2011 June 29th European Business Council in Japan Dr. Jens ... · European Business Council in...

1

29/06/20111 EBC - Fukushima Nuclear Accident and Industrial Impact

2011 June 29th

European Business Council in Japan

Dr. Jens-Uwe Schmollack, TÜV Rheinland

Fukushima Nuclear Accident and Industrial Impact

Experiences and Expectations from the European and Japanese Industry Perspectives


Agenda

1. Basic Radiation Protection Definitions

2. Radiation Exposure Pathways

3. Current and Future Radiological Situation

4. Systematics of Radiological Limits

5. Impact for Industry and Supply Chain

6. Concepts of Radiological Monitoring for the Industry

2


�Basic Radiological Definitions


Basic Radiation Protection Definitions

� Dose-Equivalent: Sievert (Sv), typical units mSv, µSv

� Dose-rate: dose equivalent per unit time, typical µSv/h, mSv/h, nSv/h

� Activity: Becquerel (Bq) = 1 per second, typical Bq, kBq, GBq

� Surface contamination: activity per area, typical Bq/m², Bq/cm², kBq/km²

� Specific activity: activity per mass, typical Bq/kg, Bq/gactivity per volume, typical Bq/l

3


Radioactivity and Radiation Interaction

� Activity = Number of decays per second 1 Becquerel = 1 Bq = 1 decay per second

Gamma Radiation

-> Internal Exposure

-> External Exposure

Short range, strong absorption

Low absorption, high penetration

Diverse radionuclides bynuclear fission

also I-131, Cs-

137, Cs-134,…

Beta Radiation

Beta only, No Gamma!

β- β-

also Sr-89,

Sr-90,…

Half lifeca. 30 y


�Radiation Exposure Pathways

4


Pathways of Radiation Exposure

Ingestion

Inhalation

External Exposure

Mainly due togamma radiation

Mainly due tobeta radiation


Nuclear Fuel Rods and Hydrogen Generation

Exothermic Generation of Hydrogen at high temperatues

Zr + 2 H2O -> ZrO2 + 2 H2

5


Example: Status Unit 1


Atmospheric Dispersion of Radionuclides

� Bild Exposion

� Bild Plume

Explosions, Depressurisationsand Leckage leading to releaseof radioactive material to theatmosphere

6


Atmospheric Dispersion of Radionuclides


Correlations to Released Amounts of Radioactivity

7


Release of Contaminated Water

� Release of contaminated water into the Pacific

� Partially reduced, still ongoing

� Partially reduced, partially increased concentrations

� More than 100.000 thighly contaminatedwater not fully under control

� Perspective

� As reported in the media, TEPCO expects closing water leakages and stabilizing the reactors up to the end of the year

� Final transition from on-site emergency situation to a controlled decommissioning process is not in view

� Important technical and economical challenges lay ahead


�Current and Future Radiological Situation

8


Fallout

Tokyo Fallout

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

20.03

.201

1

21.03

.201

1

23.03

.201

1

25.03

.201

1

27.03

.201

1

29.03

.201

1

31.03

.201

1

02.04

.201

1

04.04

.201

1

06.04

.201

1

08.04

.201

1

10.04

.201

1

12.04

.201

1

14.04

.201

1

16.04

.201

1

18.04

.201

1

20.04

.201

1

22.04

.201

1

24.04

.201

1

26.04

.201

1

28.04

.201

1

30.04

.201

1

02.05

.201

1

Datum

I-131 i

n B

q/m

²

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

Cs-1

37 i

n B

q/m

²

I-131 in Bq/m² Cs-137 in Bq/m²

Hinweis: Nullwerte für Cs-137 am 20.03. bedeuten, dass der Wertunter der Nachweisgrenze lag


Radiological Situation

Dose rate and contamination

�Slowly decreasing levels

�Relevant part of Cs-134, Cs-137

�Long term impact expected

9


�Systematics of Radiological Limits


Limits

- Primary limits of Secondary Limitseffective dose formembers of the public

� Emergency Level ~ 50 mSv e.g. forEvacuation Sheltering

� Normal Operation Level ~ 1 mSv e.g. 1 mSv/1y = 0,12 µSv/hMLIT: 3xB/G (~0.3µSv/h)ECURIE: 0,2 µSv/h

IAEA 4Bq/cm² for all RN

� Trivial Level / de minimis ~ 10 µSv ICRP 60StrlSchV 1Bq/cm² Cs-137

Emergency MeasuresDose Rate Measurements

Surface Contamination Measurements

Sample Measurements

Low individual risk, in

creased

collective risk

Individual risk neglectable,

low collective risk

Highly increased individual risk

10


Radiological Situation – Schematic

240km

Non-neglectable long

term contaminations in comparison with cut-off levels.

Very high levels: Areas

with emergency measures already in place.

High contaminations: E.g. effective doses up to 20mSv per year by external

radiation.

Note: Distribution of contamination is not homogeneous; clusters with lower and higher levels occur. Comprehensive measurements of contamination (Bq/g; Bq/m²) are to be performed.


Example: Emergency Measures

Projected effective dose byexternal radiation March 12 – April 06

10 – 40 mSv shelter> 50 mSv shelter or

evacuation

11


Example: Food Contamination and Legal Limits

EU Nr. 351/2011 11th April 2011 in compliance with Japanese Regulations

Example

125 kg per year of contaminated food at the limit and dose conversion factoraccording to EU regulations for effective dose for an adult

125 kg x 500 Bq/kg x 1.6E-5 mSv/a = 1 mSv


Example: Cut-off Levels for Surface Contamination

� IAEA Transport RegulationsLimit for removable surface contaminationAll Beta-/Gamma-emitters: 4 Bq/cm²Cut-off: 0.4 Bq/cm²

� German regulations (StrlSchV)Clearance levels for surface contaminationSr-90, Cs-134 and Cs-137: 1 Bq/cm²

12


� Impact for Industry and Supply Chain


Population & Industry Concerns

No. of Establishment

- Understanding the current /

future situation

- Food and water safety

- Short term and long term

health impact

- Impact on their business

continuity

- Working environment /

employee safety

- Customer and consumer

confidence

13


Limits and Consumers/Customers Expectations

- Primary limits of Secondary Limitseffective dose formembers of the public

� Emergency Level ~ 50 mSv e.g. forEvacuation Sheltering

� Normal Operation Level ~ 1 mSv e.g. 1 mSv/1a = 0,12 µSv/hMLIT: 3xB/G (~0.3µSv/h)ECURIE: 0,2 µSv/h

IAEA 4Bq/cm² for all RN

� Trivial Level / de minimis ~ 10 µSv ICRP 60StrlSchV 1Bq/cm² Cs-137

Emergency MeasuresDose Rate Measurements

Surface Contamination Measurements

Sample Measurements

Highly increased individual risk

No-Go-Area for Products

Exp

ecta

tion

Contamination neglectable

i.e. “no contamination”

“radiation free”

Meets consumers/customers expectations

Contamination within legal

limits or re

ference valuesMeets legal requirements

Which limits should be applied for industrial products?

Which implications for liability?

No liability below legal limits or is „radiation

free“ a must?

What about warranty?


Supply Chain – Schematic

240kmDirect effects:

Location of Manufacturer

Location 1: within 20/30 kmLocation 2: within 80 kmLocation 3: within 240 km

Indirect effects:Supply chain

Tier 1: Direct Supply from < 30 kmTier 2: Direct Supply from < 80 kmTier 3: Direct Supply from < 240 kmTier 4: Supply from > 240 km; Sub-

suppliers unknown

Manufacturer

14


�Measurements, Concepts and Certification for

Radiological Monitoring


Radiation Protection Methods

• Surface Contamination Measurements

• Dose Rate Measurements

• Gamma Spectrometry of Samples

• Concept Development for Radiation Monitoring and excluding contamination on different levels:

- in accordance with legal limits and reference values- “no contamination” processes

• Radiation protection measurements and concepts for public and employees safety

15


Basic Concept of Contamination Control

Analysis of inbound parts and raw materials (e.g. origin, measurement

properties, quantities, existing measurement reports/certificates etc)

Inbound Monitoring

ManufacturingProcess

Outbound Monitoring

Inte

grat

ion

in e

xist

ing

QM

-sys

tem

s

Site-Measure-ments and Monitoring

Definition of applicable limits/reference values,selection of measure-ment methods and

equipment, documen-tation, procedures,

measurement locations,screenings/sampling rates

selection of measure-ment methods and

equipment, documen-tation, procedures,

measurement locations,screenings/sampling rates

Consumer Expectations:

„No Contamination“

Independent Control by Third Party

Highly qualified and tra

ined personnel


Monitoring of Supply Chain

� Especially relevant for

- Automotive industry

- Machinery industry

- Electronic and consumers industry

- Food industry

- Medical industry

� Recent case: Major German automotive manufacturer requires from suppliers

verification and certification by third party

� - More than 30 suppliers located in Japan- Motivation: Stable relations with suppliers to maintain a long term win-win situation- Objective: supplied products with proven low/no contamination level

� - Method: Empowerment of supplier by assistance with professional concept development and certification by third party

- Concept development and certification financed by the German company

16


Conclusions

�The problem of radioactive contamination for the Japanese industry does exist

�The problem is long term

� It needs to be actively addressed

�By joint forces of the government, industry and science

� In order to find appropriate solutions to meet expectations from customers in supply chains and end-users all over the world


Thank you for your Attention

References and acknowledgements: Wikipedia, IAEA, GRS, BfS, IAEA, ICRP, GE, KTA, DAF, ZAMG

Date post:	03-Jul-2020
Category:	Documents
Upload:	others
View:	1 times
Download:	0 times

2011 June 29th European Business Council in Japan Dr. Jens ... · European Business Council in...

Documents