2011-Se Grafting Fruit Trees Compatibility Mode

8/15/2019 2011-Se Grafting Fruit Trees Compatibility Mode

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Grafting Fruit TreesGrafting Fruit Trees

By


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Glossary of Grafting Terms

Scion

• Grafting-the process of inserting a partof one plant into or on another in a waythat they will unite and continue growthas a single unit.

Rootstock


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What the Scion Brings to the UnionWhat the Scion Brings to the Union

• Scion—A piece of

last year's growthwith two or threebuds (genetic

ma er a orvegetative—asexual propagation); thepart inserted onthe understock orwhat we will callrootstock. Under stock

(rootstock)


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● Vegetative (Asexual) propagation maintains thegenetic identity of the offspring

Why is it necessary to vegetativelypropagate most tree fruit and nutcultivars by grafting (or budding)?

● Trees are grafted (or budded) because they areoften difficult to root or● they benefit from characteristics of the

rootstock variety.

Scion: A detached shoot or twig containing buds from awoody plant, used in grafting. Alternate definition: Adescendant; an heir; as, a scion of a royal stock.


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Bud ‘grafting’

• It could be described as the"transplanting" of a single bud of a

desired variety into the stem of ahardy rootstock.

• Budding is done in late July or

early August.


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Bud Graft

Leaf axel bud

• Many of the apple trees and all of the

stone fruit trees (plum relatives) soldin the area’s nursery trade arepropagated by budding.


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PlumsPlumsPlums are classified into six

general categories-1. Japanese,

2. American,

3. Damson,4. Ornamental,

5. Wild and

6. European/Garden-

• whose size, shape and colors vary.


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Plums

• The European plum discovered around two thousand years ago,originating in the area near the Caspian Sea.– Even in ancient Roman times, there were already over 300 varieties

of European plums.

– European plums made their way across the Atlantic Ocean with thepilgrims, who introduced them into the United States in the 17thcentury.

• While Japanese plums actually originated in China.– Japanese plums were introduced to the U.S. in the late 19th century.

– Today, the United States, Russia, China and Romania are among themain producers of commercially grown plums.


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Less CommonPlum Varieties

• The American plum has a round shaper andamber-colored skin and flesh.

– Cultivated Varieties: Prunus x ‘Alderman’, ‘Pipestone’, ‘Tecumseh’, ‘Toka’, ‘Underwood’, and ‘Waneta’ are fruiting cultivars of plums.

• It's resistant to cold and grows well on the

east and west coasts of the United States.• Damson, ornamental and wild plums arerather acidic and have a tart flavor.

• These less common varieties are used to make

jams and preserves.


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More on AmericanMore on AmericanPlumsPlums• Prunus americana (American

Plum,• but also called American Red

Plum, American Yellow Plum,American PlumAmerican Plum((P. americanaP. americana))

a ve um, um, verPlum, August Plum, Goose Plum,Canadian Plum) is a wide-ranging species found almost

everywhere in the United Statesexcept from the Texaspanhandle up through the great

plains.

Chickasaw PlumChickasaw Plum

((P. angustifoliaP. angustifolia))


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Pacific PlumPacific Plum

Prunus subcordataPrunus subcordata (Pacific Plum,(Pacific Plum,but also known as Klamath Plumbut also known as Klamath Plum

The Pacific or Western plum (PrunusThe Pacific or Western plum (Prunussubcordata, Bentham) is a native speciessubcordata, Bentham) is a native species

found growing wild in a relatively limitedfound growing wild in a relatively limitedregion east of the Coast Range fromregion east of the Coast Range fromsouthernsouthern Oregon to central California. ItOregon to central California. Itoccurs in greatest abundance in Lake andoccurs in greatest abundance in Lake and

Klamath counties in Oregon.Klamath counties in Oregon.

and Sierra Plum)and Sierra Plum)


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Pome fruitPome: The fruit type derived from the fusion

of the ovaries, calyx cup, and floral tube,produced by the apple, pear, quince, andother members of the subfamily Pomoideae.

Apple trees are monoecious--having male and female reproductive organson the same plant.


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History of Apples

• It is generally believedthat the edible appleoriginated somewhere inCentral Asia.

• It is a member of theRosaceae (rose) Family,and is designated by thescientific name Malus

domestica.

• The apples we eat today isa small population of asingle species still growing

in on the northern slopes ofthe mountains at theborder of northeast Chinaand the former Soviet

Republic of Kazakhstan.


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Cultivar—• Denotes a

cultivated typeof plant. (Nowused in place

of the termvariety.")

=


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Sexual propagation…(its all in the

genes)

.. allows for genetic mixing and recombination thatrequires a number of steps for diploid parents. ..Theymust first form haploid gametocytes, and that means theirdiploid chromosomes must partition themselves into twosets. ..This partitioning can be called genetic segregation.

Cultivar “A” Cultivar “B”


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Dog

Only a few are

selected

Winner

It takes a tremendous amountof time, effort, and screeningprocess to determine whetherone of out of thousands ormore resultant prodigies is

discarded (a dog) or ofcommercial value (a winner).

or


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HoneycrispHoneycrispDog or winner

• Honeycrisp (Malus domestica 'Honeycrisp') is an applecultivar developed at the Minnesota AgriculturalExperiment Station's Horticultural Research Center.

• Released in 1991, the Honeycrisp, once slated to bediscarded, has rapidly become a prized commercialcommodity.

• The Horticultural Research Center indicated that theHoneycrisp was a hybrid of the apple cultivars Macounand Honeygold.

• However, genetic fingerprinting determined that neitherof these cultivars is a parent of the Honeycrisp, but thatKeepsake is one of the parents. The other parent hasnot been identified, but it might be a numberedselection that could have been discarded since.


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Cultivar is a labelCultivar is a label

that denotes…that denotes…expectation of:

• Use & Flavor- sweet,

tart•Flowering andpollination-

•Disease resistance–mildew,

–apple scab

•Fruiting- Annual vsbiennial–early,

–mid season,

–late

Season of harvest• August• September

• October


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www.raintreenursery.com/

www.millernurseries.com/

www.starkbros.com/

www.sln.potsdam.ny.us/


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• Apple Cultivars for Puget Sound(EB 1436)Bloom and harvest dates, scab and

mildew ratings, general descriptionsand photographs.

http://cru84.cahe.wsu.edu/cgi-bin/pubs/EB1436.html


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An Inventory of NurseryCatalogs and Websites

Kent Whealy (Author)

,

Varieties by Mail Order inthe United States

Source of information on apples: Mail Order


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Warren Manhart’s

Four Favorite Apples(from a list of 50 top cultivars)

• Elstar: All purpose apple

• Spitzenberg: “Very good to best.”

• Braeburn: Best of newer late apples.

• Newtown: Rated the highest of all.


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Source of information on apples: Online


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Source of information on apples: local marketsSource of information on apples: local markets


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The five most popular apples inh ni r

# 1 #2 #3

Red Delicious,Golden Delicious,

Gala,Fuji and

Granny Smith.

#4#5


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Apple Cultivars Moving UpApple Cultivars Moving Up

JonagoldJonagold

BraeburnBraeburn

HoneycrispHoneycrisp

CameoPink Lady


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Arkansas Black Jonathan

Cox Oran e

Spitzenberg

Heirloom VarietiesHeirloom Varieties

Newtown Pippen

Northern Spy


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Disease

Resistance andGood Quality

•Cultivars that have shown goodresistance and good quality

' ’ ' '

Akane Redfree

Liberty

Jonagold

, ,'Liberty', ‘Dayton', and ‘Redfree'.

•Intermediate resistance:'Jonagold', 'Macoun', 'Melrose','Spartan', 'King'.

Dayton

Chehalis


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Apples & Their Use Fresh Salad Bake Cook Pie Dried Sauce Bloom

Belle de Boskoop X X X X Late-mid

Bramley's Seedling X X X X LateCortland (Redcort) X X X X X X Mid-seasonElstar X X X X X Mid-seasonEmpire X X X X X X EarlyFuji (Beni Shogun) X X X X X Late-mid

Gala X X X X X X Mid-season

Ginger Gold X X X X Mid-seasonGolden Delicious X X X X X X Late-mid

Gravenstein X X X X X EarlyHaralred X X X X X X Early-midHoneycrisp X X X X X X X Late-mid

Jonagold, Jonagored X X X X X X Mid-seasonJonamac X X X EarlyMcIntosh X X X X X EarlyMelrose X X X X X EarlyPaula Red X X X X X X Early-mid

Pristine X X X X Early-midQueen's Cox X X X X X Late-midRedfree X X X Mid-seasonSpartan X X X X X Mid-season

Wealthy X X X X X Early-mid

Wolf River X X X X X Mid-seasonZestar X X X Early-mid


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Seeds areSeeds are

importantimportant

June Drop: The more seeds in a

particular apple, the morehormones produced on thetree. By the end of June, thetree reaches a ti in oint

where in the period of aboutten days, it drops the smallestand weakest remaining fruits,which are the ones with theleast number of seeds.

Codling moth larvae burrows into the fruit, eats foraround three weeks, then leaves the fruit to overwinterand pupate elsewhere. Most nourishment is obtainedby feeding on the proteinacous seeds. When the

seeds are destroyed the wormy apples drop early.


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Pollination

• The apple, Malus domestica, is

cons ere o e se -un ru u .• All apple cultivars (varieties) require

the pollen of a different cultivar to

set a crop of fruit.• A pollen source and transfer must

be provided for these cultivars.


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Pollination

Pollinator

Compatible pollen source

Cultivar A

Self incompatible verses self pollination

Pollen sterile: Triploid will not fertilizediploid cultivars—Diploids (normal) willfertilize triploids.

Triploid = three sets of chromosomes

Diploid = two sets of chromosomes


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Other Pollinators or Transfer AgentsOther Pollinators or Transfer Agents

Blue Orchard bee

(Mason bee)

Bumble bee

Hover fly

Understanding the Following


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Understanding the FollowingPollination Chart (next slide)

• For pollination you need to have two different applevarieties! A single red block () denotes where the samevariety intersects indicates it will not self pollinate.

• All the apples shown with red blocks (across the chart) are

triploids. These will not pollinate other varieties.• The apple varieties are listed from the earliest bloomer to

the latest bloomer.

will not cross pollinate because their bloom time is too farapart and the early varieties will be done blooming beforethe late ones start.

• The closer the two varieties you chose in bloom time, the

more likely their bloom will overlap and the more likely youwill get pollination and therefore fruit set.

• While the bloom order stays generally similar in differentareas of Oregon and in different years, the actual bloomdates changes from year to year depending on theweather.

rLate bloomEarly bloom Mid-season bloom


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G r a v e n

s t e i n

Z e s

t a r

R o x

b u r y

R u s s e

t

A k a n e

P r i s

t i n e

S i l k e n

P a u

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d

C h e

h a l i s

R e

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D i s c o v

e r y

J o n a g o

l d

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b e l l a

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i

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s k o o p

S h i z u k

a

G i n g e r

G o

l d

G r e e n s

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D a y

t o n

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j k a

R l e i k a

S e p

t e m

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W o n

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G o

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l i c

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Q u e e n

' s C o x

G o

l d S

t a r

K i n g

B r a m l e

y ' s

Gravenstein

Zestar

Roxbury Russet

Akane

Pristine

SilkenPaulared

Chehalis

Red Wealthy

Discovery

Jonagold

l o o m

E a r l y

b l o o m

AppleAppleBloom &Bloom &

PollinationPollination

Variety Pollinated

Pollen source

Resi

Red BoskoopShizuka

Ginger Gold

Greensleeves

Dayton

Rajka

Releika

September Wonder

Red Cort

Tydeman's Early

Sansa

Gala

Honeycrisp

Golden Delicious

Queen Cox

Gold Star

King

Bramley's L a

t e

M i d - s e a

s o n

August SeptemberJuly


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Ginger Gold

Zestar

Dutchess

Re al Gala

SansaRed Gravenstein

Paulared

Red Wealthy

Pristine

BC 11W-19-18

Akane

Discovery

25 1

August September205 10

July5 10 1515 20 25 125 1

Average SeasonAverage Seasonof Harvestof Harvest

Fall Apples

Valstar

Honeycrisp

Redcort

Brooksfield Gala

Fiesta

Rebella

Releika

Resi

Redmax

Mollie's Delicious

Silken

Greensleeves

Queen's Cox

Apple of Summer

September October Nov


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1

2

3

4

5

6

7

89

10

11

12

p15 20 2525 1 5

Thome Empire

101 5 10 15 20

Chehalis

Dayton

Golden Delicious

Haralred

Morren's Jonagored

Autumn Gala

1

Rajka

Early Fuji Sports

5

Royal Empire

Roxbury Russet

Shamrock

Fall ApplesWinter Apples

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

Karmijn de Sonnaville

Belmac

Goldstar

ShizukaMelrose Spur

Belle de Boskoop

Cameo

Rubinstar Jonagold

Bramley's Seedling

Granny Smith

Hillwell Braeburn

Hudson's Golden G

Spartan

Average SeasonAverage Season

of Harvestof Harvest


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Environmental factors that affectEnvironmental factors that affectplant growth include:plant growth include:

temperature,temperature,water,water,

humidity,humidity,light, andlight, andnutrition.nutrition.

Bitt Pit


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Bitter PitLow levels ofLow levels ofcalciumcalcium in the fruitin the fruitare due toare due tocompetition withcompetition withshoots for calcium,shoots for calcium,which may bewhich may beaggravated byaggravated by

Hot, dry weatherHot, dry weather in July or August tends to increasein July or August tends to increasethe incidence of bitter pit.the incidence of bitter pit. Irregular irrigationIrregular irrigation maymayalso increase bitter pit.also increase bitter pit.

Heavy dormantHeavy dormant--season pruning, overthinning,season pruning, overthinning,and excessive nitrogen fertilizerand excessive nitrogen fertilizer promote bitter pit.promote bitter pit.Injury to trunks, such as winter freezes, interferes withInjury to trunks, such as winter freezes, interferes withcalcium movement. Bitter pit occurs most severely incalcium movement. Bitter pit occurs most severely inyears of light crops.years of light crops.

weather conditions.weather conditions.

W t CW t C


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Water CoreWater Core

Internal symptomsInternal symptoms

• Water core is a physiological disorderthat causes apple tissues to appear

translucent and fill with a sugar-watersolution.

• Water core often increases rapidly as

a les become over-mature.

External SymptomsExternal Symptoms


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Causal factors

Water core is particularly

bad in sections where heat and sun-

light are intense.High temperatures at the time theapples are approaching maturity

favor its development.


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More on WaterMore on WaterCoreCore

Sorbitol accumulatesSorbitol accumulatesin the intercellularin the intercellularspaces of tissue withspaces of tissue with

Control measuresControl of the disease is attained mainly by pickingfruits before extensive water core develops.

the enzyme thatthe enzyme thatconverts sorbitol toconverts sorbitol tofructose is absentfructose is absentor is present in veryor is present in verylow quantities.low quantities. 6H2O + 6CO2 ----------> C6H12O6+ 6O2

Cultivars Selected on


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Cultivars Selected on

Tree Growth & Structure

Comments on Structure of


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Comments on Structure of

Specific Cultivars

Macoun: Upright habit needing spreading

Fiesta grows in a bizarre straggly

fashion, rather more sideways thanvertically. This is definitely not a variety

to plant as a specimen tree - it has the

growth habit of a clematis!

growth habit willowy, cropping heavy.


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Influence of TreeStructure

• Sunlight is critical to tree growth andcropping.

• Photos nthetic roducts are re uired

for vegetative growth, fruit set, fruitgrowth, fruit color, and flower budinitiation and development.

• Tree size, shape, and density greatlyinfluence the distribution of light

through the tree canopy.

Spur type strains


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Spur-type strains

• Spur-type strains ofcertain varieties such as

Delicious, GoldenDelicious, and others areavailable.

• Spur types are smaller,especially on dwarfingroot stocks, and they're

often more productivethan nonspur types.

S iS i d f d D f Td f d D f T


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SemiSemi--dwarf and Dwarf Treesdwarf and Dwarf Trees

• Dwarf trees have the additionaladvantage of being easier to prune,spray, thin, and harvest.

Columnar Apple Trees


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Columnar Apple Trees


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COLUMNAR APPLE TREES• Columnar apple trees are well

suited to growing in acontainer.

• Columnar apple trees set theirfruit along the main trunk.

• On columnar trees, cut anyside branches short or off.

• Allow the leader to grow to thedesired height. Some caneventually reach 10’ tall or

more.

CONTAINER FRUIT TREES


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CONTAINER FRUIT TREES

by growing it in a container. Thegrowth of the tree is stunted as theroots become bound. By using this

method in combination with a dwarfrootstock, very small dwarf fruittrees can be grown.


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MINI DWARF APPLE TREES


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MINI-DWARF APPLE TREES• Apples and other mini-dwarf

trees are often maintained at

only four to six feet tall atmaturity.

• Since they will be kept short, it is

desirable to have branchingbegin low to the ground, at oneor two feet.

• If the tree doesn’t already havebranches at such low heights,pruning back the center will

encourage low branching.

STAKING THE DWARF TREE


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STAKING THE DWARF TREE

Mini-dwarf apple trees benefit from permanentstaking, especially in a windy area or in a loose,sandy soil.

FRUITING


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FRUITING

• The ripening fruits can consume all the

resources of the tree and its growth can bestunted So, delay fruiting 1-2 years.

• Pick off the immature fruits as soon as you can

in late spring for the first year or two, so thatthe tree can continue to grow.

• After a few years you will have a nice dwarf

tree and abundance of fruit.


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POTTING AND REPOTTING


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(continued)• It is possible to keep a plant in the

same size pot by:

– each year, take the plant out of thepot, shave off an inch or two all

,

– cut any encircling roots

– cutting back the top and

– add fresh soil into the same size pot.

• It is important when repottingplants to use a good quality

potting mix.


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Plant Caddy

• Plants that havebeen potted forseveral ears can

become quiteheavy.

• A wheeled plant

caddy can aid inthe task of movingit.


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Mini-dwarf Raintree choices

Akane

Ashmead’sBeni ShogunBelmac

Enterprise

EveresteGravensteinHoneycrisp

Pristine

JonagoldQueen CoxRubinette

.

ChehalisGreensleeves

arm n

LibertyMelrose

n a y

SpartanWilliam’s Pride

Or by learning to graft, you can createyour own mini-dwarf with available scionwood and M 27 rootstock.

Scion Wood Selection & Storage


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Scion Wood Selection & Storage

• Collect scions of one-year-old wood in

the fall, winter or early spring.• They may come from trees whose fruit

ou desire -- erha s those of nei hbors

or friends. Scion wood is also availablefrom nurseries or experiment stations.

• Scion wood should be placed in closed

plastic bags and stored underrefrigeration (32 to 40°F) until used.

• The grafting is done in early spring,

usually before growth starts.


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Scion wood

collected from

wood or lastyear’s growth

Suckers from rootstock

Water sprouts

Scion Wood SourceScion Wood Source


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Scion Wood SourceScion Wood Source

Nick Botner

4015 Eagle Valley Rd.Yoncalla, OR 97499

(541) 849-2781

NeighborLocal NurseryHome Orchardist

Maple Valley Orchards & Nursery11541 Claywood RoadGillett, WI 54124Phone 920-842-2904Fax 920-842-3204@

http://mountvernon.wsu.edu/FruitHorticulture/ScionwoodVarieties.html

http://www.maplevalleyorchards.com/Pages/ScionWood.aspx

Graft Compatibility


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p y

Sufficiently close genetic relationshipfor the formation of a successfulgraft union

•

–Clone Species Genus Family DifficultyS S S S No sweat

D S S S Easy

D D S S Moderate

D D D S Unlikely

D D D D Nill

Apple Rootstock listed by size class Size

R t t k li t d b i l f ll t (1) t l t (10)


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Class 1

Size Class Size Class Size Class Size Class

Rootstocks are listed by size class from smallest (1) to largest (10).

S ize class 1 represents a rootstock that produces a tree 10-20% of full

sized tree.

The size class of a rootstock is the primary characteristic of importance.

.M 27G.65

M.9Bud.9P. 2G.16

G. 30 MM. 106Bud. 490

Bud. 118P. 18

Size Class2Bud 146Bud 491P.16

Mark

Size Class4G. 11M. 26

Size Class6M. 7

Size Class8MM. 111

Size Class10Seedling

Rootstock Comparison & Scion Vigor

Tree andw

o o d


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Rootstock vigor

S c i o n

w

Rootstock

Rootstock Selection


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Selection on basis of :Dwarfing

PrecociousDisease &

Insect resistanceSoil type

Early fruiting

Woolly apple aphid

Fire Blight Soil site conditionsScab fungi

Propagating RootstockPropagating Rootstock


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p g gp g gRootstock also selectedfor: Ease of propagation

Cut after1 yeargrowth

Harvest rooted

whips

Under cut

2nd summer’s growth

Mounded

sawdust

Backyard

Readyto begrafted

Dormant season

harvest of rooted whip


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www.amleo.com

www.raintreenursery.com

R100 EMLA 7 Apple rootstock

(5+3.00/10+2.50/25+1.75ea)

Price:$3.50

Qty 5+ $3.00 eachQty 10+ $2.50 each

Qty 25+ $1.75 eachGrafting Bands10 for $1.50

Review: Four Criterion for Successful


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e e ou C te o o Success uGraft Union Formation

1.1.Cambial contactCambial contact2.2.Avoidance ofAvoidance of

Scion wood

desiccationdesiccation3.3.CompatibilityCompatibility

4.4.PressurePressure

Rootstock

Cambium —


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• The growing part of the tree; located

between the wood and bark. At the seasonwhen bark separates freely, cambium willbe both on the wood surface and on theinner bark.


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Cambial Contact•In the first days or weeks

after the two parts to begrafted are cut, cellsroliferate at the site of the

cut. This tissue is called"callus".

Callus Bridge


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If the two parts are in contactwith pressure between theparts these two callus layers

will begin to grow together,creating a "callus bridge."

Callus Bridge

Avoidance of Suberization


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• The potato industry refers suberization, almostsynonymously with wound-healing.

• Suberization is the process of sealing offwounds, cuts, and general skin damage that

occurs during harvest.– The deposit of suberin, a waxy, fatty substance into

cells, adjacent to wounds, and.

– Transforming the surface of the damaged area and

skin into corklike tissue.

• Prior to the formation of suberin, the exposedcell are permeable to water, which allowsmoisture to escape from the potato.

• So the deposit of the waxy suberin, which arealso found in apple wood, helps to preventmoisture loss, along with other important

benefits but are not functional for grafting.

Differentiation of new cambium.


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• Parenchyma cellsdifferentiate intocambium cells, thus

uniting the cambiumof the stock with the

scion.• Formation of

secondary xylemand phloem fromnew cambium allowstranslocationbetween the stock

and scion.

New Xylem

NewPhloem

Avoidance of desiccationAvoidance of desiccation


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1.) Management during cuts. Keep cutedges moist.

2.) Use budding &grafting tape---or

3.) Use budding &grafting bands.

4.) Use tree seal

Wrap the splice cuts…


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p p

…firmly to create pressure and stability


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Apply tree seal


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Cleft Graft Be sure to align cambium


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Right Wrong


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Topworking

• When a desired variety is graftedonto the limbs of a hardy tree it iscalled "topworking."

• The operation of cutting back thebranches and top of an establishedtree and budding or grafting part

of another tree on it.

Growing MultiGrowing Multi--grafted Treesgrafted Trees


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● Sometimes, more than oneapple variety is grafted onthe same tree.

This is reasonably satisfactory,but varieties have different

dates,so it's more difficult to prune

and spray such trees.

● You can avoid these problemsby planting several dwarftrees of different varieties.

Open Center Leader

Multi-graft apple tree

MULTI-GRAFTED FRUIT TREES


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• Multi-grafted fruit trees with several varieties on thesame plant can be a fun way to grow lots of varietiesin a limited area.

• Be aware, they are more challenging because one ormore varieties will sometimes overgrow the others.

– ,

need to be slowed down; by either by pruning or changingthe angle of growth or both.

– To encourage less vigorous varieties pull the tip up so it isnearly vertical.

• The vertical angle creates strong growth andhorizontal weak growth. Continue this for the

first few years until the tree is in balance.


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Multiple Graft Fruit Trees


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M-7 rootstock with 3 tiers of brancheswith 5 of the following 6 varieties:

–Golden Delicious,–Fuji,(Red Gravenstein)

,

–Red Delicious–and Braeburn.

Select a spur-bearing variety


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Propagation Using:Propagation Using:T or Shield Budding


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Chip Budding

Chip budding is a technique that may be used whenever mature buds areavailable. Because the bark does not have to "slip," the chip-buddingseason is longer than the T-budding season.

PropagationPropagation


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First summer’s growth-select one shoot.

Dormant whip

after leaf fall

Whip-and-tongue graft

(Whi ft) T


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(Whip graft)

Scion

Twobuds

Rootstock

Second Cut


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ScionBuds point up

Second Cut on

Rootstock

sc on an

rootstock.

Putting it together


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Using a Grafting Tool


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Rootstock

Omega cut


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Slope cut


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Scion

Slope cut

Rootstock

Root stock shouldbe (preferably)

equal or greater insize than the scion.


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Rootstock However, the scionis often smaller

When this is the

case align the


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case, align thecambial layers

on one sideCleft graft

Omegagrafting

tool

Whip &Tongue

graft

Anchor the aligned


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Anchor the alignedpieces by wrapping

the elastic rubberover the ‘shoulder’

of the rootstock.Continue wrappingaround rootstockuntil covered.

Securing the end of the wrap


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Swing the looparound and

over the end.Grab the endand pull snug.

Holding the enddown with onefinger--create aloop with extrastretch

Apply tree

seal to cover


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seal to coverentire bud

rubber area.


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One year’s growth

1 yr’s growth

Rimnant of scion

Rootstock

Onset of growth


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Scion

Rootstock

How to PlantHow to Plant


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How to PlantHow to PlantMake a mound in thebottom of the hole and

spread the roots outwardand slightly downward.

If you have heavy

clay soil, backfill withthe native soil.

Backfill

WATERING


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• This is the most important and often the most

difficult part of successfully growing plants.• There are man factors includin the

humidity, temperature, soil type, wind, andamount of direct sun.

• A general rule of thumb is to apply an inch of

water per week over the root zone.• This will of course depend on your own

conditions and the plants you are growing!

WHIP PRUNING

• “Whips” of dwarf’ apples should beh d d b k 1 2 f t f th d


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p ppheaded back 1-2 feet from the groundto encourage branching low to the

ground.• Whi s of most other trees should be

headed back to 3-4 ft.

• The top bud usually sprouts andgrows strongly upright to form a new

leader, while lower buds will usuallygrow more horizontally and make sidebranches.

CENTRAL LEADER OR

OPEN CENTER


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OPEN CENTER

Start by deciding whether toprune to an

• Open center which was used with multi-grafted trees requires more space.

• Central leader training and pruning isused now days on dwarf and semi-dwarftrees.

open center or central leader.


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Using spreaders


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Using spreaders

PRUNE TO AN OUTSIDE BUD


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PRUNE TO AN OUTSIDE BUD

• On all plants, try to

make sure the last budou leave on a side

branch is headed awayfrom the center of theplant.

• This last bud determinesthe direction the branchwill grow.


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USE PERMANENT LABELS


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• A plastic label will fade and become unreadablewithin a year.

• More permanent aluminum markers are available.

• Simply write on each aluminum label with a ballpoint pen.

• Its best to write the name of the variety androotstock.

• Put it around a small branch. Every few yearsloosen the wire around the branch.

Crimson Crisp An exciting new disease resistant variety being offered forthe first time in the spring of 2006. The fruit is medium in

size with a very attractive crimson red color over 95% ofthe surface. Crimson Crisp has a very firm, crisp texturewith a tart complex flavor The tree is very grower friendly


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with a tart, complex flavor. The tree is very grower friendlywith a spreading habit, fruiting throughout the tree on twoand three year old branches. The fruit matures mid-season

and will keep in cold storage for six months.

Fuji Ralls Janet X Delicious. High quality apple with fairly

poor appearance. Tall, rectangular, medium size fruit. Yellowish green skin with an orangish red flush anddarker stripes. Darker blush on sun side. Crisp, juicyslightly subacid white flesh with outstandingtexture. Good keeper. Vigorous, productive,

somewhat bushy tree. Needs annual detailed pruning.Developed in Japan and introduced in 1962. Ripensvery late. Very long storage life. Early maturing Fujisports: Auvil Early Fuji, Daybreak, Beni Shogun,and September Wonder.

Golden DeliciousOriginated in West Virginia. Thin skinned that ranges from pale green to

medium yellow. The yellowier the skin, the sweeter and softer the flesh.Good baking apple if you choose the greenish ones. Particularly suited to

t t ( i it t i it h th h ki ) R i t b i


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open tarts (since it retains its shape through cooking). Resists browningafter being cut. Needs very little sugar in cooking. Sweet eating andbaking apple. Thin delicate peel. Bakes firm and makes a chunky sauce.Holds it's shape. Excellent pie apple. Sports of Golden Delicious listedbelow.

.Golden Supreme Golden Delicious (Carnefix cv.)

Goldspur Golden Delicious (Sundale cv.), spurNugget Spur Golden Delicious, spurSmoothee Improved Golden Delicious (Gibson cv.)Starkspur Golden Delicious, spur Yelo Spur Golden Delicious, spur

The first Gala apple tree was one of many seedlingsresulting from a cross between a Golden Delicious anda Kidd's Orange Red planted in New Zealand in the

1930s by orchardist J.H. Kidd. Donald W. McKenzie, anemployee of Stark Bros Nursery, obtained a US plant

Gala


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p y y, ppatent for the cultivar on October 15, 1974. Terrific foreating out-of-hand, Gala is at its very best when

purchased locally, in season. Brookfield Gala, RoyalGala, Pacific Gala, Crimson Gala.

Honeycrisp is an apple cultivar developed at the

Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station'sHorticultural Research Center at the University ofMinnesota, Twin Cities. Designated in 1974 as the MN1711, and released in 1991, the Honeycrisp, onceslated to be discarded, has rapidly become a prized

commercial commodity, as its sweetness, firmness,and tartness make it an ideal apple for eating raw.The Honeycrisp also retains its pigment well andboasts a relatively long shelf life when stored in cool,

dry conditions

Review: Four Criterion for Successful

Graft Union Formation


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1.1.Cambial contactCambial contact ..

3.3.CompatibilityCompatibility

4.4.PressurePressure


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