2011.09.06 Initial Program Research Revised

8/4/2019 2011.09.06 Initial Program Research Revised

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/20110906-initial-program-research-revised 1/18

Proposed

Father Damien & Mother Marianne Museum

for the Dioecesis Honoluluensis

{Preliminary Program}

Student: Questor Lau

University of Hawaii

School of Architecture

ARCH 541: Design Studio ii

Fall 2011

Instructor: Dr. Homer Williams, FAIA

Project Assistant: Spencer Leineweber, FAIA



CRITICAL POSITION STATEMENT

According to a recent report, “the majority of visitors are no longer coming to Hawaii primarily for sun

and surf, but are now more interested in shopping, cultural, and environmental experiences.” (PUC

Development Plan, 2004, pg 3-39) This project therefore aims to attract travelers interested in a

religious pilgrimage or spiritual knowledge.

Proposed architectural features will emphasize a connection to the past and present social stigma of

Hansen’s patients in the Asian-Pacific region (and the work of Father Damien and Mother Marianne

particularly), while also focusing light on the future and humanity’s ability for compassion and to

overcome feelings of self-doubt and shame. The program will further mitigate the impact of a proposed

commercial space at the edge of a residential community by breaking up the functional use areas into

several structures partially covered with earth berms. This will provide a variety of open to the sky

spaces and more private meditation sequences, centered around a museum.

BACKGROUND INFORAMTION

For about a century, 1866 to 1969 leprosy patients were sent to Molokai, against their will, for public

safety. But involuntary confinement continued until 1970. (Gugelyk, 1979)

Father Damien served them from 1873-1889. Sulfone drug therapy not available until 1940’s. As of

1979, 128 patients remained by choice, at Kalaupapa. Kalaupapa leprosarium transition from

isolation/involuntary confinement to a “cured” community. Leprosy condition was known for 2,000

years, but it was not until 1873 when it was identified as a microorganism: Mycobacterium leprae by Dr.

Gerhard Armauer Hansen. Hansen’s disease. Leprosy is related to germ that causes tuberculosis but only

a small fraction of those who are exposed, develop leprosy. (Gugelyk, 1979)

The Hawaiian word for Hansen’s Disease is “Ma’I-Pake” or Chinese sickness, suggesting it originated

from Chinese immigrants or that the Chinese community recognized the symptoms from previous

contact with the disease.i

Two types: “tuberculoid “and “lepromatous” – progressive, more severe, continues to worsen, affecting

internal organs, gross disfigurement, is also the more contagious type. Tuberculoid is more benign,

usually confined to nerves and skin, low chance of contagion. This type is noted to go into remission,

spontaneous healing. Leading some patients claimed they were wrongly exiled. (Gugelyk, 1979) To this

writer, it seems this would exacerbate the perception of being blessed by God or having the curse lifted.

Hansen’s disease has a long incubation period – 3 to 15 years and tends to run in families. (Gugelyk,

1979, pg 7). This familial tendency is likely due to the genetic susceptibility (Wikipedia: sv “leprosy”

accessed 9/6/11).

Biblical references cast leprosy in a disease of the unclean and impure. (Gugelyk, 1979, pg 10)

Westerners considered it an exotic disease of non-white people. (Gugelyk, 1979, pg 9) Hawaiians feared

the board of health and exile of their loved ones more than the disease itself and many hid leprosy

patients. Interestingly, “…native Hawaiians possessed an absolute fearlessness and absence of any

disgust for the disease in its worst form.” (Gugelyk, 1979, pg 9-10)

Leprosy was seen as incurable and best left to the comfort provided by missionaries, providing grace and

mercy. (Gugelyk, 1979, pg 10) Palliative care. (“The Separating Sickness: Ma’I Ho’oka’awale, Interviews

with Exiled Leprosy Patients at Kalaupapa, Hawaii” by Ted Gugelyk and Milton Bloombaum, 1979)



The bacterium that causes leprosy has been with us for centuries. Until the 1940’s when a combination

of medicines were discovered to arrest the progression of the disease, governments and physicians

considered leprosy incurable at best and feared a widespread health epidemic. Thus, care for Hansen’s

patients was left to the church.

CATHOLIC RELIGION IN HAWAII

The Catholic religion in the entire state of Hawaii is organized under the Dioecesis Honoluluensis, which

is an ecclesiastical territory of the Catholic Church in the United States.

“The diocese is governed by the Bishop of Honolulu. His canonical seat or cathedra is located at

the Cathedral of Our Lady of Peace. With his clergy, the bishop ministers to a culturally diverse

population in the following languages: Hawaiian; English; Ilokano; Tagalog; Samoan; Tongan;

Japanese; Korean; Spanish; and Vietnamese. It is one of the most diverse and one of the largest

dioceses in the United States, in terms of territorial area which spans statewide and includes

unpopulated Hawaiian Islands.” Wikipedia.com “Roman Catholic Hawaii” (accessed 8/31/11).

Pilgrimageii – a sacred journey connecting different landmarks or points of significance across the

landscape. As it relates to Hawaii, Father Damian was interred in Belgium but retains a spiritualconnection to the island of Molokai. However, since physical access to Kalaupapa is restricted and to

respect the privacy of those families and descendants that remain, large numbers of visitors may not be

welcome. Thus a pilgrimage route can include the proposed site on outskirts of Waikiki.

“The first Catholic priests arrived at Honolulu on 9 July, 1827”

http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13438a.htm

Father Damien: “In 1873, Father Damien de Veuster, aged 33, arrived at Kalaupapa. A Catholic

missionary priest from Belgium, he served the leprosy patients at Kalaupapa until his death. A most

dedicated and driven man, Father Damien did more than simply administer the faith: he built homes,

churches and coffins; arranged for medical services and funding from Honolulu, and became a parent tohis diseased wards.” http://visitmolokai.com/kala.html

Mother Marianne Cope: “On Nov. 8, 1883, Mother Marianne Cope led six companion Sisters of the Third

Franciscan Order of Syracuse, N.Y., off the steamship Mariposa onto the Kakaako shore in Honolulu. The

nuns, all medical hospital professionals from upstate New York, had responded to a call for help from

the Hawaiian government to care for people afflicted by Hansen’s disease or leprosy.”

(http://www.hawaiicatholicherald.com/Home/tabid/256/newsid884/874/Default.aspx)

FUTURE IN ASIA/PACIFIC

Anecdotal stories suggest that in Vietnam, when the Americans left, there was a vacuum of power and

widespread suffering. The RC Church provided much needed humanitarian aid and was a symbol of

hope from the West. As such, it attracted many supporters and converts who have remained faithful,

just as the RC was there in their time of need. The strain on global resources (food, shelter, medicine)

and political/economic instability suggest a growing if not pervasive need for NGO’s. Perhaps what

distinguishes the RC Church from other NGO’s is the connection between humanitarian assistance and

spirituality. Thus the role of the RC Church persists, even after the crisis has passed.

There are still worldwide cases of Hansen’s Disease, particularly in asia.



“In both ecumenical religious and nonsectarian communities, Damien's ministry to lepers is being cited

as an example of how society should minister to HIV/AIDS patients. Many clinics and centers worldwide

catering to HIV/AIDS patients, including Damien Centers or Damien Ministries,bear his name. There is a

chapel named after him, and dedicated to people with HIV/AIDS, in St. Thomas the Apostle Hollywood,

an Episcopal parish.” (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Father_Damien accessed 8/28/11)

PHILOSOPHICAL ISSUES

Humiliation/Separation. Caption for portrait reads: A 24-year-old

man infected with leprosy. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leprosy

Dignity. In explaining the importance of human dignity, Professor of

Philosophy Kwame Anthony Apia, explains that torture is really

about humiliation; what torture victims remember most, he says,

is not the physical pain, so much as the humiliation. For Hansen’s

patients, disfigurement causes loss of dignity and shame. In a

broader sense, Apia suggests that loss of one’s job means the loss

of dignity which can lead to riots and mass unrest. The social

affliction and loss of respect becomes as relevant, as tangible as anepidemic disease, if not worse.

iii

Ritual Suffering (the power of proxies). “…some medieval sources

indicate belief that those suffering from leprosy were considered to

be going through Purgatory on Earth, and for this reason their

suffering was considered holier than the ordinary person's. More

frequently, lepers were seen to exist in a place between life and

death: They were still alive, yet many chose or were forced to ritually separate themselves from

mundane existence.” Quoted from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leprosy (accessed 8/29/11)

In Hawaii, there was no ceremony or ritual for patients. According to interviews with former patients,many were taken as children directly from school into quarantine. Thus leprosy was dubbed the

“separating sickness”. In interviews with patients, they prefer the term Hansen’s Disease to leprosy.

(Gugelyk, 1979)

In interviews with patients, they prefer the term Hansen’s Disease to leprosy. (Gugelyk, 1979)

Potential Focus words: Journey. Path. Separation. Redemption. Cleansing. Comfort. Protection. Solace.

SPATIAL IDEAS/FORMS TO EMBODY PHILOSOPHY

Earth berms can suggest the urge to hide in shame. Open to the sky spaces can signify acceptance,

redemption, reconnection with the divine after going through the earth sheltered space. This seems to

align with Roman Catholic architectural ideas, which associate upwards, physical light and lightness of

structure with being closer to divinity. A path meandering through the museum might be reminiscent of

a processional through a sanctuary, with the focal point being a relic or item in display from the

permanent collection.

Contrasting textures: Metal guardrail. Glass. Rough texture next to smooth glass or polished metal.

Opaque vs transparent. Rough stone to glass and metal.

Water at threshold can suggest a cleansing, transformative process. What you see is not all that I am?



Am I ashamed of what I look like? Or is this condition a blessing? A purgatory on earth. Beatific suffering,

existing as a witness or a proxy for existential transgression.

Possible imagery to visualize loneliness: a lighthouse (possibly air circulation vent tower) amidst a flat

landscape.

Is there a plant associated with Catholicism? Perhaps a lazarus plant, something that returns to life or a

cactus that has longevity. Or a dragon fruit whose branches can regrow itself if severed. One of the

feelings of Kalaupapa was isolation and being severed from family. The separating sickness. Can the

museum be a center for reunions? And people can take away a souvenir, a piece of the museum can go

home with them. Perhaps a plant they can grow at home and send updates to the museum, as an

interactive way to commune with the church, the museum, the memories of others like them, who have

been through the same journey, and they can all share, contribute.

An excursion to the Catholic Charities Hawai‘i Clarence T. C. Ching Campus in Makiki may help shed light

on spatial needs/requirements and interests of a space operated by to the Church, but not used

explicitly as a sanctuary. Interestingly, in that case they took over a former church building.

MUSEUMS IN HAWAII (partial list)

Contemporary museum

Academy of Art

Doris Duke

Mission House Museum

The above museums serve as anchors in time, weathering the passage of time or memorializing the

past at a particular site. Interestingly, the Honolulu Academy of Art, Doris Duke House, Mission

House Museum and the Contemporary Museum were all former residences that have adapted into

a commercial venture.

However, this Project Site will be cleared (except for significant landscaping). The challenge in

demolishing and starting from scratch, is not only he risk that a large commercial structure may not

fit the context of the neighborhood but we have erased much of a site’s character and history.

o In “Places of the Soul” the author suggests that places that nourish our spirit, feel good

because they have been “ensouled” and emanate their own spirit of place. The

architecture can assist with this process by incorporating human gestures into the work.

Perhaps hand carved railings or ohia post supports, possibly stone pavers underfoot

(sized for human hands, instead of a large monolithic slab, requiring placement by heavy

machinery). Completely smooth, machine planed surfaces are to be avoided.iv

o Or as this may be too quaint for the Client, another design response is to literally ground

the museum – merge the earthform with structure so that the wall-floor planeintersection is softened. ie raise the grade in places so that structures (particularly at

street frontages) are embedded partially underground (perhaps on 1 or 2 sides) to

soften the appearance of a 2-story structure. Explore options for a green, vegetated

roof, creating pedestrian access at/above the 25’ bldg height limit and creating vistas to

enjoy to renowned Diamond Head view and sunrise/sunset.



o Another design response may be to break-up the functions/spaces into separate

buildings. This would reduce the massing to be closer to residential scale (desirable in

the DH SDD) and provide greater opportunities for daylighting within rooms.

o Exhibition/Restaurant space can include fully enclosed indoor, covered outdoor and

open to the sky outdoor spaces.

TYPES OF MUSEUMS

Introverts and Extroverts: Should the museum be object-centered – focusing on the quality of its

collection, scholarship, cataloging, and preserving; or should it be people-focused: catering to

the needs of visitors, with varying degrees of interest and knowledge of the collection, and

making such information accessible and interesting?v

Types of Exhibitsvi

:

o Systematic Display: Illustrating a story through artifacts, image projectors, photos.

o Exhibit Space Creation: Engages the senses, allowing visitors to become immersed in the

topic, to feel as if they are present in the history as it’s unfolding. Imagine a day in the

life of…

o Theatricalized Presentation: Increasing use of technology to create immersive

environment. 3-D movies with surround sound, robotic exhibits. Boundary betweenexhibit space, artifact an visitor, is blurred.

o Theme Museums and Parks: Village or Town becomes the museum. ie. “eco-museum”

example of living a lifestyle or culture.

EXISTING ENVIRONMENT OF WAIKIKI

Existing Structures

4 homes. Although the project site is not currently within the Ohana Zone, it is noted

that one of the existing parcels contains a legally permitted Ohana Unit.

Demolition – Program states all existing structures removed – it should be noted that

responsibly disposing of and possibly reusing portions of the existing structures on site

may be essential to a LEED designation.

Infrastructure

Sewer Capacity: Considering Ohana Zone has been amended to exclude these parcels,

Sewer Capacity may be inadequate. Verifying Sewer Adequacy is a priority for this

project. If inadequate, can a holding tank be used?

Interestingly, the City’s GIS does not show an existing sewer lateral. The location of

the sewer lateral(s) needs to be verified with the Wastewater Branch. Presumably, it is

located along Leahi Ave, since that where the Sewer Easement is.

Storm Drain: City GIS shows catch basins in the surrounding neighborhood, along both

Paki Ave and Leahi; a storm drain manhole is in street fronting parcel 12. This should

not impact the development unless trenching in the street is required.

Near Schools: Jefferson Elem School and Waikiki Elem School are within walking

distance.Green Space: The adjacent Kapiolani Park is perhaps one of the most used and largest

public green spaces on Oahu.

Topography / Site Survey

Property is relatively flat. Consolidated lot presumably slopes toward Leahi Ave, since

the sewer easement runs toward Leahi, however, spot elevations should be provided

by a Surveyor, along with a detailed inventory of plants on-site and any utility

improvements and trees fronting and immediately adjacent to the site.



Prominent Views

Diamond Head in South direction (see map)

Will ocean view be accessible from a 2nd

floor? Even if blocked by street trees, the

contribution of greened treetop views can be exceptional to a 2nd

floor indoor

environment.

Natural Ventilation

North-South direction of mountain and ocean breezes

Orientation of building along N-S axis is difficult as the property is longer in E-W

direction; anticipate bldg envelope to maximize cross-ventilation opportunities

Daylighting

This E-W orientation suggests an elongated bldg profile. Shallower room dimensions

(ie 20’ wide) can provide opportunities for daylighting via windows on both sides.

Sawtooth layout or staggering the floor plan can help maximize light into each space.

This may provide sufficient lighting during the day, with only minimal task lighting.

Subsurface Conditions:

A Geotechnical Report is recommended to assist with foundation design and possibly

inform cost savings suggestions. A previous environmental studyvii

encountered

ground water at relatively shallow depths: 4.2 to 6.5 feet below ground surface. ABasement level or other substantial footings may require a dewatering permit and

specialized construction methods.

The close proximity to ground water and future migration of flood and tsunami zones

may help justify an increase in allowable building height.

Exceptional Trees :

Kapiolani Park EA: describes Exceptional Trees along Paki Ave between Monsarrat and

Kapahulu Ave. This may include trees fronting/adjacent/within the project site and a

more detailed landscape analysis should be conducted to determine the

disposition/relocation/preservation/addition of any on-site trees or street trees

fronting the subject property. The analysis should be done with the DH SDD and

general LUO landscaping requirements in mind.Environmental Assessment:

This project does not trigger the requirements of an EA, as per HRS 343-5, therefore

an EA is not required.

Lot Consolidation

Program states existing 4 parcels have been consolidated by subdivision action.

Sewer Easement: Recommend Client retain a Surveyor to assist with subdivision

action to remove the existing sewer easement and identify the easement owned by

the City and County of Honolulu (dated 5/24/49, doc no: 110760). As a consolidated

parcel, such easements should no longer be necessary.

BUILDING CODE:

a. Type of Construction: Type V or IV (heavy timer)

b. Occupancies:

i. A-3 (museum)

ii. A-2 (restaurant)

iii. B (offices – unless considered accessory to museum)

iv. Storage (S-1)

v. Propose Fire Sprinklers throughout to allow non-separated occupancies and allow

flexibility of open to the sky and interconnected spaces.



vi. Table 602: <10’ fire separation distance to property line will require 1-hour fire-

rated walls.

ZONING:

a. Tax Map Key: (1) 3-1-043:004, 005, 011, 012 (4 parcels consolidated into a single lot)

b. Zone: R-5

c. Lot Area: 20,000 sq ft

d. Flood: Project is FEMA Zone X; not within a 500-year flood zone or tsunami evacuation zone

e. Tsunami Evacuation Zone: Project is directly

adjacent to the boundary of the evacuation zone,

but is currently beyond the evacuation zone.

f. Diamond Head Special Design District (DH SDD).

Project is actually located just beyond the Waikiki

SDD and within the DH SDD “core” area.

i. This project will require a DH SDD

Permit-Major and a Conditional Use

Permit Major (CUP-major). Further

discussion with DPP staff should be

conducted, to clarify such issues assetback, lot coverage, FAR

requirements. For the purposes of

this project, it is explicitly stated that

a Restaurant and Museum are

conditional allowed uses, however,

under the current LUO, they are

explicitly excluded from the R-5 zone.

Design must be sensitive to mitigating neighborhood impact and changing

intensity of surrounding land uses, especially parking, noise and visual impacts.

ii. Propose the following standards be modified in the CUP-major:

1. Front Setback:a. Standard: 30’ non-residential; 10’ residential

b. Request: Staggered setbacks, average of 15’ setback along Leahi

Ave (facing resid neighborhood) and 10’ setback along Paki Ave.

Justification: variety of building massing and landscaping to

provide adequate buffering of street façade and reduce

apparent bulk of frontage. Comparatively, B-1 and B-2 zoned

properties, located 1 block away, have Front Setbacks of 10’ and

5’ respectively.

2. Side/Rear Setbacks:

a. Standard: 15’ non residential, 5’ residential

b. Request: Staggered 5’ setback. Justification: Adjacent properties

to the left and right are city/state owned, zoned P-2,

preservation. Strict enforcement of standards would result in a

Buildable Area that is only 26% of the property (2,600 sq ft) and

limit any development to a max 20’ wide structure.

3. Height:

a. Standard: 25’ max, within DH SDD core

b. Request: 30’ max. Justification: while it is possible to set the

ground floor below the existing adjacent grade, it may be



unwise to do so, considering close proximity to Flood and

Tsunami Evacuation Zones.Recent FEMA Flood Map revision

(2011) shows the flood boundaries have moved further

landward from the previous flood map (see flood maps). Also,

Tsunami Evac Map (above) shows Project is at the edge. Future

revisions to either map may extend these hazard zones to

include the Project Site. Thus, a height exemption is requested

to allow the roofline to encroach 5’ above the current 25’ max

height.

iii. DH SDD Design Guidelines will apply and include provisions on allowed

landscape type and species, preference for natural materials and colors and

textured vs smooth surfaces. Flat roofs are to be avoided.

iv. Prominent Public Vantage Points

1. Paki Ave from Kapahulu to Diamond Head Road – fronting the proposed

site, is on the list of Public Streets with significant views of Diamond

Head (LUO 21-9.40-3)

v. Landscaping:

1. all required yards shall be landscaped2. fences and walls >36” height that front streets, setback 18” min +

landscaped w/vine or hedge

3. Street Trees provided, min 2” caliper, as per Approved Tree List by the

Dept of Parks and Recreation

4. Other requirements, as per LUO

g. Parking:

i. Program stated project is exempt from providing on-site parking; however,

restaurant and museum use would seem to require at a minimum Loading stalls

for delivery and visitor drop-off/pick-up. Explore possibility of City allowing use

of adjacent Hibiscus Garden as a thoroughfare for tour busses only. Although

compliance with ADA not required since this project is affiliated with a religiousinstitution (verify with ADA consultant), it is recommended to provide the

minimum required ADA stalls on-site to improve visitability.

ii. Primary Urban Center Development Plan (June 2004) shows that the Project Site

is along a Bicycle Route (“Lei of Parks” concept) and nearby the Pedestrian

Network. Interestingly, Kapiolani Park is not included in the pedestrian network

as a dotted line, however, intensity of park use suggests that it is heavily

used/enjoyed by pedestrians, perhaps as much as, if not more so than the Ala

Wai Golf Course, which is included in the Network.

Project Site



iii. Adjacent parking lot seems to be for the Queen Kapiolani Hibiscus and Rose

Garden, however legally, the parcel appears to be included within tax parcel 1,

which includes Kapiolani Park. Client is encouraged to explore partnership

opportunities with the Garden to share parking facilities and allow

ingress/egress from their parking lot (ie. would the AHJ be open to allowing a

private vendor lease the parking and garden facilities, similar to golf courses and

the equestrian facility in Koko Head Crater)

h. Proposed Uses: Museum exhibition, Meeting Facilities (Meditation Spaces), Accessory

Offices, Eating Establishment; Offices, Storage and Retail – all Accessory to principal

Museum use.

i. Of all the above uses, only Meeting Facilities are allowed within the R-5 zone.

For purposes of this exercise, the other uses are deemed allowed under a

Conditional Use Permit – major.

ii. Client should anticipate initial negative reception from neighbors at public

hearings, as concerns will most likely focus on neighborhood impacts of

intensifying the use of the property and its impact on the surrounding

residential neighborhood to the east (across Leahi Ave) and street parking and

Project

Site



traffic impacts along Paki Ave. The design must anticipate these concerns and

provide measures to reduce traffic, parking and noise impacts.

iii. Possible design responses include staggering the frontage to reduce massing

6) Sustainability: see attached prelim information (provided by colleague Jandi Quitoriano) on solar

panels and water conservation.

a. Average annual rainfall is 25” per year.viii

7) Precedent Study: (TBD)



Historic Flood Zone (pre 2011) shows flood inundation zones are restricted to shoreline properties.



Current/Revised FEMA Flood Zones (effective Jan 2011) show flood inundation zones have moved

substantially landward, towards project site.



ZOOM-IN Current/Revised FEMA Flood Zones (effective Jan 2011).



VICINITY MAP: Project site is in blue outline. Shows relationship of property to residential neighborhood,

views of Diamond Head and prevailing winds (N-S direction). (Dept of Planning and Permitting GIS)



Project Site is indicated as red pointer “A” and is located adjacent to park space above and a parking lot

for the public Hibiscus and Rose Garden, directly below. Residential Zoned neighborhood is located

across Leahi Ave. Paki Ave is a tree lined street with a walking path across street from project site (on

the zoo side). (Google Maps, accessed 8/28/11)

Bus stops are provided on both sides,

immediately adjacent subject property.

(Google Maps, accessed 8/28/11)



Footprint of existing buildings at Project Site in relations to surrounding properties. Considering (2-story)

Waikiki Elementary school buildings on Monsarrat and other public buildings in the vicinity, the

proposed new Museum would be compatible with visual appearance/massing of surrounding structures.

(Dept of Planning and Permitting GIS)



iLinda W. Greene, Exile in Paradise: The Isolation of Hawaii’s Leprosy Victims and Development of the Kalaupapa

Settlement, 1865 to the Present {US Department of the Interior: National Park Service, 1985}, 11.ii

http://www.saintisidore.org/Cabrini_2011.html (accessed 8/29/11) Example of pilgrimageiii

Apia is interviewed on a podcast from a series exploring Civil Spaces: how to foster communication, especially

between people who hold diametrically opposed views. http://being.publicradio.org/programs/2011/ccp-

appiah/transcript.shtml interview 8/4/11iv

Christopher Day, Places of the Soul: Architectural and Environmental Design as a Healing Art (Oxford, UK: Elsevier

Ltd, 2002), 159-172.v

Mark O’Neil. “Museums and Their Communities,” in The Manual of Museum Planning, ed. Gail Dexter Lord and

Barry Lord {1991}. 19-20.vi

Nobuhiro Takahashi “Imaging of Displays from Things to matters,” in Display Designs in Japan 1980-1990, Vol. 4:

Museum and Amusement Parks {publishing information written in Japanese} 006-011.vii

Honolulu Zoo Master Plan Environmental Assessment, 2000, Sec 3.1.4.viii

Honolulu Zoo Master Plan Environmental Assessment, 2000, Sec 3.1.7.

Date post:	07-Apr-2018
Category:	Documents
Upload:	ourchitecture
View:	220 times
Download:	0 times

2011.09.06 Initial Program Research Revised

Documents