2009 Dallas Federal Reserve Annual Report

8/2/2019 2009 Dallas Federal Reserve Annual Report

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2/47

.

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.isgf

cv

dccemmb

wmsv

mjrcec

uugm`

Em`vc`vuLcvvcr rmb vdc Xrcugfc`v ;

_cjcevgmù m` vdc Jg`kègkl Ergugu>

Ydcrc Fm Yc Im Jrmb Dcrc= 6

Bk`kicbc`v k`f Omkrfu ;4

Uc`gmr Bk`kicbc`v ;7

Omkrfu m Fgrcevmru ?8Mecru k`f Kfzgumrw Emsèglu ??

Jg`kègklu ?5

Bk`kicbc`vu _cxmrv ?5

_cxmrv m G`fcxc`fc`v Ksfgvmru ?6

Jg`kègkl Uvkvcbc`vu ?:

@mvcu vm Jg`kègkl Uvkvcbc`vu ?7

Zmlsbc m Mxcrkvgmù 66


3/47

Lcvvcr jrmb vdc

Xrcugfc`v

srgì vdc rcec`v cem`mbge ergugu, vdc

Jcfcrkl _cucrzc fcxlmwcf `ckrlw czcrw

rcumsrec kv gvu fguxmukl vm rcuvmrc vdc

`kègkl uwuvcb vm ymragì mrfcr k`f

isgfc vdc cem`mbw msv mj rcecuugm`.Vdcuc cjjmrvu udkxcf `cyu emzcrkick`f xsolge xcr"

ecxvgm`mj vdc ec`vrkl okàu ymra. Vdc bcfgk jmesucf

m` Ykudgìvmù kevgzgvgcu, uersvg`g~gì vdc fcvkglu mj

czcrw g`gvgkvgzc ow vdc Jcfcrkl Mxc` Bkracv Embbgvvcc

$JMBE' k`f vdc Omkrf mj Imzcr`mru. Vdc embbc`"

vkrwk bgt mj vdc immf, vdc okf k`f vdc silwec`"

vcrcf xrgbkrglw m` vdc dguvmrge `kvsrc mj msr xrmirkbu,

vdcgr xmvc`vgkl bkracv gbxkevu k`f vdcgr rcecxvgm` ow

vdc xmycrdmsucu mj Ykudgìvm` k`f Ykll Uvrccv.

Vdc Jcfcrkl _cucrzc Uwuvcbu ctvrkmrfg`krw cj"

jmrvu ycrc `mv lgbgvcf vm vdc JMBE. Ku G jrc{sc`vlw

rcbg`f vdc xrcuu k`f xsolge, bcbocru mj vdc embbgv"

vcc rclw m` vdc fcfgekvcf uvkjj mj vdc Jcfcrkl _cucrzc

Okàu jmr vdc ctcesvgm` mj cked g`gvgkvgzc. Ygvdmsv vdc

dkrf ymra mj vdc rcigm`kl Okàugèlsfgì vdc bc`

k`f ymbc` mj vdc Jcfcrkl _cucrzc Okà mj Fkllkuyc

bgidv `mv dkzc uvkzcf mjj cem`mbge emllkxuc.

Ygvd `kègkl bkracvu frkg`cf mj em`fcèc k`f

lg{sgfgvw, gv ocekbc ergvgekl vdkv lc`fgì vm fcxmug"

vmrw gùvgvsvgmù oc xrmxcrlw fcugi`cf k`f kylcuulw

ctcesvcf. Vm kgf g` vdgu cjjmrv, msr uvkjj em`vg`scf vm

bkg`vkg` k`f rc`c vdc kxxlgekvgm` sucf vdrmsidmsv

vdc Jcfcrkl _cucrzc Uwuvcb jmr fguems`v yg`fmy lc`f"

gì mxcrkvgmùk` gbxmrvk`v rcuxmùgoglgvw g` k wckr

ydc` vdc Fkllku Jcf uky k xrmfgigmsu gèrckuc g` vdc

`sbocr mj lmkù ctvc`fcf.

F

?887 K``skl _cxmrv Lcvvcr rmb vdc Xrcugfc`v ;


4/47

G` kffgvgm`, vdc Fkllku Jcf xlkwcf k acw rmlc g`

bk`w `cy xrmirkbu k`f g`gvgkvgzcu fcugi`cf vm kuuguv

g` vdc gbxlcbc`vkvgm` mj bm`cvkrw xmlgew, gèlsfgì

g`vcrcuv xkwbc`vu m` rcucrzcu k`f c`dkècbc`v mj em`"

vrmlu vdkv bk`kic ercfgv rgua. Vdc Fkllku Jcf klum em`"

vrgosvcf vm vdc fcvkglcf rc{sgrcbc`vu k`f fcugi` mj vdc

xrmxmucf vcrb fcxmugv jkeglgvw, m`c mj uczcrkl vmmlu vdkv

bkw oc sucf vm usxxmrv k ubmmvd ygvdfrkykl mj bm`"

cvkrw xmlgew keembbmfkvgm` kv vdc kxxrmxrgkvc vgbc.

Vdc Fkllku Jcfu usxcrzgugm` k`f rcislkvgm`

vckb bkfc k zgvkl em`vrgosvgm` vm `kègkl ukjcvw k`f

ums`f`cuu. Msr ctxcrgcècf uvkjj mj okà ctkbg`cru

rcjmesucf vdcgr vkevgeu, xkwgì dcgidvc`cf kvvc`vgm` vm

rgua. Yc cuvkolgudcf k usxxmrv s`gv vm emmrfg`kvc rc"

umsrecu, cùsrgì vdkv vdc bmuv ctxcrgcècf ctkbg`"

cru ymracf ygvd `kègkl gùvgvsvgmù jkegì vdc bmuv

uczcrc edkllcìcu. Yc em`vg`scf vm occj sx msr uvk"

vguvgekl okà"rgua kuucuubc`vu k`f ctvc`f vdcgr suc

vm ercfgv rgua vm dclx gfc`vgjw udkaw gùvgvsvgmù kv vdc

ckrlgcuv xmuugolc ugi`. Vdc orckfvd mj a`mylcfic ke"

erscf ow msr okà usxcrzgumru, emsxlcf ygvd rclkvgzclwjkzmrkolc okàgì em`fgvgmù g` msr fguvrgev, xsv su kv

vdc jmrcjrm`v g` xrmzgfgì ctkbg`cr kuuguvkèc vm mvdcr

Jcfcrkl _cucrzc fguvrgevu k`f imzcr`bc`v kicègcu.

Icvvgì vdc Ymrf MsvVdc `kègkl ergugu g`vcùgcf vdc xsolgeu `ccf

jmr gùgidv k`f g`jmrbkvgm`k`f bg`c, vmm. Msr

rcuckred uvkjj gèrckucf vdc jrc{scèw mj rcigm`kl, `k"

vgm`kl k`f g`vcr`kvgm`kl orgcìu vm accx bc kxxrgucf

mj cem`mbge fczclmxbc`vu. G` Fkllku Jcf xsolgek"vgmù, msr cem`mbguvu xrmfsecf krvgelcu m` xrcuugì

guuscujmrcelmusrcu, `kègkl bkracvu k`f msr lmekl

cem`mbwu okvvlc ygvd rcecuugm`, vm `kbc k jcy. Dgidlw

rcuxcevcf nmsr`klu k`f `cyu bcfgk krms`f vdc ymrlf

egvcf bk`w mj msr cjjmrvu. G` kffgvgm`, Okà uvkjjcru

ugi`gek`vlw ctxk`fcf vdcgr uxckagì cìkicbc`vu

k`f xkrvgegxkvgm` g` em`jcrcècu kermuu vdc ems`vrw,

fmgì vdcgr ocuv vm em`vrgosvc vm vdc `kvgm`kl fgklmisc

m` vdc Irckv _cecuugm`. Bcbocru mj vdc Fkllku Jcfu

Ilmoklg~kvgm` k`f Bm`cvkrw Xmlgew Gùvgvsvcmsr ki"

udgx ec`vcr jmr uvsfw mj k` gèrckugìlw g`vcrem``cev"

cf ymrlf cem`mbw k`f gvu cjjcevu m` bm`cvkrw xmlgew

orgcjcf vdc JMBE m` ilmokl g`kvgm` fw`kbgeu.

G` rcuxmùc vm vdc `kvgmù bmrvikic jmrcelmusrc

ymcu, vdc Okà emllkomrkvcf ygvd emùsbcr k`f emb"

bs`gvw mrik`g~kvgmù vm lksèd vdc FkllkuJmrv Ymrvd

Dmbc My`crudgx Xrcucrzkvgm` C`vcrxrguc $DMXC'

Xkrv`crudgx. Ugèc gvu ?883 gècxvgm`, vdc irmsx dku

bmoglg~cf lc`fcru k`f dmsugì emsùclmru jmr ymra"

udmxu vm kuuguv vdmsuk`fu mj dmbcmy`cru g` rcumlzgì

vdcgr fclg`{sc`v lmkù k`f kzmgfgì jmrcelmusrc. Vdc

useecuu mj vdmuc cjjmrvu lcf vm vdc jmrbkvgm` mj vdc

Irckvcr Dmsuvm` Jmrcelmusrc Xrczc`vgm` k`f Vctku

Jmrcelmusrc Xrczc`vgm` vkua jmrecu. Vdc Okà nmg`cf

ygvd vdc Vctku vkua jmrec vm rs` emùsbcr kykrc`cuu

kfu g` bmzgc vdckvcru, klcrvgì emùsbcru vm uekbuk`f mvdcr jrksfslc`v kevgzgvgcu vdkv bgidv kjjcev vdcb

Msr xsolge msvrcked g`gvgkvgzcu xrmzgfcf msr ksfg"

cècu ygvd sx"vm"fkvc g`jmrbkvgm` m` vdc cem`mbge

lk`fuekxc. Vm kffrcuu vdc eksucu k`f cjjcevu mj vdc

`kègkl ergugu k`f vm xrmbmvc ocvvcr s`fcruvk`fgì

mj vdc rcecuugm`, vdc Okà xrmzgfcf vgbclw xrmirkbu

vm ucem`fkrw cfsekvmru k`f s`gzcrugvw k`f emllcic

jkeslvw. Vdgu cjjmrv ekbc g` vdc jmrb mj em`jcrcècu

k`f xrcuc`vkvgmù kv k zkrgcvw mj zc`scu, gèlsfgìvdc Okà k`f orkèd mjecu, m` uedmml ekbxsucu k`f

kv `kvgm`kl k`f uvkvc em`jcrcècu. K`f yc vmma vdc

fguesuugm` vm Bkg` Uvrccv, mrik`g~gì xrmirkbu k`f

dmuvgì rms`fvkolc fguesuugmù ygvd okàcru k`f egzge

lckfcru g` embbs`gvgcu g` Vctku, `mrvdcr` Lmsgugk`k

? JCFC_KL _CUC_ZC OK@A MJ FKLLKU ?887 K``skl _cxmrv


5/47

k`f umsvdcr` @cy Bctgem. Em`jcrcècu m` embbs"

`gvw fczclmxbc`v lc`fgì k`f c`vrcxrc`csrudgx g` vdc

edkìgì cem`mbw xrmzgfcf emùvgvsc`vu ygvd gbxmr"

vk`v g`jmrbkvgm` kv k vgbc mj cem`mbge sxdckzkl.

Uvkwgì m` EmsrucG` kffgvgm` vm bccvgì vdc fcbk`fu mj vdc cem"

`mbge fmy`vsr`, yc bkg`vkg`cf esuvmbcr ucrzgec

ctecllcèc g` msr `kègkl ucrzgecu. Vm usxxmrv vdc

`ccfu mj vdc bkracvxlkec, yc rcfguvrgosvcf vm mvdcr

_cucrzc Okàu `ckrlw 988 bgllgm` `cy `mvcu ykrc"

dmsucf g` msr zkslvu m` ocdklj mj vdc Omkrf mj Imzcr"

`mru k`f vdc S.U. Vrckusrw. G` ?887, vdc Fkllku Jcf

xrmzgfcf ekud vm bmrc vdk` 5,988 okàu k`f orkèd"

cu, egreslkvgì umbc 3.9 ogllgm` ogllu vdrmsid msr

zkslv fmmru. Msr emg` dmlfgìu gèrckucf klbmuv ?8

xcrec`v jrmb vdc xrgmr wckr ku emg` mycf okea jrmb

egreslkvgm` k`f mvdcr umsrecu kv k` s`xrcecfc`vcf

rkvc. Fsrgì ?887, vdc Jcfcrkl _cucrzc em`vg`scf vdc

emùmlgfkvgm` mj edcea xrmecuugì jsèvgmù. Fkllku

eckucf xrmecuugì xkxcr edceau ku vdkv osug`cuu yku

vrkùjcrrcf vm vdc Elczclk`f _cucrzc Okà, c`fgìk jsèvgm` vdkv dkf occ` em`fsevcf g` Fkllku ugèc

;7;3. Vdgu vrkùgvgm` rcuslvcf g` k ugi`gek`v fmy`"

ug~gì mj msr uvkjj osv yku keembxlgudcf ygvd bg`gbkl

esuvmbcr gbxkev.

G` k` mìmgì g`gvgkvgzc vm dclx vdc S.U. Vrckusrw

rcfsec emuvu, msr Im Fgrcev em`vkev ec`vcr g` Fkl"

lku em`vg`scf c`rmllgì jcfcrkl oc`cv rcegxgc`vu g`

gvu clcevrm`ge fcxmugv xrmirkb. Vdc em`vkev ec`vcr

xrmecuucf bmrc vdk` :78,888 c`rmllbc`vu g` ?887, k

?8 xcrec`v gèrckuc mzcr ?884. Ugèc ?886, vdc Fkllku

Jcf dku xrmecuucf klbmuv ?.3 bgllgm` c`rmllbc`vu. G`

?887, yc fczclmxcf vced`mlmiw c`dkècbc`vu vdkv

dclxcf rcfsec c`rmllbc`v vgbcu, xrmzgfgì k ugi`g"

ek`v emuv ukzgìu jmr vdc Vrckusrw k`f vdc vktxkwcr.

Vdc Okàu rmlc g` usxxmrvgì vdc vced`mlmiw

g`jrkuvrsevsrc jmr vdc Jcfcrkl _cucrzc Uwuvcb dclxcf

bkg`vkg` cjjcevgzc mxcrkvgmù fsrgì vdc ergugu. G`

kffgvgm` vm xrmzgfgì k`f usxxmrvgì vdc kxxlgekvgm`

sucf ow kll _cucrzc Okàu jmr lc`fgì kevgzgvgcu, vdc

Okà xrmzgfcu vdc `kègkl bk`kicbc`v uwuvcb sucf

ow kll _cucrzc Okàu jmr xrmesrcbc`v, kuucv bk`kic"

bc`v k`f keems`vu xkwkolc. Okà uvkjj jmuvcrcf ugi"

`gek`v gbxrmzcbc`vu g` vdc Jcfcrkl _cucrzcu fcua"

vmx embxsvgì g`jrkuvrsevsrc, usxxmrvgì vdc ymra

mj bmrc vdk` ?8,888 cbxlmwccu kermuu vdc Uwuvcb.

G` kffgvgm`, yc sxirkfcf msr vclcembbs`gekvgmù

embxlct k`f dmuvcf k` 43 xcrec`v gèrckuc g` ucesrc

em`jcrcèc ekllu jmr vdc Uwuvcb, usxxmrvgì gèrckucf

fcbk`f jmr embbs`gekvgm` k`f emllkomrkvgm`.

Usjec gv vm ukw vdkv vdc uvkjj mj vdc Jcfcrkl

_cucrzc Okà mj Fkllku k`f gvu orkèdcu ymracf lmì

k`f dkrf, rgugì vm vdc edkllcìcu xrcuc`vcf g` ?887.

Vdcgr dkrf ymra c`kolcf vdc Jcfcrkl _cucrzc vm fm

ydkv gv bsuv fm g` vgbcu mj cem`mbge vsrbmglorgì k

ucùc mj uvkoglgvw k`f eklb vm k` cem`mbw yrmsidv owem`vrkevgm` k`f xk`ge. G uxcka jmr kll bw emllckiscu m`

vdc JMBE k`f vdc emùvgvsc`vu mj vdc Clczc`vd Fguvrgev

ydc` G ukw dmy irkvcjsl G kb jmr k nmo ycll fm`c.

_gedkrf Y. Jgudcr

?887 K``skl _cxmrv Lcvvcr rmb vdc Xrcugfc`v 5


6/47

...v

dc

rgidv

rcisl

kvm

rwekl

gork

vgm`

dc xkuv vym k`f k dklj wckru dkzc

occ` edkllcìgì m`cu jmr vdc Jcfcrkl

_cucrzc. Vdc `kègkl bkracv vsrbmgl

vdkv ocik` g` bgf"?889 xlsìcf vdc

S.U. cem`mbw g`vm k uvsoomr` fmy`"

vsr` vdkv rkgucf jckru mj k`mvdcr Irckv Fcxrcuugm`.

Fcvcrbg`cf vm kzmgf vdc bm`cvkrw xmlgew bguvkacu mj

vdc ;758u, vdc Jcf bcv vdc ergugu dckf"m`, vkagì k

ucrgcu mj omlf xmlgew kevgmù vdkv lmycrcf g`vcrcuv rkvcu

k`f js``clcf ercfgv fgrcevlw vm vdc xrgzkvc ucevmr.

Ow vdc c`f mj ?887, yc emslf orckvdc ckugcr.

Em`fcèc g` vdc okàgì g`fsuvrw gu m` vdc bc`f,

`kègkl bkracvu krc rcvsr`gì vm `mrbklew k`f vdc

cem`mbw gu udmygì ugiù mj rcemzcrw, dmyczcr vcxgf.

Gv gu vgbc vm lmma okeavm ucc ydkv yc dkzc lckr`cf

k`f vm lmma jmrykrf vm rcudkxgì vdc xmlgew c`zgrm`"

bc`v, ygvd k` cwc vmykrf lcuuc`gì vdc mffu mj jsvsrc

`kègkl ergucu.

G embc kykw jrmb vdc xkuv vym wckru ygvd jmsr

js`fkbc`vkl oclgcjukll dm`cf `mv m`lw ow bw zc

wckru ku k bm`cvkrw xmlgewbkacr osv klum ow bw

fcekfcu mj ctxcrgcèc ku k bkracv mxcrkvmr. Jgruv, G

kb bmrc em`zgècf vdk` czcr vdkv `kègkl gùvgvs"

vgmù k`f `kègkl bkracvu rc{sgrc k dcklvdw fmuc mj

rcislkvgm` vm jsèvgm` cjegc`vlw. Ucem`f, G kb bmrc

em`zgècf vdk` czcr mj vdc gbxmrvkèc mj rcislkvmrw

k`f usxcrzgumrw ksvdmrgvw vm vdc xrmxcr em`fsev mj

bm`cvkrw xmlgew. Vdgrf, G kb bmrc em`zgècf vdk` czcr

V

6 JCFC_KL _CUC_ZC OK@A MJ FKLLKU ?887 K``skl _cxmrv

_cjcevgmù m` vdc Jg`kègkl Ergugu>Ydcrc Fm Yc Im Jrmb Dcrc=

K` Cuukw ow _gedkrf Y. Jgudcr


7/47

vdkv vmm"ogi"vm"jkgl okàu krc fkìcrmsu k`f udmslf

oc em`vkg`cf, gj `mv ormac` sx. Jmsrvd, G kb bmrc

em`zgècf vdk` czcr vdkv ec`vrkl okàu mxcrkvc bmuv

cjjcevgzclw ydc` gùslkvcf jrmb xmlgvgekl xkuugmù.

Vkac` vmicvdcr, vdcuc oclgcju s`fcruemrc vdc

`cecuugvw mj k jmrykrf"lmmagì, ekrcjsllw erkjvcf rc"

uvrsevsrgì mj vdc `kègkl uwuvcb. K` kxxrmked vdkv

uesvvlcu used vgbc"vcuvcf js`fkbc`vklu ku ec`vrkl

okà g`fcxc`fcèc ygll fm bmrc dkrb vdk` immf. Kv

vdc ukbc vgbc, ugbxlw fcjc`fgì vdc uvkvsu {sm ygll

vkac su fmy` vdc ukbc xkvd vm ergugu k`f rcecuugm`.

Yc fm `mv yk`v vm nsuv fm k ocvvcr nmo elck`gì sx vdc

bcuucu g` vdc `kègkl uwuvcb. Yc yk`v vm kzmgf vdc

bcuucu g` vdc ruv xlkec. M`lw ow krrgzgì kv vdc rgidv

rcislkvmrw eklgorkvgm` ek` yc kfc{skvclw xrmvcev msr

`kègkl uwuvcb, k`f vdc cem`mbw vdkv fcxc`fu m`

gv, jrmb k rcxckv mj vdc uczcrc ommb"vm"osuv ewelc yc

dkzc nsuv occ` vdrmsid.

M`lw ow krrgzgì kv vdc rgidv

rcislkvmrw eklgorkvgm` ek` yc

kfc{skvclw xrmvcev msr

`kègkl uwuvcb.

?887 K``skl _cxmrv _cjcevgmù m` vdc Jg`kègkl Ergugu>Ydcrc Fm Yc Im Jrmb Dcrc=

3


8/47

Ommbu, Osoolcu k`f Osuvukb k crec kfzmekvc mj jrcc bkracvu. Vdc

`my"jkolcf G`zgugolc Dk`f fgrcevu xrmfse"

cru vm suc uekrec rcumsrecu cjegc`vlw vm

edsr` msv k` kos`fkèc mj vdc immfu

k`f ucrzgecu emùsbcru yk`v. Yc dkzc

vdc bkige mj vdc bkracv vm vdkà jmr vdc erckvgm` mj

Kbcrgeku s`bkvedcf xrmfsevgzc ekxkegvw k`f dgid

lgzgì uvk`fkrfu. Vmm bsed rcislkvgm` osrfcù cem"

`mbge kevgzgvw. Czc` um, bw xrczgmsu gèkr`kvgm` ku

k `kègkl bkracv mxcrkvmr lcjv `m fmsov g` bw bg`f

vdkv bkracvu fm meekugm`kllw jkgl> Bmuv `mvkolw, kuucv

xrgecu mzcrudmmv fsrgì ommbu k`f osoolcu k`f mzcr"

emrrcev fsrgì osuvu.

Ow gvuclj, zmlkvglgvw gu `mv usjegc`v nsuvgekvgm`

jmr rcislkvgm`. Dmyczcr, bkracv jkglsrcu vdkv rmgl

vdc `kègkl uwuvcb ek` dkzc fgukuvrmsu rcxcresu"

ugmù, ucvvgì mjj k` kfzcruc `kègkl jccfokea lmmx mj

em`vrkevgì ercfgv myu, fcelg`gì cem`mbge kevgzgvw

k`f usuvkg`cf dgid s`cbxlmwbc`v. Vdgu rcbg`fu su

mj vdc zgvkl rmlc bm`cw k`f ercfgv xlkw g` bkg`vkg`"

gì k dcklvdw cem`mbw. G lgac` gv vm vdc ekrfgmzkueslkr

uwuvcb. G` k` cem`mbw, vdc ec`vrkl okà gu vdc dckrv,

bm`cw gu vdc lgjcolmmf, k`f `kègkl bkracvu krc vdc

krvcrgcu k`f ekxgllkrgcu vdkv xrmzgfc ergvgekl usuvc`kèc

vm vdc bsuelcuvdc bkacru mj immfu k`f ucrzgecu k`f

erckvmru mj cbxlmwbc`v. K xrmxcrlw jsèvgm`gì ekrfgm"

zkueslkr uwuvcb jmuvcru dcklvdw irmyvd1 gj vdkv uwuvcb

jkglu, vdc bsuelcu kvrmxdw k`f vdc omfw orckau fmy`.

g

...yrgìgìmsvvdccem mbwuctecuucu

Vdc imkl udmslf oc `mv ugbxlw

bmrc rcislkvgm` osv rslcu vdkv

elkbx fmy` ydcrc vdcw krc

`ccfcf vdc bmuv.

: JCFC_KL _CUC_ZC OK@A MJ FKLLKU ?887 K``skl _cxmrv


9/47

Ydc` vdc `kègkl uwuvcb embcu s`fcr uvrcuu,

lg{sgfgvw gu rcuvrkg`cf, erckvgì k bknmr olmeakic g`

vdc `kègkl g`vcrbcfgkvgm` xrmecuu. Ercfgv uvmxu

mygì vm osug`cuucu k`f emùsbcru, uxrckfgì vdc

em`vkigm` vdrmsidmsv vdc cem`mbw. Vdkv gu ydkv dkx"

xc`cf g` vdc bmuv rcec`v ergugu. Clkomrkvc uvkvguvgekl

bmfclu k`f embxlct ucesrgvg~kvgm` xrmfsevu erckvcf

vdc gllsugm` mj em`vrml mzcr ercfgv k`f lg{sgfgvw rgua

g` vdc okàgì uwuvcb. Bguxcrecxvgmù mj rgua k`f

bguxlkecf gèc`vgzcu lcf vm bguisgfcf kevgmù. Ku

bkracv xkrvgegxk`vu sèmzcrcf vdc vrsvdku vdcw

klykwu fm, dmyczcr lkvcem`fcèc {sgealw ikzc ykw

vm jckr k`f fmsov. Ygvd sècrvkg`vw g` jsll jczcr, ekud

yku dmkrfcf, ems`vcrxkrvgcu zgcycf cked mvdcr ygvd

usuxgegm` k`f `m osug`cuu kxxckrcf ymrvdw mj `kè"

gì. Vdc cem`mbw, uvkrzcf mj vdc lgjcolmmf mj ekxgvkl,

yckac`cf jsrvdcr.

Ow `my, G usuxcev bk`w udkrc bw em`zgevgm` rc"

ikrfgì vdc `ccf jmr gbxrmzcf `kègkl rcislkvgm`. Yc

krc czc` dckrgì k fgjjcrc`v vs`c jrmb vdmuc ydm m`lw

k jcy wckru kim xrmelkgbcf vdc vrkùec`fc`v cjegcèwmj `kègkl bkracvuydkv G rcjcr vm ku vdc clkomrkvc

emècgv mj cjegc`v bkracv vdcmrwydcrc vmfkwu

xrgecu krc klykwu rgidv, bkracvu krc uclj"emrrcevgì

k`f rcislkvgm` gu ocuv acxv vm k okrc bg`gbsb.

Msr xrmuxcrgvw rc{sgrcu vdkv `kègkl rcislkvgm`

k`f usxcrzgugm` bkg`vkg` vdc ukjcvw k`f ums`f`cuu

`cecuukrw jmr dcklvdw cem`mbge irmyvd. Vdc bguugm`

mj rcislkvmru gu vm cùsrc okàu krc uvsrfwk`f vm

udsv vdcb fmy` gj vdcw krc `mv. Yc fm `mv yk`v msr

~ckl jmr rcuvrsevsrgì vdc rcislkvmrw kredgvcevsrc vm

mouesrc msr js`fkbc`vkl oclgcj g` vdc xmycr mj vdc

bkracv bcedk`gubu. Yc `ccf vm ycgid emuvu k`f oc`"

cvu mj msr rcislkvmrw kxxkrkvsu vm fcvcrbg`c ydkv

`ccfu vm im k`f ydkv `ccfu vm oc kffcf. Vdc imkl

udmslf oc `mv ugbxlw bmrc rcislkvgm` osv rslcu vdkv

elkbx fmy` ydcrc vdcw krc `ccfcf vdc bmuv, used ku

ctecuugzc rgua"vkagì. K` cjjcevgzc rcislkvmrw rcigbc

uvrgzcu vm emrrkl vdc `kègkl bkracvu k`gbkl uxgrgvu

g` k ykw vdkv fmcu `mv g`dgogv vdc zgvkl ymra mj s`fcr"

yrgvgì xrmuxcrgvw osv fguemsrkicu uvrkwgì g`vm wcv

k`mvdcr rcealcuu cuekxkfck fclgekvc oklkèc g`fccf.

K` cjjcevgzc rcislkvmrw rcigbc

uvrgzcu vm emrrkl vdc `kègklbkracvu k`gbkl uxgrgvu g` k ykw

vdkv fmcu `mv g`dgogv vdc zgvkl

ymra mj s`fcryrgvgì xrmuxcrgvw

osv fguemsrkicu uvrkwgì g`vm wcv

k`mvdcr rcealcuu cuekxkfck

fclgekvc oklkèc g`fccf.


9


10/47

Vdc Jcf ku _cislkvmrdc ilkbmsr mj ec`vrkl okàgì lgcu

g` bm`cvkrw xmlgew. Vdc bcfgk vkac

`mvc mj czcrw bccvgì mj vdc Jcf"

crkl Mxc` Bkracv Embbgvvcc, mr

JMBE, k`f `ckrlw czcrw svvcrkèc

ow gvu bcbocru. Osv bkagì bm`cvkrw xmlgew fceg"

ugmù rc{sgrcu k` g`vgbkvc a`mylcfic mj vdc `kègkl

uwuvcbvdc vwxc mj a`mylcfic vdkv m`lw k dk`fu"m`

rcislkvmr ek` xmuucuu. Vm movkg` vdkv a`mylcfic, yc

rclw sxm` msr rcislkvmrw k`f usxcrzgumrw rcuxmùgoglg"

vgcurcuxmùgoglgvgcu yc udkrc ygvd vdc Embxvrmllcr

mj vdc Esrrcèw, vdc Jcfcrkl Fcxmugv Gùsrkèc Emrx.,

vdc Mjec mj Vdrgjv Usxcrzgugm` k`f uvkvc kicègcu,

kbmì mvdcru.

G` vdcmrw, vdc Jcfu bm`cvkrw xmlgew k`f rcis"

lkvmrw jsèvgmù krc ucxkrkvc. G` xrkevgec, vdcw krc

k`wvdgì osvrkvdcr, vdcw dkzc k uwbogmvge rclkvgm`"

udgx. Vdcw embxlcbc`v cked mvdcr oceksuc cjjcevgzc

bm`cvkrw xmlgew fcxc`fu m` rcislkvgm` vdkv cùsrcu

vdc ums`f`cuu mj `kègkl gùvgvsvgmù.

Vm s`fcruvk`f ydw, yc uvkrv ygvd dmy bm`cvkrw

xmlgew g`scècu cem`mbge kevgzgvw k`f cbxlmw"

bc`v. Vrkfgvgm`kllw, vdc JMBEu xrgbkrw xmlgew vmml

gu vdc jcfcrkl js`fu rkvcvdc g`vcrcuv rkvc vdkv okàu

edkric m`c k`mvdcr jmr sùcesrcf, mzcr`gidv lmkù.

Edk``clcf vdrmsid vdc `kègkl uwuvcb, edkìcu g`

vdc jcfcrkl js`fu rkvc kjjcev xrgzkvc ucevmr fcegugmù

m` dmy bsed vm xrmfsec k`f dmy bk`w ymracru ygll

oc `ccfcf vm fm gv.

...accxg iok aum vdcuvrkgidvk f`krrmy

VCjjcevgzc bm`cvkrw xmlgew

fcxc`fu m` rcislkvgm` vdkv

cùsrcu vdc ums`f`cuu mj

`kègkl gùvgvsvgmù.



11/47

Edkìcu g` vdc jcfcrkl js`fu rkvc fgrcevlw k`f

g`fgrcevlw g`scèc vdc emuv k`f kzkglkoglgvw mj ercfgv

vdrmsidmsv vdc cem`mbw. Okàu rcuxm`f ow kfnsuvgì

vdc xrgegì k`f vcrbu vdcw mjjcr vm omrrmycru, kjjcev"

gì oswgì k`f g`zcuvgì fcegugmù. Bm`cw k`f ekxgvkl

bkracvu suskllw bmzc g` vdc ukbc fgrcevgm`, xgèdgì

mr uycllgì vdc my mj js`fu vm lkricr osug`cuucu. G`"

vcrcuv rkvc edkìcu kjjcev vdc zklsc mj om`fu, c{sgvgcu,

rckl cuvkvc k`f mvdcr kuucvu, vdc umsrecu mj emùsb"

cru k`f osug`cuucu ycklvd vdkv mjvc` ucrzc ku emllkv"

crkl jmr lmkù. Gj g`vcrcuv rkvc bmzcbc`vu krc lkricr g`

vdc S.U. vdk` mzcrucku, ctedkìc rkvcu bkw im sx mr

fmy`, kjjcevgì g`vcr`kvgm`kl vrkfc k`f ekxgvkl myu.

Jg`kègkl rcislkvgmù gbxmrvkèc vm bm`cvkrw xmlgew

ec`vcru m` accxgì vdcuc zgvkl krvcrgcu mxc`k nmo

keembxlgudcf ow cuvkolgudgì rslcu jmr ums`f okàgì

xrkevgecu k`f bkagì usrc vdkv okàu jmllmy vdcb.

Vdc ickru lgàgì Jcf xmlgew k`f vdc rckl cem`m"

bw mxcrkvc ubmmvdlw k`f xrcfgevkolw ydc` okàu krc

ycll ekxgvklg~cfvdkv gu, ydc` vdcw dkzc vdc `kègkl

ydcrcygvdkl vm bkac lmkù. Vdgu kllmyu vdc krvcr"gcu mj vdc uwuvcb vm oc mxc` k`f dcklvdw k`f uvrmì.

Vrmsolcu embc ydc` okàu `kècu krc udkaw

ydc` vdc rcislkvmrw xrmecuu dku `mv acxv okàu

ums`f. Ugea okàu ek``mv lc`f k`f xrmxcrlw kev ku g`"

vcrbcfgkvmruk`f bm`cvkrw xmlgew kevgmù lmuc vdcgr

ekxkegvw vm g`scèc vdc cem`mbw ygvd keesuvmbcf

cjegcèw. Vdgu gu ydkv dkxxc`cf g` vdc `kègkl

ergugu. Yckac`cf ow okf lmkù k`f g`zcuvbc`vu vdkv

lcf vm bkuugzc yrgvcfmyù, `kègkl gùvgvsvgmù ycrc

g` `m xmugvgm` vm bkac `cy lmkù oceksuc vdcw jkecf

k` gbbcfgkvc `ccf vm rkguc `cy ekxgvkl. Vdc emuv mj

vdkv ekxgvkl uxgacf nsuv ydc` okàu `ccfcf gv vdc

bmuv. Vdc `kègkl uwuvcb ermsedcf g` k fcjcùgzc

uvkèc, vgidvc`gì gvu lc`fgì uvk`fkrfu k`f edkrigì

bmrc jmr ercfgv. Vrkfgvgm`kl Jcf xmlgew lmuv gvu xmvcèw.

Ku vdc JMBE xsudcf vdc jcfcrkl js`fu rkvc vm vdc

lmycuv lczclu czcr g` ?884, vdc rkvcu vdkv bkvvcr bmuv

jmr uxsrrgì cem`mbge rcemzcrwvdc rkvcu edkricf m`

ercfgv vm osug`cuucu k`f dmsucdmlfurmuc ugi`g"

ek`vlw, lckzgì vdc Jcf vm rcumrv vm ctvrkmrfg`krw xmlg"

egcu vm g`ncev lg{sgfgvw g`vm vdc cem`mbw.

G vdgà gv gu ymrvd fguesuugì k`

ctxk`fcf Jcf rcislkvmrw rmlc

g` `mòkà `kègkl gùvgvsvgmù.

Vdgu gu ydcrc k irckv fckl mj

vdc rcealcuu lc`fgì, xcrzcrucgèc`vgzcu k`f, g` umbc ekucu,

fmy`rgidv fgudm`cuvw vmma xlkec

g` vdc wckru lckfgì sx vm vdc

`kègkl ergugu.


7


12/47

Vdc xkuv vym wckru dkzc dgidlgidvcf vdc g`vcrem`"

`cevgmù mj bm`cvkrw k`f rcislkvmrw xmlgew, s`fcr"

uemrgì vdc `ccf jmr vdc Jcf vm bkg`vkg` k bknmr

rmlc g` rcislkvgì k`f usxcrzgugì rbu kermuu vdc

`kègkl uwuvcb. Vdc ec`vrkl okà ek``mv em`fsev

bm`cvkrw xmlgew cjjcevgzclw ygvdmsv vkricvcf k`f vgbc"

lw g`jmrbkvgm` m` vdc dcklvd mj vdc `kègkl uwuvcb.

Yc fcxc`f m` msr rcislkvmrw krb vm xrmzgfc g`"fcxvd,

dk`fu"m` kuucuubc`vu vm isgfc su ku yc xcrjmrb msr

fsvw ku vdc `kègkl uwuvcbu lc`fcr mj lkuv rcumrvk

fsvw vdkv rc{sgrcu su vm a`my msr esuvmbcru, ku vdc

mlf okàgì kfkic imcu. Yc ek``mv xcrjmrb vdkv fsvw

mr mxcrkvc k fguems`v yg`fmy gj yc lkea k ruvdk`f

a`mylcfic mj msr omrrmycru `kègkl dcklvd. Gv gu ugb"

xlw gbxmuugolc vm xrmxcrlw czklskvc vdc em`fgvgm` mj k

xmvc`vgkllw vrmsolcf omrrmycr ygvd g`jmrbkvgm` ic`cr"

kvcf ow k` msvugfc kicèw, ydged bgidv `mv igzc su

ydkv yc `ccf mr bgidv `mv oc usjegc`vlw rcuxmùgzc g`

rckl vgbc. Vdgu yku m`c mj vdc dkrud lcuumù lckr`cf

jrmb ctkbg`gì vdc c`vrkglu mj Ockr Uvckrù, Lcdbk`

k`f KGI, mzcr ydged yc dkf `m rcislkvmrw mzcrugidv k

vdc vgbc mj vdcgr rsxvsrc.

M`lw ow uvkwgì korckuv mj fczclmxbc`vu g` vdc

okàgì k`f `kègkl uwuvcb ek` vdc Jcf ke{sgrc vdc

a`mylcfic `cecuukrw vm gbxlcbc`v bm`cvkrw xmlgew

cjjcevgzclw. K`f m`lw vdc`ygvd jsll rcuxmùgoglgvw k`f

keems`vkoglgvw jmr `kègkl uvkoglgvwek` vdc Jcf oc

jsllw cjjcevgzc g` xsrusgì gvu fskl bk`fkvc mj uvkolc

xrgecu k`f jsll cbxlmwbc`v.

Accxgì bm`cvkrw k`f

rcislkvmrw xmlgew vmicvdcr

rcg`jmrecu keems`vkoglgvw.

;8 JCFC_KL _CUC_ZC OK@A MJ FKLLKU ?887 K``skl _cxmrv

...erkjvg ivdcrgidvbgtmjxmlgegcu


13/47

Accxgì bm`cvkrw k`f rcislkvmrw xmlgew vmicvdcr

rcg`jmrecu keems`vkoglgvw. Kv k`w igzc` vgbc, bkg`vkg`"

gì k dcklvdw cem`mbw k`f ums`f okàgì uwuvcb

bkw rc{sgrc k xsrclw rcislkvmrw rcuxmùc, k xsrclw

bm`cvkrw rcuxmùc mr k embog`kvgm` mj vdc vym. Vdc

kxxrmxrgkvc bgt bkw oc sèlckr vm k` kicèw vdkv dku

osv k ugìlc bguugm`. Gj bm`cvkrw k`f rcislkvmrw ks"

vdmrgvgcu krc ucxkrkvc, cked ugfc bgidv nsuvgjw g`kevgm`

ydc` vmsid fcegugmù krc `ccfcf ow elkgbgì gv ku"

usbcf vdc mvdcr ymslf kev. Ow xlkegì rcuxmùgoglgvw

jmr omvd bm`cvkrw k`f rcislkvmrw xmlgegcu s`fcr m`c

ksvdmrgvw, vdc olkbc ikbc gu `m lmìcr xmuugolc.

Gv gu cuuc`vgkl vdkv vdc Jcf `mv m`lw bkg`vkg` osv

klum c`dkèc gvu rmlc g` okàgì k`f `kègkl rcislk"

vgm`. G fm `mv yk`v k vsrj ykr ygvd mvdcr rcislkvmru. G`

jkev, G ucc kfzk`vkicu vm bkg`vkg`gì uczcrkl mzcrlkx"

xgì osv ucxkrkvc rcislkvmrw kxxrmkedcufgjjcrc`v

ucvu mj cwcu lmmagì kv vdc ugvskvgm` jrmb fgjjcrc`v

xcruxcevgzcu. Dmyczcr, G vdgà gv gu ymrvd fguesuugì

k` ctxk`fcf Jcf rcislkvmrw rmlc g` `mòkà `kègkl

gùvgvsvgmùklum a`my` ku vdc udkfmy okàgì uwu"vcb. Vdgu gu ydcrc k irckv fckl mj vdc rcealcuu lc`fgì,

xcrzcruc gèc`vgzcu k`f, g` umbc ekucu, fmy`rgidv

fgudm`cuvw vmma xlkec g` vdc wckru lckfgì sx vm vdc

`kègkl ergugu.

G` bw zgcy, xrmxmuklu vm udrgà vdc Jcfu rcislk"

vmrw k`f usxcrzgumrw rcuxmùgoglgvgcu krc bguisgfcf. Vm

accx ygvd bw ekrfgmzkueslkr k`klmiw, G ymslf krisc

vdkv rcbmzgì vdc Jcf jrmb usxcrzgugm` k`f rcislkvgm`

mj okàu mj kll ug~cu k`f embxlctgvwjrmb embbs`gvw

okàu vm vdc bmuv embxlct lkric `kègkl gùvgvsvgmù

$LJGu'ymslf oc vdc c{sgzklc`v mj rgxxgì msv vdc xk"

vgc`vu dckrv. Vdkv ymslf usrclw xrczc`v k`mvdcr dckrv

kvvkea osv ymslf lgaclw dkzc ucrgmsu dcklvd rcxcresu"

ugmù. Gj yc krc vm lmycr vdc edkècu mj rcxckvgì vdc

ergugu yc dkzc nsuv c`fsrcf, vdc Jcf bsuv oc fccxlw

g`zmlzcf g` `kègkl usxcrzgugm` k`f rcislkvgmùm gv

ek` rcemi`g~c vdc ugiù mj k` cem`mbw vdkv gu mzcr"

dckvgì. Vdc Jcf bsuv kffrcuu vdc ctvrcbc jrgìc mj

kiircuugzc rgua vkagì g` k bmrc xrczc`vgzc ykw, sugì

kll gvu kzkglkolc vmmlu vm xrczc`v vdc `ctv osoolc jrmb

rckedgì ergvgekl bkuu. K`fvdgu gu k ersegkl k`fgv

ygll `ccf vm fm k ocvvcr nmo.

Vdc Jcf bsuv oc fccxlw g`zmlzcfg` `kègkl usxcrzgugm` k`f

rcislkvgmùm gv ek` rcemi`g~c

vdc ugiù mj k` cem`mbw vdkv gu

mzcrdckvgì.


;


14/47

Vmm"Fkìcrmsu"vm"Xcrbgv

vrslw cjjcevgzc rcuvrsevsrgì mj

msr rcislkvmrw rcigbc ygll dkzc vm

`csvrklg~c vdc ogiicuv vdrckv vm msr

`kègkl uwuvcbu uvkoglgvwvdc

um"ekllcf vmm"ogi"vm"jkgl, mr VOVJ,

okàu. G` vdc xkuv vym fcekfcu, vdc ogiicuv okàu

dkzc irmy` ugi`gek`vlw ogiicr. G` ;778, vdc ;8 lkri"

cuv S.U. okàu dkf klbmuv ?3 xcrec`v mj vdc g`fsu"

vrwu kuucvu. Vdcgr udkrc ircy vm 66 xcrec`v g` ?888

k`f klbmuv :8 xcrec`v g` ?887.

Okàgì dku ocembc bmrc emèc`vrkvcf kv vdc

vmx oceksuc mj lkyu vdkv kllmy gùvgvsvgmù vm mxcr"

kvc `kvgm`ygfc k`f mjjcr k ormkfcr rkìc mj `kègkl

ucrzgecu. Dmyczcr, umbc mj vdgu irmyvd dku meesrrcf

oceksuc mj vdc imzcr`bc`v iskrk`vccugbxlgegv ku

ycll ku ctxlgegvvdkv kllmy ogi `kègkl gùvgvsvgmù

vm irmy jkuvcr ow xsrusgì rguagcr uvrkvcigcu vdkv wgclf

dgidcr rcvsrù, kv lckuv g` immf vgbcu.

Vdc rguau mj vdc ?;uv ec`vsrw krc `m bkved jmr

k rcislkvmrw uedcbc xsv g` xlkec g` vdc ;758u, vdc`

rczgucf g` k xgcecbckl jkudgm` ugèc. Vdc ctguvgì rslcu

k`f mzcrugidv krc `mv sx vm vdc kesvc rcislkvmrw edkl"

lcìc gbxmucf ow vdc ogiicuv okàu. Jgruv, vdcuc okàu

krc uxrkylgì k`f embxlctum zkuv vdkv vdcgr my`

bk`kicbc`v vckbu bkw mv jsllw s`fcruvk`f vdcgr

my` rgua ctxmusrcu. Gj vdkv gu um, gv ymslf oc jsvglc vm

ctxcev vdkv vdcgr rcislkvmru k`f ercfgvmru emslf s`vk`"

ilc kll vdc vdrckfu, cuxcegkllw s`fcr rkxgflw edkìgì

bkracv em`fgvgmù. Ucem`f, ogi okàu bkw oclgczc vdcw

ek` kev rcealcuulw ygvdmsv jckr mj xkwgì vdc slvgbkvc

xc`klvw. Vdcw k`f bk`w mj vdcgr ercfgvmru kuusbc vdc

Jcf k`f mvdcr imzcr`bc`v kicègcu ygll esudgm` vdc

jkll k`f kuusbc vdc fkbkicu, czc` gj vdcgr vrmsolcu

uvcb jrmb `cilgicèc mr vrgeacrw. Vdcw dkzc m`lw vm

lmma vm rcec`v ctxcrgcèc vm em`rb vdkv kuusbxvgm`.

KVdc ctguvgì rslcu k`f mzcrugidv

krc `mv sx vm vdc kesvc

rcislkvmrw edkllcìc gbxmucf

ow vdc ogiicuv okàu.

;? JCFC_KL _CUC_ZC OK@A MJ FKLLKU ?887 K``skl _cxmrv

...g uvgvsvgm umjbmrcbk kickolcug~c


15/47

Umbc krisc vdkv ogi`cuu gu `mv okf, xcr uc. Vdcw

em`vc`f vdkv vdc S.U. ek``mv bkg`vkg` gvu embxcvg"

vgzc cfic m` vdc ilmokl uvkic gj gv ecfcu LJG vcrrgvmrw vm

mvdcr `kvgmùk` krisbc`v G emùgfcr dmllmy igzc`

vdc ctxcrgcèc mj vdc Nkxk`cuc k`f mvdcru ydm ekbc

vm rcircv uccagì vdc fguvgèvgm` mj dkzgì vdc ymrlfu

ogiicuv `kègkl gùvgvsvgmù. Ogi okàu g`vcrkev ygvd

vdc cem`mbw k`f `kègkl bkracvu g` k bslvgvsfc mj

ykwu, erckvgì em``cevgmù vdkv vrkùec`f vdc lgbgvu

mj g`fsuvrw k`f icmirkxdw. Oceksuc mj vdcgr fccx k`f

ygfc em``cevgmù vm mvdcr okàu k`f `kègkl gùvgvs"

vgmù, k jcy rckllw ogi okàu ek` uc`f vgfkl ykzcu mj

vrmsolcu vdrmsid vdc `kègkl uwuvcb gj vdcw jkgl, lckf"

gì vm k fmy`ykrf uxgrkl mj okf lmkù k`f em`vrkevgì

ercfgv vdkv fcuvrmwu bk`w nmou k`f osug`cuucu.

@m imzcr`bc`v yk`vu vm vkac vdkv rgua. Um g` dkrf

vgbcu, rcislkvmru fsvgjsllw elmuc ubkllcr okàuvdc

JFGE udsv fmy` ?3 okàu g` ?884 k`f ;68 g` ?887

osv vgxvmc krms`f ogi okàu ygvd udkaw `kègkl

jms`fkvgmù. Ycka VOVJ okàu krc xrmxxcf sx, czc`

gj vdcgr ekxkegvw vm lc`f dku occ` ucrgmsulw embxrm"bgucf. K`f um vdcw ugv g` lgbom, k xmvc`vgkl mouvkelc vm

bm`cvkrw xmlgew oceksuc mj vdcgr xmycr vm mouvrsev vdc

edk``clu vdkv vrkùbgv Jcf kevgmù vm vdc cem`mbw.

G dkzc `mv occ` rcvgec`v komsv vdc fkìcru xmucf

ow VOVJ okàu. Vm oc usrc, dkzgì k elckrlw krvgeslkv"

cf rcumlsvgm` rcigbc ymslf rcxrcuc`v uvcxu jmrykrf,

vdmsid G jckr gv bgidv klum xrmzgfc jkluc embjmrvlkric

rbu s`fcr uxcegkl rcumlsvgm` ksvdmrgvgcu bgidv oc

zgcycf jkzmrkolw ow ercfgvmru, em`vg`sgì vdc imzcr`"

bc`v"uxmùmrcf kfzk`vkic ocuvmycf sxm` vdcb. Bw

xrcjcrcèc gu jmr k bmrc xrmxdwlkevge kxxrmked> k`

g`vcr`kvgm`kl keemrf vm orcka sx vdcuc gùvgvsvgmù

g`vm m`cu mj bmrc bk`kickolc ug~cbmrc bk`kic"

kolc jmr omvd vdcgr ctcesvgzcu k`f vdcgr rcislkvmrw

usxcrzgumru. Vdgu ek``mv oc fm`c kjvcr vdc mùcv mj k`

cem`mbge ergugu, ydc` vdc emùc{scècu mj jklvcrgì

VOVJ gùvgvsvgmù ocembc k jrm`v"osr`cr guusc. Ow

vdc`, vdc bguvkacu dkzc occ` bkfc k`f ek``mv oc

rczcrucf, k`f VOVJ okàu xlmf klmì kbmì vdc lgzgì

lgac ~mbogcu g` uegcèc evgm` lbu.

Vdc emùc{scècu krc vmm fgrc. Vdc vgbc vm orcka

sx VOVJ okàu gu ocjmrc vdc erguguydc` vdc cem`m"

bw gu rclkvgzclw dcklvdw k`f vdcw xmuc `m gbbcfgkvc

fkìcru. Vdkv ykw, vdcw ygll `mv oc krms`f vm yrcka

dkzme ydc` vdc cem`mbw c`vcru k xcrgmf mj uvrcuu.

Vdc vgbc vm orcka sx VOVJ okàu

gu ocjmrc vdc erguguydc` vdc

cem`mbw gu rclkvgzclw dcklvdw

k`f vdcw xmuc `m gbbcfgkvc

fkìcru. Vdkv ykw,

vdcw ygll `mv oc krms`f vm yrcka

dkzme ydc` vdc cem`mbw

c`vcru k xcrgmf mj uvrcuu.


;5


16/47

G`fcxc`fcècc`vrkl okàu bsuv vkac k lmì"vcrb

zgcy mj vdc cem`mbw k`f erkjv kx"

xrmxrgkvc xmlgew rcuxmùcu. Ydc`

vdc ugvskvgm` ykrrk`vu, yc bsuv

dkzc vdc lccykw vm rkguc g`vcrcuv

rkvcu ydc` mvdcru yk`v edckx ercfgv k`f rcg` g` rguaw

`kègkl xrkevgecu ydc` mvdcru yk`v ckuw xrmvu.

K Jcf embbgvvcf vm yrgìgì msv vdc cem`mbwu ct"

ecuucu k`f accxgì okàu m` vdc uvrkgidv k`f `krrmy

gu `mv imgì vm yg` bk`w xmxslkrgvw em`vcuvu. Umbc mj

vdmuc fguxlckucf ow Jcf fcegugmù ygll ucca vm ukvgujw

vdcgr fcugrcu ow rcumrvgì vm xmlgvgekl xrcuusrc.

Gv gu jmr vdkv rckum` vdkv Emìrcuu, `ckrlw k

ec`vsrw kim, dkf vdc jmrcugidv vm cuvkolgud vdc Jcfcrkl

_cucrzc Uwuvcbk bm`cvkrw ksvdmrgvw, vmicvdcr ygvd

k rcislkvmrw krb, ucv kxkrv jrmb vdc ctgicègcu mj vdc

fkw. Ydglc msr vmmlu k`f bguugm` dkzc czmlzcf mzcr

vgbc, msr g`fcxc`fcèc dku rcbkg`cf xkrkbms`v vm

msr cjjmrvu vm xsrusc k uvckfw emsruc s`vkg`vcf ow

xmlgvgekl keembbmfkvgm`.

G`fcxc`fc`v fmcu mv bck` s`keems`vkolc. Vdc

Jcf dku klykwu occ` usoncev vm kxxrmxrgkvc mzcrugidv

k`f vrkùxkrcèw. Vdc Jcf edkgrbk` k`f bcbocru mj

vdc Omkrf mj Imzcr`mru krc `mbg`kvcf ow vdc xrcug"

fc`v k`f em`rbcf ow vdc Uc`kvc. Msr uvkvsvmrw ks"

vdmrgvw gèlsfcu k irk`v mj ecrvkg` xmycru vm g`scèc

vdc `kègkl uwuvcb, k`f vdkv ksvdmrgvw gu lgbgvcf vm

msr bk`fkvcf imklu mj usuvkg`kolc cbxlmwbc`v irmyvd

k`f xrgec uvkoglgvw, klmì ygvd vdc xrcrc{sgugvc monce"

vgzc mj okàgì k`f `kègkl uvkoglgvw. Yc krc vdc m`lw

osug`cuu G a`my mj vdkv rclckucu k xsolge keems`vgì

mj gvu oklkèc udccv czcrw yccavdc D.6.; rclckuc,kzkglkolc m` vdc G`vcr`cv. Ugèc Oc` Ocr`kàc vmma vdc

edkgr, yc dkzc rkbxcf sx msr cjjmrvu vm oc ku vrkù"

xkrc`v ku gu xrsfc`v g` vdc em`fsev mj bm`cvkrw xmlg"

ew. Yc my rclckuc bmrc jslumbc cem`mbge xrmncevgmù

k`f bg`svcu mj msr bccvgìu. Kv vdc ucbgk``skl vcuvg"

bm`w ocjmrc Emìrcuu rc{sgrcf s`fcr vdc Dsbxdrcw

Dkyagù lcigulkvgm`, vdc Edkgrbk` clfu {scuvgmù

jrmb bcbocru mj kxxrmxrgkvc mzcrugidv embbgvvccu,

k`f yc dkzc rcuxm`fcf jkzmrkolw vm vdmuc usiicuvgmù

vdkv kgf vdc Jcfu koglgvw vm jslll gvu bguugm`.

Dmyczcr, Jcf xmlgewbkacru bkg`vkg` fguvkèc

jrmb vdc xmlgvgekl jrkw oceksuc omkrf bcbocru ucrzc

uvkiicrcf, ;6"wckr vcrbu, bsvgì Ydgvc Dmsuc g`s"

cèc. Vdc rcigm`kl okà xrcugfc`vu, ydm ucrzc klmì"

ugfc vdc imzcr`mru m` vdc JMBE, krc jsrvdcr gùslkvcf

oceksuc vdcw krc dgrcf k`f rcf kv vdc ygll mj vdcgr

omkrfu mj fgrcevmru. Vdcuc `g`c"bcbocr omkrfu krc

c`vgrclw rcbmzcf jrmb vdc F.E. cuvkolgudbc`v, ygvd

E

...g fcxc`fc ecdkurcbkg cfxkrkbms v

K xmlgvgeg~cf ec`vrkl okà gu k

ergxxlcf ec`vrkl okà.



17/47

vdc ctecxvgm` mj vdc Omkrf mj Imzcr`mru uclcevgm`

mj vdrcc bcbocru. @ccflcuu vm ukw, bw jcllmy okà

xrcugfc`vu k`f G, k`f msr omkrfu, rcxrcuc`v vdc zgcyu

mj msr emùvgvsc`vu m` Bkg` Uvrccv`mv vdmuc mj vdc

Ykudgìvm` clgvc.

K Jcf gùslkvcf jrmb udmrv"vcrb, xmlgvgekl gb"

xslucu ek` jmesu m` erkjvgì vdc rgidv bgt mj xmlgegcu

jmr vdc cem`mbw g` vdc lmì vcrb. Gv dku c`msid uxkec

vm bkac vdc vmsid ekllubmuv mvkolw, ydc` g`vcrcuv

rkvcu dkzc vm oc xsudcf sxykrf vm ulmy vdc cem`mbw

g` sud vgbcu. Jcf g`fcxc`fcèc fmcu `mv nsuv bkvvcrjmr bm`cvkrw xmlgew. K ec`vrkl okà gùslkvcf jrmb xml"

gvgeu k`f keembxk`wgì lmoowgì ek` klum oc k vmsidcr

rcislkvmr, gùguvgì m` uvrgev kfdcrcèc vm ekxgvkl k`f

lczcrkic rc{sgrcbc`vu k`f xrsfc`v lc`fgì.

Ec`vrkl okà g`fcxc`fcèc dku ocembc vdc ilmokl

uvk`fkrf. @kvgmù krms`f vdc ymrlf dkzc embc vm

rcklg~c vdkv useecuujsl ec`vrkl okàu bsuv oc g`fcxc`"

fc`v jrmb xmlgvgekl xrcuusrcu. Vdc Csrmxck` Ec`"

vrkl Okàvdc bm`cvkrw ksvdmrgvw vdkv imzcrù vdc`kvgmù mj vdc Csrmxck` S`gm`yku cuvkolgudcf g`

;774 k`f iskrk`vccf xmlgvgekl g`fcxc`fcèc ow vrckvw.

Okèm fc Btgemu gùslkvgm` jrmb xmlgvgekl emùgfcr"

kvgmù dku occ` emfgcf g` vdc ems`vrwu emùvgvsvgm`.

Mzcr vdc xkuv jcy fcekfcu, `sbcrmsu cem`mbge

uvsfgcu dkzc udmy` vdkv g`fcxc`fc`v bm`cvkrw

ksvdmrgvgcu krc g`fccf kuumegkvcf ygvd lmycr g`kvgm`

k`f dgidcr, uvckfgcr cem`mbge irmyvd. Dguvmrw vcllu

su ydkv dkxxcù ydc` ec`vrkl okàu useesbo vm

vdc xmlgvgekl fcbk`fu mj vdc fkw. Vdc ctkbxlcu mj vdc

dkzme yrmsidv ow xmlgvgeg~cf ec`vrkl okàu uvrcved

jrmb kègc`v _mbc vm bmfcr`"fkw ^gbokoyc, ydcrc

dwxcrg`kvgm` cjjcevgzclw fcuvrmwcf vdc esrrcèw k`f

vdc `kvgmù cem`mbw.

G` dgu c`vcrvkg`gì omma Lmrfu mj Jg`kèc, Lgk{skv

Kdkbcf vcllu k` g`vcrcuvgì k`cefmvc krgugì jrmb

vdc Icrbk` _cgeduokàu jms`fgì g` vdc ;498u. Kv

vdc vgbc, Mvvm zm` Ogubkrea rcecgzcf k ykr`gì jrmb

dgu em`fk`v Icrudm` Olcgedrfcr> Vdcrc ymslf oc

meekugmù ydc` xmlgvgekl emùgfcrkvgmù ymslf dkzc vm

mzcrrgfc xsrclw cem`mbge nsfibc`vu. Olcgedrfcr g`"

jmrbcf Ogubkrea vdkv kv used vgbcu vmm g`fcxc`fc`v

k ec`vrkl okà ymslf oc k `sgukèc.

Dcrr Olcgedrfcru kfzgec xrmzcf xkrvgeslkrlw s`"

yguc. Uvsfc`vu mj cem`mbge dguvmrw krc acc`lw kykrc mj

vdc xmlgvgekl ergugu vdkv jkecf Icrbk`w kjvcr Ymrlf Ykr G

k`f dmy gv em`vrgosvcf vm vdc fcoglgvkvgì dwxcrg`kvgm`

vdkv `ckrlw fcuvrmwcf vdc Icrbk` cem`mbw. G kb usrc

vdkv bmuv Icrbkù ydm usjjcrcf vdrmsid vdkv fgjeslv

xcrgmf ymslf dkzc ilkflw ucc` vdc _cgeduokà kev k

`sgukèc g` vdc `kbc mj cem`mbge uk`gvw.

Olcgedrfcru bguvkac dgidlgidvu k` gbxmrvk`v

jkev> K xmlgvgeg~cf ec`vrkl okà gu k ergxxlcf ec`vrkl

okà. Lckfcru g` Emìrcuu k`f vdc Ydgvc Dmsucymslf fm ycll vm rcekll vdc rclczk`v dguvmrge xrcecfc`vu

ku yc cbcric jrmb vdgu, vdc irckvcuv `kègkl ergugu g`

xmuv"Ymrlf Ykr GG dguvmrw. Msr `kvgmù bm`cvkrw ks"

vdmrgvw bsuv rcvkg` gvu ucxkrkvgm` jrmb xmlgvgekl xrcu"

usrcu, mr gv ygll dkzc `m dmxc mj mxcrkvgì cjjcevgzclw

k`f rcuxmùgolw.

Msr `kvgmù bm`cvkrw ksvdmrgvwbsuv rcvkg` gvu ucxkrkvgm` jrmb

xmlgvgekl xrcuusrcu, mr gv ygll

dkzc `m dmxc mj mxcrkvgì

cjjcevgzclw k`f rcuxmùgolw.


;3


18/47

Kffrcuugì Msr Ergvgeumbc bkw krisc vdkv vdc Jcf dkf gvu

edkèc k`f bsjjcf gv. Vdcw ygll ukw

yc jkglcf vm kev fcuxgvc vdc mbg`msu

ugiù vdkv xrcecfcf vdcuc xkuv vym

wckru mj cem`mbge ymcum yc udmslf

`mv dkzc vdc ormkf ksvdmrgvw k`f g`fcxc`fcèc yc

dkf lckfgì sx vm vdc ergugu.

G dkzc occ` g` msvuxmac` kirccbc`v m` vdc ruv

xmg`vvdkv yc kv vdc Jcf bkfc bguvkacu. G dkzc

uvkvcf bk`w vgbcu vdkv rcislkvmru kv vdc Jcf, k`f

vdmuc kv mvdcr kicègcu, ycrc gùsjegc`vlw zgiglk`v

komsv vdc rgua ctxmusrcu k`f mzcrkll `kègkl bk`gk

vdkv xcrbckvcf msr cem`mbge uwuvcb. G` kll ek`"

fmr, yc kv vdc ec`vrkl okà udmslf dkzc ucc` vdcuc

xrmolcbu embgì k`f kevcf vm fcjsuc vdcb. Ygvd vdc

oc`cv mj dg`fugidv, yc ucc vdkv msr bm`cvkrw xmlgew

yku vmm lmmuc k`f msr rcislkvmrw xrkevgecu ycrc `mv

vgidv c`msid.

uXsolge xmlgew udmslf xrmbmvccem`mbge irmyvd vdkv gu

usuvkg`kolc rkvdcr vdk` ccvgì.

;: JCFC_KL _CUC_ZC OK@A MJ FKLLKU ?887 K``skl _cxmrv

...klm i"vcrbzgcymjvdccem mbw


19/47

Vdc Jcf gu vkagì vdc `cecuukrw uvcxu vm kffrcuu

vdcuc emècrù, rceklgorkvgì k`f rcxkgrgì gvu rcislk"

vmrw k`f usxcrzgumrw kxxkrkvsu vm cèmbxkuu bmrc

xrczc`vgzc k`f emmrfg`kvcf bckusrcu. Yc g`vc`f vm

bmzc jmrykrf ygvd vdgu `cy k`f gbxrmzcf vmml agv,

xsvvgì gv vm suc g` em`nsèvgm` ygvd vdc ctcesvgm` mj

ums`f bm`cvkrw xmlgew.

Vm msr ergvgeu ucem f xmg`vvdkv vdc Jcfu ks"

vdmrgvw mr g`fcxc`fcèc udmslf oc rcfsecfG bgidv

rcjcr vdcb vm vdc jmsr em`zgevgmù G lkgf msv ckrlgcr g`

vdgu cuukw. Ommbu xrmxcllcf ow irccf k`f osuvu omr`

mj jckr krc ku mlf ku vgbc gvuclj. Ku Edkrlcu Bkeakw

rcbg`fcf su `ckrlw ;98 wckru kim g` dgu omma Bcbmgru

mj Ctvrkmrfg`krw Xmxslkr Fclsugmù, Bc` vdgà g`

dcrfu1 gv ygll oc ucc` vdkv vdcw im bkf g` dcrfu. Vdgu

{sgra mj dsbk` `kvsrc ygll klykwu gi`gvc vdc csxdmrgk

vdkv jsclu vdc sxu k`f ctkecrokvcu vdc fmyù.

Vdkv gu ydw yc `ccf k bm`cvkrw xmlgew vdkv lckù

kikgùv vdkv xrmxcùgvw jmr `kègkl osoolcu. Yc

`ccf rcislkvmrw k`f usxcrzgumrw xmycru vdkv lckf vm kxmlgew vdkv cùsrcu k ums`f `kègkl uwuvcb, ekxkolc

mj bmuv cjegc`vlw edk``clgì ec`vrkl okà kevgm` vm

vdc rckl cem`mbw. Yc `ccf vm accx msr bm`cvkrw k`f

rcislkvmrw ksvdmrgvw s`gvcf, um yc ek` ymra vmicvdcr

g` vdc g`vcrcuv mj vdc c`vgrc `kègkl uwuvcb`mv nsuv

vdc g`vcrcuvu mj vdc lkricuv gùvgvsvgmù k`f vdmuc vmm

ogi vm jkgl. K`f yc `ccf vm cùsrc vdkv vdgu ksvdmrgvw

gu jrcc jrmb udmrv"vcrb xmlgvgekl xrcuusrcu.

Xsolge xmlgew udmslf xrmbmvc cem`mbge irmyvd

vdkv gu usuvkg`kolc rkvdcr vdk` ccvgì. Kjvcr uccgì

msr cem`mbw yrcèdcf ow k` mzcrdckvcf dmsugì

bkracv uxkracf ow lmmuc ercfgv, jmllmycf ow k `kègkl

ergugu g` ydged vdc em`fsgvu mj ekxgvkl `ckrlw jrm~c sx,

gv gu vgbc vm emùvrsev k `kègkl uwuvcb bmrc em`fs"

egzc vm k bmrc embjmrvkolc k`f usuvkg`kolc cem`mbge

vcbxcrkvsrc.

K` g`fcxc`fc`v Jcf, c{sgxxcf ygvd vdc ksvdmrgvw

vm rcuxmùgolw ctcesvc bm`cvkrw xmlgew k`f kgfcf ow k

uvrmì usxcrzgumrw k`f rcislkvmrw krb, gu vdc bmuv cj"

jcevgzc yckxm` yc dkzc vm bccv vdc `ccf jmr gèrckucf

uvkoglgvw k`f em`vkg` vdc fkìcrmsu uxgllmzcru vdkv

vdrckvc` vdc cem`mbw g` xcrgmfu mj fguvrcuu. @my vdkv

xmlgewbkacru dkzc xsllcf msr cem`mbw okea jrmb vdc

kowuu, gv gu vgbc vm kxxlw vdc lcuumù yc dkzc lckr`cf

k`f xsv vdc Jcfu koglgvgcu vm ocuv suc.

@my vdkv xmlgewbkacru dkzcxsllcf msr cem`mbw okea jrmb

vdc kowuu, gv gu vgbc vm kxxlw

vdc lcuumù yc dkzc lckr`cf

k`f xsv vdc Jcfu koglgvgcu

vm ocuv suc.


;9


20/47



21/47


22/47

Nkbcu V. Dkeacvv

$Edkgrbk`'

Edkgrbk`, Xrcugfc`v

k`f ECM, K`kfkram

Xcvrmlcsb Emrx.

Dcrocrv F. Acllcdcr

$Fcxsvw Edkgrbk`'Jms`fcr k`f

Edkgrbk` Cbcrgvsu,

Umsvdycuv Kgrlg`cu Em.

Nkbcu O. Octlcw

Xrmcuumr m Jg`kèc,Ukb Dmsuvm` Uvkvc S`gzcrugvw

Xcvc Emma

ECM,Jgruv @kvgm`kl Okà

g` Klkbmimrfm

_mocrv K. Cuvrkfk

Edkgrbk`,

Cuvrkfk Dg`mnmuk k`f Em. Gè.

Icmric J. Nm`cu Nr.

ECM,

Vctku Ekxgvkl Okà

Bkrikrcv D. Nmrfk`

Xrcugfc`v,

Fkllku Bcfgekl _cumsrec

Nmc Agb Agì

ECM,

Orkfw @kvgm`kl Okà

Bwrm` C. Sllbk` GGG

Edkgrbk` k`f ECM,

N.E. Xc``cw Em. Gè.

Omkrfu m Fgrcevmru

Fkllku

Cl Xkum

_mocrv C. BeA`gidv Nr.

Xkrv`cr,

BeA`gidv _kèd Em. LLX

Lkrrw L. Xkvvm`

Xrcugfc`v k`f ECM,

Okà m vdc Ycuv

Icrklf N. _sog`

Edkgrbk`, Xrcugfc`v k`f ECM,

Dclc` m Vrmw Lvf.

Bkrvdk G. Fgeakum`

Xrcugfc`v,

FB Fgeakum` Xcrum``clUcrzgecu

F. Agra Cfykrfu

$Edkgrbk`'

Xrcugfc`v,

BkeLm`fm` _mwklvw Em.

Eg`fw N. _kbmu"Fkzgfum`

$Edkgrbk` Xrm Vcb'

Xrcugfc`v k f ECM,

Cl Xkum Dguxk`ge

Edkbocr m Embbcrec

Lksrk B. Em``gjj

[sklgwgì Ormacr,Bkvdcru _cklvw Gè.

?8 JCFC_KL _CUC_ZC OK@A MJ FKLLKU ?887 K``skl _cxmrv


23/47

Dmsuvm`

Uk` K`vm`gm

Agra U. Dkedgigk`

Edkgrbk` k`f ECM,

Emmxcr G`fsuvrgcu Lvf.

Nmfgc L. Nglcu

Bk`kigì Fgrcevmr,

_OE Ekxgvkl Bkracvu

Xksl O. Bsrxdw Nr.

ECM k`f Xrcugfc`v,

Embbs`gvw Okèmrx LLE

K`` O. Uvcr`

Ctcesvgzc Zgec Xrcugfc`v,

Vctku Edglfrcù Dmuxgvkl

Fmsilku L. Jmudcc

$Edkgrbk`'

Edkgrbk`, Xrcugfc`v k`f ECM,Cl Xkum Emrx.

Xksl Y. Dmoow

$Edkgrbk` Xrm Vcb'

Edkgrbk` k`f ECM,

Klxdcsu Embbs`gekvgmù

Nmric K. Ocrbsfc~

Xrcugfc`v k`f ECM,

c Owcormma Irmsx LLE

_gekrfm _mbm

Xrcugfc`v,

S`gzcrugvw m Vctku kv

Uk` K`vm`gm

Wi`kegm F. Ikr~k

Xkrv`cr,

Lmì Edglvm` LLX

I.X. Ugìd

Xrcugfc`v k`f ECM,

Isr XkrukkfXrmxcrvgcu Lvf.

Isgllcrbm J. Vrczg`m

Xrcugfc`v,

Umsvdcr` Fguvrgosvgì

Uvczc` _. Zk`fcirgjv

$Edkgrbk`'

Jms`fcr k`f Xrcugfc`v,U_Z Dmlfgìu

N. Fk` Okvcu

$Edkgrbk` Xrm Vcb'

Xrcugfc`v,

Umsvdycuv _cuckred Gùvgvsvc

Vdmbku C. Fmoum`

Edkgrbk` k`f ECM,

Ydkvkosricr _cuvksrk`vu LX

?887 K``skl _cxmrv Omkrfu m Fgrcevmru ?


24/47

Fkllku

_gedkrf Y. Jgudcr

Xrcugfc`v k`f ECM

Dclc` C. Dmlembo

Jgruv Zgec Xrcugfc`v k`f EMM

_mocrv F. Dkàgù

Ctcesvgzc Zgec Xrcugfc`v

Dkrzcw _mucòlsb

Ctcesvgzc Zgec Xrcugfc`v k`fFgrcevmr m _cuckred

Bcrcfgvd @. Olkea

Uc`gmr Zgec Xrcugfc`v

N. Vwrm`c Idmlum`


Nmk``k M. Amlum`


Ac``cvd Z. BeAcc


k`f Ic`crkl Ksfgvmr

Bgllkrf Uyckvv

Uc`gmr Zgec Xrcugfc`v,

Ic`crkl Emsùcl k`f Ucercvkrw

Ckrl K`fcrum`

Zgec Xrcugfc`v

Ilmrgk Z. Ormy`

Zgec Xrcugfc`v

Fgk`c B. fc Uv. Icrbkg`

Zgec Xrcugfc`v

Nmd` Z. Fsek

Zgec Xrcugfc`v k`f Uc`gmrXmlgew Kfzgumr

_mocrv I. Jcgl

Zgec Xrcugfc`v

AkUk`frk Imslfgì

Zgec Xrcugfc`v

Akvdw A. Nmdùrsf

Zgec Xrcugfc`v

Udcrrw B. Agff

Zgec Xrcugfc`v

Czk` J. Amc`gi

Zgec Xrcugfc`v k`f Uc`gmrXmlgew Kfzgumr

Dkrzcw _. Bgvedcll GGG

Zgec Xrcugfc`v

Ygllgkb E. Bmruc Nr.

Zgec Xrcugfc`v

Udkrm` K. Uycc`cw

Zgec Xrcugfc`v, KuumegkvcIc`crkl Emsùcl k`f

Kuumegkvc Ucercvkrw

Y. Krvdsr Vrgoolc

Zgec Xrcugfc`v k`f Kuumegkvc Ucercvkrw

_mocrv L. Vrgxlcvv GGG

Zgec Xrcugfc`v

Fk`k U. Bcrrgvv

Dsbk` _cumsrecu Mjecr

_mocrv _. Bmmrc

_cuckred Mjecr

Xgk B. Mrrc`gsu

_cuckred Mjecr

Kllc` C. [sklbk`

Mxcrkvgmù Mjecr

Ac``cvd N. _mogùm`

_cuckred Mjecr

Ygllgkb Y. Udkjjcr Nr.

G`mrbkvgm` Vced`mlmiw Mjecr

Nkw Usffcrvd

_clkvgmùdgx Bk`kicbc`v Mjecr

Cl Xkum

_mocrv Y. Iglbcr

Zgec Xrcugfc`v g` Edkric

Nkzgcr _. Ngbc`c~

Kuuguvk`v Zgec Xrcugfc`v

Dmsuvm`

_mocrv Ubgvd GGG

Uc`gmr Zgec Xrcugfc`v g` Edkric

Fkrm` F. Xcuedcl

Zgec Xrcugfc`v

Fm`klf @. Omycru GGKuuguvk`v Zgec Xrcugfc`v

_k`fw L. Uvcg`lcw


Bgedcllc Vrczgm"Kisglkr

Kfbg`guvrkvgzc Mjecr

Uk` K`vm`gm

Olkac Dkuvgìu

Zgec Xrcugfc`v g` Edkric

F. Akrc` Fgk~


C. K`` Ymrvdw

Zgec Xrcugfc`v

Bkra K. Yw``c

Zgec Xrcugfc`v k`f Fgrcevmr,Ilmoklg~kvgm` k`f Bm`cvkrw Xmlgew

Gùvgvsvc

Bg`c A. Wecl

Zgec Xrcugfc`v k`f Uc`gmr Cem`mbguv

Vmbbw C. Kluormmau


O. Nmc Ocvugll Nr.


Uvcxdk` F. Ommacr


Ncjjcrw Y. Is`vdcr


_gedkrf N. Bkuc Nr.


Kljrcfk O. @mrbk`


Fck` K. Xkàm`gc`


Lkyrcèc I. _ct


Bkrikrcv E. Uedgcjjcr


Zgevmr K. Uedrcea


Ikwlc Vckisc


Bgedkcl @. Vsr`cr


Bkrgm` C. Ydgvc


Dk~cl Y. Kfkbu

Ercfgv _gua Uwuvcbu Mjecr

Ilc`fk Okljk`v~

Ksfgv Mjecr

Z. Lw`` Olkea

_clkvgmùdgx Bk`kicbc`v Mjecr

Elksfc D. FkzguKeems`vgì Mjecr

Xksl V. Cl~`cr

Ercfgv _gua k`f _cucrzcu Mjecr

Akrc` B. Iguv

G`mrbkvgm` Vced`mlmiw Mjecr

F. Akw Irgoog`

Kfbg`guvrkvgzc Mjecr

_mo Nmllcw

Ctkbg`gì Mjecr

Clczc`vd FguvrgevKfzgumrw Emsègl

Ncrrcf I. Olkèdkrf Nr.

Xrgègxkl

Crùv k`f Wmsì LLXDmsuvm`

Erkyjmrf Ormea

My`crUvk`lcw Amrudka

Fkllku

Nkum` B. Agì

Bk`kicr k`f My`cr

Agìu Xrcbgsb Ork`f Lvf.Edkxxcll Dgll, Vctku

Jrkà Bgdklmxmslmu

Xrcugfc`v

Emrg`vd Xrmxcrvgcu

Fkllku

Fcomrkd Lkyrcèc _micru

My`crFcomrkd)u Jkrbuvckf

Jmrv Ymrvd

Fcoow K. Ycocr

Umlc XrmxrgcvmrYcocr Fcugi` Kuumegkvcu

Xrcugfc`v

Dgllvmx _cbmfclgì Gè.

Fkllku

Jcfcrkl KfzgumrwEmsègl Bcbocr

_gedkrf Y. Czkù Nr.

Edkgrbk` k`f ECMEsllc`-Jrmuv Okàcru Gè.

Uk` K`vm`gm

MecruJcfcrkl _cucrzc Okà mj Fkllku

Ku mj Fcecbocr 5;, ?887

?? JCFC_KL _CUC_ZC OK@A MJ FKLLKU ?887 K``skl _cxmrv


25/47

?887 K``skl _cxmrv Jg`kègklu ?5

Bk`kicbc`vu _cxmrv m` G`vcr`kl Em`vrmlMzcr Jg`kègkl _cxmrvgì

Kxrgl ?;, ?8;8

m vdc Omkrf mj Fgrcevmru mj vdcJcfcrkl _cucrzc Okà mj Fkllku>

Vc bk`kicbc`v mj vdc Jcfcrkl _cucrzc Okà mj Fkllku $J_OF' gu rcuxmùgolc jmr vdc xrcxkrkvgm`

k`f jkgr xrcuc`vkvgm` mj vdc Uvkvcbc`v mj Em`fgvgm`, Uvkvcbc`vu mj Gèmbc k`f Embxrcdcùgzc

Gèmbc, k`f Uvkvcbc`v mj Edkìcu g` Ekxgvkl ku mj Fcecbocr 5;, ?887 $v dc Jg`kègkl Uvkvcbc`vu'.

Vc Jg`kègkl Uvkvcbc`vu dkzc occ` xrcxkrcf g` em`jmrbgvw ygvd vdc keems`vgì xrgègxlcu, xmlgegcu,

k`f xrkevgecu cuvkolgudcf ow vdc Omkrf mj Imzcr`mru mj vdc Jcfcrkl _cucrzc Uwuvcb ku ucv jmrvd g`

vdc Jg`kègkl Keems`vgì Bk`skl jmr vdc Jcfcrkl _cucrzc Okàu $Bk`skl', k`f ku used, gèlsfc

umbc kbms`vu vdkv krc okucf m` bk`kicbc`v nsfibc`vu k`f cuvgbkvcu. m msr a`mylcfic, vdc

Jg`kègkl Uvkvcbc`vu krc, g` kll bkvcrgkl rcuxcevu, jkgrlw xrcuc`vcf g` em`jmrbgvw ygvd vdc keems`vgì

xrgègxlcu, xmlgegcu, k`f xrkevgecu fmesbc`vcf g` vdc Bk`skl k`f gèlsfc kll fguelmusrcu `cecuukrw

jmr used jkgr xrcuc`vkvgm`.

Vc bk`kicbc`v mj vdc J_OF gu rcuxmùgolc jmr cuvkolgudgì k`f bkg`vkg`gì ccevgzc g`vcr`kl

em`vrml mzcr `kègkl rcxmrvgì ku gv rclkvcu vm vdc Jg`kègkl Uvkvcbc`vu. Used g`vcr`kl em`vrml gu

fcugi`cf vm xrmzgfc rckum`kolc kuusrkèc vm bk`kicbc`v k`f vm vdc Omkrf mj Fgrcevmru rcikrfgì

vdc xrcxkrkvgm` mj vdc Jg`kègkl Uvkvcbc`vu g` keemrfkèc ygvd vdc Bk`skl. G`vcr`kl em`vrml em`vkgù

uclj"bm`gvmrgì bcedk`gubu, gèlsfgì, osv `mv lgbgvcf vm, fgzgugmù mj rcuxmùgoglgvw k`f k emfc mj

em`fsev. Mèc gfc`vgcf, k`w bkvcrgkl fcegcègcu g` g`vcr`kl em`vrml krc rcxmrvcf vm bk`kicbc`v

k`f kxxrmxrgkvc emrrcevgzc bckusrcu krc gbxlcbc`vcf.

Czc` ccevgzc g`vcr`kl em`vrml, `m bkvvcr dmy ycll fcugi`cf, dku g`dcrc`v lgbgvkvgmù, gèlsfgì vdc

xmuugoglgvw mj dsbk` crrmr, k`f vdcrcjmrc ek` xrmzgfc m`lw rckum`kolc kuusrkèc ygvd rcuxcev vm vdcxrcxkrkvgm` mj rclgkolc `kègkl uvkvcbc`vu. Klum, xrmncevgmù mj k`w czklskvgm` mj ccevgzc`cuu vm

jsvsrc xcrgmfu krc usoncev vm vdc rgua vdkv em`vrmlu bkw ocembc g`kfc{skvc oceksuc mj edkìcu g`

em`fgvgmù, mr vdkv vdc fcircc mj embxlgkèc ygvd vdc xmlgegcu mr xrmecfsrcu bkw fcvcrgmrkvc.

Vc bk`kicbc`v mj vdc J_OF kuucuucf gvu g`vcr`kl em`vrml mzcr `kègkl rcxmrvgì rccevcf g`

vdc Jg`kègkl Uvkvcbc`vu, okucf sxm` vdc ergvcrgk cuvkolgudcf g` vdc G`vcr`kl Em`vrmlG`vcirkvcf

Jrkbcymraguuscf ow vdc Embbgvvcc mj Uxmùmrgì Mrik`g~kvgmù mj vdc rckfykw Embbguugm`.

Okucf m` vdgu kuucuubc`v, yc oclgczc vdkv vdc J_OF bkg`vkg`cf ccevgzc g`vcr`kl em`vrml mzcr

`kègkl rcxmrvgì ku gv rclkvcu vm vdc Jg`kègkl Uvkvcbc`vu.

Jcfcrkl _cucrzc Okà mj Fkllku

Xrcugfc`v Jgruv Zgec Xrcugfc`v Edgcj Jg`kègkl Mecr


26/47


_cxmrv mj G`fcxc`fc`v Ksfgvmru

m vdc Omkrf mj Imzcr`mru mj v dc Jcfcrkl

_cucrzc Uwuvcb k`f vdc Omkrf mj Fgrcevmru

mj vdc Jcfcrkl _cucrzc Okà mj Fkllku>

Yc dkzc ksfgvcf vdc keembxk`wgì uvkvcbc`vu mj em`fgvgm` mj vdc Jcfcrkl _cucrzc Okà mj Fkllku

$J_O Fkllku' ku mj Fcecbocr 5;, ?887 k`f ?884 k`f vdc rclkvcf uvkvcbc`vu mj gèmbc k`f

embxrcdcùgzc gèmbc, k`f edkìcu g` ekxgvkl jmr vdc wckru vdc` c`fcf, ydged dkzc occ` xrcxkrcf

g` em`jmrbgvw ygvd keems`vgì xrgègxlcu cuvkolgudcf ow vdc Omkrf mj Imzcr`mru mj vdc Jcfcrkl

_cucrzc Uwuvcb. Yc klum dkzc ksfgvcf vdc g`vcr`kl em`vrml mzcr `kègkl rcxmrvgì mj J_O Fkllku

ku mj Fcecbocr 5;, ?887, okucf m` ergvcrgk cuvkolgudcf g`G`vcr`kl Em`vrmlG vcirkvcf Jrkbcymra

guuscf ow vdc Embbgvvcc mj Uxmùmrgì Mrik`g~kvgmù mj vdc rckfykw Embbguugm`. J_O Fkllkuu

bk`kicbc`v gu rcuxmùgolc jmr vdcuc `kègkl uvkvcbc`vu, jmr bkg`vkg`gì ccevgzc g`vcr`kl em`vrml

mzcr `kègkl rcxmrvgì, k`f jmr gvu kuucuubc`v mj vdc ccevgzc`cuu mj g`vcr`kl em`vrml mzcr `kègkl

rcxmrvgì, gèlsfcf g` vdc keembxk`wgìBk`kicbc`vu _cxmrv m` G`vcr`kl Em`vrml mzcr Jg`kègkl_cxmrvgì. Msr rcuxmùgoglgvw gu vm ctxrcuu k` mxg`gm` m` vdcuc `kègkl uvkvcbc`vu k`f k` mxg`gm`

m` J_O Fkllkuu g`vcr`kl em`vrml mzcr `kègkl rcxmrvgì okucf m` msr ksfgvu.

Yc em fsevcf msr ksfgvu g` keemrfk ec ygvd ic crkllw keecxvcf ksfgvgì uvk fkrfu ku cuvkolgudcf ow

vdc Ksfgvgì Uvk`fkrfu Omkrf $S`gvcf Uvkvcu' k`f g keemrfkèc ygvd vdc ksfgvgì uvk`fkrfu mj vdc

Xsolge Embxk`w Keems`vgì Mzcrugidv Omkrf $S`gvcf Uvkvcu'. Vmuc uvk`fkrfu rc{sgrc vdkv yc xlk`

k`f xcrjmrb vdc ksfgv vm movkg rckum`kolc kuusrkèc komsv ydcvdcr vdc `kègkl uvkvcbc`vu krc jrcc mj

bkvcrgkl bguuvkvcbc`v k`f ydcvdcr ccevgzc g`vcr`kl em`vrml mzcr `kègkl rcxmrvgì yku bkg`vkg`cf g`

kll bkvcrgkl rcuxcevu. Msr ksfgvu mj vdc `kègkl uvkvcbc`vu gèlsfcf ctkbg`gì, m k vcuv okugu, czgfcèc

usxxmrvgì vdc kbms`vu k`f fguelmusrcu g vdc `kègkl uvkvcbc`vu, kuucuugì vdc keems`vgì xrgègxlcu

sucf k`f ugi`gek`v cuvgbkvcu bkfc ow bk`kicbc`v, k`f czklskvgì vdc mzcrkll `kègkl uvkvcbc`vxrcuc`vkvgm . Msr ksfgv mj g`vcr`kl em`vrml mzcr `kègkl rcxmrvgì gèlsfcf movkg`gì k s`fcruvk`fgì

mj g`vcr`kl em`vrml mzcr `kègkl rcxmrvgì, kuucuugì vdc rgua vdkv k bkvcrgkl ycka`cuu ctguvu, k`f vcuvgì

k`f czklskvgì vdc fcugi k`f mxcrkvgì ccevgzc`cuu mj g`vcr`kl em`vrml okucf m vdc kuucuucf rgua. Msr

ksfgvu klum gèlsfcf xcrjmrbgì used mvdcr xrmecfsrcu ku yc emùgfcrcf `cecuukrw g vdc egresbuvkècu.

Yc oclgczc vdkv msr ksfgvu xrmzgfc k rckum`kolc okugu jmr msr mxg`gm u.

J_O Fkllkuu g`vcr`kl em`vrml mzcr `kègkl rcxmrvgì gu k xrmecuu fcugi`cf ow, mr s`fcr vdc

usxcrzgugm mj, J_O Fkllkuu xrgègxkl ctcesvgzc k`f xrgègxkl `kègkl mecru, mr xcrumù

xcrjmrbgì ugbglkr jsèvgmù, k`f ccevcf ow J_O Fkllkuu omkrf mj fgrcevmru, bk`kicbc`v, k`f

mvdcr xcrum``cl vm xrmzgfc rckum`kolc kuusrkèc rcikrfgì vdc rclgkoglgvw mj `kègkl rcxmrvgì

k`f vdc xrcxkrkvgm mj `kègkl uvkvcbc`vu jmr ctvcr`kl xsrxmucu g keemrfkèc ygvd vdc keems`vgì

xrgègxlcu cuvkolgudcf ow vdc Omkrf mj Imzcr`mru mj vdc Jcfcrkl _cucrzc Uwuvcb. J_O Fkllkuu g`vcr`kl

em`vrml mzcr `kègkl rcxmrvgì gèlsfcu vdmuc xmlgegcu k`f xrmecfsrcu vdkv $;' xcrvkg vm vdc bkg`vc`kèc

mj rcemrfu vdkv, g rckum`kolc fcvkgl, keesrkvclw k`f jkgrlw rccev vdc vrkùkevgmù k`f fguxmugvgmù mj vdc

kuucvu mj J_O Fkllku1 $?' xrmzgfc rckum`kolc kuusrkèc vdkv vrkùkevgmù krc rcemrfcf ku `cecuukrw vm

xcrbgv xrcxkrkvgm mj `kègkl uvkvcbc`vu g keemrfkèc ygvd vdc keems`vgì xrgègxlcu cuvkolgudcf ow

vdc Omkrf mj Imzcr`mru mj vdc Jcfcrkl _cucrzc Uwuvcb, k`f vdkv rcecgxvu k`f ctxc`fgvsrcu mj J_O Fkllku

krc ocgì bkfc m`lw g keemrfkèc ygvd ksvdmrg~kvgmù mj bk`kicbc`v k`f fgrcevmru mj J_O Fkllku1 k`f

$5' xrmzgfc rckum`kolc kuusrkèc rcikrfgì xrczc`vgm` mr vgbclw fcvcevgm` mj s`ksvdmrg~cf ke{sgugvgm`,

suc, mr fguxmugvgm` mj J_O Fkllkuu kuucvu vdkv emslf dkzc k bkvcrgkl ccev m` vdc `kègkl uvkvcbc`vu.


27/47


_cxmrv mj G`fcxc`fc`v Ksfgvmru $em`vg`scf'

Oceksuc mj vdc g`dcrc`v lgbgvkvgmù mj g`vcr`kl em`vrml mzcr `kègkl rcxmrvgì, gèlsfgì vdc

xmuugoglgvw mj emllsugm` mr gbxrmxcr bk`kicbc`v mzcrrgfc mj em`vrmlu, bkvcrgkl bguuvkvcbc`vu

fsc vm crrmr mr jrksf bkw `mv oc xrczc`vcf mr fcvcevcf m` k vgbclw okugu. Klum, xrmncevgmù mj k`w

czklskvgm` mj vdc ccevgzc`cuu mj vdc g`vcr`kl em`vrml mzcr `kègkl rcxmrvgì vm jsvsrc xcrgmfu krc

usoncev vm vdc rgua vdkv vdc em`vrmlu bkw ocembc g`kfc{skvc oceksuc mj edkìcu g` em`fgvgmù, mr

vdkv vdc fcircc mj embxlgkèc ygvd vdc xmlgegcu mr xrmecfsrcu bkw fcvcrgmrkvc.

Ku fcuergocf g` @mvc 6 vm vdc `kègkl uvkvcbc`vu, J_O Fkllku dku xrcxkrcf vdcuc `kègkl

uvkvcbc`vu g` em`jmrbgvw ygvd keems`vgì xrgègxlcu cuvkolgudcf ow vdc Omkrf mj Imzcr`mru mj vdc

Jcfcrkl _cucrzc Uwuvcb, ku ucv jmrvd g` vdcJg`kègkl Keems vgì Bk`skl jmr Jcfcrkl _cucrzc Okàu,ydged gu k embxrcdcùgzc okugu mj keems`vgì mvdcr vdk` keems`vgì xrgègxlcu ic`crkllw keecxvcf

g` vdc S`gvcf Uvkvcu mj Kbcrgek. Vc ccevu m` used `kègkl uvkvcbc`vu mj vdc fgcrcècu ocvycc`

vdc keems`vgì xrgègxlcu cuvkolgudcf ow vdc Omkrf mj Imzcr`mru mj vdc Jcfcrkl _cucrzc Uwuvcb k`f

keems`vgì xrgègxlcu ic`crkllw keecxvcf g` vdc S`gvcf Uvkvcu mj Kbcrgek krc klum fcuergocf g` @mvc 6.

G` msr mxg`gm`, used `kègkl uvkvcbc`vu xrcuc`v jkgrlw, g` kll bkvcrgkl rcuxcevu, vdc `kègkl xmugvgm`

mj J_O Fkllku ku mj Fcecbocr 5;, ?887 k`f ?884, k`f vdc rcuslvu mj gvu mxcrkvgmù jmr vdc wckru vdc`

c`fcf, m` vdc okugu mj keems`vgì fcuergocf g` @mvc 6. Klum, g` msr mxg`gm`, J_O Fkllku bkg`vkg`cf,

g` kll bkvcrgkl rcuxcevu, ccevgzc g`vcr`kl em`vrml mzcr `kègkl rcxmrvgì ku mj Fcecbocr 5;,

?887, okucf m` vdc ergvcrgk cuvkolgudcf g` G`vcr`kl Em`vrmlG`vcirkvcf Jrkbcymra guuscf ow vdc

Embbgvvcc mj Uxmùmrgì Mrik`g~kvgmù mj vdc rckfykw Embbguugm`.

Kxrgl ?;, ?8;8


28/47

?: JCFC_KL _CUC_ZC OK@A MJ FKLLKU ?887 K``skl _cxmrv

Uvkvcbc`vu mj Em`fgvgm` $g` bgllgmù'

Febr 5;, ?887 Febr 5;, ?884

Kc

Imlf ecrvgekvcu & :?; & :5:

Uxcegkl frkygì rgidvu ecrvgekvcu ?4? 74

Emg` ?;6 ;48

Gvcbu g` xrmecuu mj emllcevgm` 55 ;3?

Lmkù vm fcxmugvmrw gùvgvsvgmù 57? 3,8?9

Uwuvcb Mxc` Bkracv Keems`v>

Ucesrgvgcu xsredkucf s`fcr kirccbc`vu vm rcucll 5,5;4

Vrckusrw ucesrgvgcu, `cv 54,798 ;7,79;

Imzcr`bc`v"uxmùmrcf c`vcrxrguc fcov ucesrgvgcu, cv 4,87? 4:8

Jcfcrkl kicèw k`f imzcr`bc`v"uxmùmrcf c`vcrxrguc bmrvikic"okeacf ucesrgvgcu, cv

66,65?

G`zcuvbc`vu fc`mbg`kvcf g` jmrcgi` esrrcègcu 5?3 647

Ec`vrkl okà lg{sgfgvw uykxu ;5? ;8,784Keerscf g`vcrcuv rcecgzkolc :;8 ?:;

G`vcrfguvrgev ucvvlcbc`v keems`v ;;,;33

Okà xrcbgucu k`f c{sgxbc`v, `cv ?9: ?94

Mvdcr kuucvu 59 54

mvkl kuuvu & 76,6;: & 35,59;

LgKogLggc K`F EKxgKL

Lklvu

Jcfcrkl _cucrzc mvcu msvuvk`fgì, cv & 67,:6? & 53,;?;


Ucesrgvgcu umlf s`fcr kirccbc`vu vm rcxsredkuc 5,934 5,::3

Mvdcr lgkoglgvgcu ?7

Fcxmugvu>

Fcxmugvmrw gùvgvsvgmù ??,4?: ;5,355

Mvdcr fcxmugvu ; ;

Fcjcrrcf ercfgv gvcbu ;87 ?7:

Keerscf g`vcrcuv m` Jcfcrkl _cucrzc mvcu 3; ;85

G`vcrfguvrgev ucvvlcbc`v keems`v ;9,;96

G`vcrcuv fsc vm fcxmugvmrw gùvgvsvgmù ? ?

Keerscf oc`cv emuvu ;85 7?

Mvdcr lgkoglgvgcu ;3 ;:

mvkl lklvu 75,9;8 3?,4?7

Ekvkl

Ekxgvkl xkgf"g` 535 ?9;

Usrxlsu $gèlsfgì keesbslkvcf mvdcr embxrcdcùgzc lmuu mj &;4 bgllgm`k`f &;3 bgllgm` kv Fcecbocr 5;, ?887 k`f ?884, rcuxcevgzclw'

535 ?9;

mvkl ekvkl 98: 36?

mvkl lklvu kf ekvkl & 76,6;: & 35,59;

Vdc keembxk`wgì mvcu krc k` g`vcirkl xkrv m vdcuc j`kègkl uvkvcbc`vu


29/47


Uvkvcbc`vu mj Gèmbc k`f Embxrcdcùgzc Gèmbc $g` bgllgmù'

Jmr vd Wkru cff

Febr 5;, ?887 Febr 5;, ?884

g`cc gÈc

Lmkù vm fcxmugvmrw gùvgvsvgmù & ;8 & 39


Ucesrgvgcu xsredkucf s`fcr kirccbc`vu vm rcucll ; 48Vrckusrw ucesrgvgcu ;,895 ;,84?

Imzcr`bc`v"uxmùmrcf c`vcrxrguc fcov ucesrgvgcu 79 6

Jcfcrkl kicèw k`f imzcr`bc`v"uxmùmrcf c`vcrxrguc bmrvikic"okeacf ucesrgvgcu

799

G`zcuvbc`vu fc`mbg`kvcf g` jmrcgi` esrrcègcu 6 ;?

Ec`vrkl okà lg{sgfgvw uykxu 5? 98

mvkl vruv emb ?,;76 ;,583

g`cc ctxc`c


Ucesrgvgcu umlf s`fcr kirccbc`vu vm rcxsredkuc 6 5;

Fcxmugvmrw gùvgvsvgmù fcxmugvu 5: 7

Vmvkl g`vcrcuv ctxcùc 68 68

`v vruv emb ?,;36 ;,?:3

``"g`cc gÈc $L'


Vrckusrw ucesrgvgcu ikgù ;:?

Jcfcrkl kicèw k`f imzcr`bc`v"uxmùmrcf c`vcrxrguc bmrvikic"okeacf ucesrgvgcu ikgù, cv

66

Jmrcgi` esrrcèw $lmuucu' ikgù, cv $5' ??

Embxcùkvgm` rcecgzcf jmr ucrzgecu xrmzgfcf ?4 65

_cgbosrukolc ucrzgecu vm imzcr`bc`v kicègcu ;6 ;3Mvdcr gèmbc ;8 53

Vmvkl `m`"g`vcrcuv gèmbc 75 ?99

xcKg i ctxc`c

Uklkrgcu k`f mvdcr oc`cvu ;?: ;;7

Meesxkèw ctxcùc ?3 ?3

C{sgxbc`v ctxcùc ;? ;5

Kuucuubc`vu ow vdc Omkrf mj Imzcr`mru 55 ?3

Mvdcr ctxcùcu ?7 65

mvkl mrkv uu ??3 ??3

`v emb rmr vm fuvrsvm ?,8?? ;,5;9

Edkìc g` js`fcf uvkvsu mj oc`cv xlkù $5'

Embxrcdcùgzc gèmbc xrgmr vm fguvrgosvgm` & ?,8;7 & ;,5;9

Fggog` J Excc`gzc gÈc

Fgzgfc`fu xkgf vm bcbocr okàu & ;9 & ;9

Vrkùjcrrcf vm $jrmb' usrxlsu k`f edkìc g` keesbslkvcf mvdcrembxrcdcùgzc lmuu

4? $7?'

Xkwbc`vu vm Vrckusrw ku g`vcrcuv m` Jcfcrkl _cucrzc `mvcu ;,7?8 ;,57?

Vmvkl fguvrgosvgm` & ?,8;7 & ;,5;9



30/47


Uvkvcbc`vu mj Edkìcu g` Ekxgvkl jmr vdc Wckru C`fcfFcecbocr 5;, ?887, k`f Fcecbocr 5;, ?884 $g` bgllgmù, ctecxv udkrc fkvk'

srlsu

Keesbslkvfvdr

EmbrduLmuu

Ekvklxkf"g

`v gembvkf

mvklsrlsu

mvklEkvkl

oKLKÈc K NK`KW ;, ?884$9,?:4,:;5 udkru'

& 5:5 & 594 & $;3' & 5:5 & 9?:

@cv edkìc g` ekxgvkl uvmea rcfccbcf$;,467,;93 udkrcu'

$7?' $7?'

Vrkùjcrrcf jrmb usrxlsu k`f edkìc g`keesbslkvcf mvdcr embxrcdcùgzc lmuu

$7?' $7?' $7?'

oKLKÈc K FcEcoc 5;, ?884

$3,6;7,654 udkru'

& ?9; & ?4: & $;3' & ?9; & 36?

@cv edkìc g` ekxgvkl uvmea guuscf$;,:58,:34 udkrcu'

4? 4?

Vrkùjcrrcf vm usrxlsu k`f edkìc g`keesbslkvcf mvdcr embxrcdcùgzc lmuu

43 $5' 4? 4?

oKLKÈc K FcEcoc 5;, ?887$9,838,87: udkru'

& 535 & 59; & $;4' & 535 & 98:



31/47

Jg`kègkl

@mvcu vm Jg`kègkl Uvkvcbc`vu;. Ec

dc Jcfcrkl _cucrzc Okà mj Fkllku $Okà' gu xkrv mj vdc Jcfcrkl

_cucrzc Uwuvcb $Uwuvcb' k`f gu m`c mj vdc ;? Jcfcrkl _cucrzc Okàu

$_cucrzc Okàu' erckvcf ow Emìrcuu s`fcr vdc Jcfcrkl _cucrzc Kev

mj ;7;5 $Jcfcrkl _cucrzc Kev', ydged cuvkolgudcf vdc ec`vrkl okàmj vdc S`gvcf Uvkvcu. dc _cucrzc Okàu krc edkrvcrcf ow vdc jcfcrkl

imzcr`bc`v k`f xmuucuu k s`g{sc ucv mj imzcr`bc`vkl, emrxmrkvc,

k`f ec`vrkl okà edkrkevcrguvgeu. dc Okà k`f gvu orkèdcu g` Cl

Xkum, Dmsuvm`, k`f Uk` K`vm`gm ucrzc vdc Clczc`vd Jcfcrkl _cucrzc

Fguvrgev, ydged gèlsfcu ctku k`f xmrvgmù mj Lmsgugk`k k`f @cy

Bctgem.

G` keemrfkèc ygvd vdc Jcfcrkl _cucrzc Kev, usxcrzgugm` k`f

em`vrml mj vdc Okà gu ctcregucf ow k omkrf mj fgrcevmru. dc Jcfcrkl

_cucrzc Kev uxcegjgcu vdc embxmugvgm` mj vdc omkrf mj fgrcevmru jmr

cked mj vdc _cucrzc Okàu. Cked omkrf gu embxmucf mj `g`c bcbocru

ucrzgì vdrcc"wckr vcrbu> vdrcc fgrcevmru, gèlsfgì vdmuc fcugi`kvcf

ku edkgrbk` k`f fcxsvw edkgrbk`, krc kxxmg`vcf ow vdc Omkrf mj

Imzcr`mru mj vdc Jcfcrkl _cucrzc Uwuvcb $Omkrf mj Imzcr`mru' vm

rcxrcuc`v vdc xsolge, k`f ugt fgrcevmru krc clcevcf ow bcbocr okàu.

Okàu vdkv krc bcbocru mj vdc Uwuvcb gèlsfc kll `kvgm`kl okàu k`f

k`w uvkvc"edkrvcrcf okàu vdkv kxxlw k`f krc kxxrmzcf jmr bcbocr"

udgx. Bcbocr okàu krc fgzgfcf g`vm vdrcc elkuucu keemrfgì vm ug~c.

Bcbocr okàu g` cked elkuu clcev m`c fgrcevmr rcxrcuc`vgì bcbocr

okàu k`f m`c rcxrcuc`vgì vdc xsolge. G` k`w clcevgm` mj fgrcevmru,

cked bcbocr okà rcecgzcu m`c zmvc, rcikrflcuu mj vdc `sbocr mj

udkrcu mj _cucrzc Okà uvmea gv dmlfu.

G` kffgvgm` vm vdc ;? _cucrzc Okàu, vdc Uwuvcb klum emùguvu,

g` xkrv, mj vdc Omkrf mj Imzcr`mru k`f vdc Jcfcrkl Mxc` Bkracv

Embbgvvcc $JMBE'. dc Omkrf mj Imzcr`mru, k` g`fcxc`fc`v jcf"

crkl kicèw, gu edkricf ow vdc Jcfcrkl _cucrzc Kev ygvd k `sbocr mj

uxcegjge fsvgcu, gèlsfgì ic`crkl usxcrzgugm` mzcr vdc _cucrzc Okàu.

dc JMBE gu embxmucf mj bcbocru mj vdc Omkrf mj Imzcr`mru, vdc

xrcugfc`v mj vdc Jcfcrkl _cucrzc Okà mj @cy Wmra $J_O@W', k`f, m`

k rmvkvgì okugu, jmsr mvdcr _cucrzc Okà xrcugfc`vu.

?. xcKg` K`F czgEc

dc _cucrzc Okàu xcrjmrb k zkrgcvw mj ucrzgecu k`f mxcrkvgmù.

dcuc jsèvgmù gèlsfc xkrvgegxkvgì g` jmrbslkvgì k`f em`fsev"

gì bm`cvkrw xmlgew1 xkrvgegxkvgì g` vdc xkwbc`vu uwuvcb, gèlsfgì

lkric"fmllkr vrkùjcru mj js`fu, ksvmbkvcf elckrgìdmsuc $KED'

mxcrkvgmù, k`f edcea emllcevgm`1 fguvrgosvgì emg` k`f esrrcèw1

xcrjmrbgì jguekl kicèw jsèvgmù jmr vdc S.U. Fcxkrvbc`v mj vdc

rckusrw $rckusrw', ecrvkg` jcfcrkl kicègcu, k`f mvdcr c`vgvgcu1ucrzgì ku vdc jcfcrkl imzcr`bc`vu okà1 xrmzgfgì udmrv"vcrb lmkù

vm fcxmugvmrw gùvgvsvgmù1 xrmzgfgì lmkù vm g`fgzgfsklu, xkrv`crudgxu,

k`f emrxmrkvgmù g` s`suskl k`f ctgic`v egresbuvkècu1 ucrzgì

emùsbcru k`f embbs`gvgcu ow xrmzgfgì cfsekvgm`kl bkvcrgklu k`f

g`jmrbkvgm` rcikrfgì jg`kègkl emùsbcr xrmvcevgm` rgidvu k`f lkyu

k`f g`jmrbkvgm` m` embbs`gvw fczclmxbc`v xrmirkbu k`f kevgzg"

vgcu1 k`f usxcrzgugì okà dmlfgì embxk`gcu, uvkvc bcbocr okàu,

k`f S.U. mjjgecu mj jmrcgi` okàgì mrik`g~kvgmù. Ecrvkg` ucrzgecu krc

xrmzgfcf vm jmrcgi` k`f g`vcr`kvgm`kl bm`cvkrw ksvdmrgvgcu, xrgbkrglw

ow vdc J_O@W.

dc JMBE, g` em`fsevgì bm`cvkrw xmlgew, cuvkolgudcu xmlgew

rcikrfgì fmbcuvge mxc` bkracv mxcrkvgmù, mzcruccu vdcuc mxcrk"

vgmù, k`f k``skllw guuscu ksvdmrg~kvgmù k`f fgrcevgzcu vm vdc J_O@W

vm ctcesvc vrkùkevgmù. dc JMBE ksvdmrg~cu k`f fgrcevu vdc J_O@W

vm em`fsev mxcrkvgmù g` fmbcuvge bkracvu, gèlsfgì vdc fgrcev xsr"edkuc k`f uklc mj rckusrw ucesrgvgcu, jcfcrkl kicèw k`f imzcr`bc`v"

uxmùmrcf c`vcrxrguc $IUC' fcov ucesrgvgcu, jcfcrkl kicèw k`f IUC

bmrvikic"okeacf ucesrgvgcu $BOU', vdc xsredkuc mj vdcuc ucesrgvgcu

s`fcr kirccbc`vu vm rcucll, k`f vdc uklc mj vdcuc ucesrgvgcu s`fcr

kirccbc`vu vm rcxsredkuc. dc J_O@W ctcesvcu vdcuc vrkùkevgmù

kv vdc fgrcevgm` mj vdc JMBE k`f dmlfu vdc rcuslvgì ucesrgvgcu k`f

kirccbc`vu g` k xmrvjmlgm a`my` ku vdc Uwuvcb Mxc` Bkracv Keems`v

$UMBK'. dc J_O@W gu ksvdmrg~cf vm lc`f vdc rckusrw ucesrgvgcu

k`f jcfcrkl kicèw k`f IUC fcov ucesrgvgcu vdkv krc dclf g` vdc UMBK.

G` kffgvgm` vm ksvdmrg~gì k`f fgrcevgì mxcrkvgmù g` vdc fmbcuvge

ucesrgvgcu bkracv, vdc JMBE ksvdmrg~cu vdc J_O@W vm ctcesvc mxcrk"

vgmù g` jmrcgi` bkracvu g` mrfcr vm ems`vcr fgumrfcrlw em`fgvgmù g`

ctedkìc bkracvu mr vm bccv mvdcr `ccfu uxcegjgcf ow vdc JMBE vmekrrw msv vdc Uwuvcbu ec`vrkl okà rcuxmùgoglgvgcu. Uxcegjgekllw, vdc

JMBE ksvdmrg~cu k`f fgrcevu vdc J_O@W vm dmlf oklkècu mj, k`f vm

ctcesvc uxmv k`f jmrykrf jmrcgi` ctedkìc k`f ucesrgvgcu em`vrkevu

jmr, ;6 jmrcgi` esrrcègcu k`f vm g`zcuv used jmrcgi` esrrcèw dmlfgìu,

ydglc bkg`vkg`gì kfc{skvc lg{sgfgvw. dc J_O@W gu ksvdmrg~cf k`f

fgrcevcf ow vdc JMBE vm bkg`vkg` rcegxrmekl esrrcèw krrkìcbc`vu

$JT uykxu' ygvd vym ec`vrkl okàu k`f vm ykrcdmsuc jmrcgi` esr"

rcègcu jmr vdc rckusrw k`f vdc Ctedkìc Uvkoglg~kvgm` Js`f $CUJ'.

dc J_O@W gu klum ksvdmrg~cf k`f fgrcevcf ow vdc JMBE vm bkg`vkg`

S.U. fmllkr esrrcèw lg{sgfgvw uykx krrkìcbc`vu ygvd ;6 ec`vrkl

okàu. dc JMBE dku klum ksvdmrg~cf vdc J_O@W vm bkg`vkg` jmrcgi`

esrrcèw lg{sgfgvw uykx krrkìcbc`vu ygvd jmsr jmrcgi` ec`vrkl okàu.

Klvdmsid vdc _cucrzc Okàu krc ucxkrkvc lcikl c`vgvgcu, vdcw eml"

lkomrkvc g` vdc fclgzcrw mj ecrvkg` ucrzgecu vm kedgczc irckvcr cjjgegcèw

k`f cjjcevgzc`cuu. dgu emllkomrkvgm` vkacu vdc jmrb mj ec`vrklg~cf

mxcrkvgmù k`f xrmfsev mr jsèvgm` mjjgecu vdkv dkzc rcuxmùgoglgvw

jmr vdc fclgzcrw mj ecrvkg` ucrzgecu m` ocdklj mj vdc _cucrzc Okàu.

Zkrgmsu mxcrkvgm`kl k`f bk`kicbc`v bmfclu krc sucf k`f krc usx"

xmrvcf ow ucrzgec kirccbc`vu ocvycc` vdc _cucrzc Okàu. G` umbc

ekucu, emuvu gèsrrcf ow k _cucrzc Okà jmr ucrzgecu xrmzgfcf vm mvdcr

_cucrzc Okàu krc `mv udkrcf1 g` mvdcr ekucu, vdc _cucrzc Okàu krc

rcgbosrucf jmr emuvu gèsrrcf g` xrmzgfgì ucrzgecu vm mvdcr _cucrzc

Okàu. Bknmr ucrzgecu xrmzgfcf ow vdc Okà m` ocdklj mj vdc Uwuvcb

k`f jmr ydged vdc emuvu ycrc `mv rcgbosrucf ow vdc mvdcr _cucrzc

Okàu gèlsfc Edcea Ksvmbkvgm` Ucrzgecu1 @kvgm`kl Ctkbg`kvgm`Fkvk Uwuvcb1 Fcuavmx Ucrzgecu Ec`vcr1 Xkwbc`v Kxxlgekvgm`

Bmfcr`g~kvgm`1 Lkyum` Ec`vrkl Osug`cuu Kfbg`guvrkvgm` Jsèvgm`1

Keems`vu, _gua k`f Ercfgv Uwuvcb1 k`f Im Fgrcev.

5. Jg`KÈgKL KogLgW KEgzggc

dc _cucrzc Okàu dkzc gbxlcbc`vcf vdc jmllmygì xrmirkbu

vdkv usxxmrv vdc lg{sgfgvw mj jg`kègkl gùvgvsvgmù k`f jmuvcr gbxrmzcf

em`fgvgmù g` jg`kègkl bkracvu.


32/47


ckff krav rkvmu kf smrv jmr mrvk"

lkvf esrvu

dc Ugìlc"rkèdc Mxc` Bkracv Mxcrkvgm` Xrmirkb kllmyu

xrgbkrw fcklcru vm g`gvgkvc k ucrgcu mj ?4"fkw vcrb rcxsredkuc vrkùke"

vgmù ydglc xlcfigì rckusrw ucesrgvgcu, jcfcrkl kicèw k`f IUC fcovucesrgvgcu, k`f jcfcrkl kicèw k`f IUC BOU ku emllkvcrkl.

dc jcfcrkl kicèw k`f IUC Fcov Ucesrgvgcu k`f BOU Xsredkuc

Xrmirkb xrmzgfcu usxxmrv vm vdc bmrvikic k`f dmsugì bkracvu k`f

jmuvcru gbxrmzcf em`fgvgmù g` jg`kègkl bkracvu. S`fcr vdgu xrmirkb,

vdc J_O@W xsredkucu dmsugì"rclkvcf IUC fcov ucesrgvgcu k`f jcfcrkl

kicèw k`f IUC BOU. Xsredkucu mj dmsugì"rclkvcf IUC fcov ucesrg"

vgcu ocik` g` @mzcbocr ?884, k`f xsredkucu mj jcfcrkl kicèw k`f

IUC BOU ocik` g` Nk`skrw ?887. dc J_O@W gu ksvdmrg~cf vm xsr"

edkuc sx vm &?88 ogllgm` g` jgtcf"rkvc, `mèkllkolc IUC fcov ucesrgvgcu

k`f sx vm &;.?3 vrgllgm` g` j gtcf"rkvc jcfcrkl kicèw k`f IUC BOU. dc

kevgzgvgcu mj omvd mj vdcuc xrmirkbu krc kllmekvcf vm vdc mvdcr _cucrzc

Okàu.

Evrkl oka L{sfvw yku

dc JMBE ksvdmrg~cf k`f fgrcevcf vdc J_O@W vm cuvkolgud ec`"

vrkl okà lg{sgfgvw uykx krrkìcbc`vu, ydged bkw oc uvrsevsrcf ku

cgvdcr S.U. fmllkr lg{sgfgvw mr jmrcgi` esrrcèw lg{sgfgvw uykx krrkìc"

bc`vu.

S.U. fmllkr lg{sgfgvw uykx krrkìcbc`vu ycrc ksvdmrg~cf ygvd ;6

jmrcgi` ec`vrkl okàu vm xrmzgfc lg{sgfgvw g` S.U. fmllkru vm mzcrucku

bkracvu. Used krrkìcbc`vu ycrc ksvdmrg~cf ygvd vdc jmllmygì ec`"

vrkl okàu> vdc _cucrzc Okà mj Ksuvrklgk, vdc Okèm Ec`vrkl fm Orkugl,

vdc Okà mj Ek`kfk, Fk`bkrau @kvgm`klokà, vdc Okà mj Cìlk`f,

vdc Csrmxck` Ec`vrkl Okà, vdc Okà mj Nkxk`, vdc Okà mj Amrck, vdc

Okèm fc Btgem, vdc _cucrzc Okà mj @cy ^cklk`f, @mricu Okà,

vdc Bm`cvkrw Ksvdmrgvw mj Ugìkxmrc, vdc Uzcrgicu _gauokà, k`f vdc

Uyguu @kvgm`kl Okà. dc bktgbsb kbms`v vdkv emslf oc frky`

s`fcr vdcuc uykx krrkìcbc`vu zkrgcf ow ec`vrkl okà. dc ksvdm"

rg~kvgm` jmr vdcuc uykx krrkìcbc`vu ctxgrcf m` Jcorskrw ;, ?8;8.

Jmrcgi` esrrcèw lg{sgfgvw uykx krrkìcbc`vu xrmzgfcf vdc

_cucrzc Okàu ygvd vdc ekxkegvw vm mjjcr jmrcgi` esrrcèw lg{sgfgvw vm

S.U. fcxmugvmrw gùvgvsvgmù. Used krrkìcbc`vu ycrc ksvdmrg~cf ygvd

vdc Okà mj Cìlk`f, vdc Csrmxck` Ec`vrkl Okà, vdc Okà mj Nkxk`,

k`f vdc Uyguu @kvgm`kl Okà. dc bktgbsb kbms`v vdkv emslf oc

frky` s`fcr vdc uykx krrkìcbc`vu zkrgcf ow ec`vrkl okà. dc ksvdm"

rg~kvgm` jmr vdcuc uykx krrkìcbc`vu ctxgrcf m` Jcorskrw ;, ?8;8.

Lf vm Fmuvmrw guvvsvmudc crb Ksevgm` Jkeglgvw $KJ' xrmbmvcu vdc cjjgegc`v fguucb"

g`kvgm` mj lg{sgfgvw ow xrmzgfgì vcrb js`fu vm fcxmugvmrw gùvgvsvgmù.

S`fcr vdc KJ, _cucrzc Okàu ksevgm` vcrb js`fu vm fcxmugvmrw gùvg"

vsvgmù kikgùv k`w emllkvcrkl clgigolc vm ucesrc xrgbkrw, ucem`fkrw,

k`f uckum`kl ercfgv lcuu k bkrig`, ydged gu k rcfsevgm` g` vdc kuugi`cf

emllkvcrkl zklsc vdkv gu g`vc`fcf vm xrmzgfc vdc Okàu kffgvgm`kl ercfgv

xrmvcevgm`. Kll fcxmugvmrw gùvgvsvgmù vdkv krc emùgfcrcf vm oc g`

ic`crkllw ums`f jg`kègkl em`fgvgm` ow vdcgr _cucrzc Okà k`f vdkv

krc clgigolc vm omrrmy s`fcr vdc xrgbkrw ercfgv xrmirkb krc clgigolc

vm xkrvgegxkvc g` KJ ksevgmù. Kll lmkù bsuv oc emllkvcrklg~cf vm vdc

ukvgujkevgm` mj vdc _cucrzc Okàu.

Lf vm xrbkrw Fklru

dc crb Ucesrgvgcu Lc`fgì Jkeglgvw $ULJ' xrmbmvcf lg{sgf"

gvw g` vdc jg`kègì bkracvu jmr rckusrw ucesrgvgcu. S`fcr vdc ULJ,

vdc J_O@W emslf lc`f sx vm k` kiircikvc kbms`v mj &?88 ogllgm` mj

rckusrw ucesrgvgcu dclf g` vdc UMBK vm xrgbkrw fcklcru ucesrcf jmrk vcrb mj ?4 fkwu. Ucesrgvgcu ycrc lc`v vm xrgbkrw fcklcru vdrmsid

k embxcvgvgzc ugìlc"xrgec ksevgm` k`f ycrc emllkvcrklg~cf, lcuu k

bkrig`, ow k xlcfic mj mvdcr ucesrgvgcu, gèlsfgì rckusrw ucesrgvgcu,

bs`gegxkl ucesrgvgcu, jcfcrkl kicèw k`f IUC BOU, `m`kicèw KKK-

Kkk"rkvcf xrgzkvc"lkocl rcugfc`vgkl BOU, k`f kuucv"okeacf ucesrgvgcu

$KOU'. dc ksvdmrg~kvgm` jmr vdc ULJ ctxgrcf m` Jcorskrw ;, ?8;8.

dc crb Ucesrgvgcu Lc`fgì Jkeglgvw Mxvgmù Xrmirkb $MX'

mjjcrcf xrgbkrw fcklcru, vdrmsid k embxcvgvgzc ugìlc"xrgec ksevgm`, vm

xsredkuc k` mxvgm` vm frky sxm` udmrv"vcrb, jgtcf"rkvc ULJ lmkù g`

ctedkìc jmr clgigolc emllkvcrkl. dc xrmirkb c`dkècf vdc cjjcevgzc"

`cuu mj vdc ULJ ow cùsrgì kffgvgm`kl lg{sgfgvw fsrgì xcrgmfu mj

dcgidvc`cf emllkvcrkl bkracv xrcuusrcu, used ku krms`f {skrvcr"c`f

fkvcu. dc xrmirkb yku usuxc`fcf cjjcevgzc ygvd vdc bkvsrgvw mj vdc

Ns`c ?887 MX mxvgmù, k`f vdc xrmirkb ksvdmrg~kvgm` ctxgrcf m`

Jcorskrw ;, ?8;8.

vdr Lf Jkelvu

dc Kuucv"Okeacf Embbcregkl Xkxcr Bm`cw Bkracv Bsvskl

Js`f Lg{sgfgvw Jkeglgvw $KBLJ' xrmzgfcf js`fgì vm fcxmugvmrw

gùvgvsvgmù k`f okà dmlfgì embxk`gcu vm jg`kèc vdc xsredkuc mj

clgigolc dgid"{sklgvw kuucv"okeacf embbcregkl xkxcr $KOEX' jrmb

bm`cw bkracv bsvskl js`fu. dc xrmirkb kuuguvcf bm`cw bkracv

bsvskl js`fu vdkv dmlf used xkxcr vm bccv vdc fcbk`fu jmr g`zcuvmr

rcfcbxvgmù k`f vm jmuvcr lg{sgfgvw g` vdc KOEX bkracv k`f bm`cw

bkracvu bmrc ic`crkllw. dc Jcfcrkl _cucrzc Okà mj Omuvm` $J_OO'

kfbg`guvcrcf vdc KBLJ k`f yku ksvdmrg~cf vm ctvc`f vdcuc lmkù vm

clgigolc omrrmycru m` ocdklj mj vdc mvdcr _cucrzc Okàu. Kll lmkù

ctvc`fcf s`fcr vdc KBLJ ycrc `m`rcemsruc k`f ycrc rcemrfcf ku

kuucvu ow vdc J_OO, k`f gj vdc omrrmygì gùvgvsvgm` ucvvlcu vm k fcxmug"

vmrw keems`v g` vdc Clczc`vd Jcfcrkl _cucrzc Fguvrgev, vdc js`fu ycrc

ercfgvcf vm vdc fcxmugvmrw gùvgvsvgm` keems`v k`f ucvvlcf ocvycc` vdc

_cucrzc Okàu vdrmsid vdc g`vcrfguvrgev ucvvlcbc`v keems`v. dc ercfgv

rgua rclkvcf vm vdc KBLJ yku kuusbcf ow vdc J_OO. dc ksvdmrg~kvgm`

jmr vdc KBLJ ctxgrcf m` Jcorskrw ;, ?8;8.

6. gi`gJgEK` KEE`gì xLgEgc

Keems`vgì xrgègxlcu jmr c`vgvgcu ygvd vdc s`g{sc xmycru k`f

rcuxmùgoglgvgcu mj k `kvgmù ec`vrkl okà dkzc `mv occ` jmrbslkvcfow keems`vgì uvk`fkrf"ucvvgì omfgcu. dc Omkrf mj Imzcr`mru dku

fczclmxcf uxcegklg~cf keems`vgì xrgègxlcu k`f xrkevgecu vdkv gv em`"

ugfcru vm oc kxxrmxrgkvc jmr vdc `kvsrc k`f jsèvgm` mj k ec`vrkl okà.

dcuc keems`vgì xrgègxlcu k`f xrkevgecu krc fmesbc`vcf g` vdc

Jg`kègkl Keems`vgì Bk`skl jmr Jcfcrkl _cucrzc Okàu $Jg`kègkl

Keems`vgì Bk`skl mr JKB', ydged gu guuscf ow vdc Omkrf mj

Imzcr`mru. dc _cucrzc Okàu krc rc{sgrcf vm kfmxv k`f kxxlw

keems`vgì xmlgegcu k`f xrkevgecu vdkv krc emùguvc`v ygvd vdc JKB,

k`f vdc jg`kègkl uvkvcbc`vu dkzc occ` xrcxkrcf g` keemrfkèc ygvd

vdc JKB.


33/47

Jg`kègkl

Lgbgvcf fgjjcrcècu ctguv ocvycc` vdc keems`vgì xrgègxlcu k`f

xrkevgecu g` vdc JKB k`f ic`crkllw keecxvcf keems`vgì xrgègxlcu g`

vdc S`gvcf Uvkvcu $IKKX', xrgbkrglw fsc vm vdc s`g{sc `kvsrc mj vdc

Okàu xmycru k`f rcuxmùgoglgvgcu ku xkrv mj vdc kvgmù ec`vrkl okà.

dc xrgbkrw fgjjcrcèc gu vdc xrcuc`vkvgm` mj kll UMBK ucesrgvgcu dmlf"gìu kv kbmrvg~cf emuv rkvdcr vdk` vdc jkgr zklsc xrcuc`vkvgm` rc{sgrcf

ow IKKX. rckusrw ucesrgvgcu, IUC fcov ucesrgvgcu, jcfcrkl kicèw

k`f IUC BOU, k`f g`zcuvbc`vu fc`mbg`kvcf g` jmrcgi` esrrcègcu

embxrgugì vdc UMBK krc rcemrfcf kv emuv, m` k ucvvlcbc`v"fkvc okugu

rkvdcr vdk` vdc vrkfc"fkvc okugu rc{sgrcf ow IKKX. dc emuv okugu mj

rckusrw ucesrgvgcu, IUC fcov ucesrgvgcu, k`f jmrcgi` imzcr`bc`v fcov

gùvrsbc`vu gu kfnsuvcf jmr kbmrvg~kvgm` mj xrcbgsbu mr keercvgm`

mj fguems`vu m` k uvrkgidv"lg`c okugu. Kbmrvg~cf emuv bmrc kxxrmxrg"

kvclw rcjlcevu vdc Okàu ucesrgvgcu dmlfgìu igzc` vdc Uwuvcbu s`g{sc

rcuxmùgoglgvw vm em`fsev bm`cvkrw xmlgew. Keems`vgì jmr vdcuc

ucesrgvgcu m` k ucvvlcbc`v"fkvc okugu bmrc kxxrmxrgkvclw rcjlcevu vdc

vgbgì mj vdc vrkùkevgmù cjjcev m` vdc {sk`vgvw mj rcucrzcu g` vdc

okàgì uwuvcb. Klvdmsid vdc kxxlgekvgm` mj jkgr zklsc bckusrcbc`vuvm vdc ucesrgvgcu dmlfgìu bkw rcuslv g` zklscu usouvk`vgkllw komzc mr

oclmy vdcgr ekrrwgì zklscu, vdcuc s`rcklg~cf edkìcu g` zklsc dkzc m

fgrcev cjjcev m` vdc {sk`vgvw mj rcucrzcu kzkglkolc vm vdc okàgì uwu"

vcb mr m` vdc xrmuxcevu jmr jsvsrc Okà ckr`gìu mr ekxgvkl. Omvd vdc

fmbcuvge k`f jmrcgi` embxm`c`vu mj vdc UMBK xmrvjmlgm bkw g`zmlzc

vrkùkevgmù vdkv rcuslv g` ikgù mr lmuucu ydc` dmlfgìu krc umlf xrgmr

vm bkvsrgvw. Fcegugmù rcikrfgì ucesrgvgcu k`f jmrcgi` esrrcèw vrkù"

kevgmù, gèlsfgì vdcgr xsredkuc k`f uklc, krc bmvgzkvcf ow bm`cvkrw

xmlgew moncevgzcu rkvdcr vdk` xrmjgv. Keemrfgìlw, jkgr zklscu, ckr`gìu,

k`f ikgù mr lmuucu rcuslvgì jrmb vdc uklc mj used ucesrgvgcu k`f esr"

rcègcu krc gègfc`vkl vm vdc mxc` bkracv mxcrkvgmù k`f fm `mv bmvg"

zkvc fcegugmù rclkvcf vm xmlgew mr mxc` bkracv kevgzgvgcu.

G` kffgvgm`, vdc Okà dku clcevcf `mv vm xrcuc`v k Uvkvcbc`v mj

Ekud Jlmyu oceksuc vdc lg{sgfgvw k`f ekud xmugvgm` mj vdc Okà krc

`mv k xrgbkrw emècr` igzc` vdc _cucrzc Okàu s`g{sc xmycru k`f

rcuxmùgoglgvgcu. Mvdcr g`jmrbkvgm` rcikrfgì vdc Okàu kevgzgvgcu gu

xrmzgfcf g`, mr bkw oc fcrgzcf jrmb, vdc Uvkvcbc`vu mj Em`fgvgm`,

Gèmbc k`f Embxrcdcùgzc Gèmbc, k`f Edkìcu g` Ekxgvkl. dcrc

krc `m mvdcr ugi`gjgek`v fgjjcrcècu ocvycc` vdc xmlgegcu msvlg`cf g`

vdc JKB k`f IKKX.

Xrcxkrgì vdc jg`kègkl uvkvcbc`vu g` em`jmrbgvw ygvd vdc JKB

rc{sgrcu bk`kicbc`v vm bkac ecrvkg` cuvgbkvcu k`f kuusbxvgmù

vdkv kjjcev vdc rcxmrvcf kbms`vu mj kuucvu k`f lgkoglgvgcu, vdc fguelmusrc

mj em`vgìc`v kuucvu k`f lgkoglgvgcu kv vdc fkvc mj vdc jg`kègkl uvkvc"

bc`vu, k`f vdc rcxmrvcf kbms`vu mj gèmbc k`f ctxcùcu fsrgìvdc rcxmrvgì xcrgmf. Kevskl rcuslvu emslf fgjjcr jrmb vdmuc cuvgbkvcu.

Ecrvkg` kbms`vu rclkvgì vm vdc xrgmr wckr dkzc occ` rcelkuugjgcf vm

em`jmrb vm vdc esrrc`v"wckr xrcuc`vkvgm`. S`g{sc keems`vu k`f ugi"

`gjgek`v keems`vgì xmlgegcu krc ctxlkg`cf oclmy.

k. imlf kf ekl Frky dvu Ervjekvu

dc Ucercvkrw mj vdc rckusrw gu ksvdmrg~cf vm guusc imlf k`f uxc"

egkl frkygì rgidvu $UF_' ecrvgjgekvcu vm v dc _cucrzc Okàu.

Xkwbc`v jmr vdc imlf ecrvgjgekvcu ow vdc _cucrzc Okàu gu bkfc ow

ercfgvgì c{sgzklc`v kbms`vu g` fmllkru g`vm vdc keems`v cuvkolgudcf

jmr vdc rckusrw. dc imlf ecrvgjgekvcu dclf ow vdc _cucrzc Okàu krc

rc{sgrcf vm oc okeacf ow vdc imlf mj vdc rckusrw. dc rckusrw bkw

rcke{sgrc vdc imlf ecrvgjgekvcu kv k`w vgbc, k`f vdc _cucrzc Okàu bsuvfclgzcr vdcb vm vdc rckusrw. Kv used vgbc, vdc rckusrwu keems`v gu

edkricf, k`f vdc _cucrzc Okàu imlf ecrvgjgekvc keems`vu krc rcfsecf.

dc zklsc mj imlf jmr xsrxmucu mj okeagì vdc imlf ecrvgjgekvcu gu ucv ow

lky kv &6? ?-7 xcr jg`c vrmw msèc. dc Omkrf mj Imzcr`mru kllmekvcu

vdc imlf ecrvgjgekvcu kbmì vdc _cucrzc Okàu mèc k wckr okucf m`

vdc kzcrkic Jcfcrkl _cucrzc `mvcu msvuvk`fgì g` cked _cucrzc Okà.

UF_ ecrvgjgekvcu krc guuscf ow vdc G`vcr`kvgm`kl Bm`cvkrw Js`f

$vdc Js`f' vm gvu bcbocru g` xrmxmrvgm` vm cked bcbocru {smvk g`

vdc Js`f kv vdc vgbc mj guuskèc. UF_ ecrvgjgekvcu ucrzc ku k usxxlc"

bc`v vm g`vcr`kvgm`kl bm`cvkrw rcucrzcu k`f bkw oc vrkùjcrrcf jrmb

m`c `kvgm`kl bm`cvkrw ksvdmrgvw vm k`mvdcr. S`fcr vdc lky xrmzgfgì

jmr S.U. xkrvgegxkvgm` g` vdc UF_ uwuvcb, vdc Ucercvkrw mj vdc rckusrw

gu ksvdmrg~cf vm guusc UF_ ecrvgjgekvcu vm vdc _cucrzc Okàu. YdcÙF_ ecrvgjgekvcu krc guuscf vm vdc _cucrzc Okàu, c{sgzklc`v kbms`vu

g` S.U. fmllkru krc ercfgvcf vm vdc keems`v cuvkolgudcf jmr vdc rckusrw

k`f vdc _cucrzc Okàu UF_ ecrvgjgekvc keems`vu krc gèrckucf. dc

_cucrzc Okàu krc rc{sgrcf vm xsredkuc UF_ ecrvgjgekvcu, kv vdc fgrce"

vgm` mj vdc rckusrw, jmr vdc xsrxmuc mj jg`kègì UF_ ke{sgugvgmù

mr jmr jg`kègì ctedkìc uvkoglg~kvgm` mxcrkvgmù. Kv vdc vgbc UF_

vrkùkevgmù meesr, vdc Omkrf mj Imzcr`mru kllmekvcu UF_ ecrvgjgekvc

vrkùkevgmù kbmì vdc _cucrzc Okàu okucf sxm` cked _cucrzc

Okàu Jcfcrkl _cucrzc `mvcu msvuvk`fgì kv vdc c`f mj vdc xrcecf"

gì wckr. dcrc ycrc `m UF_ vrkùkevgmù g` ?884, k`f g` ?887 vdc

rckusrw guuscf &5 ogllgm` g` UF_ ecrvgjgekvcu vm vdc _cucrzc Okàu, mj

ydged &;46 bgllgm` yku kllmekvcf vm vdc Okà.

. Lmku vm Fmuvmrw guvvsvmu

Lmkù krc rcxmrvcf kv vdcgr msvuvk`fgì xrgègxkl oklkècu, k`f

g`vcrcuv gèmbc gu rcemi`g~cf m` k` keerskl okugu.

Lmkù krc gbxkgrcf ydc`, okucf m` esrrc`v g`jmrbkvgm` k`f

czc`vu, gv gu xrmokolc vdkv vdc Okà ygll `mv rcecgzc vdc xrgègxkl mr

g`vcrcuv vdkv gu fsc g` keemrfkèc ygvd vdc em`vrkevskl vcrbu mj vdc

lmk` kirccbc`v. Lmkù krc czklskvcf vm fcvcrbg`c ydcvdcr k` kllmy"

kèc jmr lmk` lmuu gu rc{sgrcf. dc Okà dku fczclmxcf xrmecfsrcu

jmr kuucuugì vdc kfc{skew mj k`w kllmykèc jmr lmk` lmuucu sugì

kll kzkglkolc g`jmrbkvgm` vm rcjlcev vdc kuucuubc`v mj ercfgv rgua. dgu

kuucuubc`v gèlsfcu bm`gvmrgì g`jmrbkvgm` movkg`cf jrmb okàgì

usxcrzgumru, omrrmycru, k`f mvdcr umsrecu vm kuucuu vdc ercfgv em`fg"vgm` mj vdc omrrmycru k`f, ku kxxrmxrgkvc, czklskvgì emllkvcrkl zklscu

jmr cked xrmirkb. Ic`crkllw, vdc Okà fguem`vg`scu rcemi`g~gì

g`vcrcuv gèmbc m` gbxkgrcf lmkù s`vgl vdc omrrmycru rcxkwbc`v

xcrjmrbkèc fcbmùvrkvcu xrgègxkl k`f g`vcrcuv ygll oc rcecgzcf g`

keemrfkèc ygvd vdc vcrb mj vdc lmk` kirccbc`v. Gj vdc Okà fguem`"

vg`scu rcemrfgì g`vcrcuv m` k` gbxkgrcf lmk`, ekud xkwbc`vu krc jgruv

kxxlgcf vm xrgègxkl s`vgl vdc lmk` oklkèc gu rcfsecf vm ~crm1 uso"

uc{sc`v xkwbc`vu krc kxxlgcf ku rcemzcrgcu mj kbms`vu xrczgmsulw

fccbcf sèmllcevgolc, gj k`w, k`f vdc` ku g`vcrcuv gèmbc.


34/47

5? JCFC_KL _CUC_ZC OK@A MJ FKLLKU ?887 K``skl _cxmrv

e. esrvu xsredkuf fr Krbvu vm ull, esrvu

mlf fr Krbvu vm sredku, kf esrvu Lf

dc J_O@W bkw cìkic g` xsredkucu mj ucesrgvgcu ygvd xrgbkrw

fcklcru s`fcr kirccbc`vu vm rcucll $rcxsredkuc vrkùkevgmù'. dcuc

rcxsredkuc vrkùkevgmù krc vwxgekllw ctcesvcf vdrmsid k vrg"xkrvwkrrkìcbc`v $vrg"xkrvw vrkùkevgmù'. rg"xkrvw vrkùkevgmù krc em`"

fsevcf ygvd vym embbcregkl esuvmfgkl okàu vdkv bk`kic vdc elckr"

gì, ucvvlcbc`v, k`f xlcfigì mj emllkvcrkl. dc emllkvcrkl xlcficf bsuv

cteccf vdc xrgègxkl kbms`v mj vdc vrkùkevgm`. Keecxvkolc emllkvcrkl

s`fcr vrg"xkrvw rcxsredkuc vrkùkevgmù xrgbkrglw gèlsfcu rckusrw

ucesrgvgcu1 xkuu"vdrmsid bmrvikic ucesrgvgcu mj Jk``gc Bkc, Jrcffgc

Bke, k`f Ig``gc Bkc1 U_GX rckusrw ucesrgvgcu1 k`f uvrgxxcf uces"

rgvgcu mj jcfcrkl kicègcu. dc vrg"xkrvw vrkùkevgmù krc keems`vcf jmr

ku jg`kègì vrkùkevgmù ygvd vdc kuumegkvcf g`vcrcuv gèmbc keerscf

mzcr vdc lgjc mj vdc vrkùkevgm`. _cxsredkuc vrkùkevgmù krc rcxmrv"

cf kv vdcgr em`vrkevskl kbms`v ku Uwuvcb Mxc` Bkracv Keems`v>

Ucesrgvgcu xsredkucf s`fcr kirccbc`vu vm rcucll g` vdc Uvkvcbc`vu mj

Em`fgvgm` k`f vdc rclkvcf keerscf g`vcrcuv rcecgzkolc gu rcxmrvcf ku k

embxm`c`v mj Keerscf g`vcrcuv rcecgzkolcu.

dc J_O@W bkw cìkic g` uklcu mj ucesrgvgcu ygvd xrgbkrw fcklcru

s`fcr kirccbc`vu vm rcxsredkuc $rczcruc rcxsredkuc vrkùkevgmù'.

dcuc rczcruc rcxsredkuc vrkùkevgmù bkw oc ctcesvcf vdrmsid k

vrg"xkrvw krrkìcbc`v, ugbglkr vm rcxsredkuc vrkùkevgmù. _czcruc

rcxsredkuc vrkùkevgmù bkw klum oc ctcesvcf ygvd jmrcgi` mjjgegkl

k`f g`vcr`kvgm`kl keems`vu. _czcruc rcxsredkuc vrkùkevgmù krc

keems`vcf jmr ku jg`kègì vrkùkevgmù, k`f vdc kuumegkvcf g`vcrcuv

ctxcùc gu rcemi`g~cf mzcr vdc lgjc mj vdc vrkùkevgm`. dcuc vrkùke"

vgmù krc rcxmrvcf kv vdcgr em`vrkevskl kbms`vu g` vdc Uvkvcbc`vu mj

Em`fgvgm`, k`f vdc rclkvcf keerscf g`vcrcuv xkwkolc gu rcxmrvcf ku k

embxm`c`v mj Mvdcr lgkoglgvgcu.

rckusrw ucesrgvgcu k`f IUC fcov ucesrgvgcu dclf g` vdc UMBK

krc lc`v vm xrgbkrw fcklcru vm jkeglgvkvc vdc cjjcevgzc jsèvgm`gì mj vdc

fmbcuvge ucesrgvgcu bkracv. Mzcr`gidv ucesrgvgcu lc`fgì vrkùkevgmù

krc jsllw emllkvcrklg~cf ow mvdcr rckusrw ucesrgvgcu. ULJ vrkùke"

vgmù krc jsllw emllkvcrklg~cf ygvd g`zcuvbc`v"irkfc fcov ucesrgvgcu,

emllkvcrkl clgigolc jmr vrg"xkrvw rcxsredkuc kirccbc`vu krrkìcf ow vdc

J_O@W, mr omvd. dc emllkvcrkl vkac` g` omvd mzcr`gidv k`f vcrb uces"

rgvgcu lc`fgì vrkùkevgmù gu g` ctecuu mj vdc jkgr zklsc mj vdc ucesrgvgcu

lc`v. dc J_O@W edkricu vdc xrgbkrw fcklcr k jcc jmr omrrmygì uces"

rgvgcu, k`f vdcuc jccu krc rcxmrvcf ku k embxm`c`v mj Mvdcr gèmbc.

G` kffgvgm`, MX jccu krc rcxmrvcf ku k embxm`c`v mj Mvdcr g`

Date post:	05-Apr-2018
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2009 Dallas Federal Reserve Annual Report

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