2011 Organic Chem Intro

8/6/2019 2011 Organic Chem Intro

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Organic

Chemistry


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THENATURE OF ORGANICCHEMISTRY


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ORGANIC CHEMISTRYis the study of theproperties of the

compounds of carbonthat are organic. Allcarbon compounds

except for a fewinorganic carboncompounds are


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The name organicchemistry came fromthe word ORGANISM.

Prior to 1828, allorganic compoundshad been obtainedfrom organisms or

their remains.


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JNS JACOB BERZELIUS

A physician by trade, first coined the term ORGANICCHEMISTRY in 1807 for the study of compounds derived frombiological sources.


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Up through the early 19thcentury, naturalists andscientists observedcritical differencesbetween compounds that

were derived from livingthings and those that werenot.


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The belief then was that thesynthesis of organic compoundsfrom inorganic compounds in thelaboratory was impossible.


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Inorganic carbon compoundsinclude the oxides of carbon,the bicarbonates andcarbonates of metal ions, the

metal cyanides, and a fewothers.


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There are over six millionorganic compoundscharacterized, includingthe foods we eat, (madeof carbohydrates, lipids,proteins and vitamins),furs & feathers, hides &skins & the organisms

they came from.


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Not to mention plastics, synthetic and natural

fibers, dyes and drugs, insecticides and herbicides,

ingredients in perfumes and flavoring agents, and

petroleum products.


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Chemists during those period

noted that there seemed to be an

essential yet inexplicable difference

between the properties of the two

different types of compounds.


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VITALISM proposed that therewas something called a "vitalforce" which existed within

organic material but did not existin any inorganic materials.


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All efforts had failed andscientists became convinced that

some "vital force" that livingorganisms had was necessary to

make an organic compound.


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As an example is the synthesis of UREA frominorganic substances in 1828 led to thedisappearance of this vital force theory.


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Organic chemistry defines life. Just asthere are millions of different types of

living organisms on this planet, there

are millions of different

organic molecules, each with different

chemical and physical properties.


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There are organicchemicals that make up your

hair, your skin, your fingernails,and so on. The diversity of

organic chemicals is due to theversatility of the carbon atom.


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WHY IS CARBON SUCH ASPECIAL ELEMENT?

Carbon (C) appears in the second row of the

periodic table and has 4 bonding electrons in

its valence shell.


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Carbon therefore forms fourbonds with other atoms(each bond

consisting of one of carbon'selectrons and one of the bonding

atom's electrons).

Carbon forms 4bonds


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Every valenceelectron participates in bonding,thus a carbonatom's bonds willbe distributedevenly over theatom's surface.

These bonds forma tetrahedron (apyramid with aspike at the top),as illustrated:


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The simplest organic chemicals,

called hydrocarbons, contain only

carbon and hydrogen atoms.

The simplest hydrocarbon(called METHANE) contains asingle carbon atom bonded to fourhydrogen atoms:

METHANE a carbon atombonded to 4 hydrogen atoms


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But carbon can bond to othercarbon atoms in addition tohydrogen, as illustrated inthe molecule ETHANE:

ETHANE - a carbon-carbonbond


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In fact, the uniqueness of carboncomes from the fact that it canbond to itself in many different

ways. Carbon atoms can form longchains:

HEXANE - a 6-carbonchain


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branched chains:

ISOHEXANE - a branched-carbon chain


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rings:

CYCLOHEXANE- a ringed hydrocarbonThere appears to be almost nolimit to the number of different

structures that carbon can form.


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To add to the complexity oforganic chemistry, neighboring

carbon atoms can form double andtriple bonds in addition to single

carbon-carbon bond.


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carbon atom forms FOUR BONDS.As the number of bonds betweenany two carbon atoms , thenumber of hydrogen atoms in the

molecule :

Singlebonding Doublebonding Triplebonding


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Why is Organic ChemistryIMPORTANT?

It is important because it is thestudy of LIFE and all of thechemical reactions related to life.


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Several careers apply an understanding oforganic chemistry, such as doctors,

veterinarians, dentists, pharmacologists,chemical engineers, and chemists.


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Organic chemistry plays a part in thedevelopment of common householdchemicals, foods, plastics, drugs,

fuels... really most of the chemicalspart of daily life.


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CLASSIFICATION OF ORGANIC

COMPOUNDS

1)FUNCTIONALGROUPS


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HYDROCARBONScontain only C &H. In addition to carbon and

hydrogen, hydrocarbons can alsocontain other elements.

Hydrogens in hydrocarbons canbe replaced by other atoms orgroups of atoms.
http://www.visionlearning.com/library/pop_glossary_term.php?oid=1585&l=http://www.visionlearning.com/library/pop_glossary_term.php?oid=1510&l=http://www.visionlearning.com/library/pop_glossary_term.php?oid=1510&l=http://www.visionlearning.com/library/pop_glossary_term.php?oid=1585&l=http://www.visionlearning.com/library/pop_glossary_term.php?oid=1510&l=http://www.visionlearning.com/library/pop_glossary_term.php?oid=1585&l=


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http://www.visionlearning.com/library/pop_glossary_term.php?oid=1591&l=


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GROUPThe HYDROXYL GROUPconsists of a single oxygenatom bound to a singlehydrogen atom (-OH). Thegroup of hydrocarbons thatcontain a hydroxyl functionalgroup is called alcohols. Thealcohols are named in asimilar fashion to the simplehydrocarbons, a prefix isattached to a root ending (inthis case "anol") thatdesignates the alcohol.


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h y d r o x y l functional groupThe family of carboxylic acids

contains a carboxyl (-COOH) functionalgroup. Acetic acid is an example.
http://www.visionlearning.com/library/pop_glossary_term.php?oid=1591&l=http://www.visionlearning.com/library/pop_glossary_term.php?oid=1591&l=


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ETHANOL, common drinking alcohol, is

the active ingredient in "alcoholic"

beverages

such as beer and wine.
http://www.visionlearning.com/library/pop_glossary_term.php?oid=1592&l=http://www.visionlearning.com/library/pop_glossary_term.php?oid=1592&l=


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The concept of functional groups

is central in organic chemistry, both

as a means to classify structures and

for predicting properties. A functionalgroup is a molecular module, and the

reactivity of that functional group isassumed, within limits, to be the

same in a variety of molecules.


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Functional groups can have decisive

influence on the chemical and physical

properties of organic compounds.

Molecules are classified on the basis of

their functional groups.


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The atom that is not carbon is called

the heteroatom. The heteroatom's

bonds must be shown or clearly

understood. For example, nitrogen

normally forms three bonds, so three

bonds must be indicated for it. Oxygen

normally forms two, so two bonds must

be shown. Rings may have more than

one heteroatom.


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In organic chemistry, there are a fewbasic structural shapes that you will

encounter. They are cha ins and r i ngs .There are also two types of chains,a st ra ight cha in , and a b r a n c h e d c h a in . In

a straight chain, one carbon atom holds nomore than two other carbon atoms. As its

name implies, the straight chain is astraight link of carbon, sometimes oxygenor nitrogen, atoms, in structural formula

that is. Because of twisting and

B h d h i h t l t b h ldi


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Branched chains have at least one carbon holding

more than two other carbon atoms. It will, as its

name implies, have branches of other chains comingoff another chain. have at least one carbon holding

more than two other carbon atoms. It will, as its

name implies, have branches of other chains comingoff another chain. Branching is one of the reasons

why there are so many isomers for each compound.

H H H H H H

| | | | | |

H-C-C-C-C-C-C-H

| | | | | |

H H H H H H

Straight Chain

H

|

H H H H-C-H H H H

| | | | | | |

H---C---C-C---C---C-C-C-H

| | | | | | |

H-C-H H H H H H H|

H-C-H

|

H

Branched Chain

Ri ( li d ) d f i f


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Rings (or cyclic compounds) are composed of rings of

carbon and sometimes oxygen or nitrogen. For

example, cyclohexane has a ring of six carbonatoms.

A cyclohexane moleculein CHAIRCONFORMATION. Hydrogen atoms inaxial ositions are shown in red while those
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ethane.png


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ETHYNE

ISOBUTANE

ACETYLENE
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Acetylene-2D.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Isobutane.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ethane.png


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The alcohols are named in asimilar fashion to the simple

hydrocarbons; a prefix is attachedto a root ending (in this case"anol") that designates the

alcohol.


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The existence of the functional group

completely changes the chemical

properties of the molecule. Ethane, the

two-carbon alkane, is a gas at room

temperature; ethanol, the two-carbon

alcohol, is a liquid. Double & triple

bonds are considered to be functional

groups.


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Some common functional groupsare: ALKANE, ALKENE, ALKYNE,ALCOHOL, KETONE, ALDEHYDE,

CARBOXYLIC ACID, ESTER, AMIDE& NITRILE. The "R" group is a

generic group, and is not a part ofthe functional group of interest.


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Compounds with the samefunctional group form a

homologous series having similarchemical properties and often

exhibiting a regular gradation inphysical properties withincreasing molecular weight.


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2) Aliphaticcompounds


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The aliphatic hydrocarbons are

subdivided into three groups of

HOMOLOGOUS SERIES according to

their state ofSATURATION:

>Where n represents the number of

carbon atoms present.

>HOMOLOGOU GENERAL EXAMPLE FUNCTIONAL
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homologous_serieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturation_(chemistry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturation_(chemistry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homologous_series


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S SERIES FORMULA GROUPStraight Chain

Alkanes

CnH2n + 2 (n 1) CH4, n = 1Alkyl CnH2n + 1 (n 1) CH3, n = 1

Alkenes and

Cyclic Alkanes

CnH2n (n 2) C2H4, n = 2 C = CAlkynes CnH2n 2 (n 2) C2H2, n = 2 C C

Alcohols CnH (2n + 1) OH(n 1)CH3OH, n =1 -OH

Carboxylic acids CnH2n +1 COOH(n 0)CH2O2, n = 0 - COOH

Carbohydrates Cn (H2O)n (n 1)

C6H12 O6

ompoun s are:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkylhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkeneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkyneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboxylic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboxylic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkyneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkeneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkylhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkanes


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o pou s a e

paraffins, which are alkanesWITHOUT any double or

triple bonds,olefins or alkenesWHICH

CONTAINS one or more doublebonds, i.e di-olefins (dienes) or

poly-olefins.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_bondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_bondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_bond


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The rest of the group is classedaccording to the functional groupspresent. Such compounds can be"straight-chain," branched-chain

or cyclic.


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Both saturated (alicycliccompounds) and unsaturatedcompounds exist as cyclicderivatives. The most stable rings

contain five or six carbon atoms,but large rings (macrocycles) and

smaller rings are common.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alicyclichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alicyclichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alicyclic


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e sma es cyc oa ane am y sthe three-membered cyclopropane

(CH2)3 Saturated cycliccompounds contain single bonds

only, whereas aromatic rings havean alternating (or conjugated)

To illustrate the rules, here are
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclopropanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclopropane


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some types of cyclic compounds:

Bromocyclohexane

cyclopropane

cyclobutane

cyclopentane cyclohexane

cyclohexene

IUPAC NAME


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Cycloalkanes do not containmultiple bonds, whereas the

cycloalkenes and the cycloalkynesdo.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycloalkenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycloalkenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycloalkene


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Aromatic hydrocarbons contain

conjugated double bonds. The most

important example is benzene, the

structure of which was formulated by

Kekul who first proposed the

delocalization orresonance

principle for explaining its structure.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjugated_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_August_Kekul%C3%A9_von_Stradonitzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delocalized_electronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonance_(chemistry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonance_(chemistry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delocalized_electronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_August_Kekul%C3%A9_von_Stradonitzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjugated_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonance_(chemistry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delocalized_electronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_August_Kekul%C3%A9_von_Stradonitzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjugated_system


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Benzene> is one of the best-known aromatic compounds

as it is one of the simplest and most stable

aromatics.


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4) Heterocycliccompounds


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The ring is termed a heterocycle.

Pyridine and furan are examples of

aromatic heterocycles while piperidine

and tetrahydrofuran

are the corresponding alicyclic

heterocycles.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterocyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyridinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piperidinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahydrofuranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahydrofuranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piperidinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyridinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterocyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahydrofuranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piperidinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyridinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterocycle


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The heteroatom of heterocyclic

molecules is generally oxygen, sulfur,

or nitrogen, with the latter being

particularly common in biochemicalsystems.


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Examples of groups among theheterocyclic are the aniline dyes,

the great majority of thecompounds discussed in

biochemistry such as alkaloids,many compounds related to

vitamins, steroids, nucleic acids(e.g. DNA, RNA) and also numerous


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Heterocyclic with relatively simplestructures are pyrrole (5-membered) and indole (6-membered carbon ring).

Rings can fuse with other rings on an

edge to give polycyclic compounds.

The purine nucleoside bases are

notable ol c clic aromatic Rings can also fuse on a "corner"
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycyclic_compoundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycyclic_compound


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such that one atom (almost alwayscarbon) has two bonds going toone ring and two to another. Suchcompounds are termed spiro andare important in a number of

natural products.

PyridineA simple

heterocycliccompound

A 5 ringheteroatomFuran Tetrahydrofuran

IUPAC NAME:

OXACYCLOPENTANE
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiro_compoundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_producthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_producthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiro_compound


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5) Polymers


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exist: those artificiallymanufactured are referred to asindustrial polymers or synthetic

polymers and those naturallyoccurring as biopolymers.

Since the invention of the firstartificial polymer, bakelite, the

family has quickly grown with the
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biopolymerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakelitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakelitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biopolymerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakelitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biopolymerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic


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Common synthetic organicpolymers are polyethylene

(polythene),polypropylene, nylon, teflon,

polystyrene, polyesters,polymethyl

methacrylate (called perspex and
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyethylenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polypropylenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nylonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytetrafluoroethylenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polystyrenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyesterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymethylmethacrylatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymethylmethacrylatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymethylmethacrylatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymethylmethacrylatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyesterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polystyrenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytetrafluoroethylenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nylonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polypropylenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyethylenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymethylmethacrylatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymethylmethacrylatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyesterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polystyrenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytetrafluoroethylenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nylonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polypropylenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyethylene


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Natural polymers (from the Greekpoly meaning many and meros

meaning parts) are found inmany forms such as horns of

animals, tortoise shell, shellac(from the lac beetle), rosin (frompine trees), asphalt, and tar from


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One of the most useful of thenatural polymers was rubber,obtained from the sap of the hevea

tree. (Rubber was named by thechemist Joseph Priestley whofound that a piece of solidifiedlatex gum was good for rubbing

out pencil marks on paper.


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In Great Britain, erasers are still called

rubbers.) Natural rubber had only

limited use as it became brittle in the

cold and melted when warmed.


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In 1839, Charles Goodyear discovered,

through a lucky accident, that by

heating the latex with sulfur, the

properties were changed making the

rubber more flexible and temperature

stable. That process became known as

vulcanization.

The first synthetic polymer, a phenol-formaldehyde


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polymer, was introduced under the name Bakelite,

by Leo Baekeland in 1909. Its original use was to

make billiard balls. Rayon, the first synthetic fiber

was developed as a replacement for silk in 1911.


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Since latex will solidify in air, a

stabilizer is added to prevent

polymerization if the latex is to be

stored or shipped in liquid form.

Natural rubberis a polymer of isoprene

2-methyl-1, 3-butadieneCH2=C-CH=CH2

CH3


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Polypropylene>The repeating unit of the polymer


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6) Biomolecules
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maitotoxin.png


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Maitotoxina complex organic biological

toxin
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maitotoxin.png


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BIOMOLECULAR CHEMISTRY is a major

category within organic chemistry

which is frequently studied by

biochemists. Many complex multi-

functional group molecules are

important in living organisms.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemistshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemistshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemists


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Some are long-chain biopolymers, and

these include peptides, DNA, RNA and

the polysaccharides such as starches

in animals and celluloses in plants.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biopolymershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptideshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polysaccharideshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polysaccharideshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptideshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biopolymershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polysaccharideshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptideshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biopolymers


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The other main classes areamino acids (monomer building

blocks of peptides and proteins),carbohydrates (which includes the

polysaccharides), thenucleic acids (which include DNAand RNA as polymers), and the
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydrateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleic_acidshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleic_acidshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydrateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acid


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In addition, animal biochemistry

contains many small molecule

intermediates which assist in energy

production through the Krebs cycle,

and produces isoprene, the most

common hydrocarbon in animals.

Isoprenes in animals form the
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krebs_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoprenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoprenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krebs_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoprenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krebs_cycle


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important steroid structural (cholesterol) and steroid hormonecompounds; and in plants form

terpenes, terpenoids, somealkaloids, and a unique set of

hydrocarbons called biopolymerpolyisoprenoids present in latex
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steroidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholesterolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terpenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terpenoidshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaloidshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaloidshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terpenoidshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terpenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholesterolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steroid


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7) Peptide Synthesis

8) Oligonucleotide Synthesis

9) Carbohydrate Synthesis


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ComparisonbetweenOrganic andInorganic

ORGANIC INORGANIC


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COMPOUNDS COMPOUNDS*Organic compounds

contain carbon. *OrganicCompounds are

composed of few elements

only.C, H,O,N,S,P andhalogens are the mostcommon.

*Inorganic compounds donot contain carbon.

Inorganic Compounds arecomposed of all the known

elements.

*Organiccompounds contain * Inorganiccompounds do not


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ORGANIC INORGANIC


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COMPOUNDS COMPOUNDS*They are usually gases,liquids or solids having

low melting points.

*They are usually solidshaving high melting and

boiling points.

*Organic compdscannot form salts.These, beingcovalent

compounds, aregenerally insolublein water and other

*Inorganiccompounds canform salts. These,being electrovalentcompounds, aregenerally soluble inwater and other

ORGANIC INORGANIC


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COMPOUNDS COMPOUNDS*They exhibit thephenomenon ofisomerism.

*The co-ordinationcompounds showthe phenomenon ofisomerism only.*They have been classified

into many classes on thebasis of functional groups.Each class is representedby a general formula and

the members show similarproperties. Each class isknown as homologous

series.

*Homologous series are

not found. Thecompounds are mainlydivided as acids, bases

and salts.

ORGANIC INORGANIC


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COMPOUNDS COMPOUNDS*Some compoundsare highly complexand have highmolecular masses.

These complexcompounds arestable.

*Inorganiccompounds are lesscomplex.Comparatively acomplex compoundis generally lessstable.* Organic compounds

does not contain metalatoms.

* Inorganic compoundscontain metal atoms.


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In general, if a compound containscarbon it is organic. The reason

for this is that carbon isconsidered to be the building

block of life, and inorganiccompounds are said to be moremineral than biological.


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There are, however, a few cases of

carbon-containing compounds which

are considered inorganic because of

convention, some being carbonates,

simple oxides of carbon, cyanides and

the allotropes of carbon.

ISOMERISM - is the phenomenon


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whereby certain compounds, with the

same molecular formula, exist in

different forms owing to their different

organizations of atoms.


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The concept of isomerism illustrates

the fundamental importance of

molecular structure and shape in

organic chemistry. I s o m e r s aremolecules that have the same chemical

formula but different structural

formulas.


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CH3CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2CH3or C

6H

14or hexane

CH3ICH3 CH2 CH CH2 CH3

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2011 Organic Chem Intro

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