Insight Report

Klaus Schwab, World Economic Forum

The GlobalCompetitiveness Report2012–2013

The Global Competitiveness Report 2012–2013 | 13

1.1: The Global Competitiveness Index 2012–2013

Table 3: The Global Competitiveness Index 2012–2013 rankings and 2011–2012 comparisons

Rank among Score GCI 2011–2012 GCI 2011–2012 Country/Economy Rank/144 (1–7) sample rank

Switzerland 1 5.72 1 1

Singapore 2 5.67 2 2

Finland 3 5.55 3 4

Sweden 4 5.53 4 3

Netherlands 5 5.50 5 7

Germany 6 5.48 6 6

United States 7 5.47 7 5

United Kingdom 8 5.45 8 10

Hong Kong SAR 9 5.41 9 11

Japan 10 5.40 10 9

Qatar 11 5.38 11 14

Denmark 12 5.29 12 8

Taiwan, China 13 5.28 13 13

Canada 14 5.27 14 12

Norway 15 5.27 15 16

Austria 16 5.22 16 19

Belgium 17 5.21 17 15

Saudi Arabia 18 5.19 18 17

Korea, Rep. 19 5.12 19 24

Australia 20 5.12 20 20

France 21 5.11 21 18

Luxembourg 22 5.09 22 23

New Zealand 23 5.09 23 25

United Arab Emirates 24 5.07 24 27

Malaysia 25 5.06 25 21

Israel 26 5.02 26 22

Ireland 27 4.91 27 29

Brunei Darussalam 28 4.87 28 28

China 29 4.83 29 26

Iceland 30 4.74 30 30

Puerto Rico 31 4.67 31 35

Oman 32 4.65 32 32

Chile 33 4.65 33 31

Estonia 34 4.64 34 33

Bahrain 35 4.63 35 37

Spain 36 4.60 36 36

Kuwait 37 4.56 37 34

Thailand 38 4.52 38 39

Czech Republic 39 4.51 39 38

Panama 40 4.49 40 49

Poland 41 4.46 41 41

Italy 42 4.46 42 43

Turkey 43 4.45 43 59

Barbados 44 4.42 44 42

Lithuania 45 4.41 45 44

Azerbaijan 46 4.41 46 55

Malta 47 4.41 47 51

Brazil 48 4.40 48 53

Portugal 49 4.40 49 45

Indonesia 50 4.40 50 46

Kazakhstan 51 4.38 51 72

South Africa 52 4.37 52 50

Mexico 53 4.36 53 58

Mauritius 54 4.35 54 54

Latvia 55 4.35 55 64

Slovenia 56 4.34 56 57

Costa Rica 57 4.34 57 61

Cyprus 58 4.32 58 47

India 59 4.32 59 56

Hungary 60 4.30 60 48

Peru 61 4.28 61 67

Bulgaria 62 4.27 62 74

Rwanda 63 4.24 63 70

Jordan 64 4.23 64 71

Philippines 65 4.23 65 75

Iran, Islamic Rep. 66 4.22 66 62

Russian Federation 67 4.20 67 66

Sri Lanka 68 4.19 68 52

Colombia 69 4.18 69 68

Morocco 70 4.15 70 73

Slovak Republic 71 4.14 71 69

Montenegro 72 4.14 72 60

Rank among Score GCI 2011–2012 GCI 2011–2012 Country/Economy Rank/144 (1–7) sample rank

Ukraine 73 4.14 73 82

Uruguay 74 4.13 74 63

Vietnam 75 4.11 75 65

Seychelles 76 4.10 n/a n/a

Georgia 77 4.07 76 88

Romania 78 4.07 77 77

Botswana 79 4.06 78 80

Macedonia, FYR 80 4.04 79 79

Croatia 81 4.04 80 76

Armenia 82 4.02 81 92

Guatemala 83 4.01 82 84

Trinidad and Tobago 84 4.01 83 81

Cambodia 85 4.01 84 97

Ecuador 86 3.94 85 101

Moldova 87 3.94 86 93

Bosnia and Herzegovina 88 3.93 87 100

Albania 89 3.91 88 78

Honduras 90 3.88 89 86

Lebanon 91 3.88 90 89

Namibia 92 3.88 91 83

Mongolia 93 3.87 92 96

Argentina 94 3.87 93 85

Serbia 95 3.87 94 95

Greece 96 3.86 95 90

Jamaica 97 3.84 96 107

Gambia, The 98 3.83 97 99

Gabon 99 3.82 n/a n/a

Tajikistan 100 3.80 98 105

El Salvador 101 3.80 99 91

Zambia 102 3.80 100 113

Ghana 103 3.79 101 114

Bolivia 104 3.78 102 103

Dominican Republic 105 3.77 103 110

Kenya 106 3.75 104 102

Egypt 107 3.73 105 94

Nicaragua 108 3.73 106 115

Guyana 109 3.73 107 109

Algeria 110 3.72 108 87

Liberia 111 3.71 n/a n/a

Cameroon 112 3.69 109 116

Libya 113 3.68 n/a n/a

Suriname 114 3.68 110 112

Nigeria 115 3.67 111 127

Paraguay 116 3.67 112 122

Senegal 117 3.66 113 111

Bangladesh 118 3.65 114 108

Benin 119 3.61 115 104

Tanzania 120 3.60 116 120

Ethiopia 121 3.55 117 106

Cape Verde 122 3.55 118 119

Uganda 123 3.53 119 121

Pakistan 124 3.52 120 118

Nepal 125 3.49 121 125

Venezuela 126 3.46 122 124

Kyrgyz Republic 127 3.44 123 126

Mali 128 3.43 124 128

Malawi 129 3.38 125 117

Madagascar 130 3.38 126 130

Côte d’Ivoire 131 3.36 127 129

Zimbabwe 132 3.34 128 132

Burkina Faso 133 3.34 129 136

Mauritania 134 3.32 130 137

Swaziland 135 3.28 131 134

Timor-Leste 136 3.27 132 131

Lesotho 137 3.19 133 135

Mozambique 138 3.17 134 133

Chad 139 3.05 135 142

Yemen 140 2.97 136 138

Guinea 141 2.90 n/a n/a

Haiti 142 2.90 137 141

Sierra Leone 143 2.82 n/a n/a

Burundi 144 2.78 138 140

GCI 2012–2013 GCI 2012–2013

© 2012 World Economic Forum

Hong Kong SAR 9 5.41 9 11

na Chi 29 4.83 29 26

1.1: The Global Competitiveness Index 2012–2013

14 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2012–2013

Table 4: The Global Competitiveness Index 2012–2013

SUBINDEXES

Innovation and OVERALL INDEX Basic requirements Efficiency enhancers sophistication factors

Country/Economy Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score

Switzerland 1 5.72 2 6.22 5 5.48 1 5.79

Singapore 2 5.67 1 6.34 1 5.65 11 5.27

Finland 3 5.55 4 6.03 9 5.30 3 5.62

Sweden 4 5.53 6 6.01 8 5.32 5 5.56

Netherlands 5 5.50 10 5.92 7 5.35 6 5.47

Germany 6 5.48 11 5.86 10 5.27 4 5.57

United States 7 5.47 33 5.12 2 5.63 7 5.42

United Kingdom 8 5.45 24 5.51 4 5.50 9 5.32

Hong Kong SAR 9 5.41 3 6.14 3 5.54 22 4.73

Japan 10 5.40 29 5.30 11 5.27 2 5.67

Qatar 11 5.38 7 5.96 22 4.93 15 5.02

Denmark 12 5.29 16 5.68 15 5.15 12 5.24

Taiwan, China 13 5.28 17 5.67 12 5.24 14 5.08

Canada 14 5.27 14 5.71 6 5.41 21 4.74

Norway 15 5.27 9 5.95 16 5.15 16 5.00

Austria 16 5.22 20 5.63 19 5.01 10 5.30

Belgium 17 5.21 22 5.52 17 5.09 13 5.21

Saudi Arabia 18 5.19 13 5.74 26 4.84 29 4.47

Korea, Rep. 19 5.12 18 5.66 20 5.00 17 4.96

Australia 20 5.12 12 5.75 13 5.20 28 4.56

France 21 5.11 23 5.52 18 5.04 18 4.96

Luxembourg 22 5.09 8 5.96 24 4.87 19 4.89

New Zealand 23 5.09 19 5.65 14 5.16 27 4.60

United Arab Emirates 24 5.07 5 6.03 21 4.94 25 4.64

Malaysia 25 5.06 27 5.38 23 4.89 23 4.70

Israel 26 5.02 37 5.10 27 4.79 8 5.33

Ireland 27 4.91 35 5.11 25 4.85 20 4.87

Brunei Darussalam 28 4.87 21 5.56 68 4.05 62 3.64

China 29 4.83 31 5.25 30 4.64 34 4.05

Iceland 30 4.74 30 5.27 36 4.54 24 4.69

Puerto Rico 31 4.67 48 4.86 33 4.61 26 4.64

Oman 32 4.65 15 5.69 45 4.40 44 3.91

Chile 33 4.65 28 5.35 32 4.63 45 3.87

Estonia 34 4.64 26 5.47 31 4.63 33 4.06

Bahrain 35 4.63 25 5.47 35 4.58 53 3.74

Spain 36 4.60 36 5.11 29 4.67 31 4.14

Kuwait 37 4.56 32 5.21 75 3.98 86 3.36

Thailand 38 4.52 45 4.89 47 4.38 55 3.72

Czech Republic 39 4.51 44 4.89 34 4.59 32 4.13

Panama 40 4.49 50 4.83 50 4.36 48 3.83

Poland 41 4.46 61 4.66 28 4.69 61 3.66

Italy 42 4.46 51 4.81 41 4.44 30 4.24

Turkey 43 4.45 57 4.75 42 4.42 50 3.79

Barbados 44 4.42 38 5.09 49 4.37 38 3.97

Lithuania 45 4.41 49 4.84 46 4.38 47 3.83

Azerbaijan 46 4.41 56 4.76 67 4.05 57 3.68

Malta 47 4.41 34 5.12 40 4.46 46 3.85

Brazil 48 4.40 73 4.49 38 4.52 39 3.97

Portugal 49 4.40 40 4.96 44 4.40 37 4.01

Indonesia 50 4.40 58 4.74 58 4.20 40 3.96

Kazakhstan 51 4.38 47 4.86 56 4.24 104 3.25

South Africa 52 4.37 84 4.28 37 4.53 42 3.94

Mexico 53 4.36 63 4.64 53 4.31 49 3.79

Mauritius 54 4.35 52 4.80 62 4.14 63 3.63

Latvia 55 4.35 54 4.79 48 4.37 68 3.57

Slovenia 56 4.34 39 5.05 55 4.25 36 4.02

Costa Rica 57 4.34 67 4.61 60 4.18 35 4.04

Cyprus 58 4.32 42 4.94 43 4.41 51 3.77

India 59 4.32 85 4.26 39 4.48 43 3.94

Hungary 60 4.30 55 4.78 52 4.32 58 3.68

Peru 61 4.28 69 4.57 57 4.23 94 3.31

Bulgaria 62 4.27 65 4.63 59 4.18 97 3.30

Rwanda 63 4.24 70 4.56 94 3.77 60 3.66

Jordan 64 4.23 66 4.61 70 4.03 52 3.74

Philippines 65 4.23 80 4.35 61 4.17 64 3.60

Iran, Islamic Rep. 66 4.22 59 4.69 90 3.81 77 3.46

Russian Federation 67 4.20 53 4.79 54 4.26 108 3.16

Sri Lanka 68 4.19 72 4.50 77 3.96 41 3.96

Colombia 69 4.18 77 4.40 63 4.13 66 3.58

Morocco 70 4.15 68 4.60 79 3.94 84 3.38

Slovak Republic 71 4.14 62 4.64 51 4.33 74 3.50

Montenegro 72 4.14 74 4.49 74 3.99 69 3.57

(Cont’d.)

© 2012 World Economic Forum

Hong Kongg SAR 9 5.41 3 6.14 3 5.54 22 4.73

Percent of responses

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2011

Institutions

Infrastructure

Macroeconomic

environment

Health and

primary

education

Higher education

and training

Goods market

efficiency

Labor market efficiency

Financial market

development

Technological

readiness

Market size

Business

sophistication

Innovation

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Rank Score(out of 144) (1–7)

Note: From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between

1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

138 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2012–2013

Key indicators, 2011

Population (millions) ................................... 1,367.0

GDP (US$ billions) ..................................... 7,298.1

GDP per capita (US$) ................................... 5,414

GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total .......... 14.32

The Global Competitiveness Index

GCI 2012–2013 ...................................................... 29 ..... 4.8GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ..................................... 26 ......4.9

GCI 2010–2011 (out of 139) ..................................... 27 ......4.8

Basic requirements (40.0%) .......................................31 ......5.3Institutions ................................................................ 50 ......4.2

Infrastructure ............................................................ 48 ......4.5

Macroeconomic environment ................................... 11 ......6.2

Health and primary education ................................... 35 ......6.1

Efficiency enhancers (50.0%) .....................................30 ......4.6Higher education and training ................................... 62 ......4.3

Goods market efficiency .......................................... 59 ......4.3

Labor market efficiency ............................................ 41 ......4.6

Financial market development .................................. 54 ......4.3

Technological readiness ............................................ 88 ......3.5

Market size ................................................................. 2 ......6.8

Innovation and sophistication factors (10.0%) ...........34 ......4.0Business sophistication ........................................... 45 ......4.3

Innovation ................................................................. 33 ......3.8

The most problematic factors for doing business

Access to financing ...........................................................13.1

Inflation ..............................................................................10.2

Policy instability ...................................................................9.9

Inefficient government bureaucracy .....................................9.7

Corruption ...........................................................................9.2

Tax rates ..............................................................................8.1

Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................7.6

Inadequate supply of infrastructure ......................................6.4

Tax regulations ....................................................................5.7

Inadequately educated workforce ........................................5.2

Foreign currency regulations ................................................4.2

Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................4.0

Restrictive labor regulations .................................................2.2

Government instability/coups ..............................................1.9

Poor public health ...............................................................1.5

Crime and theft ...................................................................1.0

China

Factordriven

Efficiencydriven

Innovationdriven

1 Transition 1–2 2 Transition

2 –3 3

Stage of development

China Efficiency-driven economies

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

1991 1993 19971995 1999 2001 2003 20072005 2009 2011

China Developing Asia

© 2012 World Economic Forum

Market size

Innovation

Business

sophistication

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read

the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 83.

The Global Competitiveness Index in detail

The Global Competitiveness Report 2012–2013 | 139

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

INDICATOR VALUE RANK/144

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency 6.01 Intensity of local competition .................................. 5.3 ............37

6.02 Extent of market dominance .................................. 4.6 ............23 6.03 Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 4.2 ............54

6.04 Extent and effect of taxation ................................... 3.9 ............41

6.05 Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 63.5 ..........125

6.06 No. procedures to start a business* ........................ 14 ..........134

6.07 No. days to start a business* .................................. 38 ..........116

6.08 Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 4.7 ............13 6.09 Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 4.2 ............79

6.10 Trade tariffs, % duty* ............................................ 11.5 ..........122

6.11 Prevalence of foreign ownership ............................. 4.3 ............99

6.12 Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 5.0 ............41

6.13 Burden of customs procedures .............................. 4.2 ............65

6.14 Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 27.1 ..........126

6.15 Degree of customer orientation .............................. 4.5 ............90

6.16 Buyer sophistication ............................................... 4.6 ............11

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency 7.01 Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 4.4 ............57

7.02 Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 5.0 ............77

7.03 Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 4.3 ............42

7.04 Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* ....................... 27 ..........117

7.05 Pay and productivity ............................................... 4.7 ............16 7.06 Reliance on professional management ................... 4.5 ............48

7.07 Brain drain ............................................................. 4.1 ............39

7.08 Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.88 ............34

8th pillar: Financial market development 8.01 Availability of financial services ............................... 4.6 ............68

8.02 Affordability of financial services ............................. 4.6 ............46

8.03 Financing through local equity market .................... 3.9 ............46

8.04 Ease of access to loans ......................................... 3.1 ............50

8.05 Venture capital availability ....................................... 3.5 ............22 8.06 Soundness of banks .............................................. 5.1 ............71

8.07 Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 4.3 ............58

8.08 Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 6 ............65

9th pillar: Technological readiness 9.01 Availability of latest technologies ............................ 4.4 ..........107

9.02 Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 4.7 ............71

9.03 FDI and technology transfer ................................... 4.6 ............77

9.04 Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 38.3 ............73

9.05 Broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* ........ 11.6 ............49

9.06 Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* .................. 2.7 ..........119

9.07 Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*............ 9.5 ............69

10th pillar: Market size 10.01 Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)* ................. 6.8 ..............2 10.02 Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 7.0 ..............1

11th pillar: Business sophistication 11.01 Local supplier quantity ........................................... 5.2 ............28 11.02 Local supplier quality .............................................. 4.5 ............66

11.03 State of cluster development .................................. 4.6 ............23 11.04 Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 3.6 ............56

11.05 Value chain breadth ................................................ 3.8 ............49

11.06 Control of international distribution ......................... 4.3 ............41

11.07 Production process sophistication .......................... 3.9 ............57

11.08 Extent of marketing ................................................ 4.4 ............52

11.09 Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 3.8 ............54

12th pillar: Innovation 12.01 Capacity for innovation ........................................... 4.1 ............23 12.02 Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 4.2 ............44

12.03 Company spending on R&D ................................... 4.1 ............24 12.04 University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 4.4 ............35

12.05 Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 4.4 ............16 12.06 Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 4.4 ............46

12.07 PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .................. 6.5 ............38

INDICATOR VALUE RANK/144

1st pillar: Institutions 1.01 Property rights ....................................................... 4.9 ............47

1.02 Intellectual property protection ............................... 3.9 ............51

1.03 Diversion of public funds ........................................ 3.7 ............51

1.04 Public trust in politicians ......................................... 4.1 ............26 1.05 Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 4.0 ............67

1.06 Judicial independence ............................................ 3.9 ............66

1.07 Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 3.8 ............34

1.08 Wastefulness of government spending ................... 3.7 ............39

1.09 Burden of government regulation ........................... 4.2 ............23 1.10 Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 4.2 ............44

1.11 Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 3.9 ............53

1.12 Transparency of government policymaking ............. 4.5 ............51

1.13 Gov’t services for improved business performance 4.3 ............32

1.14 Business costs of terrorism .................................... 5.1 ..........102

1.15 Business costs of crime and violence..................... 4.8 ............70

1.16 Organized crime ..................................................... 4.7 ............98

1.17 Reliability of police services .................................... 4.5 ............59

1.18 Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 4.0 ............58

1.19 Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 4.5 ............72

1.20 Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 4.3 ............91

1.21 Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 4.2 ............68

1.22 Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 5.0 ............80

2nd pillar: Infrastructure 2.01 Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 4.3 ............69

2.02 Quality of roads ...................................................... 4.4 ............54

2.03 Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 4.6 ............22 2.04 Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 4.4 ............59

2.05 Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 4.5 ............70

2.06 Available airline seat kms/week, millions* ...... 11,685.5 ..............2 2.07 Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 5.2 ............59

2.08 Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ........... 73.2 ..........114

2.09 Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ........................... 21.2 ............58

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment 3.01 Government budget balance, % GDP* ..................-1.2 ............41

3.02 Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 51.0 ..............5 3.03 Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 5.4 ............82

3.04 General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 25.8 ............35

3.05 Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 79.6 ............22

4th pillar: Health and primary education 4.01 Business impact of malaria .................................... 5.6 ............89

4.02 Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ................................. 2.0 ............80

4.03 Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 5.1 ............84

4.04 Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ....................... 78.0 ............84

4.05 Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 5.3 ............70

4.06 HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................... 0.1 ............12 4.07 Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* .............. 15.8 ............71

4.08 Life expectancy, years* ......................................... 73.3 ............75

4.09 Quality of primary education ................................... 4.5 ............42

4.10 Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 99.8 ..............4

5th pillar: Higher education and training 5.01 Secondary education enrollment, gross %* .......... 81.2 ............90

5.02 Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 25.9 ............79

5.03 Quality of the educational system ........................... 3.9 ............57

5.04 Quality of math and science education .................. 4.6 ............33

5.05 Quality of management schools ............................. 4.2 ............68

5.06 Internet access in schools ...................................... 5.4 ............31

5.07 Availability of research and training services ........... 4.4 ............55

5.08 Extent of staff training ............................................ 4.2 ............45

China

© 2012 World Economic Forum

Rank Score(out of 144) (1–7)

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2011

Institutions

Infrastructure

Macroeconomic

environment

Health and

primary

education

Higher education

and training

Goods market

efficiency

Labor market efficiency

Financial market

development

Technological

readiness

Market size

Business

sophistication

Innovation

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Percent of responses

Note: From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between

1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

192 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2012–2013

Key indicators, 2011

Population (millions) .......................................... 7.4

GDP (US$ billions) ........................................ 243.3

GDP per capita (US$) ................................. 34,049

GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.45

The Global Competitiveness Index

GCI 2012–2013 ........................................................ 9 ..... 5.4GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ..................................... 11 ......5.4

GCI 2010–2011 (out of 139) ..................................... 11 ......5.3

Basic requirements (20.0%) .........................................3 ......6.1Institutions ................................................................ 10 ......5.5

Infrastructure .............................................................. 1 ......6.7

Macroeconomic environment ................................... 15 ......6.1

Health and primary education ................................... 26 ......6.2

Efficiency enhancers (50.0%) .......................................3 ......5.5Higher education and training ................................... 22 ......5.3

Goods market efficiency ............................................ 2 ......5.4

Labor market efficiency .............................................. 3 ......5.6

Financial market development .................................... 1 ......5.9

Technological readiness .............................................. 4 ......6.2

Market size ............................................................... 26 ......4.8

Innovation and sophistication factors (30.0%) ...........22 ......4.7Business sophistication ........................................... 17 ......5.1

Innovation ................................................................. 26 ......4.4

The most problematic factors for doing business

Inflation ..............................................................................20.6

Insufficient capacity to innovate .........................................16.9

Inefficient government bureaucracy ...................................15.2

Inadequately educated workforce ......................................10.9

Access to financing .............................................................6.9

Restrictive labor regulations .................................................6.7

Inadequate supply of infrastructure ......................................5.8

Policy instability ...................................................................4.8

Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................3.0

Poor public health ...............................................................2.2

Tax rates ..............................................................................1.9

Tax regulations ....................................................................1.8

Foreign currency regulations ................................................1.6

Government instability/coups ..............................................1.2

Corruption ...........................................................................0.5

Crime and theft ...................................................................0.0

Hong Kong SAR

Stage of development

Factordriven

Efficiencydriven

Innovationdriven

1 Transition 1–2 2 Transition

2 –3 3

Hong Kong SAR Innovation-driven economies

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

1991 1993 19971995 1999 2001 2003 20072005 2009 2011

Hong Kong SAR Advanced economies

© 2012 World Economic Forum

Innovation

Market size

Business

nnsophistication

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read

the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 83.

The Global Competitiveness Index in detail

The Global Competitiveness Report 2012–2013 | 193

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

INDICATOR VALUE RANK/144

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency 6.01 Intensity of local competition .................................. 5.8 ..............9 6.02 Extent of market dominance .................................. 3.9 ............56

6.03 Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 4.2 ............55

6.04 Extent and effect of taxation ................................... 5.6 ..............4 6.05 Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 23.0 ............18

6.06 No. procedures to start a business* .......................... 3 ..............8 6.07 No. days to start a business* .................................... 3 ..............4 6.08 Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 4.7 ............15

6.09 Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 5.9 ..............4 6.10 Trade tariffs, % duty* .............................................. 0.0 ..............1 6.11 Prevalence of foreign ownership ............................. 6.0 ..............5 6.12 Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 6.0 ..............4 6.13 Burden of customs procedures .............................. 6.1 ..............3 6.14 Imports as a percentage of GDP* ...................... 233.1 ..............1 6.15 Degree of customer orientation .............................. 5.4 ............14

6.16 Buyer sophistication ............................................... 4.7 ..............7

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency 7.01 Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 5.4 ..............9 7.02 Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 6.0 ..............6 7.03 Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 5.8 ..............1 7.04 Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* ......................... 6 ............16

7.05 Pay and productivity ............................................... 5.4 ..............1 7.06 Reliance on professional management ................... 5.0 ............32

7.07 Brain drain ............................................................. 5.4 ..............8 7.08 Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.76 ............82

8th pillar: Financial market development 8.01 Availability of financial services ............................... 6.2 ..............7 8.02 Affordability of financial services ............................. 6.0 ..............1 8.03 Financing through local equity market .................... 5.7 ..............1 8.04 Ease of access to loans ......................................... 4.4 ..............7 8.05 Venture capital availability ....................................... 4.5 ..............2 8.06 Soundness of banks .............................................. 6.5 ..............7 8.07 Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 5.7 ..............9 8.08 Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ............................... 10 ..............1

9th pillar: Technological readiness 9.01 Availability of latest technologies ............................ 6.5 ..............8 9.02 Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 6.0 ..............7 9.03 FDI and technology transfer ................................... 5.5 ............10 9.04 Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 74.5 ............25

9.05 Broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* ........ 42.6 ..............1 9.06 Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* .............. 964.6 ..............1 9.07 Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*.......... 51.8 ............14

10th pillar: Market size 10.01 Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)* ................. 4.4 ............36

10.02 Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 6.2 ..............6

11th pillar: Business sophistication 11.01 Local supplier quantity ........................................... 5.6 ............11

11.02 Local supplier quality .............................................. 5.4 ............20

11.03 State of cluster development .................................. 5.1 ............11

11.04 Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 5.1 ............20

11.05 Value chain breadth ................................................ 5.0 ............17

11.06 Control of international distribution ......................... 5.0 ............13

11.07 Production process sophistication .......................... 4.7 ............31

11.08 Extent of marketing ................................................ 5.4 ............13

11.09 Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 4.6 ............23

12th pillar: Innovation 12.01 Capacity for innovation ........................................... 3.6 ............37

12.02 Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 4.7 ............31

12.03 Company spending on R&D ................................... 3.8 ............29

12.04 University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 4.8 ............24

12.05 Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 4.0 ............31

12.06 Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 4.6 ............36

12.07 PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .................. n/a ...........n/a

INDICATOR VALUE RANK/144

1st pillar: Institutions 1.01 Property rights ....................................................... 6.1 ..............7 1.02 Intellectual property protection ............................... 5.6 ............11

1.03 Diversion of public funds ........................................ 5.7 ............12

1.04 Public trust in politicians ......................................... 4.1 ............24

1.05 Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 6.1 ............15

1.06 Judicial independence ............................................ 6.0 ............12

1.07 Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 3.9 ............33

1.08 Wastefulness of government spending ................... 4.5 ............17

1.09 Burden of government regulation ........................... 5.0 ..............4 1.10 Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 5.6 ..............6 1.11 Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 5.4 ..............7 1.12 Transparency of government policymaking ............. 5.9 ..............4 1.13 Gov’t services for improved business performance 4.7 ............10 1.14 Business costs of terrorism .................................... 5.9 ............52

1.15 Business costs of crime and violence..................... 6.0 ............10 1.16 Organized crime ..................................................... 6.1 ............29

1.17 Reliability of police services .................................... 6.2 ............10 1.18 Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 5.7 ............17

1.19 Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 6.0 ............10 1.20 Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 5.0 ............28

1.21 Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 5.3 ............13

1.22 Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 9.0 ..............3

2nd pillar: Infrastructure 2.01 Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 6.5 ..............4 2.02 Quality of roads ...................................................... 6.3 ..............8 2.03 Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 6.4 ..............3 2.04 Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 6.5 ..............3 2.05 Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 6.7 ..............2 2.06 Available airline seat kms/week, millions* ........ 2,396.3 ............14

2.07 Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 6.8 ..............3 2.08 Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ......... 209.6 ..............1 2.09 Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ........................... 61.1 ..............3

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment 3.01 Government budget balance, % GDP* ................... 3.7 ............14

3.02 Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 27.0 ............34

3.03 Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 5.3 ............80

3.04 General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 33.9 ............52

3.05 Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 85.6 ............14

4th pillar: Health and primary education 4.01 Business impact of malaria .............................. n/appl. ..............1 4.02 Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ................................(NE) ..............1 4.03 Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 5.6 ............61

4.04 Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ....................... 80.0 ............85

4.05 Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 5.5 ............64

4.06 HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................... 0.0 ..............1 4.07 Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* ................ 1.3 ..............1 4.08 Life expectancy, years* ......................................... 82.9 ..............2 4.09 Quality of primary education ................................... 4.8 ............29

4.10 Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 93.8 ............68

5th pillar: Higher education and training 5.01 Secondary education enrollment, gross %* .......... 83.0 ............85

5.02 Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 59.7 ............37

5.03 Quality of the educational system ........................... 4.8 ............23

5.04 Quality of math and science education .................. 5.4 ............11

5.05 Quality of management schools ............................. 5.3 ............17

5.06 Internet access in schools ...................................... 6.0 ............16

5.07 Availability of research and training services ........... 5.5 ............10 5.08 Extent of staff training ............................................ 4.6 ............24

Hong Kong SAR

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