq& }yokim~ ~l tlti tl~im~alj lg tawb~i bjn l~ì i}~am~in ajgleb~alj& bjn ~ì y}i lg Mib~awi Mleelj}(MM! ltij mlj~ij~ famijmi}gl ~ì ebkla~q lg T]A xàmà} yjbggim~in oq tawbmq l l~ì i}~am~ajh gbm~l}*Mljmit~ybffq& ltij bmmi}} ~lT]A fibn} ~l ~ì ibfa}b~alj lg ~ì ajgleb~alj‑} gyff }lmabf&myf~ybf& ijwaljeij~bf& mawaf }lmai~q& bjn mleeimabf tl~ij~abf*‑ (t* ?>!

^ì gyff }mlti lg ~ì HAFG tlkim~ mlwi}tlfamq& ~im`jlflhq bjn fbx ih famij}ajh!*^ì tlkim~ a} ljhlajh& bjn ~abf} bimyij~fq yjnixbq ifb~ajh ~l LMF&~lhi~ì xa~` mlffbolb~alj} xa~` GinibfHlwijeij~ bhijmai} bf}l mlj}aniajh~ì tl~ij~abf bttfamb~alj lg MM famijmi}~l b }ahjambj~ tltl~alj lg ~ìa nb~bbjn ajgleb~alj* ]~bhi = lg ~ì tlkim~

}timambffq bae} ~l ~i}~ MM famijmi} ajeyf~a%bhijmq bjn x`lfi%lg%Hlwijeij~bbjhieij~}* HAFG bf}l `b} aj~ijb~aljbfmljjim~alj} xa~` ~ì YC bjn IY*

Famijmi Y}bhi

‐Ltij bmmi}} LB!& ajmfynajh ~ì y}i lg ltij mlj~ij~ famijmi} ih MM! a} b hflobfelwieij~ ajmib}ajhfq hbajajh eleij~ye

bjn ~ì HAFG tlkim~ a} aj~ijb~aljbffqbmcjlxfinhin b} ebcajh bj aetl~bj~

bjn ajjlwb~awi mlj~aoy~alj aj ~ì mlj~ij~lg hlwijeij~ ajgleb~alj T]A! ajmfynajhhil}tb~abf ebttajh! ajgleb~alj*‑Jibfi @llti& Tajmatbf Mlyj}if& Lgmilg Imljleam bjn ]~b~a}~ambf _i}ibm`&

Ryiij}fbjn îb}yq

Aj a~} ]~bhi ? itl~& HAFG ijnl}i} ~ìbttfamb~alj lg ~ì Mib~awi Mleelj}famij}ajh }ya~i ~l a~} tafl~ tlkim~} tltl}ingl ]~bhi =* l nb~i& ~ì Mib~awiMleelj} B~~aoy~alj%]`biBfaci ?*9 By}~bfab famijmi `b} oiij bttfain ~lol~` itl~} ifb~ajh ~l ~ì HAFG tlkim~*Jl~amb~alj lg ~ì MM famijmi `b} oiijbttfain b} tb~ lg ~ì tng gleb~ lg ol~`fi}*

^ì MM OQ%]B ?*9 famijmi xb} }ifim~inb} LI]_ xbj~in ]~b~i mltqah`~ ~l oibmcjlxfinhin oy~ xbj~in l~ì} ~loi bofi ~l oiji~ gle bjn oyafn ytlja~} jnajh} bjn xlc* ^ì ]`biBfacitlwa}alj xb} mlj}aniin ~l gbmafa~b~i ~`b~ly~mlei*

Bttfamb~alj lg MM ~l nb~b tlnym~} bjn}iwami} xaff lmmy b} tb~ lg ~ì ~abf xa~àjLI_*

El~awb~alj}

HAFG ltib~i} b} b tlkim~ lg ~ì Lgmilg Imljleam bjn ]~b~a}~ambf _i}ibm`

LI]_! xxx*li}*rfn*hlw*by!& oiajh~ì Lgmi lg ~ì Ryiij}fbjn ]~b~iHlwijeij~ ]~b~a}~amabj xa~àj ~ì

Ryiij}fbjn îb}yq xxx*~ib}yq*rfn*

hlw*by!* Aj lni ~l tigle ~ì }~b~y~lqgyjm~alj} lg ~ì ]~b~i Hlwijeij~]~b~a}~amabj& LI]_ ey}~ oi bofi ~l }imyiigmaij~ bjn iggim~awi bmmi}} ~l& b} xiffb} ~ì ah`~} ~l iy}i& T]A flmb~in bml}}bff ]~b~i Hlwijeij~ nitb~eij~} bjnbhijmai}& aj bnna~alj ~l l~ì ifiwbj~ajgleb~alj ip~ijbf ~l ~ì Ryiij}fbjnHlwijeij~* Xa~` ~à} lokim~awi aj eajn&LI]_& b} tb~ lg HAFG& `b} b}}i}}in ~ìbttfamboafa~q lg ~ì Mib~awi Mleelj}famij}ajh }mìei gl T]A& mljmyij~fqij}yajh ~`b~ tlti tl~im~alj} bi aj

tfbmi ~l tl~im~ ajnawanybf}‑ tawbmq& bjn ~li}tim~ ~ì mljnij~abfa~q lg ajgleb~alj&



=>


mleelj}

xì~ì mleeimabf%aj%mljnijmi l lxajh ~l }~b~y~lq mlj}~baj~} l l~ì i}~am~awi mlj}anib~alj}*

Mib~awi Mleelj} famijmi} gbmafa~b~iltij bmmi}} ~l bjn i%y}i lg T]A xàf}~ij}yajh b~~aoy~alj lg ]~b~i mltqah`~lxji}àt lg ajgleb~alj& tl~im~alj lg ~ì AT lg ~ì ]~b~i& bjn ~ì }ahjambj~faea~b~alj lg bjq tl~ij~abf fihbf faboafa~qgl ~ì ]~b~i aj ebcajh }ym` ajgleb~aljbwbafbofi lj faji* ^ì wbfyi l tl~ij~abflg T]A fai} aj a~} ebpaeye iy}i bjn MMfamijmi} gbmafa~b~i }ym` i%y}i*

Jibfi @llti lo}iwi} ~`b~ lxajh

~l Mib~awi Mleelj}‑ }~b~y} b} bjaj~ijb~aljbf elwieij~& bjn a~} imlhja~aljb} b }~bjnbn gl ipaofi mltqah`~famij}ajh& ~ì hlwijeij~ mbj hbaj}ahjambj~ fiwibhi gle bnlt~ajh MM*

‐Mib~awi Mleelj} a} bjaj~ijb~aljbf elwieij~ bjn ebpaeye iy}i lg hlwijeij~ ajgleb~alj a} gbmafa~b~in oq bnlt~ajh bj bfibnq niwifltin aj~ijb~aljbffq bmmit~in

famij}ajh }q}~ie* Jl tlaj~ ajjiinfi}}fq i%ajwij~ajh ~ìxìif*‑

Mib~awi Mleelj} xb} }~ aj~lnymin~l ~ì LI]_ xìj lgmi} b~~ijnin b}ieajb b~ ~ì Ryiij}fbjn Yjawi}a~qlg îm`jlflhq aj ?44> xàm` ajmfynin b}b~iffa~i fajc ti}ij~b~alj oq Tlgi}}l Fbxijmi Fi}}ah x`l na}my}}in ~ì}mìei* Xàf}~ MM xb} niwifltin aja~abffq

gl mib~awi,b~a}~am xlc} tl~im~in oqmltqah`~& ~ì lgmi} mlj}aniin ~ìiebq xiff oi tl~ij~abf ~l bttfq ~ì }beifamijmi} ~l hlwijeij~ ajgleb~aljnb~bob}i} bjn tlnym~} xàm` bi bf}ltl~im~in oq mltqah`~ yjni By}~bfabjmltqah`~ fbx*

‐Hlwijeij~ `lfn} ebkl itl}a~lai} lg tyofam }im~l ajgleb~alj* Hib~i bmmi}} ~lbjn iy}i xaff gbmafa~b~i oi~~i

nima}alj ebcajh hijibffq oq ~ì tyofam }im~l& ~ì tawb~i

}im~l& ajmfynajh ~ì oy}aji}}mleeyja~q* Ajmib}in bmmi}}bjn ah`~} lg i%y}i tlwanin yjni ~ì HAFG tlkim~ ag aetfieij~in xaff bf}l b}}a}~ aj tlel~ajh imljleam bm~awa~q aj ~ì tawb~i }im~l* ]lmabf&myf~yi& inymb~aljbf bjn ijwaljeij~bf oiji~} xaff bf}loi ibfa}in xa~` ~ì hib~i bmmi}} ~l bjn i%y}i lg tyofam }im~l ajgleb~alj gbmafa~b~in yjni ~ì HAFG tlkim~ xàmàjmfyni} y}i lg MM famijmi}gl ~ì }ahjambj~ ebkla~q lg tyofam }im~l ajgleb~alj*

Eli faea~ajh famijmi} xaff jiin ~l oi y}in xìi i}~am~awia}}yi} }ym` b} tawbmq&}~b~y~lq mlj}~baj~} bjn l~ì mljnij~abfa~q lofahb~alj} bi ti}ij~*‑

Jibfi @llti



2=9


Tlxir`ly}i Ey}iye (T@E! ]qnjiq

ni}mrat~alj; ]qnjiq‑} Tlxi`ly}i Ey}iye lggi} bj amljam mlffim~alj lg By}~bfabj myf~ybf b~igbm~}

x`l}i aebhi} bi mbt~yin aj T@E‑} ‐T`l~l lg ~ì Nbq‑& tfy} b }ya~i lg inymb~aljbfeb~iabf} yjni ~ì objji lg ‐Tfbq‑*

xio}a~i; ‐Tfbq‑ eb~iabf}; `~~t;,,tfbq*tlxi`ly}iey}iye*mle & ‐T`l~l lg ~ì Nbq‑ aebhi}; `~~t;,,xxx*tlxi`ly}iey}iye*mle,aebhi}iwami} bjnGfamc Mleelj} aebhi}; xxx*amc*mle,mleelj}

famijmi y}in; ‐Tfbq‑ eb~iabf}; Mib~awi Mleelj} OQ%JM%]B ?*9 Hijiam& `~~t;,,mib~awimleelj}*lh,famij}i},oq%jm%}b,?*9& ‐T`l~l lg ~ì Nbq‑ aebhi}; Mib~awi Mleelj} OQ%JM%JN Xlc}?*4& `~~t;,,mib~awimleelj}*lh,famij}i},oq%jm%jn,?*4l gyff mltqah`~ bjnGfamc Mleelj} aebhi}; ‐Jl cjlxj mltqah`~ i}~am~alj}‑& `~~t;,,xxx*amc*mle,mleelj},y}bhi

einab; Inymb~aljbf eb~iabf}3 Aebhi}*

flmb~alj; ]qnjiq& By}~bfab*

Lwirwaix

^ì Tlxi`ly}i Ey}iye& ]qnjiqT@E! a} lji lg By}~bfab‑} tieai myf~ybf aj}~a~y~alj}& ly}ajh mlffim~alj}xàm` ipti}} ~ì jb~alj‑} ajjlwb~aljbjn mib~awa~q aj S~ì ifn} lgU }maijmi&

~im`jlflhq& bjn ~ì b~}* Xa~` ??tiebjij~ ipàoa~alj}& b} xiff b} ?94aj~ibm~awi na}tfbq}& lwi =00&444à}~lambffq%}ahjambj~ lokim~} bi myb~inoq ey}iye }~bgg bml}} bj bib lg ?4&444}rybi ei~i}& ~ì iryawbfij~ lg ~ìiaj~ijb~aljbf mleti~a~alj }lmmi ifn}* T@E xb} ltijin ~l~ì tyofam lj 24 Ebm` 2100&xa~` ~ì wa}alj ~`b~ ‐mifiob~i}`yebj mib~awa~q bjn ajjlwb~aljaj xbq} ~`b~ ijhbhi& ajgle bjn

aj}tai nawi}i bynaijmi}‑ xxx*tlxi`ly}iey}iye*mle,boly~,boly~Ey}iye*b}t!*

T@E‑} à}~lq bjn ipàoa~alj}bi mbt~yin aj ~ì Ey}iye‑}

‐T`l~l lg ~ì Nbq‑ xxx*

tlxi`ly}iey}iye*mle,aebhi}iwami}!& b oflhxàm` gib~yi} t`l~lhbt`}ti~bajajh ~l a~} wb}~ mlffim~alj*]`l~ oq T@E‑} tlgi}}aljbf

t`l~lhbtì} gl b wbai~q lg tytl}i} ” nlmyeij~ajh T@E‑}

tyofam iwij~}& tlhbe} bjn ipàoa~alj}&~l oiàjn%~ì%}miji} ltib~alj} ” ~ìaebhi} gle b am` bmàwi lg fagi aj Jix]ly~` Xbfi} bjn oiqljn& b} xiff b}ni~bafajh b}tim~} bjn bm~awa~ai} lg ~ì T@Eà~ì~l yj}iij* B }ifim~alj lg ~ì}i

t`l~lhbt`} a} `l}~in lj Gfamc xxx*

amc*mle,t`l~l},27084491DJ4>!*

Lj 8 Btaf ?440& T@E bjjlyjmin

xxx*tlxi`ly}iey}iye*mle,aebhi}iwami},<e5?4404>40! a~}mlffbolb~alj xa~` Gfamc ~l mib~i ‐^ì

A e b h i ; ‖ O

a n ‑ } i q i w a i x l M a m y f b R y b q ― & t b ~ l ~ ` i ^ q i f f T ` l ~ l h b t ` a m M l f f i m ~ a l j &

T l x i ` l y } i E y } i y e & ] q n j i q * J l c j l x j m l t q a h ` ~ i } ~ a m ~ a l j } * x x

x *

a m c * m l e , t ` l ~ l } ,

t l x i ` l y } i\

e y } i y e , ? 7 7 8 4 = 4 > = >

Mamyfb Rybq ~bcij }leixìi oi~xiij 200>%2128



=7


mleelj}

Mleelj}‑ `~~t;,,xxx*amc*mle,mleelj}!& oimleajh ~ì }~ ey}iyeaj ~ì xlfn ~l ifib}i tyofamfq%ìfnà}~lambf t`l~lhbt`} gl bmmi}} lj ~ìt`l~l%}`bajh tfb~gle* T@E }ifim~in

a~} ^qiff T`l~lhbtàm Mlffim~alj xxx*tlxi`ly}iey}iye*mle,~qiff! gl na}tfbq& bj ip~ij}awi }iai} lg hfb}}tfb~i jihb~awi} ~bcij oq t`l~lhbtì}M`bfi} Ciq 2098%21?0! bjn @ijqCajh 2099%21?=!& }`lxajh ]qnjiq fagiaj ~ì fb~i 21~` bjn ibfq ?4~` mij~yq*

^ì aja~abf Gfamc mlffim~alj xxx*amc*mle,t`l~l},tlxi`ly}i\ey}iye!mlj}a}~in lg ?44 ofbmc bjn xà~i ^qiffaebhi}& xàm` bi jlx bwbafbofi gl tyofam~bhhajh bjn mleeij~* T@E‑} myb~l}

mlj~ajyi ~l ytflbn 94 jix aebhi} xxx*tlxi`ly}iey}iye*mle,ne}oflh,ajnip*t`t,?440,4>,27,94%jix%aebhi}%lj%~ì%mleelj}%lj%amc ! iwiq xiicgle ~ì mlffim~alj‑} 814= aebhi}& bjn&xìi tl}}aofi& bnn hil~bh} ~l mib~ibj aj~ibm~awi ebt nlmyeij~ajh ~ìtl}a~alj lg ~ì t`l~lhbtàm mlj~ij~

xxx*amc*mle,t`l~l},tlxi`ly}i\ ey}iye,?=8749?2>2,ebt,<waix5y}i}!*

Jix ]ly~` Xbfi} Eaja}~i gl ~ì B~}Gbjc ]b~l }ban aj i}tlj}i ~l ~ìbjjlyjmieij~;

‐^ì Tlxi`ly}i Ey}iyeaja~ab~awi }`lx} ~`b~ ~ì J]X Hlwijeij~ a} b fibni ajajmib}ajh tyofam bmmi}} ~l By}~bfabj myf~ybf mlffim~alj}*^ì}i iwlmb~awi aebhi} lg à}~lam ]qnjiq bjn ibfq

By}~bfabj fagi xaff hib~fq bttibf ~l tiltfi gleblyjn ~ì xlfn& b} xiff b} By}~bfabj}*‑

‐Tfbq b~ Tlxi`ly}i‑ `~~t;,,tfbq*tlxi`ly}iey}iye*mle! a} T@E‑}inymb~alj tlhbe gl màfnij* A~ tlwani}b i}lymi ni}ahjin gl màfnij bhinyt ~l 24 qib}& bjn ajwlfwi} tbij~} bjn

mbi}* ‐Tfbq‑ ajmfyni} ajgleb~alj boly~wa}a~ajh ~ì T@E xa~` màfnij& bjn lggi}bm~awa~ai} bjn hbei} blyjn ~ì ~ltam} lg }maijmi bjn ni}ahj ~l ijhbhi màfnijb~ `lei* ^ì}i mbj oi nlxjflbninbjn mletfi~in ajnitijnij~fq& oy~ bimfibfq ni}ahjin ~l ij`bjmi b wa}a~ ~l ~ì

Ey}iye* ^ì tlkim~ a} lwi}iij oq ~ìXio ]iwami Yja~ b~ ~ì T@E& ìbnin oq]iob}~abj M`bj*

]~b~a}~am}

T@E‑} xio}a~i imiawin lwi 8*7 eaffaljyjaryi à~} aj ~ì ?447%8 jbjmabf qib*^à} xb} aj bnna~alj ~l }iiajh aj ipmi}}lg 7?2&444 wa}a~l} lj }a~i& bjn >?7&444

~`lyh` ~ì ~bwiffajh ipàoa~alj}* ^ìEy}iye `l}~} lwi =09&444 lokim~} aj~ì ifn} lg }maijmi& ~im`jlflhq& ajny}~q&à}~lq& nimlb~awi b~}& ey}am& ~bj}tl~bjn }tbmi iptflb~alj* Amlj} bjn b~igbm~}bi na}tfbqin lwi 22 caflei~i} lg hbffiq}tbmi b} xiff b} ljfaji*

Bmmlnajh ~l ]iob}~abj M`bj‑} oflh

tl}~ajh lj gi}` # jixi! xxx*

tlxi`ly}iey}iye*mle,ne}oflh,

ajnip*t`t,?440,4>,41,?>%`ly}%fb~i%tlxi`ly}i%lj%~ì%mleelj}%lj%amc !&ì ibm~alj ~l T@E‑} Gfamc Mleelj}aja~ab~awi `b} oiij iebcbofi* Aj ~ì nbqglfflxajh T@E‑} tyofam bjjlyjmieij~& ~ì^qiff mlffim~alj imiawin ‐tfij~q lg waix}>888!& bjn }~bmc} lg ~bh} 289! % aj }ym` b}`l~ ~aei*‑ Aj ~ì }~ xiic lg ~ì qiffmlffim~alj oiajh `l}~in lj Gfamc xxx*

tlxi`ly}iey}iye*mle,ne}oflh,ajnip*t`t,?440,4>,27,94%jix%aebhi}%lj%~ì%mleelj}%lj%amc ! T@E imiawin jibfq

?4&444 waix} bjn ‐bj ijlely} belyj~ lg ~bhhajh bjn ‐gbwlya~ajh‑ bm~awa~q mleoajin

T@E‑} T`l~l l ~ì Nbq oflh& Kyji ?440



2=8


xa~` ebjq mljhb~yfb~lq ei}}bhi} bjn}yttl~ gl ~ì Ey}iye‑} ifib}i lg ~ì}iaebhi} aj~l ~ì Mleelj}*‑

Famijmi Y}bhi

^ì ah`~} bjn tiea}}alj} ti~bajajh~l T@E‑} mlj~ij~ bi mfbain ljfajixxx*tlxi`ly}iey}iye*mle,aebhi}iwami},<tbhi\an5298!& xàm`}timai} ~`b~ eb~iabf} `ly}in b~ ~ìEy}iye gbff aj~l ~ìi mb~ihlai}; gyff

mltqah`~& ‐jl cjlxj mltqah`~&‑ bjn‐Mib~awi Mleelj} B~~aoy~alj%Jlj%Mleeimabf%JlNiawb~awi}*‑

Aj ifb~alj ~l ~ì bttfamb~alj lg ~ì Mib~awiMleelj} OQ%JM%JN famijmi& ~ì }a~iiptfbaj};

‐^à} famijmi a} y}in lj }lei tb~} lg ly xio}a~i* Ipbetfi}bi ly lxj t`l~lhbt`q aj ~ìT`l~l lg ~ì Nbq oflh bjn bf}lgl màfnij‑} bm~awa~ai} lj ly Tfbq b~ Tlxi`ly}i xio}a~i*^à} famij}i eibj} ~`b~ qly

mbj ityofa}` ~à} eb~iabf gl bjq jlj%mleeimabf tytl}ib} fljh b} qly hawi b~~aoy~aljobmc ~l ~ì Tlxi`ly}iEy}iye b} ~ì mib~l bjn ~`b~ qly nl jl~ elnagq ~ì xlc aj bjq xbq* B eli ni~bafin iptfbjb~alj lg ~ì famij}ia} bwbafbofi gle Mib~awiMleelj}*‑

Aj Btaf ?448& Tfbq‑} nlxjflbnbofieb~iabf} xii famij}in y}ajh ~ì Mib~awiMleelj} B~~aoy~alj%JljMleeimabf%]`biBfaci ?*9 Famijmi* Bmmlnajh ~l xioeb}~i ]iob}~abj M`bj& ~ì aj~ij~alj ajfamij}ajh yjni Mib~awi Mleelj} xb}~l bfflx }m`llf màfnij bjn ~ibmì} ~ly}i ~ì}i i}lymi} aj b eyf~a~yni lg xbq}xàf}~ obfbjmajh T@E‑} aj~ijbf jiin}*

Aj fb~i Jlwieoi ?448& }ifim~in aebhi}gle ‐T`l~l lg ~ì Nbq‑ xii }aeafbfqfamij}in* ^ì Ey}iye‑} t`l~lhbtì}

xii ajwlfwin ~l b fbhi tb~ aj ~ìna}my}}alj} boly~ famij}ajh gl ~à}

tlkim~& xa~` bff bhiiajh ~l ~ì y}i lg MM* @bwajh Mib~awi Mleelj} famij}ajhlj mi~baj aebhi} xb} gif~ tl~ij~abffq ~lijmlybhi aj~ii}~ bjn }bfi} lg ~ì Bff_ah`~} _i}iwin t`l~l}& bjn ~l ijbofi ~ì

mlffim~alj ~l oi }iij bjn y}in ~l b hib~i nihii*

Aj ifb~alj ~l aebhi} na}tfbqin lj Gfamc Mleelj}& ~ì ‐jl cjlxj mltqah`~‑mb~ihlq ajnamb~i} ~`b~ ~ì Ey}iyea} yjbxbi lg bjq myij~ Mltqah`~i}~am~alj} lj ~à} xlc* ‐^à} mbj oioimby}i ~ì ~ie lg Mltqah`~ gl ~à} xlc ebq `bwi iptain l ~`b~ Mltqah`~ nli}jl~ bttfq ~l ~à} ~qti lg xlc*‑

El~awb~alj}

Mib~awi Mleelj} By}~bfab `b}oiij ipma~in ~l glfflx ~ì tlhi}}lg T@E‑} aja~ab~awi}& bjn `b} }tlcij~l ~ì i}tim~awi eieoi} lg T@E‑}niwiflteij~ bjn myb~labf ~ibe} lwi ~à}tialn* ]iob}~abj M`bj& ìbn lg T@E‑}Xio ]iwami Yja~& ipti}}in ~ì glfflxajhltajalj boly~ Mib~awi Mleelj} famij}ajh

lj 28 Ebm` ?440;

‐Mib~awi Mleelj} tlwanin ~ì tigim~ famij}ajh gl ~ì mbg~ bm~awa~ai} lj ly màfnij‑} xio}a~i ” `~~t;,,tfbq* tlxi`ly}iey}iye*mle* Xixbj~in ~l ij}yi ~`b~ màfnij& tbij~} bjn ~ibmì} mlyfn nlxjflbn& nytfamb~i bjn iy}ibff ~ì mbg~ bm~awa~ai} lj ~ì }a~i

xàf}~ tl~im~ajh ~ì Ey}iye‑}by~`l}àt* Mib~awiMleelj} bf}l tlwani} beibj} gl y} ~l ijmlybhi ~ìy}i lg ~ì}i aj }m`llf} xa~`ly~ ~ibmì} jiinajh ~l oi gibgyf lg tbqajh MBF gii} gl ~ìa y}i*‑

Tbyfb Obq& Ebjbhi lg ~ì Tlxi`ly}i‑}Aebhi ]iwami}& bhiin xa~` ~à}}ij~aeij~;

‐A~ a} hib~ ~l oi bofi ~l y}i ~ì



=0


mleelj}

Mib~awi Mleelj} famij}ajh ~llf }l ly bynaijmi mbjmfibfq }ii x`b~ ~ì mljna~alj}lg y}i bi gl Tlxi`ly}iEy}iye T`l~l lg ~ì Nbq aebhi}* ^à} ajgleb~awifamij}ajh elnif xaff `ltigyffq inymb~i tiltfi lj ~ì lg~ijmletfamb~in mljna~alj}}ylyjnajh mltqah`~* Xibi y}ajh ~à} famij}ajh ~llf gl ly oflh ‖T`l~l lg ~ì Nbq― ~l}yttl~ jlj%mleeimabf y}i lg ly aebhi}*‑

Aj bnna~alj& Tbyfb naim~in y} ~lxbn}

Hilgg Gaijn& T@E‑} T`l~lhbt`qEbjbhi x`l }yttl~} ~ì elwi ~lxbn}Mib~awi Mleelj} famijmi};

‐Mib~awi Mleelj} lggi} bipaofi bnna~alj ~l ~ì }~bjnbn mltqah`~ }qeolf xi‑wi oiijy}ajh gl ebjq qib} bjn ~ì hib~ ~àjh a} a~ bfflx} t`l~lhbtì} bjn l~ì mib~l} ~l m`ll}i naggiij~ famij}ajh lt~alj}* A~ ‑} hib~ ~l }ii ly aebhi} na}tfbqin&bmcjlxfinhin& bmmi}}in bjn bttimab~in oq }l ebjq tb}}aljb~i ij~`y}ab}~} ~`b~ xi mbj ijhbhi xa~` lj ly gbwlya~i }yokim~& bjn `ltigyffq }l l~ì} mbj fibj gle ly aebhi}*‑



EAj nijajh ‐xio ?*4&‑ âe L‑_iaffq i}tly}i}

~ì ieapajh lg eyf~atfi }lymi} lg ajgleb~alj&

ajmfynajh ~ì ti}ljbf& ~l mib~i am`

y}i iptiaijmi} `~~t;,,bnb*liaffq*mle,

bmàwi},?449,24,xio%?4%mletbm~%nija~alj*

`~ef!*

Jlxìi a} y}i tb~amatb~alj aj ~ì mib~alj lg

eibjajh eli fbynin ~`bj aj ~ì oflhl}tìi*

Oflhhi} bi imlhja}in ~l oi beljh ~ì

}~ hlyt} ~yfq ~l ieobmi ~ì MM }mìei&

bjn iebaj }lei lg a~} }~ljhi}~ tltljij~}*

B} ipietfb} aj ~à} ifn& @yebj _i}lymi}

mlj}yf~bj~ Eam`bif ]tim`~ bjn Ebfbq}abj gii

myf~yi bnwlmb~i Ba{b~ Gba{ oyafn ~ìa xa~ajh}

blyjn ~ì ni}ai ~l gl}~i ltij }lymi bjn gii

mlj~ij~* ^à} bnwlmbmq a} nawij oq ~ì ni}ai ~l

myf~awb~i jix wlami} bjn bf~ijb~awi waixtlaj~}&

m`bffijhajh ~ì ijnyajh mltlb~i nleajbjmi lg

ebaj}~ibe einab& b} banin oq MM* B} oflhhi

_loaj Hlln ty~} a~;

‐Xio ?*4 a} ~yol%m`bhajh ly

mbtbma~q ~l i%i}~bofa}` ~à}

waobj~& tb~amatb~lq& tiltfi%

nawij& mib~awi myf~yi* Oy~ xi

jiwi~ìfi}} gbmi hib~i ~ìb~}

~`bj iwi ~l ly myf~ybf faoi~ai}&

b} mltlb~alj} aj fibhyi xa~`

fiha}fb~l} nibe yt jix xbq}

~l elji~a{i bjn gb}~ij nlxj ~ì

einab oiajh mib~in ljfaji*‑ xxx*eb}~ijixeinab*lh,jix},?447,2?,2>,ieapob}in\

ibnxa~i\myf~yi\w}\~ì*`~e

Jiwi~ìfi}}& b} }`lxj aj ~ì}i mb}i }~ynai}&

~ì y}i lg MM famij}ajh lj oflh} a} jl~ bfxbq}

yjmlj~lwi}abf* Tleajij~ By}~bfabj imljlea}~

Kl`j Ryahhaj }tbcin b niob~i lj ~ì wbfyi lg

MM famijmi} ~l oflhhajh& xìj ì aj~lnymin ~ì

famij}ajh lj à} itljqely} oflh kl`jryahhaj*mle `~~t;,,kl`jryahhaj*mle,ajnip*t`t,

bmàwi},?449,48,42,mib~awi%mleelj}%famij}i!*

_IEAP EQ FA^

^ xra~~ij xlrn}mb}i }~ynai}

Bnyca Ti}}; ]~amc ^à} Aj Qly

Eielq @lfi 2>2

^ì Bhi Oflh} 2>>

BJB^ Gaf~i 2>9

Lj Faji Ltajalj 2>0

B Jix Fib Einab; ^ì Tyjna~ 294

Kl`j Ryahhaj 29?

Eam`bif ]tim`~ 299

Eaci ]iqbjh 297

_ieap Eq Fa~ 291]~bjhi ]qet`ljai} oflh 272

Mrib~awi Mleelj} ' Xra~~ij Xlrn}


http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/2008-ccau-cobcroft-rachel-ed-building-an-australasian-commons-case-book 144/190_ieap Eq Fa~

>4


mleelj}

]aeafbfq& By}~bfabj

inymb~alj mlj}yf~bj~

bjn xio ?*4 iptljij~

Eaci ]iqgbjh tlet~in

b niob~i lj B~~aoy~aljljfq w Jljmleeimabf

famij}ajh `~~t;,,e}iqgbjh*

inyoflh}*lh,?440,49,48,

x`q%a%famij}i%mmoq!*

^ì tlfagib~alj lg

MM famijmi} ~`lyh` ~ì

oflhl}tìi `b} fin ~l a~}

bnlt~alj oq ajmib}ajh jyeoi} lg jix

einab lhbja}b~alj}* ^ì By}~bfabj

Ji~xlc gl B~ bjn îm`jlflhq BJB^!& By}~bfab‑} tibc ajny}~q olnq gl b~a}~}

xlcajh bml}} }maijmi bjn ~im`jlflhq&

mleeijmin famij}ajh ~ìa ~abjjybf

tyofamb~alj Gaf~i yjni MM OQ%JM%]B

?*9 By}~bfab famijmi xa~` A}}yi 79;

^à} a} jl~ ltij }lymi* Eifolyji

tyofa}ì B Jix Fibg Einab& xàm` bae}

~l tlwani bj lttl~yja~q gl qlyjh bjn

ieihajh xa~i} ~l tyofa}` xlc aj b

tlgi}}aljbf mbtbma~q& `b} ieobmin

MM gl a~} Eifolyji Aj~ijb~aljbf Gafe

Gi}~awbf tyofamb~alj& ^ì Tyjna~ & b} b

xbq lg ajmib}ajh a~} ibm` bjn ijhbhajh

xa~` bynaijmi}* ^`lyh` oflh} }ym` b}

^ì Bhi jix}tbti‑} Mìx lj ^à}

bjn ^ljam& xàm` ihyfbfq itlnymi

MM%famij}in t`l~lhbt`} gle Gfamc&

iwij ebaj}~ibe einab bi iptflajh

~ì wbfyi ~ì MM famij}ajh }q}~ie bnn}~l ljfaji itl~ajh aj ~ì naha~bf bhi*

Ti`bt} el}~ jl~bofq& aj ~ì fibn yt

~l ~ì By}~bfabj Ginibf ifim~alj aj

Jlwieoi ?440& Eifolyji oly~aryi

tyofa}ì Bnyca Ti}} ifib}in â}~bj

Mfbc‑} ]~amc ^à} aj Qly Eielq @lfi&

imlhja}in b} ~ì }~ By}~bfabj ollc

famij}in oq b tyofa}ì yjni Mib~awi

Mleelj}* Mleta}ajh ~à~q%}iwij

i}}bq%}~qfi m`bt~i} xàm` ~bci ~ìibni lj b }b~aambf klyjiq ~`lyh`

~ì tlfa~ambf& ijwaljeij~bf& }lmabf

bjn myf~ybf a}}yi} lg mlj~ietlbq

By}~bfab& ~ì ollc ti}ij~} b m`bffijhi

~l ebaj}~ibe ~àjcajh& aj

bnna~alj ~l ~ì ~bna~aljbf ‐bff

ah`~} i}iwin‑ mltqah`~

elnif*

Iwij }l& ~ì gyff tl~ij~abfgl ltij famij}ajh

~ip~ a} ljfq jix oiajh

ibfa}in* _imlhja}ajh ~ì

aetl~bjmi lg i}~bofa}àjh

bj aj~ibm~awi xio ?*4

ti}ijmi gl xa~i} ljfaji&

~ì _ieap Eq Fa~ tlkim~

xxx*ieapeqfa~*mle!

ijmbt}yfb~i} ~ì tl~ij~abf

gl MM xa~ajh& }iicajh ~lijhbhi xa~` By}~bfabj

A e b h i ; ‖ ~ i p ~ ― o q b j ~ l e n i } a h j } & M M O Q ? * 4 H i j i a m & x x x * a m c * m l e

, t ` l ~ l } ,

b j ~ l e n i

} a h j } , ? 2 ? > 7 4 4 0 1 >

Xi `bwi jlx b ‐‖_ibn%Xra~i― aj~irji~ ” b xlrfn aj

xàm` mlj~ij~ a} olyh`~& oy~ jl~ }aetfq ~l oi mlj}yein‑

Fbxrijmi Fi}}ahMrib~awi} bmi b mfl}in Ji~& `~~t;,,xxx*~*mle,me},},?,

n99ni9?%88n?%22nb%1784%4444881i?=>4*`~ef


http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/2008-ccau-cobcroft-rachel-ed-building-an-australasian-commons-case-book 145/190Mrib~awi Mleelj} ' Tyofa}àjh Mfy}~ir

2>2

mrib~awimleelj}mb}i}~ynai}

Bnyca Tri}}; ]~amc ^à} Aj Qly Eielq @lfi

ni}mrat~alj; ]~amc ^à} aj Qly Eielq @lfi& mleta}ajh ~à~q%}iwij i}}bq%}~qfi m`bt~i}& a}

~ì }~ By}~bfabj ollc famij}in oq b tyofa}ì yjni MM*

xio}a~i; xxx*bnyca*ji~*by,mlj~ij~,waix,27,?1

famijmi y}in; Mib~awi Mleelj} B~~aoy~alj%JljMleeimabf ?*9 By}~bfab Famijmi

`~~t;,,mib~awimleelj}*lh,famij}i},oq%jm,?*9,by

einab; îp~


Lwirwaix

Fbyjmìn oq Eifolyji%ob}in oly~aryi

tyofa}ì} Bnyca Ajnitijnij~ Ti}}

lj 2 Jlwieoi ?448& ]~amc ^à} aj

Qly Eielq @lfi a} ~ì xlc lg }~%

~aei by~`l â}~bj Mfbc* ]ahjambj~fq&

~ì ollc }i~} b oijmèbc aj oiajh Bnyca‑} }~ tyofamb~alj ~l oi ifib}in

yjni b Mib~awi Mleelj} famijmi&

bjn elilwi a} oifaiwin ~l oi ~ì

}~ ~a~fi aj By}~bfab

~l oi na}~aoy~in oq b

tyofa}ì aj ~à} ebjji

`~~t;,,mib~awimleelj}*

lh*by,jlni,2=?!*

]~amc ^à} aj Qly Eielq `lfi ti}ij~}

b oa~ajh ma~aryi lg

By}~bfabj tlfa~am} bjn

}lmai~q& xaifnajh xa~ bjn

`yely ~l iwlci a}}yi}

bjn ijmlybhi }ialy}

niob~i oq bynaijmi} jl~

jimi}}bafq ijhbhin

xa~` By}~bfab‑} tlfa~ambf

bijb* Bttltab~ifq&~ì tyofamb~alj‑} ifib}i

mlajmanin xa~` By}~bfab‑} ?448 Ginibf

ifim~alj mbetbahj* Mfbc‑} mleeij~bq

m`bbm~ia}i} ~ì hlxajh na}}ij~

bhbaj}~ hlwijeij~ bjn ebaj}~ibe

~àjcajh& ~bmcfajh b bjhi lg a}}yi}

ajmfynajh tlfa~am}& imljleam}& einab&

mlj}yeia}e& i}lymi}& flhhajh bjn

~bj}tl~b~alj* ^ì ~a~fi a} b igiijmi ~l

Hilhi Lxiff‑} 210>& xa~` ~ì ‐eielq

`lfi‑ oiajh b na}tl}bf }`ll~ ~`lyh`

xàm` nlmyeij~} niiein ~l oi aj

mljam~ xa~` ‐lgmabf ~y~`}‑ xii }ij~*

Ieafq Mfbrc

Tyofa}ìr& Bnyca Ajnitijnij~ Tri}}

‐A nlj‑~ oifaiwi ~`b~ famij}ajh ~ì ollc

yjnir MM `b} jihb~awifq aetbm~in lj }bfi} l ~ì ollc * Lj ~ì mlj~rbrq&A ~àjc ~`b~ `bwajh ~ì ij~ari ~ip~ ljfaji lr ribnir} ~l triwaix `b}

bm~ybffq ìftin ~l }iff elri ollc}*‑



>?


mleelj}

B} ~ì ollc‑} ofyo }~b~i};

‐Aj~ijnin ~l ifama~ ol~` fbyh`~i

bjn ajnahjb~alj ]~amc ^à}

aj Qly Eielq @lfi a} bj

yjtiminij~in b~~bmc lj bj

b~ltàin tlfa~ambf }q}~ie&

mltlb~i fimìq bjn ~ì

anilflhambf }qmlt`bj~} ~`b~

mleta}i bjn }yttl~ a~*‑

Bnyca Ajnitijnij~ Ti}} }timabfa}i}

aj jlj%m~alj ollc}& i}}bq} bjnebhb{aji} xa~` b tb~amyfb aj~ii}~ aj

mleeyja~q& ijwaljeij~& eahb~alj&

tlfa~am}& }lmabf ky}~ami& glln bjn ~bwif*

B} b mleeimabf tyofa}àjhwij~yi& Bnyca imiawi} jl

ly~}ani gyjnajh* Xa}àjh ~l

mljnym~ b ‐gba bjn ity~bofi

oy}aji}}&‑ Bnyca‑} tàfl}lt`q

`~~t;,,xxx*bnyca*ji~*by,tàfl}lt`q*`~ef! a} ipti}}in b} glfflx};

Tlnymi rybfa~q xa~~ij xlc}*

]iic ~l iti}ij~ wbain

bjn na}~ajm~awi by~`l} bjn

eb~iabf* Gl}~iajh lg By}~bfabj ~bfij~

bjn }yttl~ xa~àj tyofa}àjhajny}~q*

Lggi mlj~bm~} ~`b~ bi gba

bjn obfbjmin oi~xiij ~ì}ahjajh tb~ai}*

Gba tbqeij~ gl by~`l xlc

bjn hijibf }iwami}*

Mljnym~ oy}aji}} aj b

}y}~bajbofi xbq& bwlanajhyjjimi}}bq y}i lg ijihq&

tbti bjn eb~iabf}*

Ljfq taj~ ollc} bjn

ebhb{aji} lj 244 ti mij~

imqmfin tbti*

Y}i ~ì el}~ ijihq igmaij~

taj~ tlmi}}i} bwbafbofi*

]~awi ~l ebaj~baj b ‐jl

tyftajh‑ tlfamq*

Tlel~i wbfyi} lg gbaji}}&

nawi}a~q& ajnawanybfa~q bjn gii}tiim`*

Famijmi Y}bhi

]~amc ^à} aj Qly Eielq @lfi `b}

oiij tyofa}ìn ol~` aj taj~ bjn naha~bf

gle ljfaji! yjni b Mib~awi Mleelj}

B~~aoy~alj”Jljmleeimabf ?*9 By}~bfab

famijmi* Ol~` wi}alj} mbq bttltab~ifamij}ajh ajgleb~alj* ^ì ljfaji

wi}alj `b} oiij nlxjflbnin lwi 2444

~aei} }ajmi a~} ifib}i aj Jlwieoi

?448* B} lg Btaf ?440 ~ì taj~

wi}alj bn }lfn lwi 944 mltai}* ^ìtyofa}ì} itl~ ~`b~ y}ajh ~ì MM%OQ%

JM famijmi `b} oiij bj lwixìfeajhfq

tl}a~awi iptiaijmi*

‐A nlj‑~ oifaiwi ~`b~ famij}ajh

~ì ollc yjni MM `b}jihb~awifq aetbm~in lj }bfi}

lg ~ì ollc* Lj ~ì mlj~bq& A

~àjc ~`b~ `bwajh ~ì ij~ai ~ip~

ljfaji gl ibni} ~l tiwaix

`b} bm~ybffq ìftin ~l }iff eli

ollc}‑

Ieafq Mfbc& Tyofa}ì&

Bnyca Ajnitijnij~ Ti}}

Bnyca itl~} ~`b~ a~ aj~ijn} ~l ifib}i

â}~bj‑} }imljn ollc yjni ~ì }beiMib~awi Mleelj} famijmi aj ?441*

^ì mlwi l â}~aj Mfbc‑} ]~amc ^à} Aj Qly Eielq @lfi& tyofa}ìn oq Bnyca Ajnitijnij~ Ti}}



2>=


El~awb~alj}

‐Xi ibffq faci ~ì anib lg hawajh

tiltfi ib}q bmmi}} bjn ~ì

ah`~ ~l y}i ~ì xlc xa~`ly~ }iicajh ly tiea}}alj b}

~ì ollc `b} bj aetl~bj~

ei}}bhi ~`b~ jiin} ~l oi

}`bin*‑

Ieafq Mfbc& Bnyca Ajnitijnij~ Ti}}&

`~~t;,,mib~awimleelj}*lh,xioflh,ij~q,882>

Bnyca‑} ebjbhi Ieafq Mfbc xb}

iptl}in ~l ~ì anib lg Mib~awi

Mleelj} b~ ~ì ?448 Eifolyji

Xa~i} Gi}~awbf xxx*exg*mle*by,?448,mlj~ij~,taj~*b}t!& xìi }ì ìbn

}ymmi}}gyf }maijmi m~alj xa~i MlqNlm~llx `~~t;,,mbt`lyjn*mle! }tibc

boly~ à} tl}a~awi iptiaijmi xa~`

~ì famijmi}& ~lhi~ì xa~` Mib~awi

Mleelj} By}~bfab Tlkim~ Ebjbhi

Ki}}amb Mlb~i}* ^à} na}my}}alj xb}

fb~i olbnmb}~ lj ^ì Fbx _itl~ lj

BOM _bnal Jb~aljbf lj ?4 Jlwieoi

?448 xxx*bom*ji~*by,j,fbxitl~,

}~lai},?448,?419>97*`~e!* Aeti}}inxa~` ~ì ij~`y}ab}e lg ~ì ti}ij~i}&

Ieafq iwibf} ~`b~ }ì na}mlwiin bj

ipmiffij~ tyofa}àjh lt~alj; famij}ajh

yjni Mib~awi Mleelj} xb} ~ì

tigim~ xbq ~l imljmafi Bnyca‑}

mleeimabf iryaieij~} xa~` ~ì

by~`l‑} elbf bjn tàfl}ltàmbf

lokim~alj} ~l mltqah`~* Aj bj iebaf

aj~iwaix xa~` Ieeb Mblff gle

Mib~awi Mleelj} By}~bfab& Ieafq

lggiin ~ì ltajalj ~`b~;

‐^ì mlj~ij~ lg ~ì ollc& A giif&

a} ibffq aetl~bj~ bjn jiin}

~l oi }`bin* ^ì by~`l bjn

A nan jl~ xbj~ ~l faea~ bmmi}}

~l ~ì ollc ~l ~`l}i x`l

mlyfn bggln b taj~ mltq* Xi

bf}l `ltin ~ì xlc xlyfn

oi }`bin bjn igiijmi bjn

xbj~in ~ì bynaijmi ~l cjlx

~`b~ ~ìq xii bofi ~l nl ~`b~ xa~`ly~ mlj~bm~ajh y}*‑

Bnyca‑} tyofamb~alj ei~ xa~`

mlj}anibofi ipma~ieij~ gle ~ì ~ibe

b~ Mib~awi Mleelj} By}~bfab& x`l

ipti}}in ~ìa }yttl~ gl a~} ltij

na}~aoy~alj b} glfflx};

‐Oibcajh ly~ gle ~ì tbmc

bjn ~bcajh ~ì tfyjhi aj~l ltij

mlj~ij~ famij}ajh a}j‑~ bj ib}q

nima}alj gl b }ebff tyofa}ì

~l ebci& bjn Bnyca ni}iwi} ~l

oi mljhb~yfb~in* Oy~& b} ~ìq

}bq aj ~ìa ti}} ifib}i& xa~`

a~} }~ljh ei}}bhi aj }yttl~

lg gii }tiim` ‖]~amc ~à} aj

qly eielq `lfi a} ~ì tigim~ ollc ~l oihaj xa~`*―‑

`~~t;,,mib~awimleelj}*lh*by,jlni,2=?



>>


mleelj}

^ì Bhi Oflh}

ni}mrat~alj; Eifolyji‑} ^ì Bhi jix}tbti oflh} ^ì ^ljam bjn Mìx Lj ^à} ihyfbfq y}

Mib~awi Mleelj}%famij}in Gfamc*

xio}a~i; ^ì ^ljam ; `~~t;,,oflh}*~ìbhi*mle*by,fagi}~qfi,~ì~ljam bjn Mìx Lj ^à}; `~~t;,,oflh}*~ìbhi*mle*by,fagi}~qfi,mìxlj~ a}

famijmi y}in; wbaly} Mib~awi Mleelj} ?*4 famijmi}

einab; Aebhi}

flmb~alj; By}~bfab

Lwirwaix

Eifolyji‑} ^ì Bhi xxx*~ìbhi*

mle*by! jix}tbti lggi} ibni} bjyeoi lg oflh} xxx*~ìbhi*mle*by,oflhmij~bf! lj elnij fagi& gle}`bi%`ly}i àj~} ~l majieb iwaix}

~`lyh` ~l ~bwif bnwami* _ibni}

bi ijmlybhin ~l tl}~ mleeij~}bjn ryi}~alj} aj i}tlj}i ~l ~ì klyjbfa}~am ij~ai}& xàm` bi lg~ij`yelly} oy~ ìftgyf iim~alj}* Ajtb~amatb~ajh aj ~ì}i glb& ibni}

bi olyjn oq ~ì y}ybf îe} bjnMljna~alj} xxx*~ìbhi*mle*by,b~amfi},?447,48,?8,229=027?18>0>*`~ef!*

Aj tb~amyfb& ~xl Bhi oflh}& îq

_lo}lj‑}

^ì ^ljam bjn Tbyfb

Hllnqi‑}

Mìx lj ^à}&

gib~yi

Mib~awi

Mleelj}%

famij}in

Gfamc

t`l~l%

hbt`} ~laffy}~b~i

~ìa ij~ai} ihbnajh ìbf~` bjn

fagi}~qfi* B oflh na}my}}ajh nai~bq ~at}

bjn ~amc}& Mìx lj ^à} a} ti}ij~in

oq Xbfcfiq%bxbn xajjajh ìbf~`

xa~i Tbyfb Hllnqi ~l lwimlei ~ì

mljgy}alj lj ‐x`b~‑} ìbf~`q ~l ib~<‑

^ì ^ljam a} b oflh oq îq _lo}lj

nawij oq ‐b ni}ai ~l }tibn ~ì xln

~`b~ ìbf~` a} eli ~`bj ~ì bo}ijmi lg na}ib}i*‑

Famijmi Y}bhi

Ol~` Bhi oflh} y}i Mib~awi Mleelj}%

famij}in aebhi} gle Gfamc gl

affy}~b~awi tytl}i}* Gl ipbetfi& aj ~ì

2 Gioybq ?448 oflh ij~q aj ^ì ^ljam `~~t;,,oflh}*~ìbhi*mle*by,fagi}~qfi,~ì~ljam,bmàwi},?448,4?,}ipq\}tbq}*`~ef!& ~ì t`l~lhbt` ‐Ca}}‑ oq Gfamc

y}i ‐]lei_al~‑ `~~t;,,amc*mle,t`l~l},al~\,21?2>>718! famij}in yjni b OQ%

JN ?*4 famijmi& xàfi ‐]bfbni Jamla}i‑

oq Gfamc y}i ‐Wanal~‑ `~~t;,,amc*mle,t`l~l},wanal~,>>8?7894!& bf}l yjni b

MM OQ%JN famijmi}& xb} y}in aj ~ì

tl}~ `~~t;,,oflh}*~ìbhi*mle*by,fagi}~qfi,

mìxlj~à},bmàwi},?447,2?,nli}\ qly\}bfbn*`~ef*

^ì Bhi Mìx lj ^à} oflh& Kyji ?440



2>9


Gaf~ir Ebhb{aji

ni}mrat~alj; Gaf~i Ebhb{aji a} ~ì ~abjjybf tyofamb~alj lg ~ì By}~bfabj Ji~xlc gl B~ bjn

îm`jlflhq BJB^!& By}~bfab‑} tibc ajny}~q olnq gl b~a}~} xlcajh bml}}

}maijmi bjn ~im`jlflhq*

xio}a~i; xxx*bjb~*lh*by,taj~\bjn\oflh},f~i

famijmi y}in; BJB^‑} ebhb{aji Gaf~i a} famij}in yjni Mib~awi Mleelj} OQ%JM%]B ?*9

By}~bfab& `~~t;,,mib~awimleelj}*lh,famij}i},oq%jm%}b,?*9,by

einab; Aebhi}& îp~

flmb~alj; By}~bfab

Lwirwaix

^ì By}~bfabj Ji~xlc gl B~ bjn

îm`jlflhq BJB^! a} b jlj%tl~lhbja}b~alj ob}in aj Bnifbani& ]ly~`

By}~bfab* Ajmltlb~in aj 2100& BJB^

a} By}~bfab‑} tibc bnwlmbmq olnq

gl b~a}~} xlcajh xa~` }maijmi bjn

~im`jlflhq& tlel~ajh ieihajh bjniptiaeij~bf einab& bjn bynal bjn

b~%}maijmi tbm~ami} bml}} eloafi

bjn tl~bofi tfb~gle} ol~` flmbffq

bjn hflobffq* ^ì lhbja}b~alj gl}~i}

mlffbolb~alj& ajjlwb~alj bjn ij~ita}i&

ti}ij~ajh jix lttl~yja~ai} gl a~}

eieoi} ~l ijhbhi xa~` ~ìa bynaijmi}

bjn ajny}~q& bjn ~l }y}~baj ~ìa my~~ajh%

inhi mib~awa~q*

BJB^ tyofa}ì} Gaf~i Ebhb{aji xxx*bjb~*lh*by,tbhi},glye}tyo},

glye}tyo}*`~ef! ~ìi ~aei} b qib b}

bj i}}ij~abf hyani ~l b~ bjn ~im`jlflhq

tlkim~} bjn myij~ ~ijn} aj jix einab

mib~awa~q* Ibm` a}}yi mlj~baj} gib~yi

b~amfi}& iwaix}& fa}~ajh} lg tlgi}}aljbf

niwiflteij~ bm~awa~ai}& aj bnna~alj ~l

eieoi}‑ tlfi}* A~ a} tlwanin gii

~l BJB^ eieoi} bjn a} na}~aoy~in ~l

}ifim~in b~} bhijmai} bml}} By}~bfab*Gaf~i‑} myij~ ebjbhajh ina~l Bebjnb

Eb~yfamc*

BJB^ a} gyjnin oq ~ì By}~bfabj

Hlwijeij~ ~`lyh` L[ML& ~ì

By}~bfab Mlyjmaf xxx*l{ml*hlw*by!&

oq ~ì ]ly~` By}~bfabj Hlwijeij~

~`lyh` B~} ]B xxx*b~}*}b*hlw*

by!& bjn a} gy~ì b}}a}~in ~`lyh`

~ì Wa}ybf B~} bjn Mbg~ ]~b~ihq& bj

aja~ab~awi lg ~ì

By}~bfabj& ]~b~i

bjn îa~lq

Hlwijeij~}*

BJB^ lhbja}i}

i}anijmai}&

eb}~i mfb}}i}

bjn }yeei

}m`llf}& bjn

tlwani}

jbjmabf

}yttl~ ~l

a~} eieoi} ~`lyh` ~ì Tlgi}}aljbf

Niwiflteij~ bwif Gyjn*

Famijmi Y}bhi

Gaf~i a} famij}in yjni Mib~awi

Mleelj} B~~aoy~alj%JljMleeimabf]`bi Bfaci ?*9 By}~bfab& yjfi}}

‐Xi oifaiwi br~xlrc a} mrib~in ~l oi}`brin jl~ lxjin*‑

Bebjnb Eb~yfamc Ebjbhajh Ina~l& Gaf~i Ebhb{aji



>7


mleelj}

l~ìxa}i jl~in* A}}yi 72

xxx*bjb~*lh*by,taj~\

bjn\oflh},22!& mlwiajh

~ì tialn gle Jlwieoi

?449 ” Kbjybq ?447& xb}ninamb~in ~l bj ipbeajb~alj

lg ~ì ‐Mib~awi Mleelj}

_iwlfy~alj&‑ bjn xb} hyi}~%

ina~in oq Iffal~~ Ofin}li

gle MMby* ^ì a}}yi

gib~yin b~amfi} oq Bjnix

Hb~lj lj ~ì mib~alj lg

bj By}~bfb}abj mleelj}&

Eab Hbfamc lj ltijajh yt

mib~awi nabflhyi& bjn Jam

]y{l& xa~` ‐_ieap& _iy}i&_imqmfi*‑ Iffal~~ xa~i} aj à}

ina~labf&

‐Mib~awi Mleelj}

a} boly~ m`lami*

A~ `b} ~yjin ~ì

ofbjci~ obj ~bna~alj

lg mltqah`~ lj

a~} ìbn* A~ ~bci}

~ì mljmit~ lg ‖bff

ah`~} i}iwin― bjn }tfami} a~ aj~l

ebjbhibofi tb~}

aj lni ~l mib~i

b ‖}lei ah`~}

i}iwin― }q}~ie*‑

Gaf~i oihbj y}ajh b

Mib~awi Mleelj} famijmi

lj b tiebjij~ ob}a}

nyajh ~ì tyofamb~alj lg

A}}yi 79; ^à} a} jl~ ltij}lymi xxx*bjb~*lh*

by,taj~\bjn\oflh},8!&

~ìein blyjn ltij }lymi

myf~yi& ajgleb~alj }`bajh

bjn aj~ibm~alj oi~xiij

ji~xlc}* ^ì tyofamb~alj na}my}}in

~ì aj~aj}am ifieij~} lg ~ì hlx~` lg

~ì myf~ybf elwieij~ lg }`bajh* B~

~à} ~aei& a~ }iiein jb~ybf ~l elwi ~l b

Mib~awi Mleelj} ]`bi%Bfaci famijmi* Bg~i ~abffajh ~ì Jl%Niawb~awi} famijmi&

Gaf~i aetfieij~in Mib~awi Mleelj}

B~~aoy~alj%JljMleeimabf%]`bi Bfaci

?*9 b} ~ì oi}~ ~ xa~` a~} jiin} bjn

bae}*

^ì ~ìeb~am ob}a} gl A}}yi 79

ieihin gle ~ì ?448 BJB^ }~aff,

ltij fbo} xxx*bjb~*lh*by,}~affltij,

oflh!& b }iai} lg xlc}`lt} ~`b~ xii

ìfn aj Eifolyji& Oa}obji bjn Ti~`b} tb~ lg ~ì lhbja}b~alj‑} ieihajh

~im`jlflhq fbo} tlhbe* Gbmafa~b~l}

Bfi}}bjnl Fynlwaml& Bjnq Jam`lf}lj&

Oib~a{ nb Ml}~b& bjn Iffal~~ Ofin}li

gle MMby na}my}}in xa~` bynaijmi}

~ì tbm~ami bjn ~ìlq lg ltij }lymi

myf~yi bjn a~} bttfamb~alj ~`lyh`

ji~xlcin b~& }lg~xbi niwiflteij~&

taj~ bjn ljfaji tyofa}àjh bjn aj ~ì

}maij~am bijb* Bg~i ebjq na}my}}alj}

xa~` Iffal~~ lj ~ì ~ltam lg ltij }lymi

bjn gii myf~yi& BJB^ }~bgg ebni

b elwi ~l y}i Mib~awi Mleelj}

famijmi} b} xanifq b} ~ìq mlyfn*

El~awb~alj}

BJB^‑} aja~ab~awi} iet`b}a}i mljjim~alj

bjn mlffbolb~alj& ijamèij~

bjn aj}tab~alj& bjn i}ibm` bjnniwiflteij~ bml}} b~& myf~yi& }maijmi

bjn ~im`jlflhq* Xìj b}cin boly~

BJB^‑} el~awb~alj} ~l ietflq Mib~awi

Mleelj} famij}ajh gl Gaf~i& Ebjbhajh

Ina~l Bebjnb Eb~yfamc i}tljnin;

‐Xi oifaiwi b~xlc a} mib~in

~l oi }`bin jl~ lxjin bjn

ìjmi xi bae ~l y}i b famijmi

xi gif~ xlyfn lggi lt~alj}

gl gy~yi bjn gy~ì y}i lg xlc& xàf}~ ij}yajh mlim~

BJB }~ ifib}in Gaf~i yjni b MM famijmi xa~` A}}yi 72; Mib~awi

Mleelj} _iwlfy~alj* ^ìq fb~i ifib}in A}}yi 79; ^à} A} Jl~ Ltij

]lymi yjni bj B~~aoy~alj%Jljmleeiambf%Jl Niawb~awi Xlc}

famijmi b ~abf* ]ajmi ~ìj& ~ì nima}alj xb} ebni ~l elwi ~lxbn}

y}ajh bj B~~aoy~alj%Jljmleeimabf%]`bi Bfaci famijmi b} a~ b ‐oi~~i ~‑ xa~` ~ì ebhb{aji‑} bae}* Ol~` A}}yi 77; ]qjmì}a} bjn A}}yi 78; Y_

]tbmi bi bwbafbofi yjni ~à} famijmi*

A e b h i } ( ^ l t ~ l o l ~ ~ l e ! ; ^ ` i

m l w i } l G a f ~ i r a } } y i } 7 7 & 7

8 ( O l ~ ` M M O Q % J M % ] B ? * 9

B y } ~ b f a b ! & 7 9 b j n 7 2 ( o l ~ ` M M

O Q % J M % J N ? * 9

B y } ~ b f a b !



2>8


bmcjlxfinheij~} bi ebni

~l ~ì mib~l* Xi `lti ~`b~

oq y}ajh b famijmi ~`b~ a}

tl~im~awi qi~ ijmlybhajh& xi

ebq ajmib}i ~ì gyjm~aljbfa~q

lg ~ì xlc& hijib~i gy~yi

y}i bjn nabflhyi blyjn ~ì

xlc}*‑

Bebjnb jl~i} gy~ì ~`b~ ltij }lymi

myf~yi ba}i} ebjq ltajalj} bjn

ryi}~alj} ajmfynajh; @lx ltij a} ltij

}lymi myf~yi< A} a~ y}i gaijnfq l

jbjmabffq oijimabf< @lx eah ~ b~a}~}

ebci y}i lg ~à} myf~ybf elwieij~<

Bjnix Flxij~`bf xa~i} aj à} b~amfi

Gii Oii& gib~yin aj A}}yi 79&

‐^ì lji%~l%ebjq elnif a}

oiajh y}ytin oq ~ì ebjq%

~l%ebjq& ~ì eb}}i} bi

oiajh itfbmin oq ~ì ji~xlc&

mleebjn oq mlffbolb~alj*‑

A~ a} aj b mlffbolb~awi gbeixlc ~`b~

BJB^ mlj~ajyi} ~l ltib~i& `ltajh

~`b~ ~ì na}my}}alj boly~ ltij }lymi

bjn gii myf~yi mlj~ajyi} xiff aj~l ~ì

gy~yi*



>0


mleelj}

Lwirwaix

Lj Faji Ltajalj a} bj i%klyjbf ~`b~ `b}

oiij ljfaji }ajmi Btaf 2111* A~} }~b~in

bae a} ~l ‐tlwani b glye gl tyofam

}lmabf bjn tlfa~ambf niob~i boly~ myij~

By}~bfabj a}}yi}‑ xxx*ljfajiltajalj*

mle*by,na}tfbq*b}t<tbhi5boly~!

bjn }iic} ~l bmàiwi ~à} hlbf oqtyofa} ajh b~amfi} gle b xani bjhi lg

mlj~aoy~l}* ì myij~ Taei Eaja}~i

Ciwaj _ynn bjn à} tinimi}}l}&

Kl`j @lxbn bjn Tbyf Cib~ajh& bi

beljh ~`l}i x`l `bwi gib~yin xxx*

ljfajiltajalj*mle*by,by~`l*b}t! aj ~ì

tbhi} lg Lj Faji Ltajalj* ^ì klyjbf

a} jl~ faea~in ~l ljfq tlfa~ambf niob~i3

b~amfi} bi tyofa}ìn lj imljleam}&

}tl~&

~im`jlflhqbjn ~ì

ijwalj%

eij~*

Lj FajiLtajalj a}

ob}in aj

Oa}obji

bjn xb}

glyjnin oq

Hb`be

Qlyjh&

x`l& b} ~ì

klyjbf‑}

Màig Ina~l bjn tyofa}ì yj} ~ì

nbq%~l%nbq ltib~alj lg ~ì }a~i gyff%~aei

xa~` Ina~l ]y}bj Tal* Lxjin oq ~ì

By}~bfabj tyofam mletbjq Jb~aljbf

Glye F~n `~~t;,,tl~bf*jb~aljbfglye*mle*by!& ~ì klyjbf ltib~i} lj b

jl~%gl%tl~ ob}a} xàm` eibj} ~`b~mlj~aoy~l} bi jl~ tban gl ~ìa

b~amfi}* Hb`be Qlyjh lo}iwi} aj

bj iebaf aj~iwaix xa~` ]~iwij Hi~àjh

gle Mib~awi Mleelj} By}~bfab

aj Ebm` ?440& ~`b~ ‐Bnwi~a}ajh bjn

}tlj}l}àt iwijyi} bi tlwanajh

ijlyh` ~l tbq gl l~ì }bfbai} bjn

ajgb}~ym~yi*‑

Famijmi Y}bhi

Lj Faji Ltajalj bttfai} ~ì Mib~awi

Mleelj} B~~aoy~alj%Jljmleeimabf%

Jl Niawb~awi Xlc} ?*4 Hijiam famijmi

~l }yoea~~in b~amfi}& oy~ jl~ ~l ~ì

iebajni lg ~ì xio}a~i xàm` i}iwi}

bff mltqah`~*

Hb`be Qlyjh lggi} à} iptiaijmi

xa~` ~ì }a~i‑} m`lami lg Mib~awi

Mleelj} famijmi ~l nb~i;

‐Xi‑i `bttq xa~` ~ì xbq

~ì famijmi xlc}* ^ì ebkl oiji~ ~l y} a} ~`b~ ~ìi a} b

mleelj mltqah`~ bhiieij~

Lj Faji Ltajalj

ni}mrat~alj; Lj Faji Ltajalj a} b jl~%gl%tl~ i%klyjbf ~`b~ bae} ~l tlwani b glye gl tyofam}lmabf bjn tlfa~ambf niob~i boly~ myij~ By}~bfabj a}}yi}*

xio}a~i; xxx*ljfajiltajalj*mle*by

famijmi y}in; Mib~awi Mleelj} B~~aoy~alj%Jljmleeimabf%Jl Niawb~awi Xlc} ?*4 Hijiam

`~~t;,,mib~awimleelj}*lh,famij}i},oq%jm%jn,?*4

einab; îp~& Aebhi}


Lj Faji Ltajalj `lei tbhi& Kyji ?440



2>1


bwbafbofi gl ~`l}i xbj~ajh ~l

ityofa}`* ^à} }`lyfn eibj

~`b~ a~ a} ib}ai gl jl~%gl%

tl~} bjn tawb~i ajnawanybf} ~l

nibf xa~` eb~iabf*‑

El~awb~alj}

@bwajh }~ ìbn boly~ Mib~awiMleelj} famijmi} gle ~ì By}~bfabj

i}ibm` ~ibe b~ ~ì Ryiij}fbjn

Yjawi}a~q lg îm`jlflhq& Hb`be Qlyjhiptfbaj} x`b~ el~awb~in à} m`lami lg

famijmi;

‐A~ hbwi y} bj ib}q xbq lg

}ahjbffajh ~l jlj%mleeimabf

y}i} ~`b~ ~ìq mlyfn i%y}i

~ì eb~iabf& b} fljh b} ~ìq

bmcjlxfinhin y}* Xi `ltin

~`b~ ~à} xlyfn ijmlybhi

l~ì} ~l y}i ly eb~iabf bjn

oyafn bxbiji}} lg ~ì }a~i*

Xi bf}l `ltin ~`b~ a~ xlyfn

my~ nlxj lj ~ì belyj~ lg

xlc ajwlfwin aj iptfbajajh

bjn jihl~ab~ajh xa~` tl~ij~abf ityofa}ì}*‑



94


mleelj}

Lwirwaix

^ì Tyjna~ xb} b gii tyofamb~alj

ifib}in b} tb~ lg Eifolyji

Aj~ijb~aljbf Gafe Gi}~awbf EAGG! ?447

xxx*eifolyjifegi}~awbf*mle*by! oq

B Jix Fibg Einab xxx*bjixfibg*mle*

by!& bj ajnitijnij~ By}~bfabj tyofa}ì

bjn ‐xln tinfb‑ xxx*bjixfibg*mle*by,boly~!* Ina~in oq âe Jl~lj& Figb

]ajhfi~lj& Kbji Xb~caj}& bjn Tbyf

N‑Bhl}~ajl& ^ì Tyjna~ ajmfynin iwaix}&

jix} bjn aj~iwaix} mlj~aoy~in oq

bj ip~ij}awi bjn ij~`y}ab}~am xa~ajh

~ibe }lymin gle flmbf }~ynij~

einab ly~fi~}& }ym` b} ]QJ GE `~~t;,,

}qj*lh*by!& A} Jl~ Ebhb{aji xxx*

a}jl~ebhb{aji*lh!& Ipti}} Einab

xxx*ipti}}einab*lh*by!& Waoixai*

ji~ xxx*waoixai*ji~!& ^ì Oah A}}yi

xxx*oaha}}yi*lh*by!& B~} @yo xxx*

b~}`yo*mle*by,by,nigbyf~*b}t! bjn

l~ì qly~` einab* ^ì tyofamb~alj

xb} ni}ahjin ~l jl~ ljfq oi aj}ah`~gyf&

ij~i~bajajh bjn ajgleb~awi& oy~ ~l oi

bj lttl~yja~q gl qlyjh bjn ieihajh

xa~i} ~l tyofa}` xlc aj b tlgi}}aljbf

mbtbma~q*

^ì Tyjna~ ‑} EAGG ina~alj xb} ifib}inb} 97%tbhi& B> tl~ba~ gleb~ xa~`

b taj~ yj lg 24&444 mltai} bjn

na}~aoy~in blyjn Eifolyji ly~}ani

~ì wi ebaj EAGG majieb} aj bnna~alj

~l lgmabf wijyi}* A~ xb} bf}l bwbafbofi

aj tng gleb~ gle ~ì xio}a~i& xa~`

~ì b~amfi} bjn iwaix} bwbafbofi

ajnawanybffq aj `~ef*

^ì tyofamb~alj xb} tlnymin xa~` ~ì}yttl~ lg ^ì Glyjnb~alj gl Qlyjh

By}~bfabj} xxx*qlyjhby}~bfabj}*

lh!& Myetfi Obh} By}~bfab xxx*

myetfi*mle*by!& _EA^ Yjalj B~}

`~~t;,,yjalj*ea~*iny*by!& ~ì Eifolyji

Aj~ijb~aljbf Gafe Gi}~awbf xxx*

eifolyjifegi}~awbf*mle*by!& bjn ~ì

Eifolyji Ma~q Ea}}alj ]fajh}`l~ xxx*

}fajh}`l~*lh*by,}fajh}`l~,ajnip*t`t !*

Ob}in aj Jl~` Ga~{lq& B Jix Fibg Einab ltib~i} b} b jamì einab

mletbjq xàm` }~awi} ~l mib~i

bf~ijb~awi ajnitijnij~ einab tlnymin

oq ieihajh einab%ebci}* A~ glmy}i}

lj tyofa}àjh iwaix ebhb{aji} gl b

wbai~q lg Eifolyji‑} b~} bjn myf~ybf

gi}~awbf}* Aj ~ì gy~yi& ^ì Tyjna~ xaff

oi ifib}in ~l mlajmani xa~` wbaly}

By}~bfabj b~} bjn myf~ybf gi}~awbf}

lggiajh mletiìj}awi hyani}&

}tibnajh ~ìa xln} gle Bf~ljb ~l Bftàjh~lj*

B Jix Fib Einab; ^ì Tyjna~

ni}mrat~alj; ^ì Tyjna~ xb} b Mib~awi Mleelj}%famij}in tyofamb~alj lg iwaix}& jix}& bjn

aj~iwaix} na}~aoy~in b} b gii ebhb{aji b} tb~ lg ~ì Eifolyji Aj~ijb~aljbf

Gafe Gi}~awbf aj ?447*

xio}a~i; xxx*bjixfibg*mle*by,~ì%tyjna~,~ì%tyjna~%eagg%47

famijmi y}in; B~~aoy~alj%Jljmleeimabf%Jl Niawb~awi Xlc} ?*9 By}~bfab

`~~t;,,mib~awimleelj}*lh,famij}i},oq%jm%jn,?*9,by,

einab; îp~




292


Famijmi Y}bhi

B Jix Fibg Einab nimanin ~l famij}i

ol~` ~ì taj~ ebhb{aji bjn ~ì tng

naha~bf wi}alj lg ^ì Tyjna~ yjni bMib~awi Mleelj} famijmi ~`b~ bfflx}

mlj~ij~ tyofa}ìn aj ~ì ebhb{aji ~l oi

ityofa}ìn }l fljh b} ~ì b~amfi} bi

jl~ m`bjhin bjn ~ì ityofamb~alj a} gl

jlj%mleeimabf tytl}i}; a*i* yjni

~ì Mib~awi Mleelj} B~~aoy~alj%

Jljmleeimabf%Jl Niawb~awi Xlc}

?*9 By}~bfab famijmi* ^à} famij}ajhgbmafa~b~in ~ì ityofa}àjh lg eym` lg

~ì ebhb{aji‑} mlj~ij~ lj oflh} nyajh

~ì gi}~awbf& hawajh ~ì xa~i} gb eliiptl}yi ~`bj B Jix Fibg Einab lj

~ìa lxj mlyfn tlwani*

El~awb~alj}

âe Jl~lj gle B Jix Fibg Einab

}tlci b~ ~ì ?447 Mib~awi Mleelj} By}~bfab Ajny}~q Glye `~~t;,,mib~awimleelj}*lh*by,mmglye!& aj ~ì

}i}}alj gl Mib~awi Ajny}~ai}* âe‑}lxj oflh& ‐]~lt ~ì xlfn Eyeeq& A

xbj~ ~l hi~ lgg‧‑ `~~t;,,eljciqkina*oflh}tl~*mle! a} bf}l famij}in yjni

Mib~awi Mleelj}*



9?


mleelj}

Kl`j Ryahhaj Oflh

ni}mrat~alj; Kl`j Ryahhaj a} bj By}~bfabj imljlea}~ bjn bmbnieam x`l xa~i} b oflh nibfajh

xa~` flmbf bjn hflobf a}}yi} gle b }lmabf%nielmb~am ti}tim~awi*

xio}a~i; `~~t;,,kl`jryahhaj*mle

famijmi y}in; Mib~awi Mleelj} OQ%JM%]B ?*2 By}~bfab `~~t;,,mib~awimleelj}*lh,famij}i},oq%jm%}b,?*2,by

einab; îp~

flmb~alj; By}~bfab

Lwirwaix

^ì Bhi Einab Oflh `~~t;,,

oflh}*~ìbhi*mle*by,einaboflh!

bmcjlxfinhi} Tlgi}}l Kl`j Ryahhaj

b} ‐Lji lg ~ì ifni }~b~ieij~} lg

~ì L{ oflhl}tìi*‑ @a} itljqely}

oflh& Kl`j Ryahhaj& `l}~} eb~iabf

lj b bjhi lg

~ltam}& }tbjjajh

bmbnieab&

imljleam}&

tlfa~am}& bjn

By}~bfabj

myf~yi* B

mlj~aoy~l ~l

~ì mlffim~awi

oflh Mllcin

âeoi `~~t;,,mllcin~aeoi*

lh! bjn

mleeij~b~l gl

~ì By}~bfabj

Gajbjmabf

_iwaix& Kl`j

Ryahhaj a}

bj By}~bfabj

_i}ibm`

Mlyjmaf

Ginib~aljGifflx b~ ~ì

]m`llf lg Imljleam} b~ ~ì Yjawi}a~q

lg Ryiij}fbjn aj ]~* Fymab& By}~bfab*

Mleeijmin aj Kyji ?44?& Kl`j

Ryahhaj‑} oflh `b} }ajmi b~~bm~in

mlj}anibofi b~~ij~alj& bjn jlji eli

}l ~`bj à} lt~alj ~l famij}i à} tl}~}

yjni Mib~awi Mleelj}*

Famijmi Y}bhi

Lj 2 Kyfq ?449& Kl`j Ryahhaj

bjjlyjmin ~`b~ à} oflh xb} ~l oi

famij}in yjni ~ì Mib~awi Mleelj}

B~~aoy~alj%JljMleeimabf%]`bi

Bfaci ?*2 By}~bfab ~ie}* ^à} Ryahhaj

oifaiwin ~l oi ~ì ‐nigbyf~ yfi‑ gl

oflhhi}& ipti}}ajh ~ìa }~bjnbn

iptim~b~alj};

‐Bjqlji mbj y}i b} eym` b}

~ìq faci gl b jlj%mleeimabf

tytl}i& b} fljh b} ~ìq

bfflx l~ì} ~l nl ~ì }bei

xa~` ~ì niawb~awi xlc& bjn

bmcjlxfinhi eq lahajbf

by~`l}àt& ia~ì oq jbei l

xa~` b fajc obmc ~l ~ì lahajbf

tl}~*‑

`~~t;,,kl`jryahhaj*mle,ajnip*t`t,bmàwi},?449,48,42,mib~awi%mleelj}%famij}i

Kl`j Ryahhaj

A e b h i ; O q Y j a w i } a ~ q l R y i i j } f b j n *



29=


^à} nimfbb~alj hbwi a}i ~l x`b~mltqah`~ bmbnieam bjn mleeij~b~l

Cae Xib~ìbff& lg Xib~ìbff‑} Fbx `~~t;,,xib~ìbff*oflh}tl~*mle!&

~iein ~ì ‐Hib~ Oflh Famij}ajhNiob~i‑ `~~t;,,xib~ìbff*oflh}tl~*mle,?449\48\42\xib~ìbff\bmàwi*`~ef-22?4=04007921=>000!& bf}l jl~in

b} ~ì ‐By}~bfabj Oflh Famij}ajh Gij{q‑lj _y}~q‑} Ofiinajh Inhi tbhi `~~t;,,l{fbo}*lh,zy}~q,ajnip*mha,AT,?449%48%49*`~ef!* ^ì a}}yi gl Xib~ìbff xb}

lji lg xì~ì ~ìi }`lyfn oi }`bi%bfaci ~ie}& bjn bnna~aljbffq gl _y}~q

b} ~l xì~ì Jlj%Mleeimabf ~ie}xii bttltab~i* Xib~ìbff ~llc ~ì

]`biBfaci tlwa}alj ~l ~b}c;

‐A‑e jl~ }yi A xbj~ ~l nam~b~i

~l tiltfi x`b~ ~ìq xbj~ ~l nl

xa~` ~ìa }~ygg& iwij ag ~ìa }~ygg

ajmltlb~i} }lei lg eq }~ygg*‑

`~~t;,,xib~ìbff*oflh}tl~*mle,?449\48\42\ xib~ìbff\bmàwi*`~ef-22?4211?2?>?99>?>?

^àjcajh lg y~afa~q& _y}~q bhii} xa~`

~à} }ij~aeij~; oq jl~ }~atyfb~ajh ~`b~

l~ì y}i} oi`bwi aj ~ì }bei xbq b}~ì mib~l& ~ì y}igyfji}} lg ~ì xlc

a} ebpaea}in& b~ì ~`bj flmcajh yt

nlxj}~ibe y}i}*

Mlj}aniajh jlj%mleeimabf ~ie}&

_y}~q }bq} ~`b~ ~l fbeij~ l~ì}‑

}ymmi}} a} tlaj~fi}}& xìi ~ìa hbaj}

nlj‑~ nitawi ~ì mib~l lg bjq oiji~;

‐Xìj qly jiahòly xaj}

~ì fl~~iq& nl qly mletfbaj a~‑}

yjgba< Bg~i bff& qly eah`~ `bwi

xlj ~ì fl~~iq ag ~ìq nanj‑~"

L nl qly mljhb~yfb~i ~ìe

bjn b}c ~l ollx ~ì Giba

lj xiicijn}< Ag ~ì fb~~i& bjn

qly‑i jl~ ebcajh eljiq lj

qly oflh& A‑n }yhhi}~ nlttajh

jlj%mleeimabf gle qly MM

famij}i& bjn xa}àjh ~`l}i x`l

~q ~l ebci eljiq bff ~ì fymc

aj ~ì xlfn***‑

`~~t;,,l{fbo}*lh,zy}~q,ajnip*mha, AT,?449%48%49*`~ef

@i bf}l iim~}

lj ~ì tl}a~alj lg

giifq%na}~aoy~in

}lg~xbi oigli

Fajyp m`bjhin ~l~ì HTF*

Aj~ii}~ajhfq&

b tb~q ~l

~à} niob~i&

Nbwan ]~bclgg&

ifamij}in a}

oflh Ajm`lb~i

xxx*no}*an*by,

oflh! aj Kyfq

?449& lt~ajhgl ~ì Mib~awi

Mleelj}

B~~aoy~alj%Jljmleeimabf%Jl

Niawb~awi Xlc} famijmi `~~t;,,l{fbo}*

lh,zy}~q,ajnip*mha,AT,?449%48%49*

`~ef!*

El~awb~alj}

Tl}a~aljajh àe}ifg aj mlj~b}~ ~l Kl`j

Nwlbc‑} mljgy}alj }ylyjnajh ~ì

Mib~awi Mleelj} aja~ab~awi xxx*

tmebh*mle,b~amfi?,4&2019&20=0?>>&44*

b}t!& Kl`j Ryahhaj xa~i} b hflxajh

bttba}bf lg ~ì anib} ipti}}in

aj ~ì}i ltij mlj~ij~ famijmi}* Aj

tb~amyfb& ì nigijn} à} m`lami

lg ~ì jlj%mleeimabf& b~~aoy~alj&

}`bi%bfaci wi}alj lg ~ì Mib~awi

Mleelj} famijmi& xàm` bfflx}

bjqlji ~l itlnymi ~ì xlc gle

~ì oflh& xa~` b~~aoy~alj bjn gl jlj%

mleeimabf tytl}i}& b} fljh b} ~ìq

}`bi a~ yjni ~ì }bei mljna~alj}*

Ryahhaj }~b~i} ~`b~ ì `b} }ifim~in ~à}

famijmi& ‐jl~ oimby}i a~‑} jimi}}bafq

~ì oi}~ lt~alj aj bff& l iwij el}~

mb}i}& oy~ oimby}i a~‑} ~ì oi}~ nigbyf~

yfi‑ `~~t;,,kl`jryahhaj*mle,ajnip*

t`t,bmàwi},?449,48,?4,~ì%mib~awi%mleelj}%b}%b%nigbyf~%yfi!*

‐A‑e jl~ }yri A xbj~ ~l nam~b~i ~l tiltfi

x`b~ ~ìq xbj~ ~lnl xa~` ~ìar }~y&

iwij a ~ìar }~y ajmlrtlrb~i} }lei l

eq }~y*‑

Kl`j Ryahhaj



9>


mleelj}

‐Bjqlji x`l xbj~} ~l y}i

eb~iabf gle ~ì oflh aj ~à}

xbq mbj nl }l xa~`ly~ b}cajh

ei* Bjn }`bi%bfaci a} b hlln

gib~yi gl b nigbyf~ lt~alj&oimby}i a~ eibj} ~`b~ i%y}i

a} }aeafbfq gii yjni ~ì }bei

mljna~alj}* Oy~ ag @lffqxlln

xbj~} ~l y}i oa~} lg ~ì oflh

aj ~ì gl~`mleajh à~ elwai

Mllcin âeoi lg @yebja~q&

~ìq bi jl~ mljjin ~l ~ì

MM famij}i* ^ìq‑i gii ~l

q ei ~l FB& bjn ebci b

}~ytijnly}fq hijily} lggi

gl ~ì mleeimabf ah`~}*]aeafbfq& ag }leilji xbj~in ~l

y}i ~ì tl}~} xa~`ly~ b~~aoy~alj

gl }lei hlln ib}lj& ~ìq

mlyfn bfxbq} bttlbm` ei

bjn b}c gl tiea}}alj* Eli

hijibffq& ag }leilji xbj~} ~l

nl ~àjh} naggiij~fq ~ìq mbj

tltl}i b mlj~bm~ xa~` ei*‑

^ì nigbyf~ a} tl}a~aljin à}~lambffq;

xìib} ljmi a~ xb} ~ì tyofam nlebaj&

}ajmi a~ xb} jimi}}bq ~l ebci b

}timam mfbae gl mltqah`~& a~ a} jlx ‐bff

ah`~} i}iwin‑ mltqah`~* Aj~lnymajh

Mib~awi Mleelj} }iic} ~l i}~li b

obfbjmi oi~xiij ~ì}i tlaj~}*

Kl`j Ryahhaj‑} oflh& Kyji ?440



299


Lwirwaix

Eam`bif ]tim`~ a} b ]ijal Tlkim~

Ebjbhi gl Jl~if‑} ]`bin ]iwami}]lfy~alj} aj B}ab* @a} itljqely} oflh

tlwani} ibni} xa~` aj}ah`~ hbajingle lwi 29 qib}‑ iptiaijmi ajltib~alj} bjn bttfamb~alj} lfi} aj ~ì

@yebj _i}lymi} @_! ajny}~q ol~àj By}~bfab bjn lwi}ib}* I}~bofa}ìnlj ?= Kyji ?44>& ~ì oflh nibf} xa~`~im`jlflhq bjn ebjbhieij~ a}}yi}&tb~amyfbfq gl ~ì ij~ita}i& bjn

lmmb}aljbffq ipti}}i} ‐l~ì bjnle~`lyh`~}*‑ Eam`bif a} bj bnwlmb~i lg

}lmabf }lg~xbi }ym` b} ^xa~~i `~~t;,,~xa~~i*mle,e}tim`~! a} ytnb~in lj bj

`lyfq ob}a}*

Famijmi Y}bhi

Aja~abffq famij}ajh à} oflh yjni Mib~awiMleelj} B~~aoy~alj%]`bi Bfaci ?*4&Eam`bif imij~fq fibjin boly~ ~ì eliimij~ }ya~i lg ?*9 By}~bfabj famijmi}&bjn m`bjhin à} }a~i ~l oi yjni ~ì Mib~awi Mleelj} B~~aoy~alj%Jljmleeimabf%]`bi Bfaci ?*9 By}~bfab Famijmi*

Eam`bif b} bf}l na}my}}in tlkim~}ietflqajh Mib~awi Mleelj} lj

à} oflh& }ym` b} Eaml}lg~‑} ]aetfi]`bajh Ip~ij}alj} ]]I!& xàm`bfflx} b}qjm`ljly} itfamb~alj lg a~ie} beljh ~xl l eli tb~ai} wab_]] giin}* ]ii à} tl}~ ~a~fin ‐]`bajhMlj~ij~ aj b Xio ?*4 Xlfn‑ xxx*}tim`~*mle*by,eam`bif,?449,22,?0,}`bajh%mlj~ij~%aj%b%xio%?4%xlfn!*

El~awb~alj}

Aj}tain oq ~ì xlc} lg Mlq Nlm~llxbjn Fbxijmi Fi}}ah& Eam`bif ]tim`~mleeij~in aj b ?440 iebaf aj~iwaix xa~`_bmìf Mlomlg~ gle Mib~awi Mleelj} By}~bfab ~`b~ ì lt~in ~l famij}i à}oflh yjni Mib~awi Mleelj} gle a~}mleeijmieij~ aj ?44>;

‐A m`l}i ~ì famijmi tb~fq nyi

~l eq yjni}~bjnajh lg ~ìfaea~b~alj} lg mltqah`~ fbx& aibfflxajh tiltfi ~l }qjnamb~imlj~ij~ ' igiijmi xb}~im`jambffq jl~ bfflxin* A bf}lxbj~in ~l bfflx l~ì} ~l giifq iy}i& igiijmi bjn }`bi eq xa~ajh} xa~`ly~ ~ì olyjnbai} lg Sbff ah`~} i}iwinU mltqah ~ fbx*‑

Eam`bif `b} oiij mlj~bm~in oq }iwibfmleeimabf lhbja}b~alj} gl iy}i lg

à} xlc*

Eam`bif ]tim`~

ni}mrat~alj; Eam`bif ]tim`~ tlwani} b oflh iptflajh ~im`jlflhq& ebjbhieij~ bjn @yebj

_i}lymi} a}}yi} gle ol~` bj By}~bfabj bjn aj~ijb~aljbf ti}tim~awi*

xio}a~i; xxx*}tim`~*mle*by,eam`bif

famijmi y}in; Mib~awi Mleelj} B~~aoy~alj%Jljmleeimabf%]`bi Bfaci ?*9 By}~bfab Famijmi`~~t;,,mib~awimleelj}*lh,famij}i},oq%jm%}b,?*9,by

einab; Oflh; ip~

flmb~alj; By}~bfab



97


mleelj}

Lwirwaix

Eaci ]iqgbjh a} bj By}~bfabj inymb~alj

mlj}yf~bj~ bjn bnwlmb~i lg ltij

}q}~ie}& iet`b}a}ajh lttl~yja~ai} gl

ajjlwb~alj bjn mib~awi ~àjcajh ijbofin

oq Mib~awi Mleelj} B~~aoy~alj

famijmi}* Nbxajh lj lwi ?9 qib}

lg AM^ iptiaijmi& ~ì fb}~ jaji }tij~xa~` Eaml}lg~& Eaci `b} oiij }~ljhfq

ajyijmin oq Fbxijmi Fi}}ah‑}fim~yi} lj _ibn,Xa~i Myf~yi `~~t;,,tyofam*i}lymi*lh,fi}}ah\fim~yi*`~ef!*]l aeti}}in xb} Eaci oq Fi}}ah‑}

~bfc lg ‐gii myf~yi‑ ~`b~ ì ebni b

eb}`yt ‐Nlxji} w}* Fi}}ah‑ b} b niel

~l ~ì ji~?ofb{i} hlyt& ajmltlb~ajh

tlnmb}~}&

Gfamc

aebhi}&bjn

xio ?*4

b~igbm~}

xa~` ~ì

bae lg

}`lxajh

‐`lx

ieapajh

ebjq

ifieij~}

a} ol~`tlxigyf

bjn ~amcq ~l famij}i bttltab~ifq‑

`l}~in lj ofat*~w; `~~t;,,gbjh*ofat*~w,

fi,249887!*

Eaci‑} inyoflh Fibjajh xa~` ~ì Gbjh

ihyfbfq ijhbhi} xa~` a}}yi} lg mlj~ij~

na}~aoy~alj bjn i%y}i* ^ì el}~ imij~

tl}~ ‐]lmmi xa~` ]~itìj‑} MLJÎJ^

Mb~‑ `~~t;,,e}iqgbjh*inyoflh}*lh,?440,47,4>,}lmmi%xa~`%}~itìj}%

mlj~ij~%mb~! lj > Kyji ?440 nibf}

xa~` ~ì ryi}~alj lg ~ì el}~ iggim~awi

famij}i }mìei gl ij}yajh ltij

bmmi}} ~l gii mlj~ij~& xa~` ]~itìj

Nlxji} bhyajh gl MM OQ%JM%]B bjn

Eaci bnwlmb~ajh MM OQ b} ‐eli ltij*‑

Lokim~ajh ~l ~ì ielwbf lg JM

mljna~alj}& ]~itìj mleeij~};

‐Eq lokim~alj ~l mleeimabf

y}i a} ~`b~ a~ a} b oy}aji}}

elnif }yttl~in oq nijqajh

bmmi}} ~l i}lymi}* Ag b

i}lymi ey}~ oi tym`b}in

oigli a~ ebq oi y}in& ~ìj

a~ a} jl~ gii aj ia~ì }ij}i*

B ti}lj nli} jl~ `bwi ~ì

giinle ~l y}i& elnagq& i~m*&

}lei~àjh ì l }ì ey}~ oyq*‑

`~~t;,,`bfgbj`ly*oflh}tl~*mle,?440,49,bjl~ì%camc%b~%gii%mlj~ij~%mb~*`~ef

Eaci ]iqbjh

ni}mrat~alj; Eaci ]iqgbjh a} bj By}~bfabj inymb~alj mlj}yf~bj~& AM^ }~b~iha}~& beb~iy

ey}amabj bjn gb~ì lg ~iijbhi màfnij x`l iet`b}a}i} ~ì aetl~bjmi lg aj}~affajh

ibn,xa~i myf~yi ~`lyh` à} oflh Fibjajh xa~` ~ì Gbjh *

xio}a~i; `~~t;,,e}iqgbjh*inyoflh}*lh

famijmi y}in; Oflh; MM B~~aoy~alj ?*9 By}~bfab& `~~t;,,mib~awimleelj}*lh,famij}i},oq,?*9,by

Gfamc t`l~l}; MM B~~aoy~alj ?*4 Hijiam& `~~t;,,mib~awimleelj}*lh,famij}i},oq,?*4

einab; îp~& Aebhi}

flmb~alj; Bnifbani& By}~bfab

Eaci ]iqbjh‑} oflh& Kyji ?440



298


Aj mljwi}b~alj xa~` Fiah` Ofbmcbff

gle L~bhl Tlfq~im`jam& a~ `b} oiij

}yhhi}~in ~`b~ ~ì JM ~ie oi eahb~in

~l b ‐J_M; Jl _i}~am~alj} ~`lyh`

Mleeimabfa}b~alj‑~l mfbagq inymb~l}‑

mljmij} xa~`

ijmfl}yi*

Mbffajh ytlj

Mfbq ]àcq‑}

bmcjlxfinheij~ lg

~ì jiin gl mi~baj

tleajij~ tlkim~} ~l

bwlan mleeimabffq%

nawij `be& Eacim`bbm~ia}i} ~ì}i b}

oifljhajh ~l ~ì ‐}`l~

ìbn‑ lg ~ì tlxi

mywi na}~aoy~alj*

Aj i}tlj}i& Eaci

tl}a~alj} àe}ifg xa~àj ~ì ‐fljh ~baf‑ lg

~à} mywi;

‐Faci el}~ ltij }lymi

tlkim~} bjn el}~ oflh} ~ì

el}~ giryij~ i}tlj}i ~l eq

xlc a} jlji* ‧^à} a} jl~

b tlofie % a~ a} }lei~àjh A

ijklq oimby}i A mbj `bwi ibf

mljwi}b~alj} xa~` faci eajnin

tiltfi* ^à} a} ~ì tlxi (l

kixif! lg ~ì fljh ~baf % A be

giryij~fq beb{in oq ~ì am`

bjn }yta}ajh mljjim~alj} ~`b~

niwiflt xìj A ty~ eq }~ygg

‖ly~ ~ìi―

`~~t;,,oleihb*mle,?448,42,?1,}iijnata~q%bjn%b%gbei}%nbyh`~i,

^à} oyafn} lj b tl}~ gle 8 Ebq

?440 aj xàm` Eaci na}my}}in x`q

ì famij}i} yjni MM B~~aoy~alj* Aj

i}tlj}i ~l _am`bn EmEbjy}‑}

iy}i lg Eaci‑} aebhi xxx*amc*mle,t`l~l},eacioflh},=49>=4800!‐_ibnXa~iMyf~yi%GbjhEap2‑ lj _ibn, Xa~i Oflh xxx*ibnxa~ixio*mle,bmàwi},jiwieajn\~ì\imi}}alj\ xio\xaff\m`bjhi\~ì\xlfn*t`t!& Eaci

lo}iwi}; ‐^à} a} x`q ljfq xlc ~`b~

a} giifq famij}in xa~` mlj~ajyi ~l oi

ifiwbj~ aj gy~yi myf~yi*‑

B} tbij~ ~l ~iijbhi màfnij x`l

xaff el}~ facifq ebci ~ìa fawajh gle

mib~ajh naha~bf mlj~ij~& Eaci a} ‐ciij

~l ajyijmi fbx igle} ~`b~ xaff ìft~ìe bfljh ~ì xbq*‑ Eaci‑} màfnij

bi i}tlj}aofi gl ~ì X`lfi}bfi

Eib~ Einab Oflh `~~t;,,einaboflh*x`lfi}bfieib~ij~ita}i}*mle!*

‐Eq `lti a} ~`b~ ~à} xlc

xaff ìft tlel~i tl}a~awi

mljwi}b~alj boly~ iggim~awi

y}i lg Mib~awi Mleelj}

famij}ajh* A~ mlj~baj} eb~iabf

gle eq can} x`l A `lti xaff

hlx yt aj b }lmai~q ~`b~ wbfyi}

bjn ixbn} ~ìa mib~awi

iggl~}*‑ Ofat*~w eb}`yt; ‐Mib~awiMleelj}N_E%

_ibnXa~iMyf~yi%Nlxji}W}Fi}}ah‑

`~~t;,,ofat*~w,fi,24989>

Famijmi Y}bhi

B} na}my}}in bolwi& Eaci a} b }~ljh

}yttl~i lg ~ì Mib~awi Mleelj}

B~~aoy~alj famijmi& ebcajh à} oflh

tl}~} bwbafbofi yjni ~ì Mib~awiMleelj} B~~aoy~alj ?*9 By}~bfab

‐A nimani ~l ‖hawi bxbq― el}~ l eq rah`~} ~l eq naha~bf mlj~ij~ aj ~ì`lti ~`b~ }leilji xaff gjn a~ y}iyf bjn ri%y}i a~ ~l ~iff ~ìar }~lrq*

Eaci ]iqbjh

`~~t;,,e}iqbjh*inyoflh}*lh,?440,49,48,xà%a%famij}i%mmoq



90


mleelj}

famijmi xxx*tlmi}}ljjlwb~alj*mle,eaci}iqgbjh!* @a} Gfamc t`l~lhbt`}

bi famij}in yjni MM OQ ?*4* Eaci

jl~i} niawb~awi y}i} lg à} aebhi} ìi;

~~t;,,gbjh*ofat*~w,fi,7==>7? %

b ti}ij~b~alj ~`b~ ìftin eq

mib~i bj ipmiffij~ klo

~~t;,,gbjh*ofat*~w,fi,249887

% b eb}`yt lg Fi}}ah bjn

Nlxji} ~`b~ ~ìq `bwi ol~`

}iij

xxx*amc*mle,t`l~l},

eacioflh},=?=907272 % eq

ij~q aj b mib~awi mleelj}

mleti~a~alj

xxx*amc*mle,t`l~l},

mbeolnab>can}lh,

=474?27?=,aj,tllf%mm}xbh%

mlj~i}~47 % bj ij~q oq ~ì

xajji lg ~`b~ mib~awi mle%

elj} mleti~a~alj

El~awb~alj}

Bnlt~ajh ~ì Mib~awi Mleelj}

B~~aoy~alj famijmi b} ~ì iti}ij~b~alj

lg ‐gii myf~yi&‑ Eaci na}my}}i} à}

nima}alj b~ }iwibf tlaj~} bml}} à}

oflh* El}~ imij~fq& i ipti}}i} ~ì

glfflxajh ltajalj;

‐X`b~ A nl mbwi a} imlhja~alj

(jl~ gbei!* ^ì el}~ tlglyjn

imlhja~alj A `bwi iptiaijmin a} xìj }leilji eb}ì} yt l

ieapi} eq xlc* Faci ~à}& ~à}&

~à}& ~à} l ~à}* ^ì oahhi}~

a}c ~l ei a} ~`b~ jlolnq xaff

iwi jn eq ieapbofi naha~bf

xlc % l ag ~ìq nl ~`b~ ~ìq

eah`~ jl~ `bwi mljnijmi ~l

y}i a~ (ai ~`b~ ~ìq eah`~ giif

~ìq jiin ~l b}c tiea}}alj

}~!*‑

`~~t;,,e}iqgbjh*inyoflh}*lh,?440,47,4>,}lmmi%xa~`%}~itìj}%mlj~ij~%mb~

Aj mleeij~ajh lj ~ì iy}i lg à} xlc

iwij gl mleeimabf tytl}i}& Eaci

lo}iwi};

‐Ia~ì xbq A hbaj eli ~`bj A

fl}i oq `bwajh eq xlc i%

eapin aj~l b jix mlj~ip~* @bn

A famij}in eq xlc aj b eli

i}~am~awi xbq }bq mm;oq%jm%}b

xàm` eibj} iy}i ey}~ oi

jlj mleeimabf bjn famij}in

aj ipbm~fq ~ì }bei xbq! a~ a}

yjfacifq ~`b~ bjqlji xlyfn `bwi

glyjn a~& fi~ bflji i%y}in a~*‑

`~~t;,,e}iqgbjh*inyoflh}*lh,?440,

49,48,x`q%a%famij}i%mmoq



291


Lwirwaix

El}~ mib~awi na}matfaji} `bwi

hbttfin xa~` ~ì mljmit~ lg ieap* Gl

einaye} }ym` b} fe bjn ey}am& ij~aimleeyja~ai} lg bttltab~alj fihbf l

l~ìxa}i! `bwi ieihin* B~a}~} x`l}i

mib~awi tbm~ami a} mlj~ajhij~ lj ~ì

bnbt~b~alj lg bjn bnna~alj ~l ipa}~ajhmib~awi tlnym~} tltyfb~i ~à} }tbmi*

Oy~ l~ì mib~awi na}matfaji} `bwi jl~

qi~ ieobmin ~à} mib~awi ~im`jaryi*

_ibn,Xa~i `b} bfxbq} oiij bnam`l~leq aj fa~ib~yi3 ~ì by~`l lj

lji }ani lg ~ì tlnym~alj tlmi}}&

~lafajh bxbq aj }lfa~yni ~l tlnymi

~ì ebjy}mat~ xàm` a} ibn oq

ebjq& aj }lfa~yni* Oy~ a} ~ìi b eli

mlffbolb~awi }tbmi gl fa~ib~yi< Mbjqly tbhi} oi _ibn'Xa~i<

_ieap Eq Fa~ a} b Oa}obji%ob}in&

aj~ijb~aljbf ieapbofi fa~ib~yi tlkim~*

^ì tlkim~ bae} ~l bttfq ~ì fi}}lj}

fibjin gle ey}am bjn fe ieapajh ~lfa~ib~yi* _ieap Eq Fa~ a} ni}ahjin ~l

iptfli xìi ieap ~} aj~l fa~ib~yi* A~xaff tlwani b }tbmi xa~àj ~ì na}matfaji

~l ijmlybhi bjn gl}~i b mleeyja~q

bjn myf~yi lg ieap* A~ xaff }taj ly~ b

jyeoi lg tlkim~}& ibm` lg xàm` xaff

ijnibwly ~l ieoin fihbf bttltab~alj

lg xlc} aj~l b}tim~} lg ~ì tyofa}àjh

ijwaljeij~* _ieap Eq Fa~ a} b i}ibm`

tlkim~ b} bj ipima}i aj mib~awi

tbm~ami*

^ì }~ tlkim~ lg _ieap Eq Fa~ a}b taj~in bj~`lflhq lg ieapin bjn

ieapbofi }`l~ }~lai}* B hlyt lg

i}~bofa}ìn by~`l} gle blyjn

By}~bfab xaff mlj~aoy~i b }`l~ }~lq

~l oi tyofa}ìn yjni b Mib~awi


]`bi Bfaci famijmi* ^ì}i }~lai}

xaff oi `l}~in lj ~ì xio}a~i xìi

ieihajh xa~i} mbj mib~i ~ìa lxj

ieapi} lg ~ìe bjn tl}~ ~ìe obmc yt

lj ~ì xio}a~i* Gle ~à} olnq lg jix

_ieap Eq Fa~

ni}mrat~alj; _ieap Eq Fa~; Fa~ib~yi a} b tlkim~ ni}ahjin ~l iptfli ~ì tl~ij~abf gl ieapajh

~ip~%ob}in xlc}& mib~ajh b xln%ob}in myf~yi ~`b~ a} ~yfq _ibn'Xa~i

xio}a~i; xxx*ieapeqfa~*mle

famijmi y}in; Mib~awi Mleelj} OQ%JM%]B ?*9 By}~bfab`~~t;,,mib~awimleelj}*lh,famij}i},oq%jm%}b,?*9,by

einab; îp~

flmb~alj; By}~bfab

_ieap Eq Fa~ `leitbhi& Kyji ?440



74


mleelj}

xlc}& ~ì oi}~ ieapin }~lai} xaffbttib aj ~ì bj~`lflhq bfljh}ani ~ì

lahajbf }~lai}* ì bj~`lflhq xaff oina}~aoy~in ljfaji bjn aj b `bnmltq taj~

yj*

Oimby}i bff ~ì xlc} bjn ~ì bj~`lflhqxaff oi bwbafbofi yjni b Mib~awi

Mleelj} famijmi ~`b~ tiea~} ieapajh&~ì}i xlc} xaff }iin ~ì oihajjajh} lg

b ieapbofi olnq lg fa~ib~yi*

^ì ieapbofi bj~`lflhq tlkim~ xb}aja~abffq gyjnin oq ]~lq lg ~ì Gy~yixxx*by}~bfabmlyjmaf*hlw*by,~ì\b~},tlkim~},boly~\}~lq\lg\~ì\gy~yi!

” bj aja~ab~awi }yttl~in oq ~ì By}~bfab Mlyjmaf gl ~ì B~} xxx*

by}~bfabmlyjmaf*hlw*by! aj tb~ji}àtxa~` ~ì By}~bfabj Gafe îfiwa}alj bjn

_bnal ]m`llf xxx*bg~}*iny*by!* ^à}gyjnajh xb} eb~mìn oq ~ì By}~bfabj

_i}ibm` Mlyjmaf Mij~i lg Ipmiffijmigl Mib~awi Ajny}~ai} bjn Ajjlwb~aljMMa! xxx*mma*iny*by! b~ Ryiij}fbjn

Yjawi}a~q lg îm`jlflhq xxx*ry~*iny*by!*

Famijmi Y}bhi

_ieap Eq Fa~ myij~fq y}i} b Mib~awi


]`bi Bfaci ?*9 By}~bfab famijmi* Fljh%~ie ~ì tlkim~ a} mlj}aniajh bfflxajh

l~ì Mib~awi Mleelj} famijmi}*

^ì _ieap Eq Fa~ flhl a} b niawb~awi

xlc lg b MM B~~aoy~alj ?*4 Gfamc

aebhi ‐]~ii~ B~‑ oq Cae Fbyh`~lj&

bcb ‐lfawitapif‑ xxx*amc*mle,t`l~l},lfawitapif,29>=09>80!*

El~awb~alj}

^ì nima}alj ~l ifq lj b jlj%

mleeimabf ieap famijmi gl ~ì }~tlkim~ iim~} }lei ibfq lo}iwb~alj}lg ~ì tyofa}àjh ajny}~q‑} ibm~alj

~l ieap b} b mljmit~* Ga}~fq& ~`b~ ~ì

by~`l} ajwlfwin aj ~ì tlkim~ xii

xaffajh ~l iptiaeij~ xa~` jix anib} oy~

ljfq xìi ~ì iy}i lg ~`b~ eb~iabf

xb} gl jlj%mleeimabf tytl}i}*

Irybffq& ~ì ]`bi Bfaci iryaieij~

iim~} ~ì jiin& b~ fib}~ nyajh ~ì}iinajh }~bhi& ~l iryai ljhlajh

ieapboafa~q ~l ij}yi ~ì mljmit~ a}

tltifq tltbhb~in aj~l b mib~awina}matfaji ~`b~ b} qi~ `b} jl~ xanifq

bmcjlxfinhin bjn bnlt~in ieap

tbm~ami}*

Xi nlj‑~ faci oy{{ xln}& oy~

ag xi `bn ~l y}i ~ìe xi‑n

tlobofq }bq xi bi b xio ?*4

ljfaji mlffbolb~awi }tbmi gl

mib~awi tiltfi x`l xbj~ ~l

hi~ }~ymc yt ~l ~ìa ifolx} aj

ieapajh" `~~t;,,xxx*ieapeqfa~*mle

Lj _ieap Eq

Fa~ ixlc Ieafq

Ebhyai‑} gb}`

m~alj m`bbm~i

tl~ba~ liajh

‖Mìa}ìn&― hi~

oi~xiij b haf‑}

flwi l ì hya~b

bjn ì haf xa~`

Nbeabj EmNljbfn‑}

jix ~xl%tb~ }`l~&

‖Nbb‑} Gaioan

Flwi}ljh― l eap

yt ‖_ijlwb~l‑}

@ibwij― oq Mb~i

Cijjinq* ]ì

mbff} a~ ‖b }l~ l

}timyfb~awi& ltij%

ijnin& fa~~fi oa~

}ytijb~ybf fa~~fi oa~ `ll }`l~ }~lq*―

‐X`q a}j‑~ ~ì fa~irb~a hi~~ajh beljh}~ a~< ^ìri‑} jl rib}lj x`q xra~ir} mbj‑~ eap& eb~m`& ty}` bjn tyff mlj~ij~ ~l

mrib~i rieapin xlrc}* Bjn ~`b~‑} x`q rieap eq fa~ ipa}~}*‐

`~~t;,,ieapeqfa~*mle*by



272


Lwirwaix

Ba{b~ Gba{ a} b }ifg%tlmfbaein gii

myf~yi bnwlmb~i xlcajh xa~` GFL]]&

gii mlj~ij~& bjn ~ì niwiflteij~

lg ltij }~bjnbn} aj Ebfbq}ab* Bj

yjnihbnyb~i }~ynij~ ijlfin aj b

Obmìfl} Nihii aj Mlety~i ]maijmi

b~ ~ì Ebfbq}abj mbety} lg Eljb}`Yjawi}a~q& Ba{b~ m`ljamfi} ~ì iggim~}xàm` gii myf~yi bjn GFL]] `b} `bn

lj à} inymb~alj bjn ietflqeij~*

Ba{b~& bcb ‐ba{b~~l‑& ‐{b~~l‑ l ~ì

‐Ebfbq}abj Gii bjn Ltij ]lymi

]lg~xbi kyjcai&‑ ebaj~baj} bj aj~ii}~

aj niwifltajh ltij }~bjnbn}& P@ÊF,@ÊF bjn ~ì Ltij Nlmyeij~ Gleb~&

aj bnna~alj ~l tlhbeeajh y}ajh T@T

bjn _yoq lj _baf}* @i a} b eieoi

lg EqL]]& ~ì Gii bjn Ltij ]lymi]lg~xbi ]lmai~q lg Ebfbq}ab `~~t;,,gl}}*lh*eq!& ~ì Ebfbq}ab Jb~aljbf Mlety~i

Mljginib~alj Ltij Nlmyeij~ Gleb~

]timabf Aj~ii}~ Hlyt& xb} bttl~iy

b~ ~ì 8~` B}abL]] ]qetl}aye& bjn

`b} `bn }lei ajwlfwieij~ aj ~ì

Ebfbq}ab%Yja~in ]~b~i} Gii ^bni Bhiieij~* Bg~i }tijnajh b qib

}~ynqajh b~ ~ì B}ab Tbmam Aj}~a~y~ilg Ajgleb~alj îm`jlflhq BTAA^! aj

Cybfb Fyety& Ba{b~ ijlfin b~ Eljb}`

Yjawi}a~q xìi ì ij~iin ~ìiHij~ajh Tlhbeeajh Mleti~a~alj aj

?447 xxx*hij~ajh*mle*eq,jn,?447,nigbyf~*`~e!& bjn xlj*

‐B} mbj oi }iij& ~ì giinle

~l fi~ ei ky}~ ~bci mlni ljfaji&

ibn a~& }~ynq a~& ieap a~& `bmc a~&

`b} oiij ip~ieifq oijimabf

~l ei aj ~ie} lg eq inymb~alj*‑

`~~t;,,oflh*ba{b~~l*mle,?448,49,?=,

x`q%a%}yttl~%gii%myf~yi

Hawij à} }~ljh }caff} aj }lg~xbi

niwiflteij~& Ba{b~ `b} oiij ietflqin

oq ~ì Yja~in Jb~alj} Niwiflteij~Tlhbe Aj~ijb~aljbf Ltij ]lymi

Ji~xlc ~l xlc lj ~ì NlmOllc bjn

XacaOllc mljwi}alj}*

]~rbjhi ]qet`ljai} Oflh

ni}mrat~alj; ^ì ]~bjhi ]qet`ljai} oflh ti}ij~} ~ì xa~ajh lg Ba{b~ Gba{& b Ebfbq}abj gii

myf~yi bnwlmb~i xlcajh xa~` GFL]]& gii mlj~ij~& bjn ltij }~bjnbn}*

xio}a~i; `~~t;,,oflh*ba{b~~l*mle

famijmi y}in; Mib~awi Mleelj} B~~aoy~alj =*4 Yjtl~in

einab; îp~& Aebhi}& ]lg~xbi

flmb~alj; Ebfbq}ab

]~bjhi ]qet`ljai} oflh& Kyji ?440



7?


mleelj}

Famijmi Y}bhi

B} b gii myf~yi bnwlmb~i bjn

tlhbeei& Ba{b~ fa}~} jyeily}

i}lymi} gl GFL]] niwiflteij~

lj à} oflh& xa~` tl}~} b~ `~~t;,,oflh*

ba{b~~l*mle,mb~ihlq,gii%bjn%ltij%

}lymi%}lg~xbi ly~fajajh ~ì fb~i}~ ajtlhbeeajh b} xiff b} B}ab%ob}in

iwij~} ti~bajajh ~l ltij }lymi

aja~ab~awi}* Ebjq eii~ajh} mlj}ani

GFL]] famij}ajh bjn }yttl~ tfy}

tlwani olbni lwiwaix} lg }lg~xbi

bjn }iwami} aj oy}aji}} mlj~ip~}*

^ì ebkla~q lg mlj~ij~ lg ~ì ]~bjhi

]qet`ljai} oflh a} famij}in yjni

~ì Mib~awi Mleelj} B~~aoy~alj

=*4 yjtl~in famijmi* ^ì }a~i y}i}hbtàm} gle ~ì ^bjhl Ni}c~lt

Tlkim~ `~~t;,,~bjhl*giini}c~lt*lh,

^bjhl\Ni}c~lt\Tlkim~!& xàm` }iic}

~l niwiflt b mlj}a}~ij~ hbtàmbf y}i

aj~igbmi iptiaijmi gl gii bjn ltij

}lymi }lg~xbi* ]iwibf lg Ba{b~‑}

ti}ij~b~alj} lj GFL]] ifib}in yjni

~ì Mib~awi Mleelj} B~~aoy~alj ?*9

Hijiam famijmi bi fa}~in b~ `~~t;,,oflh*

ba{b~~l*mle,i}yei& bjn ijmletb}}aj~lnym~alj} ~l HJY,Fajyp& ~ì FBET

tfb~gle& _yoq lj _baf}& bjn tawbmq,

bjljqea~q xa~` l* ]timam ]~bjhi

]qet`ljai} oflh ij~ai} lj Mib~awi

Mleelj} bi glyjn b~ `~~t;,,oflh*

ba{b~~l*mle,mb~ihlq,gii%myf~yi,

mib~awi%mleelj}& xàm` na}my}}

bnwbj~bhi} bjn na}bnwbj~bhi} lg

famijmi ajgleb~alj bjn wbaly} iwij~}

ìfn b~ Mib~awi Mleelj} Ebfbq}ab&

}ym` b} ~ì t`l~lhbt`q xlc}`ltlhbja}in oq Fij}b Ebfbq}ab aj ?448

`~~t;,,oflh*ba{b~~l*mle,?448,4>,?0,

mib~awi%mleelj}%ebfbq}ab%

t`l~lhbt`q%xlc}`lt%ml%lhbja{in%

oq%fij}b%ebfbq}ab!*

‐^à} a} jl~ ky}~ boly~ ~ì}lg~xbi* Iwij fibnajh

aj}~a~y~alj} }ym` b} EA^ bi

ifib}ajh ~ìa mly}ixlc

yjni b Mib~awi Mleelj}

famij}i*‑

`~~t;,,oflh*ba{b~~l*mle,?448,49,?=,x`q%a%

}yttl~%gii%myf~yi

El~awb~alj}

^`lyh`ly~ à} oflh& Ba{b~ mifiob~i}

~ì gbm~ ~`b~ gii myf~yi `b} hawij àe

~ì boafa~q ~l ‐ieap& ~l `bmc& ~l oyafn

ytlj& ~l ij`bjmi& ~l }~ynq& ~l fibj lgg

ipa}~ajh xlc}*‑ bcajh ~ì nija~aljlg ‐Gii Myf~ybf Xlc}‑ gle `~~t;,,giinlenijin*lh,Nija~alj& ì

iet`b}a}i} ~ì}i gly ciq tlaj~};

~ì giinle ~l y}i ~ì xlc

bjn ijklq ~ì oiji~} lg y}ajh a~3

~ì giinle ~l }~ynq ~ì

xlc bjn ~l bttfq cjlxfinhi

bmryain gle a~3

~ì giinle ~l ebci bjn

ina}~aoy~i mltai}& aj x`lfi

l aj tb~& lg ~ì ajgleb~alj l

ipti}}alj3 bjn

~ì giinle ~l ebci m`bjhi}

bjn aetlwieij~}& bjn ~l

na}~aoy~i niawb~awi xlc}*

‐A~‑} faci ebcajh iwirqlji b can xa~`}ma}}lr} bjn hfyi& bjn fi~~ajh ~ìe

ebci ~ìar lxj mlffbhi} rle x`b~ a}bfribnq ly~ ~ìri*‑

Ba{b~ Gab{

`~~t;,,oflh*ba{b~~l*mle,boly~,mleelj}



27=


Bff lg ~ì}i& Ba{b~ ebaj~baj}& bi

oijimabf ~l b ti}lj ~l fi~ ~ìe fibjlj ~ìa lxj bjn iptiaeij~& b} ì

`b} nlji ~`lyh`ly~ à} }~ynai} bjn

mbii& tlhbeeajh aj M& LtijHF&

]NF& Tq~`lj bjn _yoq* Na}my}}ajh

à} b~~bmèij~ ~l ~ì tàfl}lt`q lg

gii myf~yi bjn ltij }lymi }lg~xbi

b~ `~~t;,,oflh*ba{b~~l*mle,?448,49,?=,x`q%a%}yttl~%gii%myf~yi& Ba{b~

tlwani} b wbai~q lg bj}xi} ~l ~ì

ryi}~alj& ‐X`q nl qly }yttl~ ltij

}lymi ~im`jlflhq<‑ ^ì lji%faji&

jlj%tàfbj~`ltam bj}xi ì tlwani}

a}; ‐Oimby}i A `bwi oiji~in gleGii Myf~yi& bjn A cjlx ~`b~ l~ì}

mbj oiji~ b} xiff*‑ Aj i}tlj}i& à}tàfbj~`ltam bj}xi a} ‐Oimby}i a~‑} ~ì

ah`~ ~àjh ~l nl*‑ Hawajh ~ì obmchlyjn

~l à} eli ni~bafin bj}xi mljmijajh

gii myf~ybf xlc}& Ba{b~ na}my}}i} à}

inymb~alj& mleeyja~q ajwlfwieij~&

ietflqeij~& bjn l~ì hbaj}& }ym` b}

oimleajh gbeafab xa~` fihbf mljmit~}

}ylyjnajh mltqah`~& tb~ij~}& N_E&

bjn mlj~bm~ fbx*

‐Xbj~ ~l oanhi ~ì naha~bf nawani< Xbj~ ~l ift oyafn flmbf

mbtbma~q< Xbj~ ~l oyafn ~ì

flmbf imljleq< A oifaiwi ~`b~

Gii Myf~yi a} ~ì }lfy~alj*

Ebq jl~ oi ~ì ijn bff }lfy~alj&

oy~ a~ xaff ìft ~l tfbq b fbhi

tb~*‑

`~~t;,,oflh*ba{b~~l*mle,?448,49,?=,x`q%a%}yttl~%gii%myf~yi



7>


mleelj}



^ì ei}}bhi yjnitajjajh Mib~awi Mleelj}

a} gyjnbeij~bffq mljmijin xa~` inymb~alj ”

gl mib~l}& `lx oi}~ ~l ebjbhi ~ìa oyjnfi

lg mltqah`~} ol~` ljfaji bjn lgaji3 gl y}i}&

`lx oi}~ ~l iy}i bjn ieap ~ì}i eb~iabf}

aj bj bttltab~ifq tiea}}aljin ijwaljeij~&

hawajh a}i ~l b ~àwajh fibjajh iptiaijmi*

Aj imlhja~alj lg ~à}& aj ?448 MM fbyjmìn

bj aj~ijb~aljbf inymb~aljbf nawa}alj& mmFibj

`~~t;,,fibj*mib~awimleelj}*lh !& xàm` }iic}

~l }yttl~ ~ì Mbti ^lxj Ltij Inymb~aljNimfbb~alj xxx*mbti~lxjnimfbb~alj*lh!& ~l

bmmifib~i iggl~} ~l tlel~i ltij i}lymi}&

~im`jlflhq bjn ~ibmàjh tinbhlhambf tbm~ami}*

Aj By}~bfab bjn ~ì ihalj& MM a} ajmib}ajhfq

oiajh aetfieij~in oq inymb~aljbf lhbja}b~alj}

xa}àjh ~l i}~bofa}` fihbf gbeixlc} gl

mlffbolb~alj ol~` xa~àj bjn oiqljn ~ì

mfb}}lle* Glfflxajh ~ì fibn lg aj~ijb~aljbf

aja~ab~awi} }ym` b} Eb}}bm`y}i~~} Aj}~a~y~i lg

îm`jlflhq EA^! LtijMly}iXbi `~~t;,,lmx*ea~*iny! bjn _ami Mljjipalj} `~~t;,,mjp*lh!& ~ì Yjawi}a~q lg ]ly~ìj Ryiij}fbjnY]R! a} ~ì ajbyhybf By}~bfabj tb~amatbj~aj ~ì LtijMly}iXbi Mlj}l~aye& lggiajh

}betfi mly}i} gle ibm` lg ~ì Yjawi}a~q‑}wi gbmyf~ai}& ~lhi~ì xa~` eb~iabf} gle a~}

î~abq Titbb~alj Tlhbe xxx*y}r*iny*

by,f~}y,fibj}ytt,~tt,nigbyf~*`~e! yjni MM

Jljmleeimabf%]`bi Bfaci ?*9 By}~bfab famijmi*

Bml}} ~ì b}ebj& Jix [ibfbjn‑} L~bhl

Tlfq~im`jam `b} hlji lji }~it gy~ì& tlel~ajh

~ì MM B~~aoy~alj famijmi b} ~ì nigbyf~ famijmi

gl bff lg a~} ltij bmmi}} mly}i}*

^ì Ryiij}fbjn Yjawi}a~q lg îm`jlflhq RY^!&`lei lg Mib~awi Mleelj} By}~bfab& a} fibnajh

~ì ajwi}~ahb~alj bjn na}}ieajb~alj lg MM aj

By}~bfab* Gle ~ì Mib~awi Mleelj} Mfajam mmMfajam!& xàm` bae} ~l gl}~i lttl~yja~ai} gl

~ì mib~awi mleeyja~q ~l ~bci bnwbj~bhi lg

~ì tl~ij~abf bgglnin oq naha~bf ~im`jlflhai}& ~l

OIQLJN ^@IMFB]]_LLE

inymb~alj ' ri}ibrm`mb}i }~ynai}

Mib~awi Mleelj} Mfajam 278

inhiP 271

AEI_]N i%Fibjajh Tlkim~}&

Haa~` Yjawi}a~q 282

CMO242; Mleeyjamb~alj aj

~ì Jix Imljleq 28>

L~bhl Tlfq~im`jam 287

TFl] Bambj ]fiitajh

]amcji}} î}~ 280

^ì Mleeyja~q Faobq 202

Yjawi}a~q l ]ly~ìj

Ryiij}fbjn LtijMly}iXbi 20=

Mrib~awi Mleelj}& Inymb~alj ' _i}ibrm`


http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/2008-ccau-cobcroft-rachel-ed-building-an-australasian-commons-case-book 170/190Oiqljn ~ì Mfb}}rlle

77


mleelj}

CMO242; Mleeyjamb~alj aj ~ì Jix Imljleq yjnihbnyb~i mly}i& xàm`

ietflq} MM ~l bfflx }~ynij~} ~l niwiflt

}caff} gl mlffbolb~alj bjn i~àmbf

iy}i lg mlj~ij~& RY^ a} ajmib}ajhajmltlb~ajh ~ì fi}}lj} lg MM aj~l

a~} yjnihbnyb~i bjn tl}~hbnyb~i

~ibmàjh* RY^‑} Gbmyf~q lg Fbx `b}~bcij ~ì ltij bmmi}} ei}}bhi oiqljn

~ì mfb}}lle& mib~ajh bjn na}~aoy~ajh

~xl Ebqi ' Oi~~fi bjaeb~alj} }ii

‐feebci}‑!& ni}ahjin ~l aj~lnymi~ì mljmit~} lg MM ~l taebq }m`llf

màfnij bml}} ybf bjn iel~i

Ryiij}fbjn* B gy~ì Ryiij}fbjn

~i~abq aj}~a~y~alj& Hag~` Yjawi}a~q‑}

Mlj}iwb~laye lg Ey}am y~afa}i} MMb} b gyjnbeij~bf tb~ lg a~} AEI_]N ”

Aj~ieinab& Ey}am Inymb~alj ' _i}ibm`

Ni}ahj ” tlhbeei& xàm` tlaj~}

~l tlnym~awi ijhbhieij~ oi~xiij

~ì yjawi}a~q bjn ajny}~q tb~ji}*

Tlgi}}l Tbyf Nbti& AEI_]N Tlkim~

Naim~l& bnwlmb~i} bj bttltab~i

gbeixlc gl By}~bfab‑} inymb~alj

bjn i}ibm`

aj}~a~y~alj}&

yf~aeb~ifqiet`b}a}ajh ~ì

aetl~bjmi lg

bmmi}} ~l ciq

xlc} xa~` xàm`

~l ~ibm` bjn

gle xàm` ~l

mletl}i*

Inymb~l}

xlcajh ly~}ani

~ì ~i~abq}tìi bi

irybffq iptflajh

~ì tl~ij~abf lg

MM b} bj ijbofi

lg ajglebf

fibjajh* Gl

qlyjhi màfnij&

~ì Tlxi`ly}i

Ey}iye& ]qnjiq

lggi} a~} }maijmi

bjn ni}ahj

Tfbq eb~iabf}

b} b MM%famij}in ~bci%`lei i}lymi

ni}ahjin ~l ajmfyni tbij~} bjn mbi}

aj ~ì aj}~ym~alj lg yt%~l%~ij%qib%

lfn}* Aj b }aeafb wiaj& ~ì Mleeyja~q

Faobq bae} ~l tlwani MM%famij}in bjn

l~ì ltij eb~iabf} aj b ‐~bci%`lei‑

gle ~l ~`l}i x`l nl jl~ `bwi ibnq

bmmi}} ~l aj~iji~ i}lymi}& inymajh

~ì obai} ~l bmmi}}ajh ~l cjlxfinhi

mib~in oq bhi& xibf~` bjn nawani* ^ì

At}xam`%ob}in inhiP tlkim~& xàm`

}iic} ~l ajwi}~ahb~i ~ì tl~ij~abf lg

Xio ?*4 ~l }iwi mleeyja~ai} lj b

`qtiflmbf fiwif& y}i} MM b} b eibj}

lg ol~` ebjbhajh a~} lxj mltqah`~ bjn

inymb~ajh ~iijbhi} lj ~ìa mltqah`~

ah`~} bjn i}tlj}aoafa~ai} aj ~ì ljfajiijwaljeij~* B~ ~ì }bei ~aei& ~ìq

ietlxi }~ynij~} bjn ~ibmì} bfaci

~l hawi ~ìa xlc bjn eb~iabf} b fagi

oiqljn ~ì mfb}}lle*

By}~bfabj i}ibmì} bi bf}l

tleajij~ beljh}~ ~ìa tii}

aj ifib}ajh ~ìa xlfn%fibnajh

ajwi}~ahb~awi aj}ah`~} yjni MM famijmi}*

Oq tyofa}àjh ~ìa i}ibm` xa~` ~ì

ltij bmmi}} Tyofam Faobq lg ]maijmiTFl]! klyjbf}& By}~bfabj }maij~a}~}

ajwi}~ahb~ajh ~ltam} b} nawi}i b} ~ì

hijlei lg ~ì ^b}ebjabj ~ahi Tb}c&

Oiàjhi& ' _ijgii& ?440!& bjn ~ì

niwiflteij~ lg b }aetfi oflln ~i}~

gl Bgambj }fiitajh }amcji}} Jkay&

Eacl}{b& Be}~ljh& Ijqby& Jnyjh‑y&

i~ bf*& ?440!& bi ebcajh ~ìa jnajh}bmmi}}aofi ~l ~ì xlfn lj b x`lfi jix

fiwif*

^ì Mb~ìnbf l Fibjajh& ~ì mij~itaimi l ~ì

Yjawi}a~q l Ta~~}oyh`‑} ebaj mbety} aj ~ì

Lbcfbjn& Ta~~}oyh`* A~ a} ~ì ~bffi}~ inymb~aljbf

oyafnajh aj ~ì xi}~ij ìea}tìi

A e b h i ; ‖ M

b ~ ` i n b f l F i b j a j h ‖ o q C a ~ B q * M

M O Q ? * 4

H i j i a m & x x x * a m c * m l e , t ` l ~ l } , c a ~ t g } ` , > 0 2 ? 2 = 8 9 ?


http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/2008-ccau-cobcroft-rachel-ed-building-an-australasian-commons-case-book 171/190Mrib~awi Mleelj} ' Inymb~alj Mfy}~ir

278


Mrib~awi Mleelj} Mfajam

ni}mrat~alj; ^ì Mib~awi Mleelj} Mfajam b~ Ryiij}fbjn Yjawi}a~q lg îm`jlflhq aj Oa}objia} ~ì taebq mij~i gl i}ibm` aj~l Mib~awi Mleelj} aj By}~bfab

xio}a~i; mmMfajam; xxx*mma*iny*by,mmm bjn Mib~awi Mleelj} By}~bfab; `~~t;,,mib~awimleelj}*lh*by

famijmi y}in; Mib~awi Mleelj} OQ%JM%]B ?*9 By}~bfab& `~~t;,,mib~awimleelj}*lh,famij}i},oq%jm%}b,?*9,by

einab; Bynal


Lwirwaix

Ob}in b~ ~ì Ryiij}fbjn Yjawi}a~qlg îm`jlflhq RY^! Gbmyf~q lg Fbx ajOa}obji& bjn gyjnin oq ~ì B_M Mij~ilg Ipmiffijmi gl Mib~awi Ajny}~ai} bjn

Ajjlwb~alj xxx*mma*iny*by!& ~ì mmMfajama} ~ì taebq mij~i gl Mib~awi

Mleelj} i}ibm` aj By}~bfab*Xlcajh mfl}ifq xa~` Mib~awi Mleelj}

By}~bfab MMby! a~ bae} ~l iwbfyb~i bjntlel~i ~ì aetfieij~b~alj lg Mib~awi

Mleelj} aj By}~bfab bjn ~l gl}~i lttl~yja~ai} gl ~ì mib~awi mleeyja~q

~l ~bci bnwbj~bhi lg ~ì tl~ij~abfbgglnin oq naha~bf ~im`jlflhai}*

^ì mmMfajam a} fin oq Tlgi}}l OabjGa~{hibfn Tlgi}}l lg Aj~iffim~ybf

Tlti~q bjn Ajjlwb~alj& RY^ Gbmyf~q

lg Fbx! x`l& bf}l }iwi} b} ~ì klaj~tlkim~ fibn lg Mib~awi Mleelj} By}~bfab xa~` Tlgi}}l le Mlm`bji&

RY^‑} Nity~q Wami M`bjmiffl&îm`jlflhq& Ajgleb~alj bjn Fibjajh

]yttl~*

^ì mmMfajam ltib~i} bml}} ~xl ebaji}ibm` }~ibe};

Bj inymb~alj bjn i}ibm`2

tlhbe xàm` }iwi} b} bjajgleb~alj i}lymi mij~i gl

}~ynij~}& ~ibmì}& ajnawanybf}

bjn lhbja}b~alj} aj By}~bfab}iicajh ~l ijhbhi xa~` ~ì

Mib~awi Mleelj}3 bjn

B eli ~bna~aljbf i}ibm`?}~ibe& xàm` glmy}i} lj

nlmyeij~ajh bjn iwbfyb~ajh~ì tlhi}} lg Mib~awi

Mleelj} bjn l~ì ltij

mlj~ij~ famij}ajh elnif} aj By}~bfab bjn aj~ijb~aljbffq*

^ì tlkim~ bf}l yjni~bci} ajny}~q bjnhlwijeij~ bnwlmbmq bjn ~bajajh bjn

tb~amatb~i} aj ~ì ljhlajh aj~ijb~aljbfiwaix lg ~ì MM }mìei bjn famijmi}*

xxx*mma*iny*by,mm !*

Ebkl ly~ty~} oq ~ì mmMfajam i}ibm`~ibe }ajmi a~} mleeijmieij~ aj ?447

ajmfyni Niwifltajh bjn yjjajh b mfajam%}~ym~yin yjnihbnyb~i yja~ ob}in b~

RY & xàm` tlwani} ~ì lttl~yja~qgl yjnihbnyb~i }~ynij~} ~l aj~ibm~

xa~` ajny}~q ipti~} bjn ~l yjni~bciaj%nit~` i}ibm` lj b ~ltam ifb~ajh

~l LMF bjn ~ì Mib~awi Mleelj}*Tb~amyfb iet`b}a} a} tfbmin lj ~ì

tbm~ambf aetfieij~b~alj lg ~ì MMelnif& xa~` }~ynij~} ijmlybhin ~l

mljnym~ aj~iwaix} bjn }ywiq} xa~`

ibf%xlfn tb~amatbj~} aj ~ì elwieij~*



70


mleelj}

^ìi ciq tyofamb~alj} tlnymin

oq ~ì Mib~awi Mleelj}

Mfajam; Ltij Mlj~ij~ Famij}ajh;

Myf~awb~ajh ~ì Mib~awi

Mleelj}& Yjflmcajh ~ì

Tl~ij~abf ^`lyh` Mib~awiMleelj} bjn Fihbf B}tim~} l

Xio ?*4 Bm~awa~ai}*

^ì mmMfajam bf}l tyofa}ìn b ollc lg

i}}bq} ~a~fin Ltij Mlj~ij~ Famij}ajh;Myf~awb~ajh ~ì Mib~awi Mleelj}

`~~t;,,mib~awimleelj}*lh*by,lmf !*^ì wlfyei tlwani} b }jbt}`l~ lg

~ì ~`lyh`~} lg lwi =4 By}~bfabj

bjn aj~ijb~aljbf ipti~} ” ajmfynajhTlgi}}l Fbxijmi Fi}}ah& Gy~ya}~

_am`bn Jiwaffi bjn ~ì @lj Ky}~ami

_ljbfn ]bmcwaffi ” lj ~ltam} }ylyjnajh

~ì aj~ijb~aljbf Mib~awi Mleelj}&

gle ~ì fbjnebc Ifnin w B}`mlg~* A~

a} tyofa}ìn ~`lyh` ]qnjiq Yjawi}a~qTi}} bjn ifib}in ljfaji yjni

b Mib~awi Mleelj} B~~aoy~alj%

Jljmleeimabf%Jl Niawb~awi Xlc} ?*9 By}~bfab Famijmi*

Aj Byhy}~ ?448 ~ì mmMfajam tyofa}ìnYjflmcajh ~ì Tl~ij~abf ~`lyh` Mib~awiMleelj}; bj ajny}~q ijhbhieij~ bjn bm~alj bhijnb `~~t;,,mib~awimleelj}*lh*by,yjflmcajh~ìtl~ij~abf !* ^à} itl~

iwbfyb~i} bjn i}tljn} ~l ly~mlei}

lg bj ajny}~q ijhbhieij~ glye

`l}~in oq ~ì Mfajam aj Jlwieoi ?447&bjn ti}ij~} b }~b~ihq gl mlj~ajyin

i}ibm` aj~l Mib~awi Mleelj} aj

By}~bfab* ^ì itl~ nlmyeij~} ~ì

yjni}~bjnajh lg bjn b~~a~yni} ~lxbn}mltqah`~& ltij mlj~ij~ famij}ajh bjn

~ì Mib~awi Mleelj} ipti}}in oq

lwi 94 iti}ij~b~awi} lg ~ì By}~bfabjhlwijeij~& inymb~alj bjn ~ì

mib~awi ajny}~ai}* A~ a} bwbafbofi yjni

b Mib~awi Mleelj} B~~aoy~alj ?*9 By}~bfab famijmi*

Eli imij~fq& ~ì mmMfajam tlnymin

~ì itl~ Fihbf B}tim~} lg Xio ?*4

Bm~awa~ai}; Ebjbhieij~ lg Fihbf _a}c B}}lmab~in xa~` Y}i lg Qly yoi&

Eq]tbmi bjn ]imljn Fagi `~~t;,,xxx*at*ry~*iny*by,fi},Ryiij}fbjn)?4Hlwijeij~)?4_itl~)?4%)?4igleb~*tng ! b} b mlj}yf~bjmq gl

~ì Ryiij}fbjn Hlwijeij~‑} ]eb~

]iwami} Ryiij}fbjn* A~ anij~ai}

~ì tbm~ambf fihbf a}c} b}}lmab~inxa~` bm~awa~ai} mljnym~in aj ljfaji

tb~amatb~lq }tbmi}*



271


Lwirwaix

^ì Ieihij~ Naha~bf Hb}}ll~} iPtl

inhiP! tlkim~ a} b i}ibm` bjn

bttfamb~alj aja~ab~awi xàm` bae} ~l ebt

hb}}ll~} bjn beb~iy mlj~ij~ mib~alj&

glmy}ajh lj mleeyja~q ijhbhieij~

xa~` jix einab bjn }~ijh~ìjajh

flmbf anij~a~q* Mij~in blyjn At}xam`&Ryiij}fbjn tlt* 294&444!& ~ì }a~iiptfli} xì~ì tb~amatbj~}‑ }ij}i

lg flmbf& hilhbtàm mleeyja~q mbj oi

ij`bjmin ~`lyh` ~ì y}i lg Aj~iji~

~im`jlflhai} ipti}}ajh flmbf ~ìei}*

Mllnajb~in oq ~ì Aj}~a~y~i gl Mib~awi

Ajny}~ai} bjn Ajjlwb~alj xxx*ama*ry~*

iny*by! b~ ~ì Ryiij}fbjn Yjawi}a~q lg îm`jlflhq xxx*mib~awiajny}~ai}*ry~*

iny*by!& inhiP a} b tb~ji}àt tlkim~

xa~` ~ì Yjawi}a~q lg Ryiij}fbjn xxx*

oy}aji}}*yr*iny*by! bjn ~ì At}xam`

Ma~q Mlyjmaf xxx*at}xam`*rfn*hlw*

by!* Fbyjmìn aj ?447& ~ì tlkim~ a}gyjnin gl b ~ìi%qib tialn ~`lyh`

~ì By}~bfabj _i}ibm` Mlyjmaf

B_M!* ^ì }~ }~bhi lg inhiP `b}ajwlfwin ~ì mib~alj lg b xio}a~i xàm`

bfflx} ~ì ytflbnajh lg eyf~aeinab

mlj~ij~& mleoajajh ~ì gyjm~aljbfa~q lg

b Qly^yoi%}~qfi wanil }a~i& b Gfamc%faci

t`l~l }a~i& bjn oflh} bjn tlnmb}~}*^ì }a~i tlwani} gyjm~aljbfa~q gl

mleeij~ajh& b~ajh& bjn ~bhhajh& bfflx}

~ì niwiflteij~ lg }timam y}i hlyt}xàm` iwlfwi ~ìa lxj }ifg%elnib~alj

}~ym~yi}& bjn mlj~baj} b mleti~a~alj

bjn ipàoa~alj }tbmi b} b mij~bf gib~yi*

Mleti~a~alj} bi }iij b} bj lt~aeye

xbq ~l hijib~i ol~` aj~ii}~ bjn

mlj~ij~ gl ~ì inhiP }a~i xàf}~ oyafnajh

gy~ì mleeyja~q mljjim~alj}*

Famijmi Y}bhi

Lggiajh Mib~awi Mleelj} famijmi}

bfljh}ani }~bjnbn mltqah`~ bjn

Tyofam Nlebaj ninamb~alj}& inhiP

inhiP

ni}mrat~alj; ^ì inhiP tlkim~ tlwani} b }a~i gl At}xam` i}anij~} ~l ytflbn mib~awi mlj~ij~&

oyafnajh b mleeyja~q blyjn mlffbolb~alj wab mleeij~} ebni lj y}i}‑ xlc&

mleti~a~alj}& bjn ~ì niwiflteij~ lg jix }caff}& cjlxfinhi bjn b~~aoy~i}

bttltab~i gl ~ì naha~bf bhi*

xio}a~i; `~~t;,,inhip*lh*by

famijmi y}in; Lt~alj ~l m`ll}i gle MM famijmi} bjn gyff mltqah`~

einab; Eyf~aeinab

flmb~alj; At}xam`& By}~bfab

inhiP leitbhi& Kyji ?440



84


mleelj}

ijmlybhi} y}i} ~l elnagq bjn

eb}` yt ibm` l~ì‑} mlj~ij~ xìi

tiea}}alj} bfflx* B jl~bofi gib~yi

lg inhiP‑} eyf~aeinab mlj~ij~ }`bajh

}q}~ie a} a~} iet`b}a} lj aj~ibm~alj

jl~ ljfq ~`lyh` ~ip~& oy~ bf}l wab

mlj~ij~ ytflbnin ~l ~ì }a~i* Oq lggiajh

Mib~awi Mleelj} famijmi} gl lahajbf

mlj~aoy~alj}& ~ì }a~i bae} ~l mib~i b‐mlj~ajyly} }~ibe lg mlj~ij~ iwlfwajh

lwi ~aei aj ~ì `bjn} lg b wbain

mleeyja~q lg tb~amatbj~}‑ `~~t;,,}jyo*

ajgl,fi},~bfc}?448,Tfbqajh)?4lj)?4

~ì)?4Inhi*tng !*

inhiP‑} Mib~awi Mleelj} gbeixlc

a} iptfbajin lj ~ì }a~i‑} Mltqah`~

tbhi `~~t;,,inhip*lh*by,ebaj*

b}tp<tbhi5Mib~awi)?4Mleelj}!*

El~awb~alj}

Mib~awi Mleelj} tlwani} b

mymabf ob}a} gl ~ì aj~ijnin mlj~ij~

niwiflteij~& iy}i& bjn ieapajh

bm~awa~ai} xàm` inhiP y}i} bi

ajwa~in ~l tb~amatb~i aj* Aj y~afa}ajh MM

gbeixlc}& inhiP bf}l bae} ~l tfbq

bj aetl~bj~ inymb~awi lfi& bfi~ajhy}i} ~l ~ì aetbm~ lg bttfambofi

Aj~iffim~ybf Tlti~q fbx}

lj ~ìa lxj xlc bjn lj

~ì xlc lg l~ì} b} ~ìq

ijmlyj~i a~* A~ àh`fah`~}

~ì gbm~ ~`b~ iwij gl y}i}x`l `bwi jl aj~ij~alj ~l

mleeimabfa}i ~ìa xlc&

tl~im~ajh ~ìa ah`~} b}

by~`l} iebaj} aetl~bj~&

xàfi a~ a} tl}}aofi gl ~ìe

b~ ~ì }bei ~aei ~l ijbofi

l~ì} ~l }`bi aj bjn oyafn

lj ~ìa mib~awi xlc* A~ a}

`ltin ~`b~ ~ì ~bj}tbij~&

ifabofi& bjn bmmlyj~bofi

ah`~} ijwaljeij~ xàm`Mib~awi Mleelj} famijmi}

i}~bofa}` xaff ìft hijib~i

}~ljh mleeyja~ai} lg

mlj~ij~ mib~l}& x`l mbj mlffbolb~i

xa~` lji bjl~ì xa~`ly~ gib lg }iiajh

~ìa aj~iffim~ybf tlti~q iptfla~in oq

~àn tb~ai} xa~`ly~ mlj}ij~*

A e b h i ; ‖

y j ~ a ~ f i n ― o q n b j i n h i p & M M O Q % J M % ] B ? * 9 B y } ~ b f a b & ` ~ ~ t ; , , i

n h i p * l h * b y , m l j ~ i j ~ ,

w a i x , = ? 2

, n b j i n h i p



282


AEI_]N i%Fibrjajh Trlkim~}& Hrag~` Yjawir}a~q

ni}mrat~alj; ^ì AEI_]N tlkim~ ietflq} jix einab ~im`jlflhai} gl i%i}ibm` mlj~ij~

ni}ahj& tlnym~alj bjn tyofamb~alj xa~àj ~ì ey}am ajny}~q& iet`b}a}ajh ~ì

aetl~bjmi lg bmmi}} ~l ciq xlc} xa~` xàm` ~l ~ibm` bjn gle xàm` ~l mletl}i*

xio}a~i; xxx*hag~`*iny*by,aei}n bjn xxx?1*hag~`*iny*by,bnalaei}n

famijmi y}in; Mib~awi Mleelj} OQ%JM%JN ?*9 By}~bfab& `~~t;,,mib~awimleelj}*lh,famij}i},oq%jm%jn,?*9,by

einab; Ey}am


_bnal AEI_]N `lei tbhi& Kyji ?440

Lwirwaix

^ì AEI_]N Aj~ieinab& Ey}amInymb~alj ' _i}ibm` Ni}ahj! Tlkim~xb} i}~bofa}ìn b~ Hag~` Yjawi}a~q‑}Mlj}iwb~laye lg Ey}am xxx*hag~`*iny*by,ey}am! aj ?44>* Lggiajh gbmafa~ai}xàm` }tbj ~ibmàjh& i}ibm` bjnmleeimabf ijwaljeij~} }ylyjnajh

eyf~aeinab bjn ey}am tlnym~alj&AEI_]N iet`b}a}i} tlnym~awiijhbhieij~ oi~xiij ~ì yjawi}a~qbjn ajny}~q tb~ji}* ^ì tlkim~ietflq} jix einab ~im`jlflhai} gl i%i}ibm` mlj~ij~ ni}ahj& tlnym~aljbjn tyofamb~alj bml}} ~ìi bib}& b}iim~in aj a~} jbei*

Aj~ieinab ajwlfwi} ~ìi tlhbe};

Mlffbolb~alj} xa~` ~ì Hag~`2

Gafe ]m`llf HG]! xxx*hag~`*iny*by,gbmyf~q,rmb,hag~`\fe\}m`llf! aj ~ìtlnym~alj lg fe& bjaeb~aljbjn ey}am wanil tlkim~} xa~`RMHY mletl}i}& tiglei}bjn }lyjn tlnymi}*

]ytiwa}alj lg Xlctfbmi?Aj~ihb~in Fibjajh XAF!

lttl~yja~ai} aj ciq bib}ajmfynajh _bnal,^W olbnmb}~&

fe& imlnajh bjn eyf~aeinabajny}~ai}*

Ijhbhieij~ xa~` Aj~iji~=~im`jlflhai} bjn aj~ibm~awieinab }~ibeajh gleb~}gl ~ì niwiflteij~ bjntlel~alj lg i%_i}ibm` bjni%Fibjajh*

^ì }imljn bib a} Ey}am Inymb~aljxàm` bf}l ijmletb}}i} ~ìi

tlhbe}; RMHY bjn Hag~` Ij~ita}i2xxx*hag~`*iny*by,mleeimabfa}b~alj! tb~jiajhaj ~ì tlnym~alj lg ey}amMN} bjn NWN}& niwiflteij~lg Aj~iffim~ybf Tlti~q bjney}am fbx mlj}anib~alj}*



8?


mleelj}

Gfll tfbj} l ~ì eyf~aeinab tlnym~alj mletfip bjn ~ì Mlj}iwb~laye

Xlcajh xa~` imln fboif}&?ajnitijnij~ b~a}~} bjn ~ìRyiij}fbjn ey}am ajny}~qolnq R Ey}am xxx*rey}am*mle*by! ~l niwiflt imlnajh

ajny}~q bjn }yttl~ RMHYhbnyb~i bjn bfyeja mbii niwiflteij~*

I}~bofa}àjh bjn hlxajh XAF=fajc} xa~` ip~ijbf ajny}~q~`lyh` ~ì Ey}am îm`jlflhqAjny}~q Bgfab~i} TlhbeEÂBT!*

^ì ~àn bib xa~àj AEI_]N a}_i}ibm` Ni}ahj* A~ bf}l `b} ~ìitlhbe};

Tb~jiajh xa~` ~ì2Ryiij}fbjn Mlj}iwb~laye_i}ibm` Mij~i RM_M!xxx*hag~`*iny*by,ey}am,ryiij}fbjn%mlj}iwb~laye%i}ibm`%mij~i! aj ~ì ni}ahjbjn tlnym~alj lg ~bna~aljbfbjn jlj%~bna~aljbf i}ibm`ly~ty~}*

Ijhbhajh xa~` aj~ina}matfajbq?tlkim~} aj mlffbolb~alj xa~`

Hag~` i}ibm` mij~i}* Tlel~ajh ipietfb} lg =bm~awa~q& i}ibm` hlx~` bjney}am%ebcajh aj }yttl~ lg àh` rybfa~q _i}ibm` @ahì Nihii _@N! mletfi~alj}3

~l tlwani ij`bjmin i}ibm`~bajajh aj `ljly} bjnyjnihbnyb~i tlhbe}*

AEI_]N iet`b}a}i} aeei}alj bjnijhbhieij~ bml}} nawi}i b~ gle}*A~ lggi} imlnajh }~ynal}& b eyf~aeinabtl}~%tlnym~alj }ya~i& bjn bj bynali}ibm` fbolb~lq* Ey}am ~im`jlflhqtbm~a~alji} bjn i}ibmì} bi~ìigli tlwanin xa~` }timabfa}ineyf~aeinab tlnym~alj ~llf} bjn }~b~i%lg%~ì%b~ bynalwa}ybf elja~lajh bjnitlnym~alj }q}~ie} bjn }ylyjn}*AEI_]N a} ni}ahjin ~l lggi }ahjambj~}~bjn%bflji tlkim~} l mlffbolb~awiyjni~bcajh} xa~` ajny}~q tlgi}}aljbf}*

_bnal AEI_]N olbnmb}~} ~ì tlkim~‑}naha~bf b~ ly~ty~} aj bj ltij bmmi}}&eyf~aeinab gleb~* ^ì}i ajmfyniHag~` Yjawi}a~q‑} tyofam }tiimì}bjn xlc}`lt ti}ij~b~alj}& ey}ambfmletl}a~alj}& tiglebjmi} bjn }lyjnimlnajh}& bjn mleeij~bq bjn iwaix~l tlet~ na}my}}alj* _bnal AEI_]Na} b ciq ly~ty~ gle ~ì Naha~bf B~} DHag~` tlkim~*

Ipbeajajh ~ì lfi lg tyofam& myf~ybfbjn inymb~aljbf aj}~a~y~alj} xa~` i}tim~~l ~ì aetfieij~b~alj lg olbnobjn~im`jlflhai} a} ma~ambf* ]iicajh ~l}yttl~ ~ì hlx~` lg ~ì mib~awiajny}~ai}& ~ì AEI_]N tlhbeei

mlj~aoy~i} ~l ~ì mib~awiimljleq ~`lyh` ~ìtlwa}alj lg;

ij`bjmin ajgb}~ym~yi3

mlj~ij~ tlnym~alj bjn

mleeimabfa}b~alj3 yt%}caffajh gl myij~

ietflqii} bjnoy}aji}}i}3

mleeyja~q ijhbhieij~

bjn tb~amatb~alj3

tlnym~alj lg }caffin bjn

mib~awi ietflqii} bjn}ebff oy}aji}}i}3

i}ibm`& i}ibm`

ni}ahj bjn mlj~aoy~alj ~l

tbm~ami%fin i}ibm`*



28=


Famijmi Y}bhi

AEI_]N bjn a~} b}}lmab~in ey}am~im`jlflhq myamyfb bae ~l àh`fah`~

b}tim~} lg ~ibexlc& xlclx& nb~bebjbhieij~& Aj~iffim~ybf Tlti~q bjnl~ì }ym` mlj~ip~ybf oy~ lg~%glhl~~ijb}tim~} lg ipmiffijmi aj tlgi}}aljbftbm~ami* Gl ~à} ib}lj& ~ì tlkim~iryai} ~`b~ bff xlc} lj ~ì AEI_]N]~ibe oi famij}in yjni ~ì Mib~awiMleelj} B~~aoy~alj%JljMleeimabf%JlNiawb~awi} ?*9 By}~bfab famijmi*Mlj~aoy~alj} ~l ~ì tlkim~ ey}~ oilahajbf xlc} ~`b~ `bwi jia~ì oiijtiwaly}fq tyofa}ìn jl }yoea~~in ~lbjl~ì tyofa}ì tal ~l }yoea}}alj*AEI_]N ajwa~i} naha~bf ey}am bjn}lyjn mlj~aoy~alj} gle bmbnieam}~bgg& tlgi}}aljbf tbm~a~alji}& wa}a~l}&bfyeja bjn }~ynij~} lg Hag~` Yjawi}a~q*

^ì AEI_]N Mlj~aoy~alj Hyanifaji}

xxx?1*hag~`*iny*by,bnalaei}n,mlj~ij~,waix,8>,0=! tlwani bnwami b}~l ~ì bnlt~alj lg ~ì }a~i‑} Mib~awiMleelj} famijmi*

Xàf}~ ~ì famijmi bnlt~in nli} jl~

bfflx niawb~awi}& a~ nli} bfflx gl ~ìtl}~ajh lg ~ì mib~l‑} eb~iabf ljb ti}ljbf }iwi l xio}a~i& l bjaj}~a~y~aljbf }iwi& xìj b `qtifajca} hawij ~l ~ì eb~iabf lj ~ì _bnalAEI_]N }a~i

El~awb~alj}

Bmmlnajh ~l AEI_]N tlkim~ naim~l

bjn @ibn lg Ey}am îm`jlflhqTlgi}}l Tbyf Nbti& Mib~awiMleelj} oihaj} b} b xbq ~l yjtbmcAj~iffim~ybf Tlti~q a}}yi} ~l oi~~i ajgle tlgi}}aljbf b~a}~am nima}aljebcajh* Oiajh iptl}in ~l ~ì bjhilg MM famij}ajh ìft} }~ynij~} ~lyjni}~bjn ~ì naggiij~ cajn} lg famij}ajh elnif} bjn ~ì naggiij~ cajn}lg wbfyi%bnnajh ~`b~ eah`~ oiji~ ~ìa mbii} bjn ti}ljbf ijnibwly}* B} na}my}}in aj bj iebaf aj~iwaix

xa~` _bmìf Mlomlg~ gle Mib~awiMleelj} By}~bfab& Tlgi}}l Nbti

ajnamb~i} ~`b~ ~ì taebq el~awb~aljgl AEI_]N a} ~l ijhbhi xa~` lahajbf}~ynij~ bjn }~bgg mib~awi xlc}& ~lna}}ieajb~i ~ì}i bjn ijhbhi xa~` jixtyofam bynaijmi} aj b tbbffif tb~ji}àt

xa~` Bttfi a^yji} xxx*bttfi*mle,a~yji}!*

Aj ~à} xbq& Mib~awi Mleelj};

Tlwani} b }~ibefajin bjn

Ib}q%~l%yjni}~bjn tb~`xbq

aj~l ob}am tajmatfi} lg ~ì

ah`~} lg mib~l}3

ltij} na}my}}alj bjn tlkim~}

~l anib} }ylyjnajh ‐ieap&‑

mib~awa~q& à}~lq bjn ‐}~bjnajhlj ~ì }`lyfni} lg habj~}‑3

bjn

@ift} i}~bofa}` xani

mljmit~} lg eb~~i} ifb~ajh

~l ‐mlyt~alj‑ aj }lei

b}tim~} lg einab tbm~ami}&

bjn bfflx} }~ynij~} ~l ~ìj

wbfyi ~ìa lxj ah`~} bjn ~l

~àjc eli niitfq boly~ `lx

~ìq xa}` ~l gy~ì ijhbhi

aj mleeimabfa}b~alj bjn ~ìij~i~bajeij~ oy}aji}} ytlj

hbnyb~alj*

Tlgi}}l Nbti bhyi} ~`b~& b~ ~ì wiqfib}~& By}~bfab jiin} bttltab~i ey}amfamij}ajh ninamb~in ~l ~ì tytl}i} lg ~ibmàjh bjn i}ibm`* ^à} gbeixlcjiin} ~l oi ebni bwbafbofi ~l ~ì ij~aiinymb~alj }im~l* Ebjq aj}~a~y~alj}ihyfbfq imln }ieajb ~ibmàjh bjn

i}ibm` xlc}; ciq mfb}}ambf taimi}gle a}~lq& aetl~bj~ kb{{ }~bjnbn}&jix xlc}& jix aj~iti~b~alj}* ^ì}ijiin ~l oi tii%iwaixin& bmàwinbjn na}}ieajb~in b} bj aetl~bj~i}lymi xa~` xàm` ~l ~ibm`& i}ibm`bjn tlwani bniryb~i i}lymi} gl qlyjh ey}amabj} ” i}timabffq aj ~ie} lg myf~ybf bjn a}~lambf mlj~ip~*



8>


mleelj}

CMO242 Mleeyjamb~alj Aj ^ì Jix Imljleq

ni}mrat~alj; CMO242; Mleeyjamb~alj aj ~ì Jix Imljleq a} b yja~ lggiin oq ~ì Mib~awi

Ajny}~ai} Gbmyf~q b~ ~ì Ryiij}fbjn Yjawi}a~q lg îm`jlflhq xàm` y}i} Mib~awiMleelj} ~l ijbofi }~ynij~} ~l oyafn bj ajjlwb~alj mleelj}& iet`b}a}ajh

mlffbolb~alj bjn i~àmbf iy}i lg mlj~ij~ b} }caff} bttltab~i gl einab bjn

mleeyjamb~alj tlgi}}aljbf} aj~ibm~ajh aj ~ì jix imljleq*

xio}a~i; `~~t;,,mib~awi~lxj*ma*ry~*iny*by

famijmi y}in; Mib~awi Mleelj} OQ%JM%JN ?*9 By}~bfab& `~~t;,,mib~awimleelj}*lh,famij}i},oq%jm%jn,?*9,by

einab; Inymb~aljbf; ip~

flmb~alj; By}~bfab

Lwirwaix

CMO242; Mleeyjamb~alj aj ~ì Jix Imljleq a} bj yjnihbnyb~i yja~

lggiin oq ~ì Mib~awi Ajny}~ai}Gbmyf~q b~ ~ì Ryiij}fbjn Yjawi}a~q lg îm`jlflhq xàm` ijmlybhi} }~ynij~}~l iptfli ~ì tl}}aoafa~ai} ltijin yt

oq mlj~ij~ iy}i bjn mlffbolb~awigbeixlc}* ^ì yja~ aj~lnymi}

}~ynij~} ~l mlj~ietlbq ~ìlai} lg ~ìjix imljleq& ipbeajajh }bfaij~ a}}yi}

bjn ~ijn} aj einabbjn mleeyjamb~alj

na}matfaji}& ajny}~ai}&bjn tlgi}}aljbf

tbm~ami* A~ mlj}ani}~ì ieihij~m`bffijhi} lg

Aj~iffim~ybf Tlti~q&

bmmi}} bjnirya~q& bjn i~àmbftlgi}}aljbf mljnym~*

Bttlpaeb~ifq ?94}~ynij~} ~bci ~à} yja~ ibm` qib*

Einab bjn mleeyjamb~alj tlgi}}alj}

ajmfynajh bnwi~a}ajh& tyofam ifb~alj}& klyjbfa}e& ebci~ajh mleeyjamb~alj&

aj~ibm~alj ni}ahj bjn einab i}ibm`!bi }a~yb~in b} wa~bf mib~awi ajty~}

aj~l ~ì xani mib~awi imljleq* Mfb}}bm~awa~ai} bi ni}ahjin ~l tlel~i

}~ynij~}‑ fa~ibmq& bnwlmbmq& bjn lbf

bjn xa~~ij mleeyjamb~alj }caff} aj bmlffbolb~awi ijwaljeij~ bttltab~i

gl ~ì jix& mib~awi imljleq* ^`lyh`bj a~ib~awi bjn aj~ibm~awi b}}i}}eij~

tlmi}}& }~ynij~} mib~i bj ajjlwb~aljmleelj}& bjn }yoea~ xa~~ij tltl}bf}

gl b mib~awi ajny}~ai} tlkim~ ~l oigyjnin oq ~ì oy}aji}} l flmbf mlyjmaf

lg ~ì `qtl~ì~ambf Ryiij}fbjn ~lxj lg ‐At}cbq‑*

^ì ajjlwb~awi ifieij~ lg CMO242ieihi} ~`lyh` ~ì }~ym~yi lg a~}

b}}i}}eij~ iryaieij~}* ]~ynij~}xlc aj }ebff hlyt} lg ~ìi ~l wi& ~ltitbi b tlkim~ tltl}bf xàm` ‐xaffìft ~l ip~ijn ~ì myf~ybf& }lmabf bjn

imljleam oiji~} lg mib~awi ajny}~ai}aj At}cbq‑ COM242 Yja~ Ly~faji!*

‐Einab bynaijmi} bri jlfljhir eirifq bm~awi trlnymir}

l eibjajh* ^ìq bri jlx

nielj}~rbofq aj~irbm~awi*‑ CMO242 yja~ ly~faji



289


Tltl}bf} ebq oi gl b~} l tyofammyf~yi aja~ab~awi}& gl mib~awi ajny}~ai}i}ibm` bjn tlgi}}aljbf niwiflteij~tlhbe}& gl i}~bofa}àjh }lmabf l tlgi}}aljbf ji~xlc}& l gl ‐}lg~‑ l

‐`bn‑ ajgb}~ym~yi l }iwami} xàmìj`bjmi ~ì mib~awi ajny}~ai} aj ~ìihalj* Xa~` }~ynij~ mlj}ij~& ~ì}itltl}bf} bi ~ìj ifib}in obmc ~l ~ìmfb}} yjni b Mib~awi Mleelj} famijmigl y}i aj ~ì jbf b}}i}}eij~* ^ìxio tbhi ~à} xàm` }~ynij~} bmmi}}tltl}bf} gle a} mbffin ~ì CMO242Ajjlwb~alj Mleelj}*

B} ~ìa jbf taimi lg b}}i}}eij~&}~ynij~} m`ll}i b tlkim~ tltl}bf

gle ~ì CMO242 Ajjlwb~alj Mleelj} l~ì ~`bj ~ìa lxj! ~l iwbfyb~i* ^ìqxa~i b }`l~ bjbfq~ambf i}}bq bjn ebciimleeijnb~alj} ~l ~ì At}cbq gyjnajholnai} lj xì~ì ~ì tltl}bf }`lyfnoi }yttl~in* ^à} b}}i}}eij~ a}yjni~bcij ajnawanybffq* ]~ynij~} biljmi bhbaj ajwa~in ~l i~yj ~ì}i i}}bq}~l ~ì CMO242 Ajjlwb~alj Mleelj} }l~`b~ ~ìq mbj }ii xàm` tltl}bf} `bwimbt~yin ~ìa tii}‑ b~~ij~alj& bjn ~ìbjhi lg }~ynij~%anij~ain }~ijh~`} bjn

xibcji}}i} lg tltl}bf}*

Iwij ~`lyh` ltij bmmi}} ~l ~ì}~ynij~ xlc ebaj~bajin lj ~ì CMO242Ajjlwb~alj Mleelj} a} i}~am~in oq~ì faea~} lg ~ì Ofbmcolbn }q}~ie~`b~ a}& ljfq RY^ }~bgg bjn }~ynij~}mbj hbaj bmmi}}! ~à} bttfamb~alj lg Mib~awi Mleelj} Famij}ajh tlwani}ltij bmmi}} ~l }~ynij~ xlc aj xbq}~`b~ `bwi tiwaly}fq oiij ip~ieifqnagmyf~ ~l bmàiwi* ^xl bnna~aljbf ebkl bnwbj~bhi} ba}i gle ltij bmmi}}oiajh tlwanin ~l ~ì b}}i}}eij~nlmyeij~}* ^ì }~ a} ~`b~ tii%ob}in ~bj}tbijmq lg }~ynij~ xlcijmlybhi} b ni}ahj laij~b~alj ~lma~aryi aj}lgb b} }~ynij~ iggl~ a}naim~in b~ anij~agqajh bjn mlj~aoy~ajh~l aetlwajh hlln anib}* ]imljn& a~bfflx} bj bmàwi lg }~ynij~}‑ tiwaly}xa~~ij tlkim~ tltl}bf} bjn bjbfq~ambfi}}bq} ~l oi ebaj~bajin lj ~ì yja~‑}Ofbmcolbn }a~i& bfflxajh }~ynij~} ~l

oyafn lj ~ì tb}~ xàf}~ i~bajajh ~ìb~~aoy~alj lg l~ì}‑ xlc*

Famijmi Y}bhi

]~ynij~}‑ xlc aj CMO242 a} ebni

bwbafbofi ~l myij~ bjn gy~yi mfb}}

eieoi} yjni b Mib~awi Mleelj} B~~aoy~alj%Jljmleeimabf%Jl

Niawb~awi} ?*9 By}~bfab famijmi* Xa~~ijtltl}bf} bi famij}in yjni MM ~l

ij}yi ~`b~ }~ynij~} bi bmcjlxfinhin

gl ~ìa }yoea}}alj} bjn ~l ijbofi ~ì

bmàwajh lg bm~awi nlmyeij~}* ]~ynij~}

bi ajglein ~`b~ ~ìq bi bfflxin ~l

ma~i tiwaly} tlkim~ tltl}bf} aj ~ìa

lxj xlc b} ti jlebf bmbnieam

igiijmajh iryaieij~}! oy~ mbjjl~

mltq bjn,l tb}~i gle bjq xlc}tyofa}ìn lj ~ì }a~i* ^à} igiijmajh

bjn iwaix tlmi}} gbmafa~b~i} ~ì

mib~alj lg bj ajjlwb~alj mleelj} aj

~ì mfb}}lle*

El~awb~alj}

B taebq lokim~awi lg CMO242 a}

~l tlwani bj bttfain& tbm~ami%fin

yjni}~bjnajh lg ~ì aetl~bjmi lg gii myf~yi bjn ltij inymb~alj aj

bmàiwajh btan mqmfi} lg ajjlwb~alj* Oq

b}cajh }~ynij~} ~l ijhbhi aj ~ì iwaix

lg tiwaly} aj~iffim~ybf ijnibwly aj

~ì gle lg tb}~ b}}ahjeij~}& ~ì yja~

nielj}~b~i} ~`b~ mib~awa~q bfxbq}

oyafn} lj ~ì tb}~ bjn ~`b~ myf~ybf

b}}i~} }`lyfn oi ebni bwbafbofi ~l

~ì mleeyja~q* Aj ~ìa bttfamb~alj

gl gyjnajh& }~ynij~} bi i}timabffq

ijmlybhin ~l }yoea~ tafl~ tlkim~}bjn gib}aoafa~q }~ynai} xàm` y}i ~ì

hbj~in gyjn} b} fiwibhi gl gy~ì

niwiflteij~}& xàm` ~ìigli bf}l

ijmlybhi ~ì mleoajb~alj lg ajmij~awi

gyjnajh xa~` l~ì }lymi}* Aj ~à}

xbq& ~ì ltij& a~ib~awi tlmi}} a}

yjni}mlin* ^à} ipima}i bf}l tlwani}

}~ynij~} xa~` bj lttl~yja~q ~l bttfq

~ì i~àm} bjn jle} lg ml%mib~awi

ajjlwb~alj aj tlmi}}i} lg aj~iti}ljbf&

lhbja}b~aljbf bjn einab~inmleeyjamb~alj*



87


mleelj}

Lwirwaix

L~bhl Tlfq~im`jam a} b tyofamfq%

}yo}ana}in wlmb~aljbf inymb~alj bjn

~bajajh lhbja}b~alj flmb~in aj Nyjinaj

lj ~ì ]ly~` A}fbjn lg Jix [ibfbjn* A~

tlwani} b bjhi lg wlmb~aljbf mly}i}&

lggiajh mi~amb~i}& natfleb}& nihii}

bjn tl}~hbnyb~i }~ynai} aj ^bwifbjn ^lya}e& ~`lyh` By~lel~awi

Ijhajiiajh ~l Eanxagiq*

^bcajh bj ltij waix lg ~ibmàjh&

fibjajh bjn i}ibm`& L~bhl

Tlfq~im`jam imlj}aniin ~ìa }~bjmi lj

bmmi}} ~l inymb~aljbf i}lymi}& ~ìj

hlwijin oq ~bna~aljbf waix} lg

lxji}àt bjn Aj~iffim~ybf Tlti~q*

Ciq }~bci`lfni} xii mlj}yf~in aj ~ì

iwaix& xàm` lmmyin lwi ~ì tb}~

~xl qib}& tlwanajh giinobmc ~`b~ ~ì

aj}~a~y~alj jiinin ~l oi eli ltij

~l }yttl~ mib~awi ~àjcajh bjn ~ì

bttfamb~alj lg ~ìlq ~l tbm~ami* ^à}

myfeajb~in aj ~ì bjjlyjmieij~ aj

Ebm` ?440 ~`b~ L~bhl Tlfq~im`jam xb}ifib}ajh ~ìa ~bajajh eb~iabf} yjni

ltij bmmi}} ~ie} lj Xacainymb~l*

Famijmi Y}bhi

B} }~b~in aj a~} myij~ Aj~iffim~ybf

Tlti~q Tlfamq& xxx*l~bhltlfq~im`jam*

bm*j{,ajnip*t`t<an5?02!; ‐L~bhl

Tlfq~im`jam xa}ì} ~l gl}~i i}ibm`

bjn niwiflteij~ ~`b~ bnwbjmi}cjlxfinhi bjn }m`lfb}àt3 bjn ~l

}yttl~ tlkim~} xìi ~`b~ fibn} ~l

ebci~bofi tlnym~} l }iwami}*

^ì Tlfq~im`jam;

@b} b tigiijmi gl ~ì

ltij }`bajh lg ajgleb~alj&

cjlxfinhi bjn i}lymi}

_imlhja}i} ~`b~ aj~iffim~ybf

tlti~q AT! a} lxjin oq~ì mib~l& yjfi}} ~ìi bi

L~bhl Tlfq~im`jam

ni}mrat~alj; L~bhl Tlfq~im`jam a} b ~i~abq inymb~alj tlwani aj Nyjinaj& Jix [ibfbjn& xàm`

lggi} b bjhi lg ltij bmmi}} ~bajajh mly}i}*

xio}a~i; xxx*l~bhltlfq~im`jam*bm*j{ l xxx*~icl~bhl*bm*j{

famijmi y}in; Mib~awi Mleelj} B~~aoy~alj =*4 Jix [ibfbjn& `~~t;,,mib~awimleelj}*lh,famij}i},oq,=*4,j{

einab; Inymb~aljbf i}lymi}; Aebhi}& Wanil& îp~

flmb~alj; Jix [ibfbjn

L~bhl Tlfq~im`jam `leitbhi



288


}timam bhiieij~}~l ~ì lxji}àt lg

AT oq l~ì}& bjn

xa}ì} ~l gl}~i

~ì ietlxieij~lg ajnawanybf} aj

~ìa ijnibwly}

aj b tl~im~awi bjn,l tlel~aljbf

gbeixlc gl

ajnawanybf mib~l}

b}}lmab~in xa~`

L~bhl Tlfq~im`jam*‑

L~bhl Tlfq~im`jam jlx lggi}

a~} ltij bmmi}} mly}i}yjni ~ì Mib~awi Mleelj}

B~~aoy~alj famijmi& xa~` ~ì

bttfamb~alj ‐Mib~awi Mleelj}

B~~aoy~alj By~`l jbei! gl

L~bhl Tlfq~im`jam*‑

Ajnawanybf fim~yi} lxj ~ìa aj~iffim~ybf

tlti~q* Ijmlybhieij~ bjn }yttl~

a} hawij oq ~ì aj}~a~y~alj ~l y}i MM

OQ gl mltqah`~ }~b~ieij~}* Xìi

~ì Tlfq~im`jam a} y}in ~l tyofa}` l

tlel~i xlc& b MM OQ famijmi a}

bttfain xìiwi tl}}aofi* Ipmit~alj}

bi ebni gl xlc} xìi ~àn%tb~q

mlj~ij~ a} jl~ l mbjjl~ oi mfibin*

L~ì i}~am~alj} ag bjq! bi ~aei%ob}in

bjn iptfbajin*

El~awb~alj}

Ijmlybhajh ltij mlj~ij~ famij}i}b~ L~bhl Tlfq~im`jam oq xbq lg

a~} Aj~iffim~ybf Tlti~q Tlfamq `b}

b}}yin ietflqii} bjn mlj~bm~l}

~`b~ ~ìq bi gii ~l y}i bjn niwiflt

ltij mlj~ij~& bjn ~`b~ ~ìq b gii

~l tb~amatb~i aj Ltij Inymb~aljbf

_i}lymi niwiflteij~ aja~ab~awi}* Ebjq

}~bgg `bwi jlx niwifltin ajnitijnij~

}caff} aj tyofa}àjh bjn ebjbhajh ~ìa

lxj mlj~ij~& b} xiff b} flmb~ajh bjn

iy}ajh ~àn%tb~q ltij mlj~ij~& bjn

mlffbolb~ajh aj mlj~ij~ niwiflteij~*

^ì tlfagib~alj lg ltij mlj~ij~ bjn

b}}lmab~in tbm~ami} b} iftin ~l

tlel~i ~ì Tlfq~im` b} xiff b} ~ì

ipti~a}i bjn }iwami} lg ~ì ajnawanybf}

aj a~} ietflq* B eli ajnitijnij~

bjn tb~amatb~lq myf~yi xa~àj ~ì

lhbja}b~alj a} oihajjajh ~l niwiflt*

Gii bjn Ltij ]lymi ]lg~xbi }~aj}tain ~àjcajh boly~ gii bjn ltij

}lymi inymb~aljbf mlj~ij~* ì }ymmi}}

lg Xacaeinab Glyjnb~alj tlkim~}

tlwin ~ì anib wabofi* ]yttl~ gle

ebjq ajnawanybf} bjn aja~ab~awi} }ym` b}

Xacainymb~l `b} ebni a~ tl}}aofi*

L~bhl Tlfq~im`jam nimanin ~l bnlt~ ~ì

Mib~awi Mleelj} B~~aoy~alj famijmi

}l b} ~l ij}yi b ebpaeye belyj~ lg

giinle bjn ipaoafa~q ~l a~}ifg bjn ~ltiltfi bjn lhbja}b~alj} }betfajh a~}

mlj~ij~* _i}~am~alj} faci ]`biBfaci

bjn Jljmleeimabf xii jl~ bj lt~alj

b} ~ìq xlyfn `bwi mletlea}in l

mletfamb~in ~à} tl}a~alj*

‐^ì rimlhja~alj l Mrib~awiMleelj} xa~` b~~raoy~alj b}

lyr nibyf~ tl}a~alj `b} oiijxanifq bmmit~in bjn iinobmc `b} oiij ~`b~ a~ `b} oiijaj}~ryeij~bf aj oyafnajh L~bhlTlfq~im`jam‑} rity~b~alj b} bjinymb~aljbf trlwanir*‑

N _loaj Nbq Nity~q Mài Ipimy~awi& L~bhl Tlfq~im`jam

`~~t;,,}bb`%}~ixb~*oflh}tl~*mle,?440,4=, ltij%bmmi}}%inymb~alj%b~%l~bhl*`~ef



80


mleelj}

TFl]; Brambj ]fiitajh ]amcji}} î}~

ni}mrat~alj; Eynlm` Yjawi}a~q }maij~a}~} fin oq [boflj Jkay bjn Bjnix ^`let}lj `bwiniwifltin b }aetfi oflln ~i}~ gl Bgambj }fiitajh }amcji}} `yebj Bgambj

~qtbjl}leab}a} l ‐@B^‑! xàm` ~ìq‑wi tyofa}ìn aj TFl] Jihfim~in ^ltambf

Na}ib}i} yjni b Mib~awi Mleelj} B~~aoy~alj famijmi& ebcajh ~ìa jnajh}bmmi}}aofi ~l ~ì xlfn*

xio}a~i; xxx*tfl}j~n}*lh,b~amfi,ajgl)=Bnla)?G24*2=82)?Gklyjbf*tj~n*44442>8

famijmi y}in; Mib~awi Mleelj} B~~aoy~alj ?*9 Hijiam famijmi

`~~t;,,mib~awimleelj}*lh,famij}i},oq,?*9

einab; ]maij~am nb~b3 îp~

flmb~alj; By}~bfab

Lwirwaix

Aj Ebm` ?440& b ~ibe lg By}~bfabj

i}ibmì} fin oq [boflj Jkay bjn

Bjnix ^`let}lj bjjlyjmin ~ì

niwiflteij~ lg bj ifihbj~fq }aetfi&

flx%~im` bjn flx%ml}~ oflln ~i}~ gl

anij~agqajh Bgambj }fiitajh }amcji}}

`yebj Bgambj ~qtbjl}leab}a}&l ‐@B ‑!* Lo}iwajh ~ì ti}ijmi

lg ajgim~alj wab b mlfly m`bjhi aj

ibm~awi faryan gle lbjhi ~l hiij&

~ì }maij~a}~} `bwi tlwanin b xbq

~l ~i}~ gl ~à} nibnfq na}ib}i aj bj

ijnieam ybf bib y}ajh faea~in

iryateij~* X`b~ naggiij~ab~in ~ìa

na}mlwiq& btb~ gle a~} ib}i%lg%y}i bjn

igmaijmq& a} ~ì gbm~ ~`b~ ~ì jnajh}

xii famij}in yjni Mib~awi Mleelj}

`~~t;,,mib~awimleelj}*lh,xioflh,

ij~q,022?!& bfflxajh ~ì xlfn ml}~fi}}

bmmi}} ~l ~ìa i}ibm`*

Aj ~ìa b~amfi ~a~fin ‐Fllt%Einab~in

A}l~ìebf Betfamb~alj FBET!

Ei~`ln gl _btan Ni~im~alj lg

^qtbjl}leb oymia `lni}aij}i&‑ ~ì

Eynlm` Yjawi}a~q ~ibe ” mleta}ajh

[boflj Jkay& Bjnix Eacl}{b& ^bjqb

Be}~ljh& Kl`j Ijqby& Kl}it`

Jnyjh‑y& bjn Bjnix ^`let}lj ”

tyofa}ìn ~ìa jnajh} ifb~ajh ~l b

btan bjn loy}~ nabhjl}~am ~i}~ gl

@B * ]ahjambj~fq& ~ìq m`l}i ~l tyofa}`

aj TFl] Jihfim~in ^ltambf Na}ib}i}

xxx*tfl}j~n}*lh,`lei*bm~alj!& bjltij%bmmi}} klyjbf niwl~in ~l ~ì

tb~`lflhq& itaniealflhq& ~ib~eij~&

mlj~lf& bjn tiwij~alj lg jihfim~in

~ltambf na}ib}i} J^N}!& }ym` b}

ifit`bj~ab}a}& fitl}q& }mà}~l}leab}a}&

awi ofajnji}}& bjn Bgambj }fiitajh

}amcji}}& b} xiff b} tyofam tlfamq

ifiwbj~ ~l ~à} hlyt lg na}ib}i}* ^à}

Tyofam Faobq lg ]maijmi xxx*tfl}*

lh! klyjbf }iic} ~l tlel~i ~ì iggl~}

lg }maij~a}~}& ibf~` tbm~a~alji}& bjntyofam%ìbf~` ipti~} gle ijnieam

TFl] Jihfim~in ^ltambf Na}ib}i} Klyjbf `leitbhi



281


mlyj~ai}& àh`fah`~ajh ~ì hflobf

tyofam ìbf~` aetl~bjmi lg J^N}

xàf}~ bnwlmb~ajh ~ì tfah`~ lg

~ì tll x`l }yggi gle ~ì}i

ajgim~aly} na}ib}i}*

Famijmi Y}bhi

B~amfi} tyofa}ìn aj TFl]

Jihfim~in ^ltambf Na}ib}i} bi

ebni bwbafbofi yjni Mib~awi

Mleelj} B~~aoy~alj ?*9 Hijiam

famijmi& xàm` ~ì Tyofam Faobq

lg ]maijmi ni}ahjb~i} b} ‐MMBF‑*

Yjni MMBF& by~`l} i~bajlxji}àt lg ~ì mltqah`~ lg ~ìa

b~amfi& xàf}~ bfflxajh bjqlji

~l nlxjflbn& iy}i& itaj~&

elnagq& na}~aoy~i& bjn,l mltq b~amfi}

tyofa}ìn aj ~ì TFl] klyjbf& }l fljh

b} ~ì lahajbf by~`l} bjn }lymi bi

ma~in* Jl tiea}}alj} bi iryain

gle ~ì by~`l} l tyofa}ì} ~l y}i

~ì xlc aj ~ì}i ~ie}* Aj ~à} xbq&

TFl] Jihfim~in ^ltambf Na}ib}i}

tlwani} b glye gl ~ì J^N}

mleeyja~q lg }maij~am ajwi}~ahb~l}&

ìbf~` tbm~a~alji}& mlj~lf ipti~}& bjn

bnwlmb~i} ~l tyofa}` ~ìa jnajh} aj bj

ltij%bmmi}} gleb~*

Eam`bif Ia}ij& ml%glyjni lg ~ì Tyofam

Faobq lg ]maijmi& iptfbajin ~ì

b~aljbfi oiàjn bnlt~ajh MMBF;

‐Xi m`l}i ~ì b~~aoy~aljfamij}i oimby}i a~ ij}yi}~ì lt~aebf bmmi}}aoafa~q bjn y}boafa~q xàfi ti}iwajh ~ì lji ~àjh ~`b~ }maij~a}~}wbfyi ~ì el}~; b~~aoy~alj gl ~ìa xlc*‑

`~~t;,,mib~awimleelj}*lh,xioflh,ij~q,84=0

^l jbjmi ~à} gbeixlc& TFl] klyjbf} ietflq b oy}aji}} elnif

aj xàm` iptij}i} gl tii iwaix& klyjbf tlnym~alj& ljfaji `l}~ajh bjn

bmàwajh! bi imlwiin aj tb~ oq

m`bhajh b tyofamb~alj gii ~l ~ì by~`l}

bjn i}ibm` }tlj}l} gl ibm` b~amfi

~ìq tyofa}`* Gl TFl] Jihfim~in

^ltambf Na}ib}i} ~ì tyofamb~alj gii a}

myij~fq .Y]?244* By~`l} bgfab~in

xa~` bj aj}~a~y~aljbf eieoi bi ifahaofi

gl b na}mlyj~* Elilwi& by~`l} x`lnl jl~ `bwi }ygmaij~ gyjn} ~l mlwi

tyofamb~alj gii} bi lggiin mletfi~i l

tb~abf xbawi}* Ajboafa~q ~l tbq nli} jl~

ajyijmi ~ì nima}alj ~l tyofa}` b tbti

xxx*tfl}*lh,boly~,gbr*`~ef-tyoryi}~!*

El~awb~alj}

Na}my}}ajh ~ì Eynlm` Yjawi}a~q

`~~t;,,xxx*eynlm`*iny*by!i}ibmì}‑ nima}alj ~l famij}i ~ìa

jnajh} yjni Mib~awi Mleelj}&

Ebhbi~ _yxlfn~ gle ~ì Yjawi}a~q lg

Eifolyji lo}iwin;

‐Aj ~ì Eynlm` mb}i& ~ì‖tyofam hlln― gbm~l a} bmfib xajji aj ~ì niob~ilwi xì~ì ~l tlwaniltij bmmi}} ~l b yjawi}a~q‑}

i}ibm` ly~ty~; tiltfiaj tll bjn niwifltajh

‐]maij~agm xlrc} nlj‑~ `bwi bja}lfb~in eibjajh3 ~ìq ipa}~

ljfq aj riirijmi ~l ~ì orlbnir }maij~agm mleeyja~q& bjn ~ìx`lfi rib}lj qly tyofa}` ~ìea} }l ~`b~ l~ìr tiltfi xaff ribn bjn y}i ~ìe*‑

Eam`bif Ia}ijMl%Glyjni& Tyofam Faobq l ]maijmi&`~~t;,,mib~awimleelj}*lh,xioflh,ij~q,84=0



04


mleelj}

mlyj~ai} jiin flx%ml}~ einambf bjn ìbf~` mbi& tb~amyfbfq gl ijnieam na}ib}i} ~`b~ nlj‑~ lmmy b}xanifq aj niwifltin mlyj~ai}(~qtbjl}leab}a} a} lji3ebfbab a} bjl~ì!*‑

`~~t;,,oflh}*yjaeifo*iny*by,ajgleb~aljgy~yi},?440,4=,mib~awi%mleelj}%famijmi%gl%eynlm`%yja%

ajjlwb~alj

Hfijj L~a} Olxj& ~ì ~ìj Ipimy~awi

Naim~l lg Mib~awi Mleelj}&

aj~iwaixin Tyofam Faobq lg ]maijmiml%glyjni Eam`bif Ia}ij boly~ ~ì

faobq‑} y}i lg Mib~awi Mleelj}aj ?449 `~~t;,,mib~awimleelj}*lh,xioflh,ij~q,84=0!* B} b oalflha}~ b~ ~ì

Fbxijmi Oicifiq Jb~aljbf Fbo bjn YMOicifiq& Ia}ij i}tly}in ltij bmmi}}

~l }maij~am i}ibm`;

‐Ltij bmmi}} xaff‧ijbofi }maij~a}~} ~l oihaj~bj}gleajh }maij~am fa~ib~yi aj~l }lei~àjh gb eli y}igyf ~`bj ~ìifim~ljam iryawbfij~ lg eaffalj} lg ajnawanybf b~amfi}aj lx} lg klyjbf} lj faobq }ìfwi}* ^ì boafa~q ~l}ibm`& aj bj aj}~bj~& bjij~ai }maij~am faobq gl tb~amyfb ~ie} l mljmit~}&gl ei~`ln}& nb~b& bjn aebhi} ” bjn aj}~bj~fq i~aiwi ~ì i}yf~} ” a} ljfq ~ì oihajjajh*‑ Eam`bif

Ia}ij& Tyofam Faobq lg ]maijmi&


ij~q,84=0

Ia}ij iim~in lj ~ì ibfq }ymmi}}lg TFl]& jl~ajh ~`b~ =4&444 tiltfi}ahjin bj ltij fi~~i }yttl~ajh

~ì ltij%bmmi}} lhbja}b~alj& bjn

~`b~ bmmit~bjmi lg LB xb} }~ibnafq

ajmib}ajh* B}cin x q TFl] nimanin ~l

ietflq Mib~awi Mleelj} famij}ajh& ìi}tljnin;

‐Mib~awi Mleelj} bjn TFl] }`bi ~ì mleeljhlbf lg }~ijh~ìjajh ~ì}maijmi mleelj}& bjn xixbj~ ~l ~bci bnwbj~bhi lg bff ~ì xlc Mib~awi Mleelj}bjn ~ì hlxajh jyeoi lg Mib~awi Mleelj} famij}iy}i} bi nlajh ~l mib~i&nigijn& bjn aj~ijb~aljbfa{ifamij}i} ~`b~ niji ~ìmleelj}*‑


ij~q,84=0

Ma~b~alj; Jkay [C& Eacl}{b B]K&

Be}~ljh & Ijqby KM& Jnyjh‑y KE&i~ bf* ?440! Fllt%Einab~in A}l~ìebf Betfamb~alj FBET! Ei~`ln gl _btanNi~im~alj lg ^qtbjl}leb oymia`lni}aij}i* TFl] Jihf ^lt Na} ??!;i2>8* nla;24*2=82,klyjbf*tj~n*44442>8



202


^ì Mleeyja~q Faorbrq

ni}mrat~alj; ^ì Mleeyja~q Faobq a} b jl~%gl%tl~ lhbja}b~alj ob}in aj By}~bfab xa~` bm`b~i ~l tlwani na}~aoy~in faobq }iwami} xa~` Mib~awi Mleelj} eb~iabf ~l

}yttl~ eibjajhgyf fibjajh gl lgaji bjn ljfaji y}i}*

xio}a~i; `~~t};,,hf}j*mle,<waix5mleeyja~q\faobq

famijmi y}in; Wbaly} Mib~awi Mleelj} famijmi} xa~` }timabf mljna~alj} b} jimi}}bq

`~~t;,,mib~awimleelj}*lh,famij}i},oq%jn%jm,2*4

einab; Aebhi}& îp~

flmb~alj; By}~bfab

Lwirwaix

^ì Mleeyja~q Faobq a} bm~awifqajwlfwin aj ~ì mib~alj& nitflqeij~&bjn ebjbhieij~ lg naha~bf mlffim~alj}~l iel~i By}~bfabj mleeyja~ai}aj }yttl~ lg eibjajhgyf bjn fagi%fljh fibjajh* ‐_iel~i‑ a} nijinoq ~ì tlkim~ aj ~ie} lg hilhbt`q&

myf~yi& fbjhybhi& bjn bmmi}} ~l~ifimleeyjamb~alj}* ^ì Mleeyja~qFaobq i}tljn} ~l ~ì gbm~ ~`b~ ebjqlg ~ì myij~ elnif} }ylyjnajhltij mlj~ij~ bi jl~ ipaofi ijlyh`~l eii~ ~ì niebjn} lg }yttl~ajheibjajhgyf fibjajh aj iel~i }a~yb~alj}*^à} a} tb~amyfbfq }l xìj glmy} a}tfbmin lj ~ì mlj}anibofi olnq lg tl~ij~abf fibji} x`l nl jl~ `bwi ~ì~ifimleeyjamb~alj} ajgb}~ym~yi ~l}yttl~ ifabofi ljfaji bmmi}}*

Mbeilj I}}fielj~& Naim~l lg ~ìMleeyja~q Faobq& bmcjlxfinhi} ~`b~~ìi a} jl lji%}a{i%~}%bff }lfy~alj gl ~ì iggim~awi tbmcbhajh bjn na}~aoy~aljlg ajgleb~alj ~l iel~i mleeyja~ai}* B mletfip eap lg a}}yi} ifb~in ~lmlj~ij~& mljjim~awa~q& ml}~& myf~yi& bjnmltqah`~ `b} ~l oi mlj}aniin& bjn ~ìel}~ bttltab~i lt~alj glyjn gl ibm`mleeyja~q* ^ì Mleeyja~q Faobq ietflq} b

~im`jlflhq tfb~gle }yttfain oq HflobfFaobq ]iwami} Ji~xlc HF]J!

`~~t};,,hf}j*mle! y}ajh ltij bjnebjbhin }lymi mletljij~} ~`b~mbj oi nitflqin b~ jl m`bhi ~l ~ìajnawanybf‑} ni}c~lt* ^à} a} igiin ~lb} b Ti}ljbf Fibjajh Mij~i TFM!bjn lggi} b bjhi lg gyjm~aljbfa~qajmfynajh }yttl~ gl lgaji bjn ljfajifibjajh xa~`;

bj iggim~awi }ibm` ijhaji

~l jn a~ie} xa~àj ~ìajnawanybf‑} cjlxfinhi ob}i3

~ì mbtboafa~q ~l ebjbhi

ma~b~alj} ij}yajh fibji}

bm~awifq ebjbhi mlj~ip~3

}yttl~ gl eyf~afajhybf

~ì}byy} gl fibji} x`l

^ì Mleeyja~q Faobq `leitbhi



0?


mleelj}

}tibc }iwibf fbjhybhi}3

}yttl~ gl mltqah`~

ebjbhieij~ ij}yajh;

aj~ihb~alj lg mljmit~

ebttajh b} b eibj}lg ebjbhajh bjn

jbwahb~ajh cjlxfinhi

nlebaj}3 bjn

~ìeb~am tl~glfal}

b} ~ì lwibmàjh

ijwiflti xa~` xàm`

fibji} mbj hlyt

fibjajh b}}i~}*

Aj ~ì ty}ya~ lg eibjajhgyf fibjajh& ~ì

Mleeyja~q Faobq `b} m`l}ij ~l y}imljmit~ ebt} aj }yttl~ lg a~} fibji%mij~am elnif* ^ì}i bi y}in aja~abffqb} b eibj} lg jbwahb~ajh ~ì faobai}&bjn bi bf}l lggiin yjni b bjhi lg mltqah`~ elnif}& xa~` ieoinnin fajc}~l ifiwbj~ ~ìeb~am tl~glfal}* ^ì Mleeyja~q Faobq }yttl~} ~ì`l}~ajh lg bff einab* Bff faobq eb~iabfa} mb~bflhyin ~l ip~ijnin Nyofaj Mlibjn tbmcbhin aj~l faobai} l mlffim~alj}gl nitflqeij~ ~l Ifim~ljam _i}lymiMij~i} I_M}!*

^ì tlkim~ a} ob}in aj By}~bfab& oy~aj~ijn} b hflobf nitflqeij~* ^ìMleeyja~q Faobq }iic} ~l ijhbhi}ya~bofi tb~ji mleeyja~ai} bml}}naggiij~ }yokim~ bib} gl mlj~ij~titbb~alj& i}~bofa}àjh cjlxfinhi}iwami tlwani} aj ibm` mlyj~q~l b}}a}~ xa~` flmbf nitflqeij~ bjn}yttl~*

Famijmi Y}bhi

^ì Mleeyja~q Faobq ebjbhi}~ì ~bj}gi lg mltqah`~ eb~iabf}~l ~ì ajnawanybf‑} ni}c~lt& }iicajh~l mllnajb~i ~ì eap lg Mib~awiMleelj} bjn jlj%Mib~awi Mleelj}eb~iabf aj~ihb~in xa~àj a~} faobai}*Fibjajh eb~iabf} bi ebni bwbafbofi~`lyh` ^ì Mleeyja~q Tyofa}ì& xa~`

ajgleb~alj mb~bflhyin b~ ~ì tbhi fiwif&xa~` ibm` tbhi mbqajh b yjaryi Naha~bfLokim~ Anij~ai NLA!*

^ì Mleeyja~q Faobq hijibffqbnlt~} b Mib~awi Mleelj} B~~aoy~alj%Jljmleeimabf%JlNiawb~awi} famijmi*Xìj b y}i ifim~ljambffq ip~bm~}ajnawanybf tbhi} ~ì}i bi mleoajin aj~l

b Ti}ljbf ^ìeb~am Tl~glfal& xàmà~}ifg mbj oi }`bin yjni b Mib~awiMleelj} B~~aoy~alj%Jljmleeimabf%]`biBfaci famijmi* ^ì tlkim~aj~ijn} ~l ythbni ~l }yttl~ Mib~awiMleelj} xa~` }timabf mljna~alj}b} bttltab~i ~l mlj~ip~& bm~awifqtlel~ajh ~ì ebjbhin ~bj}fb~alj lg a~}eb~iabf gl flmbf mlj}yet~alj*

El~awb~alj}

^ì Mleeyja~q Faobq }ifim~in~ì Mib~awi Mleelj} elnif b}a~} }yttl~} ~ì tlkim~‑} ni}ai gl ip~ijnin nitflqeij~& aj ~`b~ eb~iabfmbmìn b~ bj Ifim~ljam _i}lymiMij~i I_M! mbj oi imlj}~a~y~in&itbmcbhin bjn initflqin ~l eliiel~i mleeyja~ai} ~`lyh` aj%mlyj~qI_M}*

^ì tlkim~‑} mli oifaig a} ~`b~ a~ a}jl~ ijlyh` gl b tyofa}ì ~l eiifq}yttfq Mib~awi Mleelj} eb~iabflj ~ìa xio}a~i3 ~ìq jiin bf}l ~l~àjc `lx ajnawanybf} ebq xbj~ ~l y}i~`b~ eb~iabf bjn xì~ì a~ yf~aeb~ifq}yttl~} eibjajhgyf fibjajh* Gajbffq&~ì tlkim~ bnìi} ~l ~ì oifaig ~`b~ ‐~ìfb}~ eafi xaff bfxbq} oi ebjybf‑; b} el}~fibjajh ~bci} tfbmi lgaji& bjn ebjqfibji} nl jl~ `bwi }ya~bofi bmmi}} ~l bmlety~i& ~ì ajgleb~alj tlwanin ey}~

oi titbin aj b ebjji ~`b~ bfflx}nqjbeam itbmcbhajh*

^à} a} aj faji xa~` ~ì Mleeyja~qFaobq‑} olbni tlkim~ ~l oi }~b~inaj ?440 ” îp~ollc} Xa~`ly~ Olni} ” bfflxajh gl ~ì titbb~alj lg inymb~aljbf eb~iabf bjn a~} nitflqeij~~l Ifim~ljam _i}lymi Mij~i} xa~àjibm` mlyj~q& xìi ajnawanybf} mbjiwaix& }ifim~ bjn titbi ~ìa lxj

ollcfi~},~ip~ollc} gl ifim~ljam y}i l gl flmbf taj~ajh bjn olbni na}~aoy~alj*



20=


Yjawir}a~q l ]ly~ìrj Ryiij}fbjn

LtijMlyr}iXbri

ni}mrat~alj; ^ì Yjawi}a~q lg ]ly~ìj Ryiij}fbjn LtijMly}iXbi Y]R LMX! tlwani}bmmi}} ~l gii bjn ltij inymb~aljbf i}lymi} bml}} }iwibf na}matfaji} gl

}~ynij~} bjn ~ibmì} xlfnxani*

xio}a~i; `~~t;,,lmx*y}r*iny*by

famijmi y}in; Mib~awi Mleelj} B~~aoy~alj%Jljmleeimabf%]`biBfaci ?*9 By}~bfab

`~~t;,,mib~awimleelj}*lh,famij}i},oq%jm%}b,?*9,by

einab; îp~

flmb~alj; By}~bfab

Lwirwaix

^ì Yjawi}a~q lg ]ly~ìj Ryiij}fbjn‑}LtijMly}iXbi Y]R LMX! tlwani} bmmi}}~l gii bjn ltij inymb~aljbf i}lymi} LI_!

gl }~ynij~}& bmbnieam}& bjn aj~ii}~in ibni}

xlfnxani* Y]R LMX mlj~baj} }betfi mly}i}gle ibm` lg ~ì Yjawi}a~q‑} wi gbmyf~ai}&

~lhi~ì xa~` mly}i} gle a~} i~abq Titbb~aljTlhbe xxx*y}r*iny*by,f~}y,fibj}ytt,~tt!*Myij~fq& ~ì mly}i} lggiin ltijfq yjni

Mib~awi Mleelj} famij}ajh oq Y]R LMX bjhi

gle M]M?>4? Lokim~ Laij~in Tlhbeeajh aj

M## ~l ^LY244= Aj~lnym~alj ~l ^lya}e*

Y]R a} ~ì ljfq By}~bfabj eieoi lg

~ì LtijMly}iXbi Mlj}l~aye xxx*

lmxmlj}l~aye*lh!& bj aj~ijb~aljbf mlffbolb~alj

lg aj ipmi}} lg 244 àhì inymb~alj aj}~a~y~alj}

bjn b}}lmab~in lhbja}b~alj} ‐mib~ajh b olbnbjn niit olnq lg ltij inymb~aljbf mlj~ij~ y}ajh

b }`bin elnif‑ xxx*lmxmlj}l~aye*lh,ajnip*

t`t<lt~alj5mle\mlj~ij~'~b}c5waix'an529'A~iean5?1!*

B} nijin oq ~ì Mlj}l~aye& LtijMly}iXbia} b ‐ gii bjn ltij naha~bf tyofamb~alj lg àh`

rybfa~q inymb~aljbf eb~iabf}& lhbja{in b}

mly}i}*‑ Aj}~a~y~alj} tb~amatb~ajh aj LMX

Mlj}l~aye bm~awa~ai} ey}~ oi mleea~~in ~l

tyofa}àjh b~ fib}~ 24 mly}i} aj ~ìa jbei aj bgleb~ ~`b~ eii~} ~à} nija~alj*

^ì Yjawi}a~q lg ]ly~ìj Ryiij}fbjn xxx*

y}r*iny*by! a} b eyf~a%mbety} aj}~a~y~alj& xa~`

~ì ebaj mbety} flmb~in aj ^llxlleob 294cexi}~ lg Oa}obji!& b gy~ì mbety} b~ @bwiq Obq

=44ce jl~` lg Oa}obji!& bjn lji b~ ]tajhifn=4ce }ly~` lg Oa}obji!* B} }ym`& Y]R a}mfb}}ain b} b ihaljbf yjawi}a~q* A~} myij~ijlfeij~ }a~} b~ bttlpaeb~ifq ?7&444 }~ynij~}iryawbfij~ ~l 2?&244 IG^!* ^ìi ryb~i}

lg ~ì }~ynij~ olnq fibj} ~`lyh` na}~bjmielni* Xàf}~ tlwanajh bmmi}} ~l b }ifim~alj lg

a~} eb~iabf}& Y]R jl~i} ~`b~ a~ nli} jl~ hbj~mina~} l nihii}& bjn nli} jl~ tlwani bmmi}}

~l gbmyf~q eieoi} ~`lyh` ~ì LtijMly}iXbi

tlhbeei*

Famijmi Y}bhi

^ì Y]R LtijMly}iXbi tlkim~ ietflq} ~ìMib~awi Mleelj} B~~aoy~alj%Jljmleeimabf%

]`bi Bfaci ?*9 By}~bfab famijmi* ^ì famijmi a}bttfain ~l ~ij mly}i} ebni bwbafbofi b} tb~

lg Y]R‑} eieoi}àt lg ~ì LtijMly}iXbiMlj}l~aye& bofi ~l oi nlxjflbnin lj ~ì }a~i*

]~b~a}~am}

Bmmlnajh ~l Tlgi}}l Oaff Flwihlwi& }~b~a}~am}

}`lx ~`b~ gl ~ì tialn gle Lm~loi ?448 ~lEbm` ?440& ~ìi xii lwi ?7&444 wa}a~l} ~l



0>


mleelj}

~ì Y]R LMX }a~i* ^ì el}~ tltyfb mly}i xb} ~ì Lokim~ Laij~in

Tlhbeeajh aj M## `~~t;,,lmx*y}r*iny*by,mly}i,waix*t`t<an52=!& xa~`

}ahjambj~ jyeoi} lg wa}a~l} hlajh ~lMib~ajh Aj~ibm~awi Eyf~aeinab `~~t;,,lmx*y}r*iny*by,mly}i,waix*t`t<an529!

bjn Hijibf ]maijmi `~~t;,,lmx*y}r*iny*by,mly}i,waix*t`t<an524!*

^l nb~i& ~ìi bi jl }~b~a}~am} lj ~ì

iy}i l na}~aoy~alj lg ~ì mly}i}

xa~` bttltab~i bmcjlxfinheij~ l

lj xì~ì wa}a~l} ~l ~ì mly}i} `bwi

ijlffin b} }~ynij~} b~ Y]R b} b i}yf~lg bmmi}} ~l mly}i} lj ~ì LMX }a~i*

El~awb~alj}^ì Yjawi}a~q lg ]ly~ìjRyiij}fbjn }ii} a~} eieoi}àt lg

~ì LtijMly}iXbi Mlj}l~aye b}

ty~~ajh aj~l tbm~ami ~ìa }~b~in Ea}}alj;

~l ‐niwiflt& ijam` bjn }iwi S~ìaU

ihaljbf bjn hflobf mleeyja~ai}*‑ `~~t;,,lmx*y}r*iny*by,eln,i}lymi,waix*t`t<an522=!

Y]R Wami%M`bjmiffl Tlgi}}l OaffFlwihlwi }~ ìbn boly~ Mib~awi

Mleelj} ~`lyh` mlffibhyi}&

tlgi}}aljbf mlj~bm~} bjn b hijibf

cjlxfinhi lg niwiflteij~} aj ~ì ltij

inymb~aljbf i}lymi} LI_! }im~l* Aj

bj iebaf aj~iwaix xa~` ]~iwi Hi~àjh

gle Mib~awi Mleelj} By}~bfab aj

Btaf ?440& Tlgi}}l Flwihlwi xl~i;

‐Famij}ajh yjni LMFbfflxin y} ~l ebci bwbafbofi~l bjqlji x`l eah`~ oiaj~ii}~in aj ~ì tb~} lg ly mly}i} gl xàm` Y]R lxj}~ì aj~iffim~ybf tlti~q* ^ì B~~aoy~alj Jlj%Mleeimabf ]`bi Bfaci famijmi a} y}in

oq el}~ bmbnieam aj}~a~y~alj}xàm` ebci i}lymi}bwbafbofi wab b Mib~awiMleelj} famijmi b} ly lxji}àt a} bmcjlxfinhin bjn ly i}lymi} biebni bmmi}}aofi ~l bjqljibjqxìi*‑

Yjawi}a~q l ]ly~ìj Ryiij}fbjn‑} naim~lq l LtijMly}iXbi`lei tbhi





Mrib~awi Mleelj} a} faci `bwajh 244&444 rii tyofama~q lmir}*

” Ti~i Glfiq& bjaeb~lr

Mib~awi Mleelj} famijmi} bwi bn b }ahjambj~ aetbm~ xlfn%xani&

xa~` eaffalj} lg mib~l} lt~ajh ~l }`bi ~ìa mlj~ij~ xa~` ~ìa tii}*

]ajmi a~} ajmit~alj aj ?44?& ~ì Mib~awi Mleelj} aja~ab~awi `b}

}`lxj }~iffb hlx~`* Jyeily} mleeyja~ai} `bwi ieihin& aj}tain

bjn glyjnin lj ~ì MM famij}ajh }mìei& bjn ~ì imlhja~alj&

mlffbolb~alj& bjn mleeimabfa}b~alj lttl~yja~ai} a~ tlwani}*

^à} ollc a} ~ì }~ b~~iet~ ~l m`ljamfi ~ì ~bfi} lg ~ì By}~bfb}abj

mleelj}* Gib~yajh lwi 74 mb}i }~ynai}& a~ ebt} ~ì myij~ }~b~i

lg tfbq }ylyjnajh gii myf~yi aj ~ì ihalj* Gle tawb~i ajnawanybf}

~l fbhi mltlb~alj}& ~ì }~ynai} mfibfq }`lx ~ì eim`bja}e} bjn

el~awb~alj} ~l }`bi bjn iptiaeij~ xa~`ly~ ~ì i}~am~alj} lg ~ì

ti%naha~bf ib* Bml}} ~ì nlebaj} lg nielmb~am m`bjhi& feebcajh&

ey}am& wa}ybf b~}& faobai}& ey}iye}& hlwijeij~& inymb~alj bjni}ibm`& By}~bfb}abj mib~l} bi ebcajh ~ìa ebc* Xi ijmlybhi

qly ~l mlj~aoy~i qly }~lai} b~ ~ì Mib~awi Mleelj} mb}i }~ynai}

xaca; `~~t;,,xaca mib~awimleelj} lh,mb}i}~ynai}

BY]^_BFAB

oyafnajh bjby}~rbfab}abj

mleelj}

B klaj~ tlkim~ l

C

Date post:	05-Apr-2018
Category:	Documents
Upload:	netecol
View:	219 times
Download:	0 times

2008- CCau- Cobcroft, Rachel (ed)- Building an Australasian Commons Case Book

Documents