2009_1_Introduction to Organizations and Management

8/8/2019 2009_1_Introduction to Organizations and Management

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Introduction to Organizations and

Management


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Organizations Defined

` Organizations are social units( or human groupings)deliberately constructed and reconstructed to seek

specific goals- Amitai Etzioni


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More Definitions

` An organization is a deliberate arrangement of people toaccomplish some specific purpose

` Two or more people who work together in a structured

way together to achieve a specific goal or goals

` A social entity that is goal directed and deliberately

structured


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Organizations are characterized by

` Divisions of labour, power and communicationresponsibilities

` Presence of one or more power centers

` Substitution of personnel


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What is an organization?

` An organization is a deliberate arrangement of people toaccomplish some specific purpose

` Two or more people who work together in a structured

way together to achieve a specific goal or goals

` A social entity that is goal directed and deliberately

structured


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What is Management?

Management: The process of usingorganizational resources to achieve theorganizations goals by... Planning, Organizing, Leading, and Controlling

The process of coordinating work activities so thatthey are completed efficiently and effectively with andthrough other people

Management is the process of designing and

maintaining an environment is which individualsworking together in groups efficiently accomplishselected aims


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Management Functions

` Planning

` Organizing

` Leading

` Controlling


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Planning

Management Function that involves the process ofdefining goals, establishing strategies for achievingthose goals and developing plans to integrate andcoordinate activities

Planning is the process used by managers to identifyand select appropriate goals and courses of action foran organization.

3 steps to good planning :1.Which goals should be pursued?2.How should the goal be attained?3.How should resources be allocated?

.


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Organizing

Management Function that involves the process ofdetermining what tasks are to be done, who is to dothem , how the tasks are to be grouped, who reports towhom, and where the decisions are to be made.

In organizing, managers create the structure of workingrelationships between organizational members that bestallows them to work together and achieve goals.


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Leading

Management function that involves motivatingsubordinates, influencing individuals or teams as they

work, selecting the most effective communication

channels, or dealing in any way with employee behaviour

issues.


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Leading

In leading, managers determine direction, state a clearvision for employees to follow, and help employeesunderstand the role they play in attaining goals.

Leadership involves a manager using power, influence,

vision, persuasion, and communication skills.

The outcome of the leading function is a high level of

motivation and commitment from employees to theorganization


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Controlling

Management Function that involves monitoring actual

performance, comparing actual to standard , and taking

action


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Controlling

` In controlling, managers evaluate how well theorganization is achieving its goals and takescorrective action to improve performance.

` Managers will monitor individuals, departments,

and the organization to determine if desiredperformance has been reached.` Managers will also take action to increase performance as

required.

` The outcome of the controlling function is the

accurate measurement of performance andregulation of efficiency and effectiveness.


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Management Process

The set of ongoing decisions and work activities in which

managers engage as they plan, organize , lead or control


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IMAGES OF ORGANIZATION

`

A variety of paradigms and metaphors to capture areused the essence of how organizations function


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Organizations as Machines

The term organization is derived organon meaning atool or an instrument

A tool has precision, efficiency, reliability, predictability

built into it.

Systems and procedures are introduced to routinizeactivities and reduce uncertainty of operations

Mechanical view of organizations- Adam Smith , Max

Weber, Henry Fayol and F.W.Taylor


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Organizations as Living Systems

Organizations have to change and adapt in response todemands from the external environment

Organizations continuously interact with the environment

and go through the phenomenon of growth, maturity and

decline Organizations are open systems

Primary goal of the organization is survival and

environmental adaptation


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Organizations as Brains

Organizations are proactive and not reactive to theenvironmental changes

They deliberately select their operating environment and

consciously plan their strategies and internal design.

Organizations receive, process and act upon informationemanating from the internal and external environment

Organizations learn, solve problems and innovate


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Organizations as Political Systems

Decisions made in organizations are not just solelydetermined by the logic of optimization but also by the

existing power equations among the organizational

members

Organizations with their built-in hierarchy and authorityrelationship are open to political processes

Power relationships among organizational members are

characterized by inherent anomalies and internal

contradictions


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Organizations as Cultures

` An organization has certain implicit norms of behaviour,certain shared values and ways of doing things

` The ritualistic behaviour patterns signify the dominant

and often implicit values and assumptions which people

hold regarding their work, relationships and organizations` Task of a manager- management of meaning


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Organizations as Psychic Prisons

` The organizations can also bring out the mostpathological tendencies into play

` Organizations provide an opportunities to people for

working out their neurotic impulses in an acceptable form


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Who is a manager?

` Someone who works with and through other people by

coordinating their work activities in order to accomplish

organizational goals

` Managers are the people responsible for supervising the

use of an organizations resources to meet its goals

` Managers give directions to their organization, provide

leadership and decide how to use organizational

resources to accomplish goals


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Classification of Managers

` First-line managers

` Middle Managers

` Top managers


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Management Skills

` Technical Skills

` Human Skills

` Conceptual Skills


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What is a role?

` A role is a set of specific tasks a person performs because ofthe position they hold

` Roles are directed inside as well as outside the organization


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Management Roles

` Interpersonal

Roles managers assume to coordinate and interact withemployees and provide direction to the organization.

` InformationalAssociated with the tasks needed to obtain and transmitinformation for management of the organization.

` Decisional

Associated with the methods managers use to plan strategyand utilize resources to achieve goals.


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Interpersonal

` Figurehead

` Leader

` Liaison


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Informational

` Monitor

` Disseminator

` Spokesperson


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Decisional

` Entrepreneur

` Disturbance handler

` Resource Allocator

` Negotiator


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Efficiency and Effectiveness

` Efficiency: The ability to do things right- an input-outputconcept ( Resource Usage)

` Effectiveness: Choosing the right goals.Doing the right

thing- High goal attainment


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ManagerialEffectiveness

` Effectiveness is the extent to which a manager achieves

the output requirement of his position.It is not so much

what a manager does but what he achieves

` It represents output, not input


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Efficiency versus Effectiveness

` Do things right

` Solve problems

` Safeguard resources

` Follow duties

` Lower costs

` Do right things

` Produce creative

alternatives

` Optimize resource

utilization

` Obtain results

` Increase profits


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Three kinds ofEffectiveness

` Apparent Effectiveness

` Personal Effectiveness

` Managerial Effectiveness


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ManagerialEffectiveness

Related

Separated

Integrated

Dedicated

RO

TO


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Three Managerial Skills

` Situational Sensitivity Skill

` Style Flexibility Skill

` Situational Management Skill

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