1 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela 2009 521114S Wireless Measurements 4,0 credits Esko Alasaarela, Dr Tech Docent University of Oulu Department of Electrical and Information Engineering Oulu, Finland 2 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela Course plan A. 25 hours lectures B. 10 hours seminars on temporary themes a) 1-2 student groups, 20 min presentation + discussion b) Themes will be given on lectures C. Material: Lecture slides + article copies + seminars D. Recommended to take course ‘Sensors and measurement methods’ first (There are many references in these slides to the lecture notes of that course) E. Exam a) 60-80 exam questions given in advance
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a 2009521114S Wireless Measurements
4,0 credits
Esko Alasaarela, Dr TechDocent
University of OuluDepartment of Electrical and Information Engineering
Oulu, Finland
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a) 1-2 student groups, 20 min presentation + discussionb) Themes will be given on lectures
C. Material: Lecture slides + article copies + seminarsD. Recommended to take course ‘Sensors and measurement
methods’ first (There are many references in these slides to the lecture notes of that course)
E. Exama) 60-80 exam questions given in advance
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Content of the courseA. IntroductionB. Basics of wireless measurement technologiesC. Wireless standards and sensor networks
• Wireless standard IEEE1451.5• Wireless sensor networks
D. Industrial applicationsE. Traffic and logistics applicationsF. Environmental applicationsG. Healthcare applications
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A. IntroductionA. Course description
a) Period 4b) Lectures and seminars 25+10 hoursc) Credits 4,0 unitsd) Lecturer: Docent Esko Alasaarelae) Objectives:
To acquire basic knowledge and understanding how to apply wireless technologies in measurement needs and, especially, in industrial, traffic, environmental and healthcare applications
f) Contents: Basics of wireless measurements and technologies, Wireless standards and networks, Industrial, traffic and logistics, environmental and healthcare applications
g) Implementation: Lectures, seminars and examh) Text book: No text book available, the lecture material will be
announced on lecturesB. Motivation
In future, everything can be measured and monitored via 6LowPAN –technology, which will bring sensors and actuators everywhere with individual IP-addresses.
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By the way …Even habits of animals can be monitored vie wireless sensors
An example of sensor nodes attached to cattle: (a) Accelerometer for movement(b) Magnetometer for orientation(c) GPS for location
Source: Tim Wark et al, “Transforming Agriculture through Pervasive Wireless Sensor Networks”, IEEE Pervasive Computing, April-June, 2007, p. 50-57
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SeminarsA. Contemporary themes
a) Will be given on lecturesb) Something interesting like the cattle monitoring
B. Materiala) At least 3 sourcesb) Journal and conference (e.g. IEEE) papers, company reports,
white papers etc.C. Report (in Finnish or in English)
a) Slide series of 10 – 20 slides (ppt and pdf)Introduction, Problem, Solution, Experiments, Discussion, Conclusion
b) Copies of source material (pdf if possible)D. Presentation
a) 20 minutes presentation per studentb) Everybody have to listen and discuss on 5 other students
presentation
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Seminar themes 2009A. Bluetooth in wireless measurement applicationsB. Zigbee in wireless measurement applicationsC. Comparison of Bluetooth and ZigbeeD. Wireless human health monitoringE. Location, location, location (traffic)F. Etc.
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B. Basics of wireless measurement technologiesA. Sensing principles and variables
a) Principles: Capacitive, inductive, resistive, electromagnetic, piezoelectric, pyroelectric, optical, electrochemical, etc.
b) Variables: Distance, angle, velocity, angular velocity, flow, acceleration, force, pressure, torsion, mass, density, temperature, luminance, moisture etc.
B. Performance of the sensorsa) Static, dynamic, environmental, electric, mechanical, chemical/biological etc.
C. Design parameters of wireless transducersa) Requirements for measurementb) Requirements for signal processingc) Engineering criteriad) Ambivalence of measurement
D. Phenomena which can be measured wirelesslya) Mechanical variables (displacement, location, movement, velocity, acceleration,
force, weigh, torsion, etc.), surface height etc.b) Temperature, pressure, liquid and gas flow, humidity and water content etc.c) Sound and noise, light and optical phenomena, nuclear phenomena etc.
E. Wireless technologiesa) Radio waves (RF, 2,4 GHz, Bluetooth, Zigbee, UWB)b) Other (infrared, ultrasound, optical)B
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impedance, output impedance, insulation resistance, breakdown voltage rating, gain instability, output, end points, ripple, harmonic content, noise, loading error
F. Mechanical propertiesa) Configuration, dimensions, mountings, connections, case material, materials in
contact with measured fluids, case sealing identificationG. Chemical/biological properties
a) Chemical tolerance, environmental tolerance, biocompatibility, toxicity, chemical stability
See Sensors and measurement methods p. 21 - 30B. B
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Design parameters of wireless sensing systemsA. Requirements for measuring
a) Why? Need to measureb) What? Variable or quantity to be measuredc) When? Timing, sampling and frequency needsd) Where? Mechanical (stability, vibration, shock) and assembling
(fixed or moving) needs and environmental (climate, chemical and biological) needs
e) How? Wired or wireless, range, resolution, accuracy, stability, reliability
B. Requirements for signal processinga) Wireless or wired? Channel capacity and transmission costsb) Analog or digital? Need to go digitalc) Local processing needs (e. g. Wireless sensor networks)d) Need to compensate systematic errorse) Automatic control of measuring parameters (range, resolution,
sampling etc.)
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Design parameters of wireless sensing systems cont.A. Engineering criteria
a) Standards, size, construction, user-friendliness, life-cycle, operating principle, output specs, fault tolerance etc.
b) Special for wireless: Energy source, energy consumption, size, robustness against changing environment, possibility to communicate by radio waves (or other means)
B. Ambivalence of measurementa) Incomplete information about the object, inadequate
mathematical model, measurement disturbs the objectb) Data handling problemsc) Non-ideal process, noise, sensitivity to disturbances from
environment etc.
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Phenomena which can be measured wirelesslyA. Phenomena which can be measured wirelessly
b) Surface heightc) Pressured) Liquid and gas flowe) Humidity and water contentf) Sound and noiseg) Temperatureh) Light and optical phenomenai) Nuclear phenomenaj) Bioelectric signalsk) Biomagnetic signals
See Sensors and measurement methods from page 36 -
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By the way …ht
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Wireless sensor components
http
://w
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Wireless sensors and technologiesA. Special properties of wireless
a) No galvanicb) Local energy sourcec) Freeness to moved) Reliability of the wireless linke) Small size is typicalf) Multiple networked sensors
B. Wireless communication by radio waves a) RF, 2,4 GHzb) RFIDc) WLANd) Bluetoothe) Zigbeef) UWB
C. Other communication meansa) Infraredb) Ultrasoundc) Optical
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Many technologies available now
SensorsRF-communication
NetworkingUser interfaces
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Alarm/call buttonsRFID and Bar Code readersMicrophonesCamerasKeyboardsGraphical touch sensitive
displays
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Standard andRegulatory Bodies
Source: Mark Chew et al, Wireless Networking Research Landscape, Opportunity Recognition, Spring 2003
A. Federal Communications Commission (FCC)a) Control spectrum allocation and use
B. Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE)a) Creates official standards for wireless protocolsb) International counterparts include ETSI (Europe) and MMAC
(Japan)C. Industry Groups
a) Bluetooth Consortium, ZigBee Alliance, WiFi Alliance, WiMediaAlliance (UWB Forum), Open Services Gateway Initiative
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Wireless Data Rate and Range
UWB/WiMedia
Sensor Nets
Sources: ZigBee Alliance, Overview, 2002, etc.B. B
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Data rate
10 kbps
100 kbps
1 Mbps
10 Mbps
100 Mbps
0 GHz 2 GHz1GHz 3 GHz 5 GHz4 GHz 6 GHz
802.11a
UWBZigBee
Bluetooth
ZigBee
802.11b
802.11g
3G
UWB
Source: Meixia (Melissa) Tao, Introduction to Wireless Communications and Recent Advanceshttp://www.umji.sjtu.edu.cn/B
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Range
1 m
10 m
100 m
1 km
10 km
0 GHz 2 GHz1GHz 3 GHz 5 GHz4 GHz 6 GHz
802.11a
UWBZigBee Bluetooth
ZigBee
802.11b,g
3G
UWB
Source: Meixia (Melissa) Tao, Introduction to Wireless Communications and Recent Advanceshttp://www.umji.sjtu.edu.cn/B
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Power dissipation
1 mW
10 mW
100 mW
1 W
10 W
0 GHz 2 GHz1GHz 3 GHz 5 GHz4 GHz 6 GHz
802.11a
UWB
UWBZigBee
BluetoothZigBee
802.11bg3G
Source: Meixia (Melissa) Tao, Introduction to Wireless Communications and Recent Advanceshttp://www.umji.sjtu.edu.cn/B
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Technical comparison
$7$20$12$9$5$3$2US$Price
40 sec40 sec2.5 min 2.5 min 12 min 2.2 hr 3.1 dayTimeTTGB
William Stallings, IEEE 802.11: Wireless LANs from a to n. IEEE, IT Pro September/October 2004, p. 32-37.B
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Bluetooth (802.15.1)
Tom Siep, IEEE 802.15.1 Tutorial, IEEE 802.15-01/046r1
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth
A. Operates in the 2.4 GHz band at a data rate of 720Kb/s.B. Uses Frequency Hopping (FH) spread spectrum, which divides the
frequency band into a number of channels (2.402 - 2.480 GHz yielding 79 channels).
C. Radio transceivers hop from one channel to another in a pseudo-random fashion, determined by the master.
D. Bluetooth power classes:a) Class 1, 100 mW (20 dBm) ~100 metersb) Class 2, 2.5 mW (4 dBm) ~10 metersc) Class 3, 1 mW (0 dBm) ~1 meter
E. Bluetooth profiles (> 60), for examplea) Advanced Audio Distribution Profile (A2DP)b) Audio/Video Remote Control Profile (AVRCP)c) Basic Imaging Profile (BIP)d) Basic Printing Profile (BPP)
F. Supports up to 8 devices in a piconet (1 master and 7 slaves)G. Piconets can combine to form scatternetsB
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Scatternet of Bluetooth piconets
A. 2+ Bluetooth units using same channel form piconet.
B. 2+ piconets connect to form scatternets.
C. Allows flexible forming of ad Hoc PANs
D. Inter-connecting nodes form gateways between 2 piconets
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Bluetooth architecture
Tom Siep, IEEE 802.15.1 Tutorial, IEEE 802.15-01/046r1
Application Framework and Support
Link Manager and L2CAP
Radio & Baseband
Host Controller Interface
RFBaseband
AudioLink Manager
L2CAP
Other TCS RFCOMM
Data
SDP
Applications
Cont
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Bluetooth protocol stack
Silicon
RFBaseband
Link Controller
Voic
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Link Manager
Host Control InterfaceL2CAP
TelephonyControlProtocol
Inte
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Hea
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Cor
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OBEX
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BluetoothStack Applications
vCar
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Fax ServiceDiscoveryProtocol
User Interface
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Bluetooth summary
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth
A. Bluetooth 2.0 (Publ. Nov 2004)a) Three times faster transmission speed—up to 10 times in certain cases
(up to 2.1 Mbit/s).b) Lower power consumption through a reduced duty cycle.c) Simplification of multi-link scenarios due to more available bandwidth.d) Further improved (bit error rate) performance.
B. Bluetooth 2.1 (Draft)C. Next version: Bluetooth Lisbon, improvements for example
a) Automatic encryption changeb) Enable audio and video data to be transmitted at a higher quality
D. Next to next Bluetooth Seattle (3.0)a) Adopt ultra-wideband (UWB) radio technologyb) Data transfers of up to 480 Mbit/s
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ZigBee (802.15.4)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zigbee
A. Operates in the 868 MHz in Europe, 915 MHz in the USA and 2.4 GHz in most jurisdictions worldwide
B. ZigBee 1.0 was ratified on Dec. 2004C. ZigBee is intended to be simpler and cheaper
than BluetoothD. Retail price (2006) of a Zigbee-compliant
transceiver is approaching $1, and the price for one radio, processor, memory package is about $3
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Characteristic of ZigBee
• Low Cost• Simple protocol, global implementation• Data rates of 250 kbps and 20 kbps• Star topology, peer to peer possible• 255 devices per network• Fully handshake protocol for transfer reliability• Low power (battery life multi-month to nearly infinite)• Dual PHY (2.4GHz and 868/915 MHz)• Extremely low duty-cycle (<0.1%)• Range: 10m nominal (1-100m based on settings)
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ZigBee stack and IEEE relationship
Source: ZigBee Alliance, Overview, 2002.
ZigBee stack systemrequirements• 8-bit mC, e.g. 80c51• Full protocol stack <32k• Simple node only stack ~4k• Coordinators require extra RAM– Node device database– Transaction table– Pairing table
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ZigBee channels
Source: ZigBee Alliance, Overview, 2002B. B
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ZigBee network topology
Source: ZigBee Alliance, Overview, 2002
Network coordinator• Transmits network beacons• Sets up a network• Manages network nodes• Stores network node information• Routes messages between paired nodes• Receives constantly
Network node• Is generally battery powered• Searches for available networks• Transfers data from its application as necessary• Determines whether data is pending• Requests data from the networkcoordinator• Can sleep for extended periods
Data flow types• Periodic data– Application defined rate (e.g. sensors)
• Intermittent data– Application/external stimulus defined rate (e.g. light switch)
• Repetitive low latency data– Allocation of time slots (e.g. mouse)B
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UWB Technology overviewA. Originally impulse radio technology in military applications (term UWB was
invented 1989)B. Ultrawideband definition: spectrum > 20 % of the center frequency or a
minimum 500 MHz at -10 dB levelC. FCC allocated in 2002 the band 3.1-10.6 GHz for UWB (additional band
exists for special applications)D. MBOA: MultiBand Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (MB-OFDM)
is the optimal technology for UWB and is proposed as defacto standardE. Principle of the MB-OFDM is presented below: three 500 MHz bands below
the 5.2 GHz WLAN frequency (to avoid interference)
MBOA: Ultrawideband: High-speed, short-range technology with far-reaching effects. MBOA-SIG White Paper, September 1, 2004.
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Potential UWB spectrum
Turi Aytur, WiMedia Technical Overview, Realtek Semiconductor, 2005
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Ultrawideband UWB (802.15.3a)
Source: Mark Chew et al, Wireless Networking Research Landscape, Opportunity Recognition, Spring 2003
ConventionalRadio
A.UWBB.Radio
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Regulated in the US since February 2002
UWB is available spectrum, not a specific technology
7,500MHz of unlicensed spectrum
First regulation ever that allows spectrum sharing: low emission limit (-41.3dBm/MHz EIRP) doesn’t cause harmful interference
Transmitters need to occupy at least 500MHz all the time
UWB devices are NOT defined as impulse radios or by any specific modulation
Enough spectrum to reach much higher data rates than in the ISM band (83.5MHz at 2.4GHz) or the U-NII bands (300MHz at 5GHz)
Optimized for short-distances applications
FCC regulations
Ultra-Wideband (UWB) at a Glance
B. B
asic
s of
wire
less
mea
sure
men
t tec
hnol
ogie
s
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Potential of UWB
Source: Mark Chew et al, Wireless Networking Research Landscape, Opportunity Recognition, Spring 2003
A. What is UWB good for?a) Location Resolutionb) High data-rate applications, b/c of high bandwidth (3 – 10 GHz)c) Can be predominantly digital – will improve with technology
B. What are disadvantages of UWB?a) Can only transmit short-distancesb) Requires complex hardware for the receiver
C. Potential Productsa) Streaming video (high bandwidth)b) Replacement for monitor cable; wireless USBc) Positioning: tracking an important person or object through a
building or campusd) Maybe even seeing through walls
B. B
asic
s of
wire
less
mea
sure
men
t tec
hnol
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s
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Benefits of UWBA. Precise tracking in the same device with the data transferB. Small power consumptionC. Don’t disturb other rf-devicesD. Can be used in noisy environmentE. Small sizeF. Low costG. Coming a standard
B. B
asic
s of
wire
less
mea
sure
men
t tec
hnol
ogie
s
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C. Wireless standards and sensor networks
A. Smart transducer standard family IEEE1451a) Wireless standard IEEE1451.5b) Cases
B. Wireless sensor networksa) Basic principlesb) Information technology approachc) Architectures and protocolsd) Componentse) Applications
C. W
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Smart transducersEu
gene
Y. S
ong
and
Kang
Lee
, Und
erst
andi
ng IE
EE 1
451—
Net
wor
ked
Smar
t Tra
nsdu
cer
Inte
rface
Sta
ndar
d. IE
EE
Inst
rum
enta
tion
& M
easu
rem
ent M
agaz
ine,
Apr
il 20
08, p
p. 1
1-17
.
A. What is a transducer?a) A transducer is a device that converts energy from one
form into another. b) The transducer may either be a sensor or an actuator. A
sensor is a transducer that generates an electrical signal proportional to a physical, biological, or chemical parameter.
B. What is a smart transducer? a) A smart transducer is the integration of an analog or digital
sensor or actuator element, a processing unit, and a communication interface.
b) A smart transducer comprises a hardware or software device consisting of a small, compact unit containing
a sensor or actuator element, a microcontroller, a communication controller and the associated software for signal conditioning, calibration, diagnostics, and communication.
C. W
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IEEE1451 smart transducers
Euge
ne Y
. Son
g an
d Ka
ng L
ee, U
nder
stan
ding
IEEE
145
1—N
etw
orke
d Sm
art T
rans
duce
r In
terfa
ce S
tand
ard.
IEE
E In
stru
men
tatio
n &
Mea
sure
men
t Mag
azin
e, A
pril
2008
, pp.
11-
17.
A. IEEE 1451 smart transducers would have capabilities for a) self-identification, self-description, self-diagnosis, self-calibration,
location-awareness, time-awareness, data processing, reasoning, data fusion, alert notification (report signal), standard-based data formats, and communication protocols.
B. The difference of IEEE 1451 is the addition of a) the Transducer Electronic Data Sheets (TEDS) and b) the partition of the system into two major components—
a Network Capable Application Processor (NCAP), Transducer Interface Module (TIM), and a transducer independent interface (TII) between the NCAP and TIM.
c) The NCAP, a network node, performs application processing and network communication function,
d) The TIM consists of a transducer signal conditioning and data conversion and a number of sensors and actuators, with a combination of up to 255 devices.C
. Wire
less
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ndar
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nd s
enso
r net
wor
ks
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IEEE1451 block diagramThe system is built around the NCAP, which manages the TIMs and processes data to be used by the application. When an NCAP is initialized, it searches its interfaces for TIMs and claims the ones it finds. It then transfers a copy of each TIM’s TEDS database to a cache area within the NCAP. When a TIM is asked for a reading, it will acquire the data and generally return it in fundamental A/D counts. The NCAP will then apply the correction data found in the TEDS and convert it to calibrated SI data. The data is then transferred over the external network using HTTP protocol and XML.
Dar
old
Wob
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etw
orke
d Se
nsor
Mon
itorin
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sing
the
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vers
al IE
EE 1
451
Stan
dard
. IE
EE
Inst
rum
enta
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& M
easu
rem
ent M
agaz
ine,
Apr
il 20
08, p
p. 1
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TEDS - Transducer Electronic DataSheetsEu
gene
Y. S
ong
and
Kang
Lee
, Und
erst
andi
ng IE
EE 1
451—
Net
wor
ked
Smar
t Tra
nsdu
cer
Inte
rface
Sta
ndar
d. IE
EE
Inst
rum
enta
tion
& M
easu
rem
ent M
agaz
ine,
Apr
il 20
08, p
p. 1
1-17
.
A. The standardized TEDS attached to the transducer is like an identification card carried by a person.
B. It stores manufacture-related information for the transducer(s), such as a) manufacturer identification, measurement range, accuracy, and calibration
data, (similar to the information contained in the transducer data sheets normally provided by the manufacturer)
C. The TEDS could be stored a) in electrically erasable programmable ROM if the contents never change, or b) the changeable portions of the TEDS could be in the RAM of the TIM.
D. The mandatory TEDS are a) Meta TEDS,b) Transducer Channel TEDS,c) PHYTEDS, andd) User’s transducer name TEDS.
E. Some of the optional TEDS area) Calibration TEDS,b) Frequency Response TEDS,c) Transfer Function TEDS,d) Text based TEDS, e) End user application specific TEDS, andf) Manufacturer-defined TEDS.C
. Wire
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r net
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IEEE1451 smart transducer standard family
Euge
ne Y
. Son
g an
d Ka
ng L
ee, U
nder
stan
ding
IEEE
145
1—N
etw
orke
d Sm
art T
rans
duce
r In
terfa
ce S
tand
ard.
IEE
E In
stru
men
tatio
n &
Mea
sure
men
t Mag
azin
e, A
pril
2008
, pp.
11-
17.
A. IEEE1451 a family of Smart Transducer Interface Standardsa) defines a set of open, common, network-independent
communication interfaces for connecting transducers (sensors or actuators) to microprocessors, instrumentation systems, and control/field networks.
b) provides a set of protocols for wired and wireless distributed monitoring and control applications.
B. In the family the IEEE 1451.0 standard defines a common set of commands for accessing sensors and actuators connected in various physical configurations, such as point-to-point, distributed multi-drop, and wireless configurations, to fulfill various application needs.
C. W
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IEEE1451.0 standardEu
gene
Y. S
ong
and
Kang
Lee
, Und
erst
andi
ng IE
EE 1
451—
Net
wor
ked
Smar
t Tra
nsdu
cer
Inte
rface
Sta
ndar
d. IE
EE
Inst
rum
enta
tion
& M
easu
rem
ent M
agaz
ine,
Apr
il 20
08, p
p. 1
1-17
.
A. The IEEE 1451.0 standard defines a set of common functionality, commands, and TEDS.a) This functionality will be independent of the physical
communications media (1451.X) between the transducer and NCAP.
b) It includes the basic functions to read and write to the transducers, to read and write TEDS, and to send configuration, control, and operation commands to the TIM.
c) This makes it easy to add other proposed IEEE 1451.X physical layers to the family.
B. IEEE 1451.0 helps achieve data-level interoperability for the IEEE 1451 family when multiple wired and wireless sensor networks are connected together.C
. Wire
less
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ndar
ds a
nd s
enso
r net
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IEEE1451.1 standard
Euge
ne Y
. Son
g an
d Ka
ng L
ee, U
nder
stan
ding
IEEE
145
1—N
etw
orke
d Sm
art T
rans
duce
r In
terfa
ce S
tand
ard.
IEE
E In
stru
men
tatio
n &
Mea
sure
men
t Mag
azin
e, A
pril
2008
, pp.
11-
17.
A. The IEEE 1451.1 standard defines a common object model and interface specification for the components of a networked smart transducer.
B. The IEEE 1451.1 software architecture is defined by three models:a) A data model specifies the type and form of information
communicated across the IEEE 1451.1 specified object interfaces for both local and remote communications;
b) An object model specifies the software component types used to design and implement application systems. Basically the object model provides software building blocks for the application systems; and
c) Two communication models define the syntax and the semantics of the software interfaces between a communication network and the application objects.
C. The IEEE 1451.1 standard is applicable to distributed measurement and control applications. It mainly focuses on the communications between NCAPs and between NCAPs and other nodes in the system.C
. Wire
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IEEE1451.2-4 standardsEu
gene
Y. S
ong
and
Kang
Lee
, Und
erst
andi
ng IE
EE 1
451—
Net
wor
ked
Smar
t Tra
nsdu
cer
Inte
rface
Sta
ndar
d. IE
EE
Inst
rum
enta
tion
& M
easu
rem
ent M
agaz
ine,
Apr
il 20
08, p
p. 1
1-17
.
A. The IEEE 1451.2 standarda) defines a transducers-to-NCAP interface and TEDS for point-to-point
configurations. b) This standard is being revised to support two popular serial interfaces: UART
and Universal Serial Interface (USB).B. The IEEE 1451.3 standard
a) defines a transducer-to-NCAP interface and TEDS using a multi-drop communication protocol.
b) allows transducers to be arrayed as nodes, on a multi-drop transducer network, sharing a common pair of wires.
C. The IEEE 1451.4 standard a) defines a mixed-mode interface for analog transducers with analog and
digital operating modes.b) It means that a TEDS was added to a traditional two-wire, constant current
excited sensor containing a FET amplifier. Additional TEDS were defined for other sensor types as well, such as microphones and accelerometers.
c) IEEE 1451.4 mainly focuses on adding the TEDS feature to legacy analog sensors.
Upon power up, the TEDS of a transducer is sent to an instrumentation system via a one-wire digital interface. Then the interface is switched into analog operation and the same interface is used to carry the analog signals from the transducer to the instrumentation system.
C. W
irele
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Point-to-point exampleA. Physical layer (Dot x) is the RS232 serial link, which is a point-to-point
local connection, described in the IEEE 1451.2 standard, that is being revised/expanded to include various serial buses (RS232, RS458, SPI, I2C).
B. The TIM has a temperature sensor and photodiode (sensors) as well as a relay (actuator). The NCAP is connected to the Internet via Ethernet.
C. Data are requested by an Internet browser using IEEE 1451.0 (Dot 0) format encoded in HTTP (TCP/IP). The data are converted to serial (RS232) format and sent to the TIM, where the sensor reading is taken and the resulting data in Dot 0 format are returned.
D. Any smart sensor with an RS232 interface can be converted to an IEEE 1451–compatible state by adding the TEDS file, transmitting the sensor data in the proper format, and responding to the required IEEE 1451 commands.
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old
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scha
ll, N
etw
orke
d Se
nsor
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itorin
g U
sing
the
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vers
al IE
EE 1
451
Stan
dard
. IE
EE
Inst
rum
enta
tion
& M
easu
rem
ent M
agaz
ine,
Apr
il 20
08, p
p. 1
8-22
.
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IEEE1451.5 standardEu
gene
Y. S
ong
and
Kang
Lee
, Und
erst
andi
ng IE
EE 1
451—
Net
wor
ked
Smar
t Tra
nsdu
cer
Inte
rface
Sta
ndar
d. IE
EE
Inst
rum
enta
tion
& M
easu
rem
ent M
agaz
ine,
Apr
il 20
08, p
p. 1
1-17
.
A. The IEEE 1451.5 standard a) defines a transducer-to-NCAP interface and TEDS for wireless
transducers. b) specifies radio-specific protocols for achieving this wireless
interface. B. The IEEE 1451.5 standard serves wireless standards such as
802.11 (WiFi), 802.15.1 Bluetooth), 802.15.4 (ZigBee), and 6LowPAN
C. The architecture of the IEEE 1451.5 wireless sensor network. a) The NCAP
contains one or more wireless radios (802.11, Bluetooth, and ZigBee) and can wirelessly talk to one or more Wireless Transducer InterfaceModule (WTIM) using different wireless protocols, and may also be connected to an external network.
b) Each WTIM contains one wireless radio (802.11, Bluetooth, or ZigBee), signal conditioning, A/D and/or digital-to-analog conversion, and the transducers.
C. W
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IEEE1451.5 architecture
Euge
ne Y
. Son
g an
d Ka
ng L
ee, U
nder
stan
ding
IEEE
145
1—N
etw
orke
d Sm
art T
rans
duce
r In
terfa
ce S
tand
ard.
IEE
E In
stru
men
tatio
n &
Mea
sure
men
t Mag
azin
e, A
pril
2008
, pp.
11-
17.
C. W
irele
ss s
tand
ards
and
sen
sor n
etw
orks
60
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Functional context for the radio sub-specifications for IEEE 1451.5 services
IEEE
Std
145
1.5-
2007
IEEE
Sta
ndar
d fo
r a S
mar
t Tra
nsdu
cer I
nter
face
for S
enso
rs a
nd A
ctua
tors
—
Wire
less
Com
mun
icat
ion
Prot
ocol
s an
d Tr
ansd
ucer
Ele
ctro
nic
Dat
a Sh
eet (
TED
S) F
orm
ats
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Point-to-point wireless exampleA. A relatively simple wireless sensor can be constructed using a WiFi
(IEEE 802.11b) interface. a) It is particularly suitable for applications in which the relatively high power
requirements of this interface are not of concern. B. The IEEE 1451.5 standard describes the commands in detail.
a) Another example is Bluetooth, which is especially well suited for short-range applications near a Bluetooth node with access to a cell phone or the Internet.
b) For short-range, battery-powered applications, low-power wireless star or mesh networks are more appropriate.
C. These can be most easily implemented on modules that have a serial port.a) The wireless sensor (Figure down) is an extension of the serial point-to-point
method shown in the previous slide, but with a wireless transceiver replacing the RS232 interface. Data transmitted via the Internet are the same (Dot 0).
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old
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orke
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. IE
EE
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rum
enta
tion
& M
easu
rem
ent M
agaz
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Apr
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ZigBee exampleA. The primary network
protocol is specified under the wireless network specification, and the Dot 5 just adds the reformatting, so that all responses conform to common sensor commands and protocols (Dot 0).
B. A prototype Dot 5 TIM can be made by reprogramming a wireless manufacturer’s evaluation module with the addition of a temperature sensor.
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old
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ll, N
etw
orke
d Se
nsor
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itorin
g U
sing
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vers
al IE
EE 1
451
Stan
dard
. IE
EE
Inst
rum
enta
tion
& M
easu
rem
ent M
agaz
ine,
Apr
il 20
08, p
p. 1
8-22
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aA. The IEEE P1451.6 standard
a) defines a transducer-to-NCAP interface and TEDS using the high-speed CANopen network interface
b) supports both intrinsically safe and non–intrinsically safe applications
c) defines a mapping of the 1451 TEDS to the CANopen dictionary entries, communication messages, process data, a configuration parameter, anddiagnostic information
d) adopts the CANopen device profile for measuring devices and closed-loop controllers.
B. The IEEE P1451.7 standard a) defines an interface and communication protocol between
transducers and RFID systemsb) opens new opportunities for sensor and RFID system
manufacturers by providing sensor information in supply-chain reporting, such as identifying products and tracking of their condition, the standard
IEEE1451.6-7 standards
Euge
ne Y
. Son
g an
d Ka
ng L
ee, U
nder
stan
ding
IEEE
145
1—N
etw
orke
d Sm
art T
rans
duce
r In
terfa
ce S
tand
ard.
IEE
E In
stru
men
tatio
n &
Mea
sure
men
t Mag
azin
e, A
pril
2008
, pp.
11-
17.
C. W
irele
ss s
tand
ards
and
sen
sor n
etw
orks
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a
National Sensor NetworksA. IEEE1451 standard family facilitates the implementation of
a nationwide sensor network, which is especially important for monitoring applications.
B. IEEE 1451 standard is as a basic sensor format standardfor various network protocols used on the Internet.
C. A key feature of the IEEE 1451.0 standard: a) The data (and meta-data or TEDS) of all transducers are
communicated on the Internet with the same format, independent of the sensor physical layer (wired or wireless), as shown in the next slide.
Any sensor throughout the nation (or world) could be accessed via the Internet. A software gateway provides the translation from Dot 0 to other standards, such as Transducer Markup Language.
D. Most Internet-based sensor networks utilize the convenient, but verbose, XML format rather than the more concise binary or text-based IEEE 1451 base.
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orke
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dard
. IE
EE
Inst
rum
enta
tion
& M
easu
rem
ent M
agaz
ine,
Apr
il 20
08, p
p. 1
8-22
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National Sensor Networks
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dard
. IE
EE
Inst
rum
enta
tion
& M
easu
rem
ent M
agaz
ine,
Apr
il 20
08, p
p. 1
8-22
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Benefits from IEEE1451Eu
gene
Y. S
ong
and
Kang
Lee
, Und
erst
andi
ng IE
EE 1
451—
Net
wor
ked
Smar
t Tra
nsdu
cer
Inte
rface
Sta
ndar
d. IE
EE
Inst
rum
enta
tion
& M
easu
rem
ent M
agaz
ine,
Apr
il 20
08, p
p. 1
1-17
.
A. The IEEE 1451 TEDS contain manufacturer-related information about the sensor, such as
manufacturer name, sensor types, serial number, and calibration data and standardized data formats for the TEDS.
B. The TEDS provide many benefits, as follows:a) They enable self-identification of sensors or actuators:
A sensor or actuator equipped with the IEEE 1451 TEDS can identify and describe itself to the host or network by sending the TEDS information.
b) They provide long-term self-documentation: The TEDS in the sensor can be updated and store information, such as the location of the sensor, recalibration date, repair records, and many maintenance-related data.
c) They reduce human error: Automatic transfer of the TEDS data to the network or system eliminates the entering of sensor parameters by hand, which could induce errors.
d) They ease field installation, upgrade, and maintenance of sensors: This helps to reduce the total–life cycle costs of sensor systems, because anyone can perform these tasks by simple “plug and play” of sensors.
e) They provide plug-and-play capability: A TIM and NCAP that are built based on the IEEE 1451 standard are able to be connected with a standardized physical communications media and are able to operate without any change to the system software.
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aA. There is no need for different drivers,
profiles, or other software changes in order to provide basic operations of the transducers.
B. Plug-and-play capability of IEEE 1451 sensor modules can be described as follows:a) TIMs from different sensor manufacturers can “plug and play”
with NCAPs from a particular sensor network supplier through the same communication module.
b) TIMs from a sensor manufacturer can “plug and play” with NCAPs supplied by different sensor or field network vendorsthrough the same IEEE 1451 communication module.
c) TIMs from different sensor manufacturers can be interoperable with NCAPs from different field network suppliers through the same IEEE 1451 communication module.
d) NCAPs can “plug and play” with a wide variety of TIMs through a standard 1451.x interface. One NCAP can support a wide variety of sensors or actuators.
Benefits from plug-and-play
Euge
ne Y
. Son
g an
d Ka
ng L
ee, U
nder
stan
ding
IEEE
145
1—N
etw
orke
d Sm
art T
rans
duce
r In
terfa
ce S
tand
ard.
IEE
E In
stru
men
tatio
n &
Mea
sure
men
t Mag
azin
e, A
pril
2008
, pp.
11-
17.
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Application scenarios of the IEEE1451Eu
gene
Y. S
ong
and
Kang
Lee
, Und
erst
andi
ng IE
EE 1
451—
Net
wor
ked
Smar
t Tra
nsdu
cer
Inte
rface
Sta
ndar
d. IE
EE
Inst
rum
enta
tion
& M
easu
rem
ent M
agaz
ine,
Apr
il 20
08, p
p. 1
1-17
.
A. Remote Monitoring and Actuating: a) When a NCAP is connected to a TIM equipped with sensors, the
physical parameters being measured can be remotely monitored through the NCAP, which can send the resulting sensor data to the network or the Internet. Any monitoring station connected to thenetwork or Internet can monitor the parameters.
b) Remote actuating occurs when the NCAP is connected to a TIM consisting of actuators.
B. Distributed Measurement and Control: a) This occurs when a TIM with both sensor and actuator types is
connected to a NCAP in a network. The TIM can perform local measurement and control functions as directed by an NCAP anywhere in the network or Internet.
C. Collaborative Measurement and Control: a) In this scenario, two or more NCAPs, each connected to a sensor
TIM and an actuator TIM, communicate with one another to perform remote measurements and to control operations collaboratively.
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a
Wireless sensor networksA. In this chapter we deal with
a) basic ideas of wireless sensor networks,
b) their constraints and challenges, c) advantages, d) collaborative processinge) applications andf) definitions of some terms and
concepts.B. WSN Change in our way to live,
work and interact with the physical environmenta) In future tiny, dirt-cheap sensors may
be sprayed onto roads, walls, or machines, creating a digital skin that senses a variety of physical phenomena of interest F.
Zha
o &
L. G
uiba
s, W
irele
ss S
enso
r Net
wor
ks: A
n In
form
atio
n Pr
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sing
App
roac
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A schematic example
www.alicosystems.com/wireless%20sensor.htm
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Practical example
www.ece.ncsu.edu/wireless/wsn.html
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Advantages of sensor networksA. Networked sensing offers unique advantages over traditional
centralized approachesa) increased energy efficiency due to multi-hop technology
Psend is comparapble to rα Preceive, where r is the transmission distance and α is the RF attenuation exponent (typically 2 to 5)the power advantage = Nα-1
this ignores the power needed in the other components of the RF-circuitryIn practice the optimal design seeks to balance between two conflicting factors: overall cost and energy efficiency.
b) Detection advantage due to improved signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) by reducing average distances from sensor to signal source,
Each sensor has limited sensing range, determined by the noise floor at the sensorIncreasing the sensor density decreases the average distance from a sensor to the signal source and improves the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)
c) additional relevant information from other sensors can be aggregated during multi-hopping
d) improved robustness against individual sensor node or link failures (inherently due to redundancy)
e) improved scalability (decentralized algorithms practically the only way to achieve the large scales needed for some applications)
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The power advantage of using a multihop RF communication over a distance of Nr.
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C. W
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Collaborative processingA. Sensor network systems are needed to
a) process data cooperatively andb) combine information from multiple sources
B. In traditional centralized networksa) data is relayed from sensors to edges of the network to be processed
which depletes precious bandwidthC. In wireless (or partially wired) sensor networks
a) if data is transferred from every sensor node to some other the wireless capacity of per node throughput scales as 1/√N
b) i.e. as the number of nodes increase, throughput goes to zero, and the nodes spent all of their time forwarding data packages to other nodes.
D. In a sensor network context, a) the data coming from overlapping sensing areas is usually correlated
the data can be processed locally to remove redundancy before shipping to a remote node
b) Nodes can also be more selectivec) Collaborative signal and information processing CSIP
embedded sensors participate in the information processing
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A tracking scenarioA. The activities during tracking process (next slide):
a) Discovery: Node a detects X and initializes trackingb) Query processing: A user query Q enters the network and is
routed toward regions of interest (region around node a) (also long-running queries are possible)
c) Collaborative processing: Node a estimates the target location, possibly with help from neighboring nodes. The position estimation may be done by triangulation, a least-squares computation, or Bayesian estimation method.
d) Communication: As target X moves, node a may hand off an initial estimate of the target location to node b, b to c and soon. A key problem is the selection of the next node.
e) Reporting: Node d or f may summarize track data and send it back to the querying node.
B. Handling multiple tasks in order to track two targets simultaneously (data association problem arises)
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A tracking scenario with two moving targets, X and Y
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Fundamental information processing issues in tracking scenarioA. In distributed information discovery, representation,
communication, storage, and queryinga) In collaborative processing
the issues of target detection, localization, tracking, and sensor tasking and control.
b) In networking,the issues of data naming, aggregation, and routing.
c) In databasesthe issues of data abstraction and query optimization.
d) In human-computer interface,the issues of data browsing, search and visualization.
e) In infrastructure services, the issues of network initialization and discovery, time and location services, fault management, and security.
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Tracking sensorsA. Tracking sensors
a) microphones, b) imaging, motion, infrared, magnetic sensorsc) integrated low-cost imagers or camerasd) video cameras
B. Sensor may be characterized bya) cost, size, sensitivity, resolution, response time, energy usage,
and ease of calibration and installationb) utility of a sensor versus cost of processing the data
only local data or data from a number of sensors
C. Two examples of sensors for tracking applicationa) Acoustic amplitude sensors (for example a microphone)b) Direction-of-arrival (DOA) sensors (microphone-array)
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Principle of DOA sensorsbased on coherent signals
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Networking sensorsA. Next we deal with networking itself as
a) routing algorithms, load balancing and energy awareness as well as publish-and-subscribe schemes, etc.
b) Networking provides essentially functionality in sensor networks and also integrates with application level processing
B. Networking allows sensor nodes to be placed geographically distributed near the signal sources.a) Effective inter-node communication is essential
for data collection and aggregation from sensor nodesfor time synchronization and node localizationfor sensor tasking and control, etc.
b) On the other hand, radio communication is most expensive operation and must be spared and used only when needed
c) Typically deployed in an ad hoc manner; unstable links, node failures, network disconnections are all realities.
C. IEEE802.15.4 defines both the physical and MAC-layer protocols for most remote monitoring and control and sensor network applications
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Transceiver Processor SensorsLED
0
5
10
15
20
25
Energy consumption (mW)
Tran
smit
Rec
eive
Sle
ep
5 M
Hz
1 M
Hz
Stan
dby
LED
Com
pass
Acce
lero
met
er
Ligh
t
[Hoesel:2004]
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Strategies for routing in dynamically changing sensor networksA. The frequency of topology updates to distant parts of the network
can be reduced (fisheye state routing)B. Reactive protocols can be used instead, constructing paths on
demand onlya) Dynamic source routing (DSR)b) Ad hoc on demand distance vector routing (AODV)
C. Local stateless algorithms that do not require a node to know much more beyond its immediate neighbors
D. Geographic routinga) Delivering data packets to nodes based on their geographical location.
The challenge is to find a path which is both time- and energy-efficient.b) The assumptions
All nodes know their geographic locationEach node knows its immediate one-hop neighborsThe routing destination is specified either as a node with a given location or as a geographic regionEach packet can hold a bounded amount of additional routing information, to help record where it has been in the network.
E. Attribute-based routinga) node’s location, type of sensors, b) a certain range of values in a certain type of sensed data
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Unicast geographic routing
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A. Locally optimal strategiesa) Greedy distance routing
Among the neighbors, pick the one closest to destinationb) Compass routing
Among the neighbors pick the one that minimizes the angle to thedestination
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Energy-minimizing broadcastF.
Zha
o &
L. G
uiba
s, W
irele
ss S
enso
r Net
wor
ks: A
n In
form
atio
n Pr
oces
sing
App
roac
h.
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A. Energy-awareness in communication
B. Two aspectsa) Multihop communication can
be more efficient than direct transmission
b) When a node transmits, all other nodes within range can hear
C. Source s will send a packet both to nodes v1 and v2. a) Is it better to send straight to v2
when v1 gets it at the same, or is it better to send it first to v1which sends it further to v2 ?
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Infrastructure establishmentA. Next we survey some common techniques used to establish
well-working wireless sensor networksa) topology controlb) clusteringc) time synchronizationd) localization for the network nodese) implementing of location services
B. Establishing the necessary infrastructure for WSN meansa) Each node must discover which other nodes it can talk withb) The radio power of each node has to be set appropriatelyc) Nodes near one another may be organized into clusters to
avoid sensing redundancy, and improve use of radio frequencies
d) Nodes must be placed in a common temporal and spatial framework
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Time synchronization in WSNsA. Timing problem
a) Nodes operate independently their clocks are not synchronized with one another.
b) How are time-dependent operations carried out?Moving car we have to be able to compare the detection timesIn node localization, synchronization is needed to time-of-flight measurementsConfiguring a beam-forming array or setting a TDMA radio schedule needs a common time frame, etc.
c) The wired world time synchronization (NTP) does not workd) We may be satisfied with local (as opposed to global)
synchronizationOften only time ordering of event detections matters and not theabsolute time values.
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Ranging techniquesA. Estimating the distance from a transmitter to a receiverB. Received signal strength (RSS) method
a) Using the signal attenuation law as a function of distance, the distance can be estimated
b) Not very accurate, because of fading, shadowing and multipath effects
C. Time of arrival (TOA) method (RF, and ultrasound signals)a) Requires synchronization between senders and receivers
D. Time difference of arrival (TDOA) at two receivers difference in distances between the two receivers and the sendera) Sensitive to variations in signal velocityb) Localization possible (locally) within few centimeters accuracy
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Range based localization algorithmsA. Localization of nodes with
reference to nearby landmarks
B. Using trigonometryC. TOA time of arrival with
synchronized nodes
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& L
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Range based localization algorithms
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A. Iterative method to localize more and more nodes
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Sensor tasking and controlA. To efficiently and optimally utilize scarce resources in
sensor networks, nodes must be carefully tasked and controlled.a) For example,
a camera sensor may be tasked to look for animals of a particular size and coloran acoustic sensor may be tasked to detect the presence of a particular type of vehicle.
b) Sensor tasking and control have to be carried out in a distributed fashion, using local information available to each sensor.
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Roles of sensor nodes and sensor tasking
A. Example of monitoring toxicity levels in an area around a chemical plant
tasked to monitor the maximum toxicity levels in the region
B. Sensors may take on different roles such as sensing (S), routing (R), sensing and routing (SR), or being idle (I), depending on tasks and resources
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A. Utility and cost trade-off: As the number of participating nodes increases, the returns on new nodes decreases
F. Z
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& L
. Gui
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Utility versus cost
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C. W
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Sensor database challengesA. Special properties of sensor networks
a) Each sensor in a sensor network takes time-stamped measurements of physical phenomena (heat, sound, light, pressure, motion etc.)
b) Signal processing modules on a sensor may produce more abstract representations of the same data such as detection, classification, or tracking outputs.
c) In addition, sensors contain description of their characteristics(location, type of the sensor, etc.)
B. Implementing such a database isa) to store the data within the network itself and allow queries to
be injected anywhere in the networkb) to consider all the data the system might possibly acquire as a
large virtual database, distinct from the data the system has actually sensed and/or stored
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C. W
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Benefit of in-network aggregation
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C. W
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Query propagation and aggregationA. Query propagation (or distribution)
a) By applying an efficient routing structure (a routing tree)A query may be propagated using broadcast mechanism (flooding the network)A query may be multicast to reach only those nodes that may contribute the query (e.g., in a certain geographical area only)
B. Data aggregation (or collection)a) Utilizing the same routing structureb) Many questions arise:
Which aggregates can be computed piecewise and then combined incrementally?How should the activities of listening, processing, and transmitting be scheduled to minimize the communication overhead and reduce latency?How does the aggregation adapt to changing network structure and lossy communication?
C. A key challenge is the design of an optimal in-network data aggregation schedule that is energy- and time-efficient.
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Sensor network platforms and toolsA. Next we study
a) a few sensor node hardware platformsb) the challenges of sensor network programmingc) TinyOS for Berkeley motesd) two types of node-centric programming interfaces
an imperative language nesCa dataflow-style language TinyGALS
e) node-level simulators such as TOSSIMB. A real-world sensor network application has to incorporate
capabilities fora) sensing and estimation, networking, infrastructure services,
sensor tasking, and data storage and queryb) constrained by energy, bandwidth, computation, storage and
real-time limitations.
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Wireless Sensor Nodes (MOTES)
http://faculty.cua.edu/elsharkawy/WSN-MNG.htm
C. W
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Ack: Jason Hill, UC Berkeley
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Design Lineage of Motes
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http://www.sentilla.com/
http://www.zen-sys.com http://www.btnode.ethz.ch
http://www.accsense.com http://www.sensicast.com
http://www.xbow.com http://www.dustnetworks.com
Commercial products
http://www.sensinode.com/
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D. I
ndus
trial
app
licat
ions
WirelessHart – industrial standard
http
://w
ww
.har
tcom
m2.
org/
hart_
prot
ocol
/wire
less
_har
t/wire
less
_har
t_m
ain.
htm
lWirelessHART™ is the first open wireless communication standard specifically designed to address the needs of the process industry for simple, reliable and secure wireless communication in real world industrial plant applications. The HCF Board of Directors authorized release of this new standard on September 7, 2007 and certified products will be available starting in Q2 2008.
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What is WirelessHart?ht
tp://
ww
w.h
artc
omm
2.or
g/ha
rt_pr
otoc
ol/w
irele
ss_h
art/w
irele
ss_h
art_
mai
n.ht
mlEach WirelessHART network
include three main elements:
A. Wireless field devices connected to process or plant equipment.
B. Gateways that enable communication between these devices and host applications connected to a high-speed backbone or other existing plant communications network.
C. A Network Manager responsible for configuring the network, scheduling communications between devices, managing message routes, and monitoring network health. The Network Manager can be integrated into the gateway, host application, or process automation controller.
WirelessHART is a wireless mesh network communications protocol for process automation applications. It adds wireless capabilities to the HART Protocol while maintaining compatibility with existing HART devices, commands, and tools.
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WirelessHart applications
http
://w
ww
.har
tcom
m2.
org/
hart_
prot
ocol
/wire
less
_har
t/wire
less
_har
t_m
ain.
htm
lA. Process Monitoring and Control a) The process value(s) are transmitted
wirelessly and may supplement the 4-20mA traditional signal
Multivariable Instruments Short term Ad-Hoc measurements Tank Level gauging Plant/Instrument infrastructure upgrade Supervisory and Non-Critical Process Control
B. Asset Management a) Device diagnostic and maintenance
conditions are available to the host system
Device Support Maintenance Diagnostics
C. Health-Safety and Environmental Monitoring
a) Cost effective solution to measure health-safety and environmental conditions
Area Gas detectors Water Effluent Gas Emissions Relief valves Steam traps Safety shower
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Crossbowht
tp://
ww
w.x
bow
.com
/Tec
hnol
ogy/
Ove
rvie
w.a
spx
A. Product list includes a) the MICAz, MICA2, IRIS, Imote2, TelosB, eKo etc.
B. Crossbow's XMesh technology a) delivers a mesh networking solution for self-forming, self-healing
wireless sensor applications. b) Over-the-air-programming enables live updates and provisioning of
deployed networks. C. Crossbow's Radio Communication:
a) A hardware platform of wireless sensors provides highly optimal microcontroller, radio and sensor integration for low-cost, low-power sensor applications with multiple frequency bands.
D. The XServe gateway server middleware a) allows integration of the wireless sensor network with enterprise
computing systems. E. The MoteView visualization and management tool
a) enables to optimize network configuration and analyze sensor information interactively.
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Crossbow
http
://w
ww
.xbo
w.c
om/T
echn
olog
y/O
verv
iew
.asp
x
Mesh networking technologies
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network monitoringsolution, eKo, integrates the latest wireless mesh technology to collect practical environmental data:a) Air Temperature, Relative
Humidity, Ambient Light, Solar Radiation, Soil Moisture/Temperature etc.
B. eKo also offers Vineyard and crop owners the ability to monitor irrigation and disease throughout microclimates within their vineyard and farm.
http
://w
ww
.xbo
w.c
om/T
echn
olog
y/O
verv
iew
.asp
x
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Applications of sensor networksA. Applications are wide ranging and can vary significantly in
application requirementsmodes of deployment (ad hoc vs. instrumented environment)sensing modalitymeans of power supply
B. Sample commercial and military applications includea) Industrial (sensing and diagnostics, factory supply chains etc.)b) Traffic and logistics (vehicles on roads, warehouse stock logistics etc.)c) Environmental monitoring (traffic, habitat, security etc.)
dynamic infrastructure for smart, safe roads with less congestion, helping to find free parking places, warning of collisions, optimizing the routes etc.190 prestels nests with wireless sensors (temperature, light, IR)
d) Healthcare (patient processes, health monitoring etc.)e) More
Infrastructure protection (power grids, water distribution etc.Battlefield awareness (multitarget tracking etc.)Context-aware computing (intelligent home, responsive environment etc.)
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Applications
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Military battlefield awareness A. WSNs in real-time battlefield intelligence
a) Wireless sensors can be rapidly deployed, either by themselves, without an established infrastructure, or working with other assets such as radar arrays and long-haul communication links.
b) They are well suited to collect information about enemy target presence and to track their movement in a battlefield.
c) They can be networked to protect a perimeter of a base in a hostile environment
d) They can be thrown ”over-the-hill” to gather enemy troop movement data.
B. In military applications, the form factor, ability to withstand shock and other impact, and reliability are among the most important considerations.
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D. I
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D. Industrial applications of wireless measurements
A.
A. Wireless measurements and testing in industrial productiona) Electronic product development systemsb) Electronic production management systemsc) Quality control
B. Inventory and transport management systemsC. Access control systemsD. Industrial tele-monitoring
a) Maintenance systemsb) Multi-national business management systemsc) Power station tele-monitoring
E. Wireless sensor network applicationsa) IP-based WSN systems in industry
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Wireless sensors for physical prototype testing (accelerometer)
E. M
oya
et a
l., W
irele
ss S
enso
r Dev
elop
men
ts fo
r Phy
sica
l Pro
toty
pe T
estin
g. S
AS
200
8 –
IEE
E S
enso
rs A
pplic
atio
ns S
ympo
sium
, Atla
nta,
GA,
Feb
ruar
y 12
-14,
200
8A. Problems with a wired sensor systema) High cost of sensors and wires, b) Difficult installation of the sensors, that sometimes could be
thousands or c) Some measurement conditions, like rotations or large
displacement, are impossible to perform due to sensors and measurement system must be always joined with a wire
B. Solution: MEMS sensors and wireless sensor network
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Wireless sensors for physical prototype testing (accelerometer)A. The system is powered by a compact and light rechargeable Li-ion
battery (25 mm x 20 mm x 4 mm, 3.7 g), with an included overcharging/overdischarging protection chip. A fourth layer implements the voltage regulation from the battery voltage to 3.0 V, as well as a power on/off switch
B. IMEC’s processing and wireless platform makes use of the Nordic nRF2401A 2.4 GHz radio transceiver. The maximum data rate is 1 Mbit/s, but in the application it is limited to 250 kbit/s. The reduced bit rate allows better receiver sensitivity and therefore better link robustness in the face of interfering metal objects etc. expected to be present in an automotive environment.
E. M
oya
et a
l., W
irele
ss S
enso
r Dev
elop
men
ts fo
r Phy
sica
l Pro
toty
pe T
estin
g. S
AS
200
8 –
IEE
E S
enso
rs A
pplic
atio
ns S
ympo
sium
, Atla
nta,
GA,
Feb
ruar
y 12
-14,
200
8
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DPWS – Device Profile for Web Services“Our idea is to benefit from the success of web services in other distributed IT applications like SAP, ORACLE, which offer data exchange between clients and web services using J2EE or .Net and have achieved great success in connecting business applications across corporate networks and the Internet. The use of web services, WSDL and SOAP allows developers of distributed industrial and home applications to connect devices written in different programming languages and from different manufacturers with each others. The paper describes how DPWS can be used to provide a secure model to access a wireless sensor network from other IP-based networks.”
DPWS gateway between WSN and other IP-based networks
A. S
lem
an&
R M
oelle
r, In
tegr
atio
n of
Wire
less
Sen
sor N
etw
ork
Serv
ices
into
othe
r Hom
e an
d In
dust
rial n
etw
orks
. IEE
E X
plor
e, 2
008.
Device Profile for Web Services (DPWS) is a profile designed for embedded systems and devices with small resources. It is also called device-level protocol, and it is a new SOA protocol and is considered as a successor for UPnP (Universal Plug and Play)
WSDL = Web Service Description Language
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A. S
lem
an&
R M
oelle
r, In
tegr
atio
n of
Wire
less
Sen
sor N
etw
ork
Serv
ices
into
othe
r Hom
e an
d In
dust
rial n
etw
orks
. IEE
E X
plor
e, 2
008.
D. I
ndus
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app
licat
ions
DPWS – Device Profile for Web ServicesA. Addressing: Each sensor node has a
unique EUID-64. When the wireless sensor is powered on, it sends its EUID to the DPWS gateway that in turn registers the EUID in a routing table. After that the wireless sensor is part of the LoWPAN.
B. Advertising and discovery of services: Each node informs all other network members of its services, and also it can be informed about the presence of new members.
C. Getting a service's description: The DPWS gateway gets the metadata information from the node and sends it back to the client. Usually the metadata is presented by a WSDL file using xml format.
D. Using node services (Get and Set functions): The client knows the functions and possible actions of the node. To request an action on a node's service, the client sends a control message to the node.
E. Asynchronous Events: Usually the node sends an event when its state changes.
DPWS gateway sequence diagram
EUID = Enterprise-wide User ID
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Sensor networks for industrial applicationsA
. Fla
mm
ini,
P. F
erra
ri, D
. Mar
ioli,
E. S
isin
ni, A
. Tar
oni,
Sens
or N
etw
orks
for I
ndus
trial
Ap
plic
atio
ns.
A. “Industrial applications are moving from centralized architectures towards distributed ones, thanks to cost effectiveness, better flexibility, scalability, reliability and diagnostic functionalities.
B. The use of sensors in industrial communications improves overall plant performance since sensor information can be used by several equipments and shared on the Web.
C. A communication system suitable for computers and PLCs, that exchanges a large amount of data with soft real-time constrains, can be hardly adapted to sensors, especially to simple and low-cost ones. In fact, these devices typically require a cyclic, isochronous and hard realtime exchange of few data.
D. For this reason, specific fieldbuses have been widely used to realize industrial sensor networks, while high-level industrial communication systems take advantage of Ethernet/Internet and, more recently, wireless technologies.
E. In these years, Ethernet-based solutions that meet real-time operation requirements, called Real-Time Ethernet, are replacing traditional fieldbuses and research activities in real-time wireless sensor networking are growing.
F. In this paper, following an overview of the state-of-art of real-time sensor networks for industrial applications, problems and possible approaches to solve them are presented, with particular reference to methods and instrumentation for performance measurement.”
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Wireless sensor networks in industrial applications provide demonstrable ROI
http
://el
ectro
nics
.ihs.
com
/new
s/20
06/fr
ost-w
irele
ss-s
enso
rs.h
tm
A. Sensors become an integral part of most industries.a) MEMS systems accelerometers, for instance, are ubiquitous in airbags andb) have recently started appearing in commodity hardware, such as laptop hard
disk drives. B. Natural disasters in 2005 created additional potential for smart sensors
in environment monitoring systems. C. Smart sensors typically find use in a range of diverse industries,
including homeland security, agriculture, automation and health care.D. Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) find key applications in
a) military projects, effort tracking, effort management systems, habitat and water quality monitoring, agricultural studies, radiation detection, homeland security and preventive maintenance of machinery.
E. The key benefit a) ability to poll the data read wirelessly by sensorsb) storage and analysis at a local facilityc) cataloging and itemizing of numerous devices and objects
F. 'Information Age,' 'Sensor Age' enmeshing of the physical world with cyberspace,
G. Cost is a significant issuea) In lower volumes, MEMS-based sensors, nanosensors and implantable
smart sensors can be more expensive than regular, general-purpose systems.
H. Source: Frost & Sullivan.
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Industrial process control A. Wireless sensors may be used to monitor manufacturing
processes or the condition of industrial equipment.a) Chemical plants or oil refineries may have miles of pipelines
that can be effectively instrumented and monitored using WSNs.
b) Using smart sensors, the condition of equipment in the field and factories can be monitored to alert for imminent failures.
c) The industry is moving from the scheduled maintenance (sensing a car to a checkup every 15000 miles) to maintenance based on conditions indicators. This reduces maintenance costs, increase machine up-time, improve customer satisfaction and even save lives.
B. One of the early applications of WSNs (Ember Corp) was in a waste treatment plant.
D. I
ndus
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licat
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essi
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ppro
ach.
Asset and warehouse management A. Wireless sensors may be used to
a) monitor and track assets such as trucksb) manage assets for industries such as oil and gas, utility, and
aerospace.Tracking sensors can vary from GPS to passive RFID tagsTrucking, construction, and utility companies can significantly improve asset utilization using real-time information about equipment location and condition.The information can be linked to ERP-databases.
B. Warehouses and department stores canuse RFID technology to collect real-time inventory and retail information and use the information to optimize for supply, delivery, and storages.use wireless active sensors networked with RFID readers to provide a distributed database of real-time inventory information that can be accessed from field, too.
D. I
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licat
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ach.
Building monitoring and control A. Sensors can cut down energy costs by
a) monitoring the temperature and lightning conditions andb) regulating the heating and cooling systems, ventilators, lights,
and computer serversB. In conference rooms cold air may be ”borrowed” from an
adjacent room automatically using sensor networkC. Sensors may also be able to detect biological agents or
chemical pollutants.D. Wireless light switches are coming to commercial marketE. Sensors in a building may be connected to the security
system to guard unauthorized intrusions, for example.F. Large computer server rooms can be cooled by directing
cold air mainly to hot spots to prevent overheating and save energy
D. I
ndus
trial
app
licat
ions
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Building monitoring
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F. Z
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& L
. Gui
bas,
Wire
less
Sen
sor N
etw
orks
: An
Info
rmat
ion
Proc
essi
ng A
ppro
ach.
Security and surveillance A. Important applications are in security monitoring and
surveillance fora) buildings, airports, subways, or other critical infrastructure such
as power and telecom grids and nuclear power plants.b) improving the safety of roadsc) safeguarding perimeters of critical facilities or authenticate
usersB. Imagers or video sensors can be very useful in identifying
and tracking moving entitiesa) In heterogeneous systems lower-cost sensors can act as
triggers for imagersC. Many security monitoring applications can afford to establish
an infrastructure for power supply and communications, when energy and communication efficiency is less critical.
D. I
ndus
trial
app
licat
ions
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E. T
raffi
c an
d lo
gist
ics
appl
icat
ions
E. Traffic and logistics applicationsA. Vehicular tracking
systemsB. Traffic light control
systemsC. Wireless parking
systemsD. Pedestrian detectionE. Logistic systems
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. Gui
bas,
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less
Sen
sor N
etw
orks
: An
Info
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Proc
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ppro
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C. W
irele
ss s
tand
ards
and
sen
sor n
etw
orks
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& L
. Gui
bas,
Wire
less
Sen
sor N
etw
orks
: An
Info
rmat
ion
Proc
essi
ng A
ppro
ach.
Automotive applications A. With emerging standards, like dedicated short-range
communication (DSRC) designated for vehicle-to-vehicle communication, cars will soon be able to talk to each other and to roadside infrastructures.a) These ”sensors on wheels” can be applied for emergency alert
and driver safety assistance.b) For example, during and emergency brake, an alert message
from the braking car can be broadcast to nearby cars.B. Other applications, like telematics and entertainment may
soon follow.C. Information about car’s mechanical conditions can be linked
to databases of maintenance shops so that timely repairs may be scheduled.a) tire pressure, speed, outside temperature, icy road etc
D. Aggregated information may be used by cars to optimize routes and reduce congestion (like now in taxis by GPS)
E. T
raffi
c an
d lo
gist
ics
appl
icat
ions
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J. A
nsar
iet a
l., F
lexi
ble
Har
dwar
e/So
ftwar
e P
latfo
rm fo
r Tra
ckin
g Ap
plic
atio
ns. I
EEE
Xpl
ore
2007
.Vehicular tracking system A. A wireless sensor network based scalable
outdoor vehicular tracking systema) flexible and configurable both from software
and hardware architecture point of views and b) adaptable to a wide range of vehicle tracking
applicationsB. The system was tested for a network of 100
nodes and is scalable to a few thousand node setup. a) PIR sensors
E. T
raffi
c an
d lo
gist
ics
appl
icat
ions
Design and architecture
PIR signal of moving car
Sensor node with weather-proof case
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M. T
ubai
shat
et a
l., W
irele
ss S
enso
r-Ba
sed
Traf
fic L
ight
Con
trol.
IEE
E C
CN
C20
08 p
roce
edin
gs. Traffic light control by WSN
A. Real-time traffic light controllers (TLCs) for optimizing traffic flowB. Wireless sensor network (WSN) can be used to decrease vehicles’
average trip waiting time (ATWT) on the roadC. We studied the performance of using one sensor and two sensors and
designed corresponding controllers. D. In the case of one sensor we developed two models;
a) a non-occupancy detection (NOD) and NOD detects passing vehicles only,
b) an occupancy detection (OD)OD detects vehicles that pass the sensor or stop at it
E. Methoda) We changed the sensor location relative to the traffic light’s location. b) We then used two sensors to calculate number of vehicles waiting or
approaching a traffic light. c) We tested different distances between these two sensors.
F. Resultsa) Two sensors based controller outperform the one sensor controller and
produced results comparable to the ideal control that knows exact number of waiting vehicles.
b) Distance between the two sensors does not affect the performance. c) Placing both the sensors close to each others produce the best performance in
terms of quality of the data and reduce energy consumption which leads to extending the life time of the WSN.
E. T
raffi
c an
d lo
gist
ics
appl
icat
ions
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S-E
Yoo
et a
l, PG
S: P
arki
ng G
uida
nce
Sys
tem
bas
ed o
n W
irele
ss S
enso
r Net
wor
k. IE
EE X
plor
e,
2008
.A. PGS, a Parking Guidance System based
on wireless sensor network (WSN) guides a driver to an available parking lot.
B. The system consists ofa) a WSN based VDS (vehicle detection
sub-system)gathers information on the availability of each parking lot
b) a management subsystemprocesses the information and refines them andguides the driver to the available parking lot by controlling a VMS (Variable Messaging System)
C. The experimental results show that PGS succeeds in detecting various kinds of cars and the predicted battery life-time using measured current profiles is over 5 years.
E. T
raffi
c an
d lo
gist
ics
appl
icat
ions
Wireless parking system
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A Se
nart
et a
l, U
sing
Sen
sor N
etw
orks
for P
edes
trian
Det
ectio
n.
A. Pedestrian/vehicle accidents account for the second largest cause of traffic-related injuries and fatalities worldwide. (Total of 1,17 m deaths annually in road accidents)
B. In this paper, we present a novel technique based on wireless sensor networks that is cheap and enables pedestrian detection beyond the driver’s horizon.
C. The detection system is based on the use of “cat’s eyes” augmented with embedded processing and communication capabilities that are able to detect pedestrians and forward this information along the road. a) To be detected, pedestrians have to wear
reflective armbands or night vision jackets that are equipped with communication capabilities.
b) These high-visibility safety garments send radio beacons that are received by one or more of the sensor nodes.
c) Thanks to the measurement of the received radio signal strength (RSSI), the presence and position of the pedestrians can be inferred
D. Initial results show that the system obtains detection rates of 100%, false positive rates of 0%, and that the precision of the estimated position of pedestrians depends on their heading and relative position to sensor nodes.
E. T
raffi
c an
d lo
gist
ics
appl
icat
ions
Pedestrian detection
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F. E
nviro
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pplic
atio
ns
F. Environmental applicationsA.
A. SensorScope environmental monitoringB. Case FoxhouseC. Prestel monitoringD. Ecocatastrophe monitoring
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atio
ns
SensorScope – environmental monitoring
G. B
arre
netx
eaet
al.,
Sen
sorS
cope
: Out
-of-t
he-B
ox E
nviro
nmen
tal M
onito
ring.
200
8 In
tern
atio
nal C
onfe
renc
e on
Info
rmat
ion
Proc
essi
ng in
Sen
sor N
etw
orks
. IEE
E X
plor
e.
A. WSNs may be divided into three categories:a) Time-driven:
Motes periodically forward gathered data to the sink (e.g., pollution monitoring).b) Event-driven:
Motes forward an alert to the sink when a particular event occurs (e.g., a forest fire).c) Query-driven:
Motes send gathered data only upon reception of a query from the sink (e.g., storage room).
B. SensorScope falls into the category of time-driven networksa) The stations intermittently transmit environmental data (e.g., wind speed and
direction, soil moisture) to a sink. b) All data can be publicly available in real-time on our Google Maps based web
interface and on Microsoft’s SensorMap website1.C. Three different test places in Switzerland:
1. Morges: A network was deployed on the border of a water stream in MorgesThe project aims at renaturing this stream to improve its ecological qualityThere was a need for appropriate environmental measurements
2. Le Génépi : SensorScope in harsh conditions on a rock glacier, which is a source of frequent and
dangerous mud streams3. Grand St Bernard:
The goal was to create a very precise map of the evaporation in this placeSoil water content and suction measurements
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atio
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SensorScope technologyG
. Bar
rene
txea
et a
l., S
enso
rSco
pe: O
ut-o
f-the
-Box
Env
ironm
enta
l Mon
itorin
g. 2
008
Inte
rnat
iona
l Con
fere
nce
on In
form
atio
n Pr
oces
sing
in S
enso
r Net
wor
ks. I
EEE
Xpl
ore.
A. The main objective a) To replace the very expensive sensing stations
B. Requirements are a) low cost and full autonomy, b) sufficient accuracy for the intended application.
C. Hardwarea) The sensor mote platform: a Shockfish TinyNode3
Texas Instruments MSP430 16-bit microcontroller, running at 8 MHz, Semtech XE1205 radio transceiver, operating in the 868MHz band, with a transmission rate of 76 Kbps. The mote has 48KB ROM, 10KB RAM, and 512KB flash memory. We opted for this platform mainly for its long communication range (up to 200m outdoors) and its low power consumption.
b) The sensing station 4-legged aluminum skeleton on which a solar panel and the sensorsA station is 150 cm high and very stable and high enough to handle some snow build-up during winterThe sensor board is fixed inside a hermetic box which is itself attached just above the legs. The average price is around € 900
135
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F. E
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F. Sensor station and sensor box of SensorScopeenvironmental WSN
G. B
arre
netx
eaet
al.,
Sen
sorS
cope
: Out
-of-t
he-B
ox E
nviro
nmen
tal M
onito
ring.
200
8 In
tern
atio
nal C
onfe
renc
e on
Info
rmat
ion
Proc
essi
ng in
Sen
sor N
etw
orks
. IEE
E X
plor
e.
136
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a
F. E
nviro
nmen
tal a
pplic
atio
ns
Power sourceG
. Bar
rene
txea
et a
l., S
enso
rSco
pe: O
ut-o
f-the
-Box
Env
ironm
enta
l Mon
itorin
g. 2
008
Inte
rnat
iona
l Con
fere
nce
on In
form
atio
n Pr
oces
sing
in S
enso
r Net
wor
ks. I
EEE
Xpl
ore.
A. A three mobule solar energy system to achieve sufficient autonomy during deployments. a) Solar panel:
A 162140 mm MSX-01F polycrystalline module that provides a nominal power output of 1W in direct sunlight, with an expected lifetime of around 20 years.
b) Primary battery: A 150 mAh NiMH rechargeable battery is primarily used to power the stations. We chose a NiMH battery over a supercapacitor due to its superior capacity and its lower price.
c) Secondary battery: A cylinder-shaped Li-Ion battery with a capacity of 2200 mAh at 3.7VThis buffer is used as a backup source of energy during long periods of low solar radiationIt is charged via the primary buffer, thus undergoing fewer charging cycles
137
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F. E
nviro
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atio
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Sensing modalities and networking
G. B
arre
netx
eaet
al.,
Sen
sorS
cope
: Out
-of-t
he-B
ox E
nviro
nmen
tal M
onito
ring.
200
8 In
tern
atio
nal C
onfe
renc
e on
Info
rmat
ion
Proc
essi
ng in
Sen
sor N
etw
orks
. IEE
E X
plor
e.
A. The stations can accommodate up to 7 different external sensors capable of measuring 9 distinct environmental quantities: a) air temperature and humidity, surface temperature, incoming solar
radiation, wind speed and direction, precipitation, soil water content, and soil water suction
B. To ensure the quality of the measured values, all sensors are calibrated before deployment a) by comparing their readings to reference sensors over several days
The correlation coefficient obtained for the measured values is required to be higher than 0.98
C. Managementa) Neighborhood management b) Time synchronizationc) Power managementd) Routing
D. Communicationa) TinyOS and nesCb) 28 bytes packetc) 4 bytes for header
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F. E
nviro
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atio
ns
Power management in SensorScopeG
. Bar
rene
txea
et a
l., S
enso
rSco
pe: O
ut-o
f-the
-Box
Env
ironm
enta
l Mon
itorin
g. 2
008
Inte
rnat
iona
l Con
fere
nce
on In
form
atio
n Pr
oces
sing
in S
enso
r Net
wor
ks. I
EEE
Xpl
ore.
A. Power consumption of the sensor node is a) 2mA when the radio is off, while it is b) 16mA when the radio is on for receptionc) Turning off the radio as frequently as possible enhancement of energy
efficiency 8 timesB. Two-state communication cycles: active and idle
a) Low-power listening (LPL)Asynchronous solution (nodes do not have to wake up at the same time)To achieve this, a preamble (i.e., a specific pattern of bits) is sent before the packet itself. If its length is longer than the idle state, all neighbors are ensured to detect it during their upcoming active state, and to wait for the incoming packet. B-MAC is a well-known MAC layer that uses this mechanism.
b) Duty cyclingSynchronous solution (all nodes to synchronously switch their radio on)No need for preambles packets can be sent as usual, resulting in slightly better savings upon transmissions.
C. We found the duty cycling method to be generally better than LPLa) LPL requires the preamble to be longer than the idle state transmissions can
get very long congestions when the traffic level is highb) LPL may decrease a mote’s lifetime compared to duty cycling because of a
slightly higher energy consumption
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atio
ns
SensorScope system performances
G. B
arre
netx
eaet
al.,
Sen
sorS
cope
: Out
-of-t
he-B
ox E
nviro
nmen
tal M
onito
ring.
200
8 In
tern
atio
nal C
onfe
renc
e on
Info
rmat
ion
Proc
essi
ng in
Sen
sor N
etw
orks
. IEE
E X
plor
e.
Indoor test bed
System parameters
Reliability test
Node load distribution
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F. E
nviro
nmen
tal a
pplic
atio
ns
SensorScope outdoor testsG
. Bar
rene
txea
et a
l., S
enso
rSco
pe: O
ut-o
f-the
-Box
Env
ironm
enta
l Mon
itorin
g. 2
008
Inte
rnat
iona
l Con
fere
nce
on In
form
atio
n Pr
oces
sing
in S
enso
r Net
wor
ks. I
EEE
Xpl
ore.
Available energy
Google maps view
Observed air temperature
Reliability
141
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F. E
nviro
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pplic
atio
ns
SensorScope conclusionA. A key project, merging cutting-edge wireless sensor technology
(networking, sensing, hardware, software) with leading environmental monitoring (modeling, prediction, risk assessment).
B. The Génépi deployment resulted in the gathering of a unique set of meteorological data. a) A particular microclimate model,
in flood monitoring and prediction, potentially reducing an environmental hazard.
b) Revealed how remote management is crucial in such harsh conditions. C. Next objective
a) Dynamic reconfiguration of network and motes b) From the network management point of view, we also plan to
implement measures to cope with asymmetric links, which result in transmission failures and an overly high radio usage.
c) Finally, due to the difficult measurement conditions, the measured data is of variable quality. Thus, signal processing techniques for better calibration, detection of outliers, denoising, and interpolation will be developed.
G. B
arre
netx
eaet
al.,
Sen
sorS
cope
: Out
-of-t
he-B
ox E
nviro
nmen
tal M
onito
ring.
200
8 In
tern
atio
nal C
onfe
renc
e on
Info
rmat
ion
Proc
essi
ng in
Sen
sor N
etw
orks
. IEE
E X
plor
e.
142
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a
F. E
nviro
nmen
tal a
pplic
atio
ns
Case FoxhouseA. A wireless sensor network in hard outdoors conditions in a foxhouse
a) Luminosity, temperature and humidityb) Reliability in habitat monitoringc) Over a period of one year
B. CiNet made by Chydenius, Kokkola
I. H
akal
aet
al.,
Wire
less
Sen
sor N
etw
ork
in E
nviro
nmen
tal M
onito
ring
-Cas
e Fo
xhou
se. T
he
Seco
nd In
tern
atio
nal C
onfe
renc
e on
Sen
sor T
echn
olog
ies
and
Appl
icat
ions
.
CiNet main board and architecture
System and node architecture
143
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atio
ns
Case Foxhouse
I. H
akal
aet
al.,
Wire
less
Sen
sor N
etw
ork
in E
nviro
nmen
tal M
onito
ring
-Cas
e Fo
xhou
se. T
he
Seco
nd In
tern
atio
nal C
onfe
renc
e on
Sen
sor T
echn
olog
ies
and
Appl
icat
ions
.
Node locationsIn foxhouse
Node and photodiodeinstallation
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atio
ns
OperationI.
Hak
ala
et a
l., W
irele
ss S
enso
r Net
wor
k in
Env
ironm
enta
l Mon
itorin
g -C
ase
Foxh
ouse
. The
Se
cond
Inte
rnat
iona
l Con
fere
nce
on S
enso
r Tec
hnol
ogie
s an
d Ap
plic
atio
ns.A. The network sends all the
measurements to the sink node which is connected to a PC via a RS232 cable. In the PC a simple Java program parses packets and stores them to a MySQL database.
B. The database contains information about a) actual measurementsb) link qualitiesc) raw packet datad) statistics of successfully delivered
messagese) basic information about nodes,
locations etc. C. Operating system:
a) Ubuntu Linux, Tomcat as the HTTP server, Apache Struts for web application framework
b) The application enables browsing of stored measurements and communication statistics.
D. An example of the graphical interface righta) he temperature from the 1st May
2006 until the 1st May 2007 is displayed.
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Results
I. H
akal
aet
al.,
Wire
less
Sen
sor N
etw
ork
in E
nviro
nmen
tal M
onito
ring
-Cas
e Fo
xhou
se. T
he
Seco
nd In
tern
atio
nal C
onfe
renc
e on
Sen
sor T
echn
olog
ies
and
Appl
icat
ions
.A. RSSI testBig changes
B. Luminousity from March to June from five nodes
Week averages have also been usedC. Conclusion
The environmental monitoring system in the Foxhouse case proved that WSN using the IEEE802.15.4 communication protocol is reliable and that it is relatively easy to implement a measuring application. The use of WSN made constant real-time data available for biologists, and it also reduced manual measurements. There were nevertheless problems in functionalities of some routing nodes. The foxhouse case made it clear that more attention must be paid to network management in the future.
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F. Z
hao
& L
. Gui
bas,
Wire
less
Sen
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Environmental monitoring according to Zhao & GuibasA. Environmental monitoring is one of the earliest application of
sensor networksa) Earlier presented example of monitoring the nesting of petrels
B. Sensors can be used to monitor conditions and movements of wild animals or plants when minimal disturbance is desired
C. Sensors can monitor air quality and track environmental pollutants, wildfires, or other natural or man-made disasters.
D. Sensors can monitor biological or chemical hazards to provide early warnings.
E. Sensors instrumented in buildings can detect the direction and magnitude of a quake and provide an assessment of the building safety
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Trackingchemical plumesusing ad hocwireless sensors,deployed from airvehicles.
F. Z
hao
& L
. Gui
bas,
Wire
less
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: An
Info
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G. H
ealth
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G. Healthcare applicationsA. In-hospital applications
a) Vital sign monitoringb) Location trackingc) Information managementd) Medication managemente) Process management
B. Out-patient applicationsa) Vital sign monitoringb) Medication managementc) Fall detection etc.d) Daily life supporte) Ubiquitous health
Healthy citizens
Citizens who need health services
Citizens healthy again Lost citizens
Outpatients Inpatients
A. Supported preventive healthexamination and promotion at home
B. Professional examinationand diagnosis
C. Supported care at home D. Care or operation in healthcare services
E. Long-term carein healthcare services
F. Supported health check at home G. Postoperative and continuous checking in healthcare services
H. Rehabilitationat home
I. Rehabilitationin healthcare services J. Terminal care
= A path of a diabetes patient in the Wirhe Framework
Healthy citizens
Citizens who need health services
Citizens healthy again Lost citizens
Outpatients Inpatients
A. Supported preventive healthexamination and promotion at home
B. Professional examinationand diagnosis
C. Supported care at home D. Care or operation in healthcare services
E. Long-term carein healthcare services
F. Supported health check at home G. Postoperative and continuous checking in healthcare services
H. Rehabilitationat home
I. Rehabilitationin healthcare services J. Terminal care
= A path of a diabetes patient in the Wirhe Framework
Wirhe Framework
Towards 2014 healthcare will become more mobilised and integrated – close to
ubiquitous. The patient processes will be enhanced and supported by wireless
monitoring and care services at homes and worksites as well as in hospitals. Wireless technologies and mobile solutions will be
applied systematically into different disease groups according to unified framework based
on international development and standardisation work.
Towards 2014 healthcare will become more mobilised and integrated – close to
ubiquitous. The patient processes will be enhanced and supported by wireless
monitoring and care services at homes and worksites as well as in hospitals. Wireless technologies and mobile solutions will be
applied systematically into different disease groups according to unified framework based
on international development and standardisation work.
Wirhe vision 2014
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Needs of inhospital wireless (Wirhe study)1.Need for wireless networks2.Need for wireless terminals3.Need for RFID-tags4.Need for wireless access to an electronic
patient record system5.Need for wireless access to an electronic
prescription system6.Need for wireless access to medical
information7.Need for wireless access to inventory
information8.Need for wireless access to pharmaceutical
information 9.Need for implantable sensors and care
actuators10.Need for wireless sensorbelts and
wristbands11.Need for alarm buttons and systems12.Need for location and tracking of patients13.Need for location and tracking of instruments
and devices14.Need for developing wireless VoIP phone
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Wirelessly-Enabled, Low Cost Capture and Transfer of Data
A. Vital sign monitors are enabled with SensitronApplication Modules (SAMs) -- which have a Bluetooth card, embedded software and proprietary hardware -- for patient data transfer.
C. A Personal Communication Unit (PCU) manages the test sequence and communications, and allows the caregiver to select patients, manually enter selected vital signs and view patient results.
D. Patient results are displayed in real-time and have the necessary information to respond quickly to data outside caregiver-set parameters and to prioritize patient care time more effectively.
E. The system maintains a secure database record for each customer.
F. Wireless communications protocols for secure, reliable data transmission.
G. H
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Enterprise Software (for hospitals without a CIS) A. Vital sign data collected wirelessly at the
point-of-care are automatically sent to the server.
B. An integrated view of the patient's current and previous vital sign history is immediately available to the caregiver wherever he/she is. Since nurses have assisted with the design of the user interface, the information is formatted for optimum review.
C. Vital sign trending views are available on demand
G. H
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Benefits expected from wireless
New modalities
A. Track samples from bedside to lab
B. Capture patient vital signs
C. Track blood from donation to transfusion
D. Quickly locate critical equipment anywhere in the facility
E. Communicate with both patients and other personnel
F. Capture chargesG.Ubiquitous access to
information and network resources
H. Tracking medical supplies from the factory to storage shelves,
I. Allowing the hospital to add new services or new coverage areas
Enhances healthcare efficiency and productivity by
A. Increased patient flow and revenue generation through improved efficiency and productivity
B. Operating cost reduction. Activities and resources can be removed from existing processes.
C. Cycle time reduction. Sales, service, expense, and billing cycles can be reduced.
D. Increased revenue. It can introduce revenue-generating activities that wouldn't otherwise be possible.
E. Optimal use of time. At points in a business process where there is a wait state, workers can perform other useful tasks.
F. Reducing paperwork and manual workflow, elimination of duplicate entries
G.Simplified, faster administrative procedures and claims reimbursement
H. Download appointment schedulesI. Enabling efficient inventory managementJ. Order lab tests and view resultsK. Providing seamless wireless coverage
inside multiple buildingsL. Improving data accessM.Improving network performance
Improves healthcare quality by
A. Reducing medical error B. Match patients with
medicationsC. Increasing accuracy of
data D. Improving patient care E. Positively identify patientsF. improving patient
satisfaction and safetyG.Increased employee
satisfaction. It can reduce tedium, unnecessary trips to the office, and paperwork.
H. Bringing critical information to the point of patient care
I. Allowing physicians to access patient history when away from the hospital
J. Protecting patient information in a wireless environment
K. Improving accuracy as well as employee accountability when dispensing drugs
G. H
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Location tracking
A. Location tracking ofa) Assets (equipments, tools, materials etc.)b) Patients (patient process development, patient safety etc.)c) Staff (only when useful, no ‘big brother’ meaning)
B. Companiesa) Ekahau (www.ekahau.com )
A Finnish-American companyWLAN-tags, WLAN-tracking
Tags receive signal from access points
b) Aeroscout (www.aeroscout.com )Cisco-owned American-Israel companyActive RFID (WLAN-tracking)
Tags send signal to access points
c) Radianse (http://www.radianse.com/ )Specialised for healthcare
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Ekahau RTLS system
Ekahau Real Time Location Systems (RTLS) is a fully automated system that continually monitors the location of assets or personnel on a campus area. It does this in real-time delivering information to authorized users via the corporate network through application software or application programming interfaces. RTLS typically consists of tags, reference devices for locating tags, data network, server software and end-user application software. Ekahau RTLS uses existing Wi-Fi (802.11a/b/g/n) standard access points as the reference devices for tag location and as the data network. Using standard Wi-Fi access points lowers the total cost of ownership of Ekahau RTLS and makes deployment straightforward compared to competing RTLS solutions that require proprietary reference devices and data networks.. http://www.ekahau.com/?id=4200
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Ekahau Positioning Engine
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RFID Radiofrequency Identification
What is RFID?A. Radio-frequency identification (RFID) is an
automatic identification method, relying on storing and remotely retrieving data using devices called RFID tags or transponders. An RFID tag is an object that can be attached to or incorporated into a product, animal, or person for the purpose of identification using radio waves. Chip-based RFID tags contain silicon chips and antennas. Passive tags require no internal power source, whereas active tags require a power source... (Wikipedia)
http://rfident.org/rfidvideo.htm
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Passive RFID technologyA. RFID systems consist of transponders and scanners.
a) Transponders can contain a certain amount of data. b) Scanners (readers) are used to read the data remotely.
B. The two main types of passive RFID a) Inductive RFID uses the inductive coupling between two
coils. The range of the system is less than the diameter of the antenna. Inductive RFID often function on either LF, about 130 kHz, or HF at 13,56 MHz.
b) Backscatter RFID, the other type of RFID, uses EM waves. much longer range compared to inductive systems. Usually use the UHF frequency of ca 900 MHz.
C. Often the power, needed for the electronics in the tag, is the limiting factor for the range.
D. In order to acquire longer ranges semi-passive systems are used.a) This means that the transponder has an integrated battery
for powering the microchip. Pete
r Lin
dqvi
stR
FID
mon
itorin
g of
hea
lth c
are
rout
ines
and
pro
cess
es in
ho
spita
l env
ironm
ent.
Mas
ters
The
sis,
HU
T, F
inla
nd, 2
006.
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Active RFID technologyA. Active RFID transponders are radio beacons that
transmit a signal with the aid of an internal power source. a) more expensive than the passive counterparts because of
their on-board power source. B. Here we can separate two different types
a) UHF tags communicating with WLAN stations that can be used for localisation
b) a simple active beacon that is detected by a custom scanner.
C. Sometimes infrared (IR) diodes and sensors can be used as an indoor positioning system. a) A simple system much like the remote control for the
television can position an emitter to a certain room, because IR light is easily reflected by walls.
b) IR positioning is not suitable in more open areas.
Pete
r Lin
dqvi
stR
FID
mon
itorin
g of
hea
lth c
are
rout
ines
and
pro
cess
es in
ho
spita
l env
ironm
ent.
Mas
ters
The
sis,
HU
T, F
inla
nd, 2
006.
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RFID Frequencies
Pete
r Lin
dqvi
stR
FID
mon
itorin
g of
hea
lth c
are
rout
ines
and
pro
cess
es in
ho
spita
l env
ironm
ent.
Mas
ters
The
sis,
HU
T, F
inla
nd, 2
006.
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RFID Solutionsht
tp://
ww
w.a
lvin
syst
ems.c
om/re
sour
ces/
pdf/h
ealth
care
_rfid
.pdf
Alvin RFID Solutions for Healthcare Service ProvidersA. Patient identification and real-time information system
based on “Smart RFID Wristbands”B. Medical Item / Asset identification and trackingC. Specimen collection/identification and matching with
patienta) Smart Blood Transfusion identification and managementb) Medication identification and administrationc) Tracking and management of mobile medical assets
D. Temperature monitoring of sensitive items such as blood, laboratory items, vials, medicine, specimen
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F. Z
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Wire
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Proc
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C. W
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Healthcare applications A. Elderly care can greatly benefit from using sensors that
monitor vital signs of patients and are remotely connected to doctors’ offices.a) Sensors instrumented in homes can alert doctors when a
patient falls and requires immediate medical attention.b) Sensors can remind an elderly that the faucet has been left on
in the bathroom, etc.B. There are many efforts in developing technology for in-home
elderly carea) Intels Alzheimer project aims to a system which will deploy a
network of sensors embedded throughout a patient’s home, including pressure sensors on chairs, cameras, and RFID tags embedded in household items and clothing that communicate with tag readers in floor mats, shelves and walls.
C. In future the ubiquitous healthcare technology will be developed to serve people into better wellness.
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BSN Body sensor networks
Gua
ng-Z
hong
Yang
(Ed.
): Bo
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enso
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Introduction to body sensor networksA. Next we deal with
a) Basic ideas of wireless sensor networks (WSN) as a background of BSNs
b) Healthcare applications of BSNsc) Pervasive patient monitoring issuesd) Technical challenges facing BSNe) Personalized healthcaref) Ideal architecture of BSNg) Future scenario by going from Micro to Nano
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From WSN to BSNA. Idea of wireless sensor networks (WSN)
a) Ad hoc nature of WSNb) Components (motes) become lighter, cheaper and more
efficientc) Smart Dust from UC Berkeleyd) TinyOS from UC Berkeley
B. Idea of body sensor networks (BSN)a) Body area – challenging environmentb) Lot of different requirements c) Short distances between sensorsd) Local Processing Unit (LPU)
C. How do body sensor networks differ from common wireless sensor networks?
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Source: UC Berkeley web-site
G. H
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Smart Dust from UC Berkeley
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aDiagrammatic representation of the BSN architecture with wirelessly linked context-aware “on body” (external) sensors and its seamless integration with home, working and hospital environments.
Gua
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(Ed.
): Bo
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BSN from Imperial College
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Biological variation and complexity means a more variable structure
Much more likely to have a fixed or static structureVariability8
Early adverse event detection vital; human tissue failure irreversible
Early adverse event detection desirable; failure often reversibleEvent detection7
More predictable environment but motion artefacts is a challenge
Exposed to extremes in weather, noise and asynchronyDynamics6
Pervasive monitoring and need for miniaturisationSmall size preferable but not a major limitation in many casesNode size5
Limited node number with each required to be robust and accurate
Large node number compensates for accuracy result validationNode accuracy4
Single sensors, each perform multiple tasksMultiple sensors, each perform dedicated tasksNode function3
Fewer, more accurate sensors nodes required (limited by space)
Greater number of nodes required for accurate, wide area coverageNumber of nodes2
As large as human body parts (mm/cm)As large as the environment to be monitored (metres/kilometres)Scale1
BSNWSNChallenges
Gua
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(Ed.
): Bo
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Different challenges faced by WSN and BSN
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Low power wireless required, with signal detection more challenging
Bluetooth, Zigbee, GPRS, WLAN and RF already offer solutionsWireless technology16
LoD more significant. More measures needed for QoSand real time property
Loss of data during wireless transfer is can be compensated by more sensorsData transfer17
Important because body physiology is very sensitive to context change
Not so important with static sensors where environments are well definedContext awareness15
A must for implantable and some external sensors (increases costs)
Not a consideration in most applicationsBio-compatibility14
Implantable sensor replacement difficult and requires biodegradability
Sensors more easily replaceable or even disposableAccess13
Motion (vibration) and thermal (body heat) most likely candidates
Solar and wind power are most likely candidatesEnergy scavenging12
Likely to be lower as energy is more difficult to supplyLikely to be greater as power is more easily suppliedPower demand11
Inaccessible and difficult to replace in implantable settingAccessible and likely to be changed more easily and frequentlyPower supply10
High level data transfer security required (due to patient information)
Lower level wireless data transfer security requiredData protection9
BSNWSNChallenges
Gua
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): Bo
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Different challenges faced by WSN and BSN
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A. Monitoring patients with chronic diseasea) Abnormalities of heart rhythmb) High blood pressure (hypertension)c) Diabetes mellitus
B. Monitoring hospital patientsa) Patients undergoing surgeryb) Hospital of the future
C. Monitoring elderly patientsa) Home monitoring “home sensor network”
Gua
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BSN and healthcare
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Pervasive patient monitoringA. Concept of “ubiquitous” and “pervasive” human wellbeing
monitoringa) with regards to physical, physiological and biochemical
parametersb) in any environmentc) without restriction of activity.
B. Pervasive healthcare systems utilising large scale BSN and WSN technology will allow access to accurate medical information at any time and place, ultimately improving the quality of the service provided.
C. Long-term management instead of episode capturing fora) diagnosing and monitoring the progress of diseasesb) getting better and earlier detection
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EC’s “Wealthy” project sensors embedded in clothing (left)MIT’s “MIThril” project body-worn sensing computation and networking system (right)
Gua
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Examples of wearable
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Technical challenges facing BSNA. Improved sensor designB. MEMS integrationC. BiocompatibilityD. Power source miniaturisationE. Low power wireless transmissionF. Context awarenessG. Secure data transferH. Integration with therapeutic systems
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Personalised healthcare with BSN technologyA. Needs of chronic (long-term) and episodic (short-term)
healthcare of individualsB. To monitor patient’s physiology, activity, context and
adverse changes of wellbeingC. Early detection leads to early interventionD. Challenges: overwhelming information
a) separating important from unimportantb) sensing context accuratelyc) representing results to the userd) reacting to this information
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Ring sensor and step sensor
MIT’s ring sensor prototype with RF transmitter powered by coin size battery (left).FitSense sensor for measuring stride length, step rate, instantaneous speed, distance, and acceleration (right)
G. H
ealth
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Finding the ideal architectureA. In essence, we try to monitor and act on the reactions of the
body’s own nerves, sensors and effectorsB. Autonomic nervous system ANS
a) Sympathetic nervous systemStress reactions (“fight or flight” response)Pupils dilate, peripheral blood vessels constrict, airways in the lung increase, etc.
b) Parasympathetic nervous systemOpposites the stress reactions in synergy with sympathetic nervous system
C. How can the architecture of BSN be developed by studying principles of autonomic nervous system?
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aA diagrammatic representation of the autonomic nervous system ANS with both sympathetic (left) and parasympathetic components (right).
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Autonomous nervous system ANS
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Diagrammatic illustration of the sensor and effector system used by the human body to detect and regulate changes in blood pressure
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Autonomous nervous system ANS
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Context awareness sensors
Histological slides of the sensors used for context awareness in joint position sense
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From “micro” to “nano”A. Nano-scale components are needed in
a) Blood vessels, gastrointestinal tract, urinary tract, ventricles of the brain, spinal canal, lymphatic and venous systems
b) To sense acute disease processes and monitor chronic illnesses quickly and efficiently
B. An existing examplea) Protein-encapsulated single-walled carbon nanotube sensor
that alters its fluorescence depending on exposure to glucose in the surrounding tissues.
C. The scenarioa) Injecting nanoscale biosensors into luminal cavities to get
contact and bind to the substrate and are carried to the site ofmaximal disease activity.
D. Describe the future of the nanoscale BSN technology
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MEMS robot attaching itself to a red blood cell (left)MEMS submarine injected into a blood vessel (right)
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Scenario: MEMS robot and submarine
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Framework of the solution- Wireless solutions to help to integrate personal and institutional
healthcare together - According to the Wirhe Framework to fight against the big health
problems- People’s own responsibility on their health will emphasize and the system will grow more
patient (customer or citizen) centric- Mobile solutions will become available at home, in worksites and on field will replace a
part of institutional healthcare- Professionals can focus on their expert level
serving of citizens- Governments can focus on their gate
keeper role to provide infrastructure and resources for the enhanced and improved healthcare
⇒ Mobile solutions will be integrated as a continual part of the institutional healthcare⇒ In addition, hospitals and
health centres will operate more efficient when wireless technologies are applied all through
The Wirhe FrameworkHealthy citizens
Citizens who need health services
Citizens healthy again Lost citizens
Outpatients Inpatients
A. Supported preventive healthexamination and promotion at home
B. Professional examinationand diagnosis
C. Supported care at home D. Care or operation in healthcare services
E. Long-term carein healthcare services
F. Supported health check at home G. Postoperative and continuous checking in healthcare services
H. Rehabilitationat home
I. Rehabilitationin healthcare services J. Terminal care
The Wirhe FrameworkHealthy citizens
Citizens who need health services
Citizens healthy again Lost citizens
Outpatients Inpatients
A. Supported preventive healthexamination and promotion at home
B. Professional examinationand diagnosis
C. Supported care at home D. Care or operation in healthcare services
E. Long-term carein healthcare services
F. Supported health check at home G. Postoperative and continuous checking in healthcare services
H. Rehabilitationat home
I. Rehabilitationin healthcare services J. Terminal care
G. H
ealth
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The Wirhe Framework
Healthy citizens
Citizens who need health services
Citizens healthy again Lost citizens
Outpatients Inpatients
A. Supported preventive healthexamination and promotion at home
B. Professional examinationand diagnosis
C. Supported care at home D. Care or operation in healthcare services
E. Long-term carein healthcare services
F. Supported health check at home G. Postoperative and continuous checking in healthcare services
H. Rehabilitationat home
I. Rehabilitationin healthcare services J. Terminal care
= A path of a diabetes patient in the Wirhe Framework
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Case: DiabetesA. Wireless integrated service system with
a) Smart glucose meterb) Smart insulin syringe (or pump)c) Smart phone camera for meal assessmentd) Professional server integrated with
institutional health servicesB. Savings & enhancement
a) If 10 % of diabetics take it in useb) If they save resources 20 %c) It will be globally USD 3 billion savings
annuallyd) If the system building investment is USD
3000 per patient the system payback time is only 2 years
e) For example, in Finland investment would be € 500 million (100 % covering)
Healthy citizens
Citizens who need health services
Citizens healthy again Lost citizens
Outpatients Inpatients
A. Supported preventive healthexamination and promotion at home
B. Professional examinationand diagnosis
C. Supported care at home D. Care or operation in healthcare services
E. Long-term carein healthcare services
F. Supported health check at home G. Postoperative and continuous checking in healthcare services
H. Rehabilitationat home
I. Rehabilitationin healthcare services J. Terminal care
= A path of a diabetes patient in the Wirhe Framework
Healthy citizens
Citizens who need health services
Citizens healthy again Lost citizens
Outpatients Inpatients
A. Supported preventive healthexamination and promotion at home
B. Professional examinationand diagnosis
C. Supported care at home D. Care or operation in healthcare services
E. Long-term carein healthcare services
F. Supported health check at home G. Postoperative and continuous checking in healthcare services
H. Rehabilitationat home
I. Rehabilitationin healthcare services J. Terminal care
= A path of a diabetes patient in the Wirhe Framework
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ealth
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F. Z
hao
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. Gui
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Wire
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Info
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ConclusionA. Wireless sensors and sensor networks will change our world
a) From centralized to distributedb) From “opaque to transparent”c) From serial to paralleld) From processing of past to real-time
B. Only our limited imagination can slow the development of wireless future with micro and nanoscale sensors with exponentially increasing capacity to gather and process information of our world and thus better manage out personal life, social transactions and protection of our unique environment.
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