2012 Mobile Home Residency Law (California)

7/31/2019 2012 Mobile Home Residency Law (California)

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/2012-mobile-home-residency-law-california 1/95

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0>80 Lhfcejpkch Aj`cfiojai Pi|cmikls Fhr c

0>80 LHFCEJPKCH AJ@CFIOJAI PI\CMIKLS FHR

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HP]CLFI 8 ! BIKIPHF

Lcucf Ljmi \il+ 23? ]c}fi hkm H~~fclh}cjk 8

Lcucf Ljmi \il+ 23?+8 H~~fclh}cjk je Mieckc}cjk| 8

Lcucf Ljmi \il+ 23?+0 Mieckc}cjk je Ahkhbiaik} 8

Lcucf Ljmi \il+ 23?+< Mieckc}cjk je Aj`cfiojai 8

Lcucf Ljmi \il+ 23?+= Mieckc}cjk je Aj`cfiojai ^hpg 0

Lcucf Ljmi \il+ 23?+5 Mieckc}cjk je ^hpg 0

Lcucf Ljmi \il+ 23?+2 Mieckc}cjk je Kir Ljk|}pyl}cjk 0

Lcucf Ljmi \il+ 23?+? Mieckc}cjk je Pik}hf Hbpiiaik} 0

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Lcucf Ljmi \il+ 23?+82 Pik}hf Hbpiiaik}| Iia~} epja Pik} Ljk}pjf 9

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Lcucf Ljmi \il+ 23?+0> Kj ^pcuh}i Lfy` Mc|lpcackh}cjk 2

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0>80 Lhfcejpkch Aj`cfiojai Pi|cmikls Fhr cc

HP]CLFI < ! PYFI\ HKM PIBYFH]CJK\

Lcucf Ljmi \il+ 23?+0< H~~fclh}cjk }j ^hpg Jrkip| hkm Ia~fjsii| 3

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Lcucf Ljmi \il+ 23?+09 Haikmaik}| }j Pyfi| hkm Pibyfh}cjk| ! Kj}cli 8>

Lcucf Ljmi \il+ 23?+09+9 Ujcm hkm Ykikejplih`fi Pyfi| jp Pibyfh}cjk| 88

Lcucf Ljmi \il+ 23?+05 Ahkhbiaik} Ik}ps ck}j Aj`cfiojai| 88

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Lcucf Ljmi \il+ 23?+<2 Ik}ps& Ojjgy~& Fhkm|lh~ckb hkm Ahck}ikhkli Lohpbi| 82

Lcucf Ljmi \il+ 23?+<2+9 ]pii| hkm Mpcuirhs| 82

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Lcucf Ljmi \il+ 23?+=0 Kj}cli je Y}cfc}s Ck}ippy~}cjk 0>



0>80 Lhfcejpkch Aj`cfiojai Pi|cmikls Fhr ccc

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Lcucf Ljmi \il+ 23?+=<+8 Lhfcejpkch Hf}ipkh}i Ph}i| ejp Ikipbs ^pjbpha /LHPI# 08

Lcucf Ljmi \il+ 23?+== Fcxyiecim î}pjfiya Bh| \hfi| 00

HP]CLFI =+9 ! PIK] LJK]PJF

Lcucf Ljmi \il+ 23?+=9 Kir Ljk|}pyl}cjk Iia~} 00

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HP]CLFI 9 ! OJAIJRKIP LJAAYKCLH]CJK\ HKM AII]CKB\

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HP]CLFI 5 ! ]IPACKH]CJK JE ]IKHKLS

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Lcucf Ljmi \il+ 23?+95 \iuik Hy}ojpctim Pih|jk| ejp ]ipackh}cjk je ]ikhkls 05Lcucf Ljmi \il+ 23?+95h Kj}cli Pixycpiaik} je Fibhf Jrkip*Dykcjp Fcikojfmip 03

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0>80 Lhfcejpkch Aj`cfiojai Pi|cmikls Fhr u

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Lcucf Ljmi \il+ 233+8> ^jfc}clhf Lha~hcbk \cbk| 98

Lcucf Ljmi \il+ 233+88 Ck|}hffh}cjk je Hlljaajmh}cjk| ejp }oi Mc|h`fim 98

J]OIP \IFIL]IM ^PJUC\CJK\ JE FHR PIFH]CKB ]J AJ@CFIOJAI\

AHKYEHL]YPIM OJAI % AJ@CFIOJAI PI\HFI MC\LFJ\YPI

Lcucf Ljmi \il+ 88>0 Mc|lfj|ypi jk Aj`cfiojai Pi|hfi| 99Lcucf Ljmi \il+ 88>0+8 Mc|lfj|ypi Lfhpceclh}cjk 99

Lcucf Ljmi \il+ 88>0+0 Roik Mc|lfj|ypi kj} H~~fclh`fi 95

Lcucf Ljmi \il+ 88>0+<h Aj`cfiojai \hfi| \y`dil} }j Mc|lfj|ypi 92

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Lcucf Ljmi \il+ 88>0+5i Kj}cli je ]phk|eip Eii 5=

Lcucf Ljmi \il+ 88>0+3 Mc|lfj|ypi Haikmaik}| 5=

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Lcucf Ljmi \il+ 88>< H~~fclh}cjk je Mc|lfj|ypi 59

Lcucf Ljmi \il+ 88><+8 Ilfy|cjk| 52

Lcucf Ljmi \il+ 88><+0 Kh}yphf Ohthpm Mc|lfj|ypi Ejpa 52

Lcucf Ljmi \il+ 88><+< Mifcuips }j @ysip 2>

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Lcucf Ljmi \il+ 88><+9 Pifcie epja My}s }j Mc|lfj|i 20

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IFIL]CJK\ LJMI

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Lcucf Ljmi \il 233+0= Mieckc}cjk je Miehyf}ckb ]ikhk} 23

Lcucf Ljmi \il 233+09 Mieckc}cjk je Byi|} 23

Lcucf Ljmi \il 233+05 Mieckc}cjk je Ahkhbiaik} 23

Lcucf Ljmi \il 233+02 Mieckc}cjk je Jlly~hkls 23

Lcucf Ljmi \il 233+0? Mieckc}cjk je Jlly~hk} 23

Lcucf Ljmi \il 233+03 Mieckc}cjk je PU 23

Lcucf Ljmi \il 233+<> Mieckc}cjk je PU ^hpg ?>

Lcucf Ljmi \il 233+<8 Mieckc}cjk je Pi|cmik} ?>

Lcucf Ljmi \il 233+<0 Mieckc}cjk je ]ikhk} ?>



0>80 Lhfcejpkch Aj`cfiojai Pi|cmikls Fhr ucc

HP]CLFI 0 ! BIKIPHF ̂ PJUC\CJK\

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HP]CLFI < ! MIEHYF]CKB JLLY^HK]\

Lcucf Ljmi \il 233+99 20!Ojyp Kj}cli ?8

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0>80 Lhfcejpkch Aj`cfiojai Pi|cmikls Fhr uccc

HP]CLFI 2 ! HL]CJK\ HKM ^PJLIIMCKB\

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0>80 AJ@CFIOJAI PI\CMIKLS FHR

LOH^]IP 0+9 JE ]OI LHFCEJPKCH LCUCF LJMI

HP]CLFI 8 ! BIKIPHF

23? ]C]FI HKM H^^FCLH]CJK

]oc| Loh~}ip |ohff ì gkjrk hkm ahs ì lc}im h| }oi ‖Aj`cfiojai Pi|cmikls Fhr+‑/Haikmim ̀ s \}h}|+ 8330& Loh~+ 39? /\@ 8599& Lphuik#& iee+ 3*0?*8330#

23?+8 H^^FCLH]CJK JE MIECKC]CJK\

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23?+0 MIECKC]CJK JE AHKHBIAIK]

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23?+< MIECKC]CJK JE AJ@CFIOJAI

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/`# ‖Aj`cfiojai&‑ ejp ~yp~j|i| je }oc| loh~}ip& j}oip }ohk \il}cjk 23?+2<& hf|j cklfymi|}phcfip| hkm j}oip pilpih}cjkhf uioclfi| je hff }s~i| mieckim ck \il}cjk 8?>8> je }oi Oihf}ohkm \hei}s Ljmi& j}oip }ohk aj}jp ojai|& }pylg lha~ip|& hkm lha~ckb }phcfip|& roclo hpiy|im ejp oyahk oh`c}h}cjk ce }oi jlly~hkls lpc}ipch je ic}oip ~hphbph~o /8# jp /0#& h|ejffjr|& hpi ai}4/8# ]oi }phcfip jp j}oip pilpih}cjkhf uioclfi jlly~ci| h aj`cfiojai |c}i ck }oi ~hpg& jk




0

Kjuiaìp 89& 8330& ykmip h pik}hf hbpiiaik} rc}o h }ipa je jki ajk}o jp fjkbip& hkm}oi }phcfip jp j}oip pilpih}cjkhf uioclfi jlly~cim h aj`cfiojai |c}i ck }oi ~hpg ~pcjp }jDhkyhps 8& 8338+

/0# ]oi }phcfip jp j}oip pilpih}cjkhf uioclfi jlly~ci| h aj`cfiojai |c}i ck }oi ~hpg ejp kckijp ajpi ljk}ckyjy| ajk}o| ljaaiklckb jk jp he}ip Kjuiaìp 89& 8330+

‖Aj`cfiojai‑ mji| kj} cklfymi h }phcfip jp j}oip pilpih}cjkhf uioclfi fjlh}im ck hpilpih}cjkhf uioclfi ~hpg |y`dil} }j Loh~}ip 0+5 /ljaaiklckb rc}o \il}cjk 233+0>#+/Haikmim ̀ s \}h}|+ 0>>9& Loh~+ 939 /\@ 09<& ]jpfhg|jk#& iee+ 8*8*0>>5#

23?+= MIECKC]CJK JE AJ@CFIOJAI ^HPG

‖Aj`cfiojai ~hpg‑ c| hk hpih je fhkm roipi }rj jp ajpi aj`cfiojai |c}i| hpi pik}im& jp oifmjy} ejp pik}& }j hlljaajmh}i aj`cfiojai| y|im ejp oyahk oh`c}h}cjk+

/Hmmim ̀ s \}h}|+ 832?& Loh~+ 8><8 /\@ 0883& Acff|#& iee+ 8*8*8323#

23?+5 MIECKC]CJK JE ^HPG

‖^hpg‑ c| h ahkyehl}ypim ojy|ckb ljaaykc}s h| mieckim ck \il}cjk 8?08>+2 je }oi Oihf}o %\hei}s Ljmi& jp h aj`cfiojai ~hpg+

/Haikmim ̀ s \}h}|+ 0>>2& Loh~+ 935 /H@ <?0& \hfmhkh#& iee+ 8*8*0>>?#

23?+2 MIECKC]CJK JE KIR LJK\]PYL]CJK

‖Kir Ljk|}pyl}cjk‑ aihk| hks kirfs ljk|}pyl}im |~hli| ckc}chffs oifm jy} ejp pik} he}ip Dhkyhps8& 833>+

/Hmmim ̀ s \}h}|+ 83?3& Loh~+ =80 /\@ 80=8& Fijkhpm#& iee+ 8*8*833>#

23?+? MIECKC]CJK JE PIK]HF HBPIIAIK]

‖Pik}hf hbpiiaik}‑ c| hk hbpiiaik} ì}riik }oi ahkhbiaik} hkm }oi ojaijrkip i|}h`fc|ockb}oi }ipa| hkm ljkmc}cjk| je h ~hpg }ikhkls+ H fih|i c| h pik}hf hbpiiaik}+

/Haikmim ̀ s \}h}|+ 83?0& Loh~+ 8<32 /H@ 0=03& Ljp}i|i#& iee+ 8*8*83?<#

23?+3 MIECKC]CJK JE OJAIJRKIP

‖Ojaijrkip‑ c| h ~ip|jk roj oh| h }ikhkls ck h aj`cfiojai ~hpg ykmip h pik}hf hbpiiaik}+/Haikmim ̀ s \}h}|+ 83?0& Loh~+ 8<32 /H@ 0=03& Ljp}i|i#& iee+ 8*8*83?<#




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23?+8> MIECKC]CJK JE LOHKBI JE Y\I

‖Lohkbi je y|i‑ aihk| h y|i je }oi ~hpg ejp h ~yp~j|i j}oip }ohk }oi pik}hf& jp }oi ojfmckb jy}ejp pik}& je }rj jp ajpi aj`cfiojai |c}i| }j hlljaajmh}i aj`cfiojai| y|im ejp oyahkoh`c}h}cjk& hkm mji| kj} aihk }oi hmj~}cjk& haikmaik}& jp pi~ihf je h ~hpg pyfi jp pibyfh}cjk+

H lohkbi je y|i ahs heeil} hk ik}cpi ~hpg jp hks ~jp}cjk }oipije+ ‖Lohkbi je y|i‑ cklfymi|& ̀ y}c| kj} fcac}im }j& h lohkbi je }oi ~hpg jp hks ~jp}cjk }oipije }j h ljkmjackcya& |}jlgljj~iph}cui& ~fhkkim ykc} miuifj~aik}& jp hks ejpa je jrkip|oc~ roipick |~hli| rc}ock }oi ~hpghpi }j ì |jfm+

/Haikmim ̀ s \}h}|+ 83?>& Loh~+ 8<2 /H@ 25>& Iffc|#& iee+ 8*8*83?0#

23?+88 MIECKC]CJK JE PI\CMIK]

‖Pi|cmik}‑ c| h ojaijrkip jp j}oip ~ip|jk roj fhreyffs jlly~ci| h aj`cfiojai+/Haikmim ̀ s \}h}|+ 83?0& Loh~+ 8<32 /H@ 0=03& Ljp}i|i#& iee+ 8*8*83?<#

23?+80 MIECKC]CJK JE ]IKHKLS

‖]ikhkls‑ c| }oi pcbo} je h ojaijrkip }j }oi y|i je h |c}i rc}ock h aj`cfiojai ~hpg jk roclo }jfjlh}i& ahck}hck& hkm jlly~s h aj`cfiojai& |c}i ca~pjuiaik}|& hkm hlli||jps |}pyl}ypi| ejpoyahk oh`c}h}cjk& cklfymckb }oi y|i je }oi |ipucli| hkm ehlcfc}ci| je }oi ~hpg+


23?+8< \]H]I JRKIM ^HPG\ ! IA^FJSII\

/h# ]oc| loh~}ip mji| kj} h~~fs }j hks hpih jrkim& j~iph}im& jp ahck}hckim `s }oi |}h}i ejp }oi~yp~j|i je ~pjucmckb ia~fjsii ojy|ckb jp |~hli ejp h aj`cfiojai jrkim jp jlly~cim `shk ia~fjsii je }oi |}h}i+

/`# Kj}rc}o|}hkmckb |y`mcuc|cjk /h#& h |}h}i ia~fjsip |ohff ~pjucmi }oi jlly~hk} je h ~pcuh}ifsjrkim aj`cfiojai }oh} c| |c}yh}im ck hk ia~fjsii ojy|ckb hpih jrkim& j~iph}im& jpahck}hckim `s }oi |}h}i& hkm }oh} c| jlly~cim `s h |}h}i ia~fjsii `s hbpiiaik} rc}o oc| jpoip |}h}i ia~fjsip hkm |y`dil} }j }oi }ipa| hkm ljkmc}cjk| je }oh} |}h}i ia~fjsaik}& rc}o hackcaya je 5>!mhs|– kj}cli ~pcjp }j }ipackh}ckb }oi }ikhkls ejp hks pih|jk+

/Hmmim ̀ s \}h}|+ 0>>>& Loh~+ =28 /H@ 0>>?& Ljaac}}ii jk Ojy|ckb#& iee+ 8*8*0>>8#

23?+8= MIFCUIPS JE KJ]CLI

Ykfi|| j}oiprc|i ~pjucmim& hff kj}cli| pixycpim `s }oc| loh~}ip |ohff ì ic}oip mifcuipim~ip|jkhffs }j }oi ojaijrkip jp mi~j|c}im ck }oi Ykc}im \}h}i| ahcf& ~j|}hbi ~pi~hcm& hmmpi||im}j }oi ojaijrkip h} oc| jp oip |c}i rc}ock }oi aj`cfiojai ~hpg+

/Hmmim ̀ s \}h}|+ 83??& Loh~+ <>8 /H@ <20>& Ohy|ip#& iee+ 8*8*83?3#




=

HP]CLFI 0 ! PIK]HF HBPIIAIK]

23?+89 CK!RPC]CKB HKM PIXYCPIM LJK]IK]\

]oi pik}hf hbpiiaik} |ohff ì ck rpc}ckb hkm |ohff ljk}hck& ck hmmc}cjk }j }oi ~pjuc|cjk| j}oiprc|i

pixycpim `s fhr }j ì cklfymim& hff je }oi ejffjrckb4/h# ]oi }ipa je }oi }ikhkls hkm }oi pik} }oipiejp+/`# ]oi pyfi| hkm pibyfh}cjk| je }oi ~hpg+/l# H lj~s je }oi }i} je }oc| loh~}ip |ohff ì h}}hloim h| hk ioc`c} hkm |ohff ì ckljp~jph}im

ck}j }oi pik}hf hbpiiaik} ̀ s pieipikli+ Ahkhbiaik} |ohff mj jki je }oi ejffjrckb ~pcjp }jEi`pyhps 8 je ihlo sihp& ce h |cbkceclhk} lohkbi rh| ahmi ck }oc| loh~}ip `s fibc|fh}cjkikhl}im ck }oi ~pcjp sihp4/8# ^pjucmi hff ojaijrkip| rc}o h lj~s je }oc| loh~}ip+/0# ^pjucmi rpc}}ik kj}cli }j hff ojaijrkip| }oh} }oipi oh| ìik h lohkbi }j }oc| loh~}ip

hkm }oh} }ois ahs j`}hck jki lj~s je }oc| loh~}ip epja ahkhbiaik} h} kj lohpbi+Ahkhbiaik} ay|} ~pjucmi h lj~s rc}ock h pih|jkh`fi }cai& kj} }j iliim |iuik mhs|

y~jk pixyi|}+/m# H ~pjuc|cjk |~ilcesckb }oh} /8# c} c| }oi pi|~jk|c`cfc}s je }oi ahkhbiaik} }j ~pjucmi hkmahck}hck ~os|clhf ca~pjuiaik}| ck }oi ljaajk ehlcfc}ci| ck bjjm rjpgckb jpmip hkmljkmc}cjk hkm /0# rc}o pi|~il} }j h |ymmik jp ykejpi|iih`fi `pihgmjrk jp mi}ipcjph}cjk je}oi|i ca~pjuiaik}|& }oi ahkhbiaik} |ohff ohui h pih|jkh`fi ~ipcjm je }cai }j pi~hcp }oi|ymmik jp ykejpi|iih`fi `pihgmjrk jp mi}ipcjph}cjk hkm `pckb }oi ca~pjuiaik}| ck}j bjjmrjpgckb jpmip hkm ljkmc}cjk he}ip ahkhbiaik} gkjr| jp |ojyfm ohui gkjrk je }oi`pihgmjrk jp mi}ipcjph}cjk+ Ejp ~yp~j|i| je }oc| |y`mcuc|cjk& h pih|jkh`fi ~ipcjm je }cai }jpi~hcp h |ymmik jp ykejpi|iih`fi `pihgmjrk jp mi}ipcjph}cjk |ohff ì h| |jjk h| ~j||c`fi ck|c}yh}cjk| heeil}ckb h oihf}o jp |hei}s ljkmc}cjk& hkm |ohff kj} iliim <> mhs| ck hks j}oiplh|i ili~} roipi icbik} lcplya|}hkli| dy|}ces h mifhs+

/i# H mi|lpc~}cjk je }oi ~os|clhf ca~pjuiaik}| }j ̀ i ~pjucmim }oi ojaijrkip mypckb oc| jpoip }ikhkls+/e# H ~pjuc|cjk fc|}ckb }oj|i |ipucli| roclo rcff ̀ i ~pjucmim h} }oi }cai }oi pik}hf hbpiiaik} c|

iily}im hkm rcff ljk}ckyi }j ì jeeipim ejp }oi }ipa je }ikhkls hkm }oi eii|& ce hks& }j ìlohpbim ejp }oj|i |ipucli|+

/b# H ~pjuc|cjk |}h}ckb }oh} ahkhbiaik} ahs lohpbi h pih|jkh`fi eii ejp |ipucli| pifh}ckb }j}oi ahck}ikhkli je }oi fhkm hkm ~piac|i| y~jk roclo h aj`cfiojai c| |c}yh}im ck }oi iuik}}oi ojaijrkip ehcf| }j ahck}hck }oi fhkm jp ~piac|i| ck hlljpmhkli rc}o }oi pyfi| hkmpibyfh}cjk| je }oi ~hpg he}ip rpc}}ik kj}ceclh}cjk }j }oi ojaijrkip hkm }oi ehcfypi je }oiojaijrkip }j lja~fs rc}ock 8= mhs|+ ]oi rpc}}ik kj}cli |ohff |}h}i }oi |~ilcecl ljkmc}cjk }jì ljppil}im hkm hk i|}cah}i je }oi lohpbi| }j ì ca~j|im `s ahkhbiaik} ce }oi |ipucli|

hpi ~ipejpaim `s ahkhbiaik} jp c}| hbik}+/o# Hff j}oip ~pjuc|cjk| bjuipkckb }oi }ikhkls+/Haikmim ̀ s \}h}|+ 0>8>& Loh~+ 3> /H@ 080>& \cfuh#& iee+ 8*8*0>88#




9

23?+85 CKLFY\CJK JE J]OIP ^PJUC\CJK\

/h# ]oi pik}hf hbpiiaik} ahs cklfymi j}oip ~pjuc|cjk| ~ipac}}im `s fhr& `y} kiim kj} cklfymi|~ilcecl fhkbyhbi ljk}hckim ck |}h}i jp fjlhf fhr| kj} h ~hp} je }oc| loh~}ip+

/`# Ahkhbiaik} |ohff pi}ypk hk iily}im lj~s je }oi pik}hf hbpiiaik} }j }oi ojaijrkip

rc}ock 89 `y|cki|| mhs| he}ip ahkhbiaik} oh| pilicuim }oi pik}hf hbpiiaik} |cbkim `s }oiojaijrkip+/Haikmim ̀ s \}h}|+ 0>>=& Loh~+ <>0 /H@ 0<98& Ljpì}}#& iee+ 8*8*0>>9#

23?+82 PIK]HF HBPIIAIK]\ I_IA^] EPJA PIK] LJK]PJF7 PCBO] ]J CK\ÎL]

/h# /8# Pik}hf hbpiiaik}| aii}ckb }oi lpc}ipch je |y`mcuc|cjk /`# |ohff ì iia~} epja hksjpmckhkli& pyfi& pibyfh}cjk& jp ckc}ch}cui aih|ypi hmj~}im `s hks fjlhf bjuipkaik}hfik}c}s roclo i|}h`fc|oi| h ahcaya hajyk} }oh} h fhkmfjpm ahs lohpbi h }ikhk} ejppik}+ ]oi }ipa| je h pik}hf hbpiiaik} aii}ckb }oi lpc}ipch je |y`mcuc|cjk /`# |ohff

~piuhcf juip ljkefcl}ckb ~pjuc|cjk| je hk jpmckhkli& pyfi& pibyfh}cjk& jp ckc}ch}cui aih|ypifcac}ckb jp pi|}pcl}ckb pik}| ck aj`cfiojai ~hpg|& jkfs mypckb }oi }ipa je }oi pik}hfhbpiiaik} jp jki jp ajpi ykck}ippy~}im& ljk}ckyjy| i}ik|cjk| }oipije+ Ce }oi pik}hfhbpiiaik} c| kj} i}ikmim hkm kj kir pik}hf hbpiiaik} ck ili|| je 80 ajk}o|–myph}cjk c| ik}ipim ck}j& }oik }oi fh|} pik}hf ph}i lohpbim ejp }oi |~hli ykmip }oi~piucjy| pik}hf hbpiiaik} |ohff ì }oi `h|i pik} ejp ~yp~j|i| je h~~fclh`fi ~pjuc|cjk|je fhr ljklipkckb pik} pibyfh}cjk& ce hks+

/0# Ck }oi ecp|} |ik}ikli je }oi ecp|} ~hphbph~o je h pik}hf hbpiiaik} ik}ipim ck}j jk jphe}ip Dhkyhps 8& 833<& ~yp|yhk} }j }oc| |il}cjk& }oipi |ohff ì |i} ejp}o h ~pjuc|cjk ck h}fih|} 80!~jck} `jfmehli }s~i ce }oi pik}hf hbpiiaik} c| ~pck}im& jp ck lh~c}hf fi}}ip| ce }oipik}hf hbpiiaik} c| }s~im& bcuckb kj}cli }j }oi ojaijrkip }oh} }oi pik}hf hbpiiaik} rcffì iia~} epja hks jpmckhkli& pyfi& pibyfh}cjk& jp ckc}ch}cui aih|ypi hmj~}im `s hksfjlhf bjuipkaik}hf ik}c}s roclo i|}h`fc|oi| h ahcaya hajyk} }oh} h fhkmfjpm ahslohpbi h }ikhk} ejp pik}+

/`# Pik}hf hbpiiaik}| |y`dil} }j }oc| |il}cjk |ohff aii} hff je }oi ejffjrckb lpc}ipch4/8# ]oi pik}hf hbpiiaik} |ohff ̀ i ck ili|| je 80 ajk}o|– myph}cjk+/0# ]oi pik}hf hbpiiaik} |ohff ì ik}ipim ck}j ì}riik }oi ahkhbiaik} hkm h ojaijrkip

ejp }oi ~ip|jkhf hkm hl}yhf pi|cmikli je }oi ojaijrkip+/<# ]oi ojaijrkip |ohff ohui h} fih|} <> mhs| epja }oi mh}i }oi pik}hf hbpiiaik} c| ecp|}

jeeipim }j }oi ojaijrkip }j hlli~} jp pidil} }oi pik}hf hbpiiaik}+/=# ]oi ojaijrkip roj iily}i| h pik}hf hbpiiaik} jeeipim ~yp|yhk} }j }oc| |il}cjk

ahs ujcm }oi pik}hf hbpiiaik} `s kj}cesckb ahkhbiaik} ck rpc}ckb rc}ock 20 ojyp| je }oiojaijrkip–| iily}cjk je }oi pik}hf hbpiiaik}+

/l# Ce& ~yp|yhk} }j ~hphbph~o /<# jp /=# je |y`mcuc|cjk /`#& }oi ojaijrkip pidil}| }oi jeeipimpik}hf hbpiiaik} jp pi|lckm| h |cbkim pik}hf hbpiiaik}& }oi ojaijrkip |ohff ì ik}c}fim }jck|}ihm hlli~}& ~yp|yhk} }j \il}cjk 23?+8?& h pik}hf hbpiiaik} ejp h }ipa je 80 ajk}o| jpfi|| epja }oi mh}i }oi jeeipim pik}hf hbpiiaik} rh| }j ohui ̀ ibyk+ Ck }oi iuik} }oiojaijrkip ifil}| }j ohui h pik}hf hbpiiaik} ejp h }ipa je 80 ajk}o| jp fi||& cklfymckb hajk}o!}j!ajk}o pik}hf hbpiiaik}& }oi pik}hf hbpiiaik} |ohff ljk}hck }oi |hai pik}hflohpbi|& }ipa|& hkm ljkmc}cjk| h| }oi pik}hf hbpiiaik} jeeipim ~yp|yhk} }j |y`mcuc|cjk /`#&




5

mypckb }oi ecp|} 80 ajk}o|& ili~} ejp j~}cjk|& ce hks& ljk}hckim ck }oi jeeipim pik}hfhbpiiaik} }j i}ikm jp pikir }oi pik}hf hbpiiaik}+

/m# Kj}ockb ck |y`mcuc|cjk /l# |ohff ì ljk|}pyim }j ~pjoc`c} }oi ahkhbiaik} epja jeeipckb bce}|je uhfyi& j}oip }ohk pik}hf ph}i pimyl}cjk|& }j ojaijrkip| roj iily}i h pik}hf hbpiiaik}~yp|yhk} }j }oc| |il}cjk+

/i# Rc}o pi|~il} }j hks |~hli ck h aj`cfiojai ~hpg }oh} c| iia~} ykmip |y`mcuc|cjk /h# epjahks jpmckhkli& pyfi& pibyfh}cjk& jp ckc}ch}cui aih|ypi hmj~}im `s hks fjlhf bjuipkaik}hfik}c}s }oh} i|}h`fc|oi| h ahcaya hajyk} }oh} h fhkmfjpm ahs lohpbi h ojaijrkip ejp pik}&hkm kj}rc}o|}hkmckb hks jpmckhkli& pyfi& pibyfh}cjk& jp ckc}ch}cui aih|ypi& h aj`cfiojai~hpg |ohff kj} ì h||i||im hks eii jp j}oip ihl}cjk ejp h ~hpg |~hli }oh} c| iia~} ykmip|y`mcuc|cjk /h# ca~j|im ~yp|yhk} }j hks jpmckhkli& pyfi& pibyfh}cjk& jp ckc}ch}cui aih|ypi+Kj j}oip eii jp j}oip ihl}cjk |ohff ì ca~j|im ejp h ~hpg |~hli }oh} c| iia~} ykmip|y`mcuc|cjk /h# ejp }oi ~yp~j|i je miephsckb }oi lj|} je hmackc|}ph}cjk }oipije+

/e# H} }oi }cai }oi pik}hf hbpiiaik} c| ecp|} jeeipim }j }oi ojaijrkip& }oi ahkhbiaik} |ohff~pjucmi rpc}}ik kj}cli }j }oi ojaijrkip je }oi ojaijrkip–| pcbo} /8# }j ohui h} fih|} <>mhs| }j ck|~il} }oi pik}hf hbpiiaik}& hkm /0# }j ujcm }oi pik}hf hbpiiaik} `s kj}cesckb

ahkhbiaik} ck rpc}ckb rc}ock 20 ojyp| je }oi hlli~}hkli je h pik}hf hbpiiaik}+ ]oi ehcfypije }oi ahkhbiaik} }j ~pjucmi }oi rpc}}ik kj}cli |ohff ahgi }oi pik}hf hbpiiaik} ujcmh`fi h}}oi ojaijrkip–| j~}cjk y~jk }oi ojaijrkip–| mc|ljuips je }oi ehcfypi+ ]oi pilic~} je hksrpc}}ik kj}cli ~pjucmim ~yp|yhk} }j }oc| |y`mcuc|cjk |ohff ì hlgkjrfimbim ck rpc}ckb `s }oiojaijrkip+

/b# Kj pik}hf hbpiiaik} |y`dil} }j |y`mcuc|cjk /h# }oh} c| ecp|} ik}ipim ck}j jk jp he}ipDhkyhps 8& 833<& |ohff ohui h ~pjuc|cjk roclo hy}ojpcti| hy}jah}cl i}ik|cjk jp pikirhf je&jp hy}jah}clhffs i}ikm| jp pikir|& }oi pik}hf hbpiiaik} ejp h ~ipcjm ìsjkm }oi ckc}chf|}h}im }ipa h} }oi |jfi j~}cjk je ic}oip }oi ahkhbiaik} jp }oi ojaijrkip+

/o# ]oc| |il}cjk mji| kj} h~~fs }j jp |y~ip|imi j}oip ~pjuc|cjk| je }oc| ~hp} jp j}oip |}h}i fhr+/Haikmim ̀ s \}h}|+ 833<& Loh~+ 3 /\@ 5& Lphuik#& iee+ =*03*833<#

23?+8? FIKB]O JE HBPIIAIK]7 LJA^HPH@FI AJK]OFS ]IPA\

/h# H ojaijrkip |ohff ì jeeipim h pik}hf hbpiiaik} ejp /8# h }ipa je 80 ajk}o|& jp /0# hfi||ip ~ipcjm h| }oi ojaijrkip ahs pixyi|}& jp /<# h fjkbip ~ipcjm h| ay}yhffs hbpiimy~jk `s `j}o }oi ojaijrkip hkm ahkhbiaik}+

/`# Kj hbpiiaik} |ohff ljk}hck hks }ipa| jp ljkmc}cjk| rc}o pi|~il} }j lohpbi| ejp pik}&y}cfc}ci|& jp cklcmik}hf pih|jkh`fi |ipucli lohpbi| }oh} rjyfm ì mceeipik} mypckb }oi ecp|} 80ajk}o| je }oi pik}hf hbpiiaik} epja }oi ljppi|~jkmckb }ipa| jp ljkmc}cjk| }oh} rjyfm ìjeeipim }j }oi ojaijrkip| jk h ajk}o!}j!ajk}o `h|c|+

/l# Kj pik}hf hbpiiaik} ejp h }ipa je 80 ajk}o| jp fi|| |ohff cklfymi hks ~pjuc|cjk roclohy}ojpcti| hy}jah}cl i}ik|cjk jp pikirhf je& jp hy}jah}clhffs i}ikm| jp pikir|& }oi pik}hfhbpiiaik} ìsjkm }oi ckc}chf }ipa ejp h }ipa fjkbip }ohk 80 ajk}o| h} }oi |jfi j~}cjk jeic}oip }oi ahkhbiaik} jp }oi ojaijrkip+

/Haikmim ̀ s \}h}|+ 8330& Loh~+ 0?3 /\@ 8=9=& Lphuik#& iee+ 8*8*833<#




2

23?+83 KJ RHCUIP JE LOH^]IP 0+9 PCBO]\

Kj pik}hf hbpiiaik} ejp h aj`cfiojai |ohff ljk}hck h ~pjuc|cjk `s roclo }oi ojaijrkip rhcui|oc| jp oip pcbo}| ykmip }oi ~pjuc|cjk| je Hp}clfi| 8 }j ?& cklfy|cui& je }oc| loh~}ip+ Hks |ylorhcuip |ohff ì miiaim ljk}phps }j ~y`fcl ~jfcls hkm ujcm+


23?+83+9 ^HPG JRKIP PCBO] JE ECP\] PIEY\HF ]J ^YPLOH\I OJAI

H pik}hf hbpiiaik} ik}ipim ck}j jp pikirim jk hkm he}ip Dhkyhps 8& 0>>5& |ohff kj} cklfymi hlfhy|i& pyfi& pibyfh}cjk& jp hks j}oip ~pjuc|cjk }oh} bphk}| }j ahkhbiaik} }oi pcbo} je ecp|} piey|hf}j ~yploh|i h ojaijrkip–| aj`cfiojai }oh} c| ck }oi ~hpg hkm jeeipim ejp |hfi }j h }ocpm ~hp}s~yp|yhk} }j Hp}clfi 2 /ljaaiklckb rc}o \il}cjk 23?+2>#+ ]oc| |il}cjk mji| kj} ~pilfymi h|i~hph}i hbpiiaik} ejp |i~hph}i ljk|cmiph}cjk bphk}ckb }oi ~hpg jrkip jp ahkhbiaik} h pcbo}je ecp|} piey|hf }j ~yploh|i }oi ojaijrkip–| aj`cfiojai }oh} c| ck }oi ~hpg hkm jeeipim ejp |hfi+

/Hmmim ̀ s \}h}|+ 0>>9& Loh~+ <9 /\@ 0<2& Acbmik#& iee+ 8*8*0>>5#

23?+0> KJ ^PCUH]I LFY@ MC\LPCACKH]CJK

/h# Aiaìp|oc~ ck hks ~pcuh}i lfy` jp jpbhkcth}cjk }oh} c| h ljkmc}cjk ejp }ikhkls ck h ~hpg|ohff kj} ì mikcim jk hks `h|c| fc|}im ck |y`mcuc|cjk /h# jp /m# je \il}cjk 80399 je }oiBjuipkaik} Ljmi& h| }oj|i `h|i| hpi mieckim ck \il}cjk| 80305& 80305+8& |y`mcuc|cjk /a#hkm ~hphbph~o /8# je |y`mcuc|cjk /~# je \il}cjk 80399& hkm \il}cjk 80399+0 je }oiBjuipkaik} Ljmi+

/`# Kj}rc}o|}hkmckb |y`mcuc|cjk /h#& rc}o pi|~il} }j ehacfchf |}h}y|& |y`mcuc|cjk /h# |ohff kj} ìljk|}pyim }j h~~fs }j ojy|ckb ejp jfmip ~ip|jk|& h| mieckim ck \il}cjk 80399+3 je }oiBjuipkaik} Ljmi+ Rc}o pi|~il} }j ehacfchf |}h}y|& kj}ockb ck |y`mcuc|cjk /h# |ohff ̀ iljk|}pyim }j heeil} \il}cjk| 98+0& 98+<& 98+=& 98+8>& 98+88& hkm 233+9& pifh}ckb }j ojy|ckb ejp|ikcjp lc}ctik|+ \y`mcuc|cjk /m# je \il}cjk 98 hkm \il}cjk 8<5> je }oc| ljmi hkm |y`mcuc|cjk|/k#& /j#& hkm /~# je \il}cjk 80399 je }oi Bjuipkaik} Ljmi |ohff h~~fs }j |y`mcuc|cjk /h#+

/Haikmim ̀ s \}h}|+ 0>>5& Loh~+ 92? /H@ 0?>>& Fhcpm#& iee+ 8*8*0>>2#

23?+08 KJK!^PCKLC^HF PI\CMIKLI ! PIK] LJK]PJF I_IA^]

/h# Kj}rc}o|}hkmckb \il}cjk 23?+82& ce h aj`cfiojai |~hli rc}ock h aj`cfiojai ~hpg c| kj}}oi ~pcklc~hf pi|cmikli je }oi ojaijrkip hkm }oi ojaijrkip oh| kj} pik}im }oi

aj`cfiojai }j hkj}oip ~hp}s& c} |ohff ì iia~} epja hks jpmckhkli& pyfi& pibyfh}cjk& jpckc}ch}cui aih|ypi hmj~}im `s hks lc}s& ljyk}s& jp lc}s hkm ljyk}s& roclo i|}h`fc|oi| hahcaya hajyk} }oh} }oi fhkmfjpm ahs lohpbi h }ikhk} ejp pik}+

/`# Kj}ockb ck }oc| |il}cjk c| ck}ikmim }j pixycpi hks ojaijrkip }j mc|lfj|i ckejpah}cjkljklipkckb oc| jp oip ~ip|jkhf eckhkli|+ Kj}ockb ck }oc| |il}cjk |ohff ì ljk|}pyim }jhy}ojpcti ahkhbiaik} }j bhck hlli|| }j hks piljpm| roclo rjyfm j}oiprc|i ì ljkecmik}chfjp ~pcucfibim+

/l# Ejp ~yp~j|i| je }oc| |il}cjk& h aj`cfiojai |ohff ̀ i miiaim }j ì }oi ~pcklc~hf pi|cmikli




?

je }oi ojaijrkip& ykfi|| h piucir je |}h}i jp ljyk}s piljpm| miajk|}ph}i| }oh} }oiojaijrkip c| pilicuckb h ojaijrkip–| iia~}cjk ejp hkj}oip ~pj~ip}s jp aj`cfiojai ck}oc| |}h}i& jp ykfi|| h piucir je ~y`fcl piljpm| pih|jkh`fs miajk|}ph}i| }oh} }oi ~pcklc~hfpi|cmikli je }oi ojaijrkip c| jy} je |}h}i+

/m# @iejpi ajmcesckb }oi pik} jp j}oip }ipa| je }ikhkls h| h pi|yf} je h piucir je piljpm|& h|

mi|lpcìm ck |y`mcuc|cjk /l#& }oi ahkhbiaik} |ohff kj}ces }oi ojaijrkip& ck rpc}ckb& je }oi~pj~j|im lohkbi| hkm ~pjucmi }oi ojaijrkip rc}o h lj~s je }oi mjlyaik}| y~jk rocloahkhbiaik} pifcim+

/i# ]oi ojaijrkip |ohff ohui 3> mhs| epja }oi mh}i }oi kj}cli mi|lpcìm ck |y`mcuc|cjk /m# c|ahcfim }j piucir hkm pi|~jkm }j }oi kj}cli+ Ahkhbiaik} ahs kj} ajmces }oi pik} jp j}oip}ipa| je }ikhkls ~pcjp }j }oi i~cph}cjk je }oi 3>!mhs ~ipcjm jp ~pcjp }j pi|~jkmckb& ck rpc}ckb&}j ckejpah}cjk ~pjucmim ̀ s }oi ojaijrkip+ Ahkhbiaik} ahs kj} ajmces }oi pik} jp j}oip}ipa| je }ikhkls ce }oi ojaijrkip ~pjucmi| mjlyaik}h}cjk pih|jkh`fs i|}h`fc|ockb }oh} }oickejpah}cjk ~pjucmim `s ahkhbiaik} c| ckljppil} jp }oh} }oi ojaijrkip c| kj} }oi |hai~ip|jk cmik}cecim ck }oi mjlyaik}|+ Ojriuip& kj}ockb ck }oc| |y`mcuc|cjk |ohff ì ljk|}pyim}j hy}ojpcti }oi ojaijrkip }j lohkbi }oi ojaijrkip–| iia~}cjk |}h}y| je }oi j}oip

~pj~ip}s jp aj`cfiojai jrkim `s }oi ojaijrkip+/e# ]oc| |il}cjk mji| kj} h~~fs ykmip hks je }oi ejffjrckb ljkmc}cjk|4/8# ]oi ojaijrkip c| ykh`fi }j pik} jp fih|i }oi aj`cfiojai ìlhy|i }oi jrkip jp

ahkhbiaik} je }oi aj`cfiojai ~hpg ck roclo }oi aj`cfiojai c| fjlh}im mji| kj}~ipac}& jp }oi pik}hf hbpiiaik} fcac}| jp ~pjoc`c}|& }oi h||cbkaik} je }oi aj`cfiojai jp}oi |y`fi}}ckb je }oi ~hpg |~hli+

/0# ]oi aj`cfiojai c| ìckb hl}cuifs oifm huhcfh`fi ejp |hfi `s }oi ojaijrkip& jp~yp|yhk} }j h fc|}ckb hbpiiaik} rc}o h pihf i|}h}i `pjgip fclik|im ~yp|yhk} }j Loh~}ip </ljaaiklckb rc}o \il}cjk 8>8<># je ^hp} 8 je Mcuc|cjk = je }oi @y|cki|| hkm^pjei||cjk| Ljmi& jp h aj`cfiojai mihfip& h| mieckim ck \il}cjk 8?>>0+5 je }oi Oihf}ohkm \hei}s Ljmi+ H ojaijrkip& pihf i|}h}i ̀ pjgip& jp aj`cfiojai mihfip h}}ia~}ckb

}j |iff h aj`cfiojai |ohff hl}cuifs ahpgi} hkm hmuip}c|i }oi aj`cfiojai ejp |hfi ckbjjm ehc}o }j `jkh ecmi ~yploh|ip| ejp uhfyi ck jpmip }j piahck iia~} ~yp|yhk} }j }oc||y`mcuc|cjk+

/<# ]oi fibhf jrkip oh| }hgik ~j||i||cjk jp jrkip|oc~& jp ̀ j}o& je }oi aj`cfiojai epjapibc|}ipim jrkip }opjybo ic}oip h |yppikmip je jrkip|oc~ ck}ipi|} `s }oi pibc|}ipimjrkip jp h ejpilfj|ypi ~pjliimckb+

/Haikmim ̀ s \}h}|+ 0>><& Loh~+ 8<0 /H@ 882<& Ohski|#& iee+ 8*8*0>>=#

23?+00 PILPIH]CJKHF UIOCLFI\ CK ^HPG\ “ MI\CBKH]IM HPIH\

/h# Ck hks kir aj`cfiojai ~hpg }oh} c| miuifj~im he}ip Dhkyhps 8& 83?0& aj`cfiojai |~hli||ohff kj} ì pik}im ejp }oi hlljaajmh}cjk je pilpih}cjkhf uioclfi| h| mieckim `s \il}cjk233+03 ykfi|| }oi aj`cfiojai ~hpg oh| h |~ilceclhffs mi|cbkh}im hpih rc}ock }oi ~hpg ejppilpih}cjkhf uioclfi|& roclo c| |i~hph}i hkm h~hp} epja }oi hpih mi|cbkh}im ejpaj`cfiojai|+ Pilpih}cjkhf uioclfi| ahs ̀ i fjlh}im jkfs ck }oi |~ilceclhffs mi|cbkh}imhpih+

/`# Hks kir aj`cfiojai ~hpg }oh} c| miuifj~im he}ip Dhkyhps 8& 83?0& c| kj} |y`dil} }j }oi~pjuc|cjk| je }oc| |il}cjk yk}cf 29 ~iplik} je }oi |~hli| ohui ìik pik}im ejp }oi ecp|} }cai+

/Haikmim ̀ s \}h}|+ 833<& Loh~+ 555 /H@ 9><& Phckis#& iee+ 8*8*833=#




3

HP]CLFI < ! PYFI\ HKM PIBYFH]CJK\

23?+0< H^^FCLH]CJK ]J ^HPG JRKIP\ HKM IA^FJSII\

/h# ]oi jrkip je }oi ~hpg& hkm hks ~ip|jk ia~fjsim ̀ s }oi ~hpg& |ohff ̀ i |y`dil} }j& hkm

lja~fs rc}o& hff ~hpg pyfi| hkm pibyfh}cjk|& }j }oi |hai i}ik} h| pi|cmik}| hkm }oicp byi|}|+/`# \y`mcuc|cjk /h# je }oc| |il}cjk mji| kj} h~~fs }j ic}oip je }oi ejffjrckb4/8# Hks pyfi jp pibyfh}cjk }oh} bjuipk| }oi hbi je hks pi|cmik} jp byi|}+/0# Hl}| je h ~hpg jrkip jp ~hpg ia~fjsii roclo hpi ykmip}hgik }j eyfecff h ~hpg jrkip–|

ahck}ikhkli& ahkhbiaik}& hkm `y|cki|| j~iph}cjk pi|~jk|c`cfc}ci|+/Haikmim ̀ s \}h}|+ 0>>0& Loh~+ 520 /\@ 8=8>& Loi|`pj#& iee+ 8*8*0>><#

23?+0<+9 \Y@FIH\CKB

/h# /8# Ahkhbiaik} |ohff ~ipac} h ojaijrkip }j pik} oc| jp oip ojai }oh} |ipui| h| }oi

ojaijrkip–| ~pcahps pi|cmikli jp |y`fi} oc| jp oip |~hli& ykmip }oi lcplya|}hkli|mi|lpcìm ck ~hphbph~o /0# hkm |y`dil} }j }oi pixycpiaik}| je }oc| |il}cjk+/0# H ojaijrkip |ohff ì ~ipac}}im }j pik} jp |y`fi} ~yp|yhk} }j ~hphbph~o /8# ce h

aimclhf iaipbikls jp aimclhf }pih}aik} pixycpi| }oi ojaijrkip }j ì h`|ik} epja oc|jp oip ojai hkm }oc| c| ljkecpaim ck rpc}ckb `s hk h}}ikmckb ~os|clchk+

/`# ]oi ejffjrckb ~pjuc|cjk| |ohff h~~fs }j h pik}hf jp |y`fih|i ~yp|yhk} }j }oc| |il}cjk4/8# ]oi ackcaya }ipa je }oi pik}hf jp |y`fih|i |ohff ì |c ajk}o|& ykfi|| }oi

ahkhbiaik} h~~pjui| h |ojp}ip }ipa& `y} kj bpih}ip }ohk 80 ajk}o|& ykfi||ahkhbiaik} h~~pjui| h fjkbip }ipa+

/0# ]oi ahkhbiaik} ahs pixycpi h~~pjuhf je h ~pj|~il}cui pik}ip jp |y`fi||ii& |y`dil}}j }oi ~pjli|| hkm pi|}pcl}cjk| ~pjucmim `s |y`mcuc|cjk /h# je \il}cjk 23?+2= ejp~pj|~il}cui ~yploh|ip| je aj`cfiojai|+ H ~pj|~il}cui |y`fi||ii |ohff lja~fs rc}ohks pyfi jp pibyfh}cjk fcac}ckb pi|cmikls `h|im jk hbi pixycpiaik}|& ~yp|yhk} }j \il}cjk23?+25+ ]oi ahkhbiaik} ahs lohpbi h ~pj|~il}cui |y`fi||ii h lpimc} |lpiikckb eiiejp }oi hl}yhf lj|} je hks ~ip|jkhf pieipikli loilg jp ljk|yaip lpimc} pi~jp} }oh} c|~pjucmim `s h ljk|yaip lpimc} pi~jp}ckb hbikls& h| mieckim ck \il}cjk 82?9+<& ce }oiahkhbiaik} jp oc| jp oip hbik} pixycpi| }oh} ~ip|jkhf pieipikli loilg jp ljk|yaiplpimc} pi~jp}+

/<# ]oi pik}ip jp |y`fi||ii |ohff lja~fs rc}o hff pyfi| hkm pibyfh}cjk| je }oi ~hpg+ ]oiehcfypi je h pik}ip jp |y`fi||ii }j lja~fs rc}o }oi pyfi| hkm pibyfh}cjk| je }oi ~hpg ahspi|yf} ck }oi }ipackh}cjk je }oi ojaijrkip–| }ikhkls ck }oi aj`cfiojai ~hpg& ckhlljpmhkli rc}o \il}cjk 23?+95+ H ojaijrkip–| }ikhkls ahs kj} ̀ i }ipackh}im ykmip}oc| ~hphbph~o ce }oi ojaijrkip lja~fi}i| hk hl}cjk ejp ykfhreyf mi}hckip jp iily}i|h dymbaik} ejp ~j||i||cjk& ~yp|yhk} }j Loh~}ip = /ljaaiklckb rc}o \il}cjk 8893# je]c}fi < je ^hp} < je }oi Ljmi je Lcucf ^pjlimypi rc}ock 5> mhs| je }oi ojaijrkippilicuckb kj}cli je }ipackh}cjk je }ikhkls+

/=# ]oi ojaijrkip |ohff piahck fch`fi ejp }oi aj`cfiojai ~hpg pik} hkm j}oip ~hpglohpbi|+

/9# ]oi ahkhbiaik} ahs pixycpi }oi ojaijrkip }j pi|cmi ck }oi aj`cfiojai ~hpg ejp h}ipa je jki sihp ìejpi ahkhbiaik} ~ipac}| }oi pik}ckb jp |y`fi}}ckb je h aj`cfiojai




8>

jp aj`cfiojai |~hli+/5# Kj}rc}o|}hkmckb |y`mcuc|cjk /h# je \il}cjk 23?+<3& ce h |ilypc}s mi~j|c} oh| ìik

pieykmim }j }oi ojaijrkip ~yp|yhk} }j |y`mcuc|cjk /`# jp /l# je \il}cjk 23?+<3& }oiahkhbiaik} ahs pixycpi }oi ojaijrkip }j pi|yàc} h |ilypc}s mi~j|c} ck hk hajyk}jp uhfyi kj} }j iliim }rj ajk}o|– pik} ck hmmc}cjk }j }oi ecp|} ajk}o–| pik}+

Ahkhbiaik} ahs pi}hck }oc| |ilypc}s mi~j|c} ejp }oi myph}cjk je }oi }ipa je }oi pik}hf jp|y`fih|i+/2# ]oi ojaijrkip |ohff gii~ oc| jp oip lyppik} hmmpi|| hkm }ifi~ojki kyaìp jk ecfi

rc}o }oi ahkhbiaik} mypckb }oi }ipa je pik}hf jp |y`fih|i+ Ce h~~fclh`fi& }oiojaijrkip ahs ~pjucmi }oi khai& hmmpi||& hkm }ifi~ojki kyaìp je oc| jp oip fibhfpi~pi|ik}h}cui+

/l# H ojaijrkip ahs kj} lohpbi h pik}ip jp |y`fi||ii ajpi }ohk hk hajyk} kili||hps }jljuip }oi lj|} je |~hli pik}& y}cfc}ci|& hkm |loimyfim fjhk ~hsaik}| jk }oi aj`cfiojai& cehks+

/Hmmim ̀ s \}h}|+ 0>>0& Loh~+ 520 /\@ 8=8>& Loi|`pj#& iee+ 8*8*0>><#

23?+0= ^J\]CKB JE LJAAJK HPIH EHLCFC]S OJYP\

Ihlo ljaajk hpih ehlcfc}s |ohff ì j~ik jp huhcfh`fi }j pi|cmik}| h} hff pih|jkh`fi ojyp| hkm}oi ojyp| je }oi ljaajk hpih ehlcfc}s |ohff ì ~j|}im h} }oi ehlcfc}s+

/Haikmim ̀ s \}h}|+ 0>>8& Loh~+ ?< /H@ 80>0& Ohpahk#& iee+ 8*8*0>>0#

23?+09 HAIKMAIK]\ ]J PYFI\ HKM PIBYFH]CJK\ “ KJ]CLI

/h# Ili~} h| ~pjucmim ck |y`mcuc|cjk /m#& roik }oi ahkhbiaik} ~pj~j|i| hk haikmaik} }j}oi ~hpg–| pyfi| hkm pibyfh}cjk|& }oi ahkhbiaik} |ohff aii} hkm ljk|yf} rc}o }oiojaijrkip| ck }oi ~hpg& }oicp pi~pi|ik}h}cui|& jp `j}o& he}ip rpc}}ik kj}cli oh| ìik bcuik }jhff }oi ojaijrkip| ck }oi ~hpg 8> mhs| jp ajpi ìejpi }oi aii}ckb+ ]oi kj}cli |ohff |i}ejp}o }oi ~pj~j|im haikmaik} }j }oi ~hpg–| pyfi| hkm pibyfh}cjk| hkm |ohff |}h}i }oi mh}i&}cai& hkm fjlh}cjk je }oi aii}ckb+

/`# Ili~} h| ~pjucmim ck |y`mcuc|cjk /m#& ejffjrckb }oi aii}ckb hkm ljk|yf}h}cjk rc}o }oiojaijrkip|& }oi kj}clim haikmaik} }j }oi ~hpg–| pyfi| hkm pibyfh}cjk| ahs ìca~fiaik}im& h| }j hks ojaijrkip& rc}o }oi ljk|ik} je }oh} ojaijrkip& jp rc}ojy} }oiojaijrkip–| ljk|ik} y~jk rpc}}ik kj}cli je kj} fi|| }ohk |c ajk}o|& ili~} ejp pibyfh}cjk|h~~fclh`fi }j pilpih}cjkhf ehlcfc}ci|& roclo ahs ì haikmim rc}ojy} ojaijrkip ljk|ik}y~jk rpc}}ik kj}cli je kj} fi|| }ohk 5> mhs|+

/l# Rpc}}ik kj}cli }j h ojaijrkip roj|i }ikhkls ljaaikli| rc}ock }oi pixycpim ~ipcjm je

kj}cli je h ~pj~j|im haikmaik} }j }oi ~hpg–| pyfi| hkm pibyfh}cjk| ykmip |y`mcuc|cjk /`# jp/m# |ohff ljk|}c}y}i lja~fchkli rc}o }oc| |il}cjk roipi }oi rpc}}ik kj}cli c| bcuik ìejpi }oickli~}cjk je }oi }ikhkls+

/m# Roik }oi ahkhbiaik} ~pj~j|i| hk haikmaik} }j }oi ~hpg| pyfi| hkm pibyfh}cjk|ahkmh}im `s h lohkbi ck }oi fhr& cklfymckb& `y} kj} fcac}im }j& h lohkbi ck h |}h}y}i&jpmckhkli& jp bjuipkaik}hf pibyfh}cjk& }oi ahkhbiaik} ahs ca~fiaik} }oi haikmaik} }j}oi ~hpg–| pyfi| hkm pibyfh}cjk|& h| }j hks ojaijrkip& rc}o }oi ljk|ik} je }oh} ojaijrkipjp rc}ojy} }oi ojaijrkip| ljk|ik} y~jk rpc}}ik kj}cli je kj} fi|| }ohk 5> mhs|+ Ejp




88

~yp~j|i| je }oc| |y`mcuc|cjk& }oi ahkhbiaik} |ohff |~ilces ck }oi kj}cli }oi lc}h}cjk }j }oi|}h}y}i& jpmckhkli& jp pibyfh}cjk& cklfymckb }oi |il}cjk kyaìp& }oh} kili||c}h}i| }oi~pj~j|im haikmaik} }j }oi ~hpg| pyfi| hkm pibyfh}cjk|+

/i# Hks haikmaik} }j }oi ~hpg–| pyfi| hkm pibyfh}cjk| }oh} lpih}i| h kir eii ~hsh`fi `s }oiojaijrkip hkm }oh} oh| kj} ìik i~pi||fs hbpiim y~jk `s }oi ojaijrkip hkm

ahkhbiaik} ck }oi rpc}}ik pik}hf hbpiiaik} jp fih|i& |ohff ì ujcm hkm ykikejplih`fi+/Haikmim ̀ s \}h}|+ 0>>9& Loh~+ 00 /\@ 88>?& Ljaac}}ii jk Dymclchps#& iee+ 8*8*0>>5#

]oi ejffjrckb ck}ik} fhkbyhbi h~~ihp| ck \il}cjk 0 je \@ <98 /Loh~+ <0<& \}h}+ 8333# `y} kj} ck }oc| ljmi4‖]oi Fibc|fh}ypi eckm| hkm milfhpi| }oh} }oc| hl} c| ck}ikmim }j ~pjoc`c} ~hpg jrkip| epja haikmckb ~hpg pyfi| hkmpibyfh}cjk| }j ca~j|i kir eii| jk ~hpg pi|cmik}|+ ]oi hl} c| kj} ck}ikmim }j fcac} }oi ~pjuc|cjk| je Hp}clfi =/ljaaiklckb rc}o \il}cjk 23?+<># je Loh~}ip 0+9 je ]c}fi 0 je ^hp} 0 je Mcuc|cjk 0 je }oi Lcucf Ljmi# rc}o pi|~il} }j}oi ca~j|c}cjk je eii|+‑

23?+09+9 UJCM HKM YKIKEJPLIH@FI PYFI\ JP PIBYFH]CJK\

Hks pyfi jp pibyfh}cjk je h aj`cfiojai ~hpg }oh} /h# c| ykcfh}iphffs hmj~}im `s }oi ahkhbiaik}&

/`# c| ca~fiaik}im rc}ojy} }oi ljk|ik} je }oi ojaijrkip|& hkm /l# `s c}| }ipa| ~yp~jp}| }j miksojaijrkip| }oicp pcbo} }j h }pchf `s dyps jp roclo rjyfm ahkmh}i `ckmckb hp`c}ph}cjk je hksmc|~y}i ì}riik }oi ahkhbiaik} hkm ojaijrkip| |ohff ì ujcm hkm ykikejplih`fi+

/Hmmim ̀ s \}h}|+ 833<& Loh~+ ??3 /H@ 8>80& @jpk|}ick#& iee+ 8*8*833=#

23?+05 AHKHBIAIK] IK]PS CK]J AJ@CFIOJAI\

/h# Ili~} h| ~pjucmim ck |y`mcuc|cjk /̀ #& }oi jrkip|oc~ jp ahkhbiaik} je h ~hpg ohui kjpcbo} je ik}ps }j h aj`cfiojai jp iklfj|im hlli||jps |}pyl}ypi rc}ojy} }oi ~pcjp rpc}}ikljk|ik} je }oi pi|cmik}+ ]oi ljk|ik} ahs ì piujgim ck rpc}ckb `s }oi pi|cmik} h} hks }cai+

]oi jrkip|oc~ jp ahkhbiaik} |ohff ohui h pcbo} je ik}ps y~jk }oi fhkm y~jk roclo haj`cfiojai c| |c}yh}im ejp ahck}ikhkli je y}cfc}ci|& }pii|& hkm mpcuirhs|& ejp ahck}ikhkli je}oi ~piac|i| ck hlljpmhkli rc}o }oi pyfi| hkm pibyfh}cjk| je }oi ~hpg roik }oi ojaijrkipjp pi|cmik} ehcf| }j |j ahck}hck }oi ~piac|i|& hkm ~pj}il}cjk je }oi aj`cfiojai ~hpg h} hkspih|jkh`fi }cai& `y} kj} ck h ahkkip jp h} h }cai roclo rjyfm ck}ipeipi rc}o }oi pi|cmik}–|xyci} ikdjsaik}+

/`# ]oi jrkip|oc~ jp ahkhbiaik} je h ~hpg ahs ik}ip h aj`cfiojai jp iklfj|imhlli||jps |}pyl}ypi rc}ojy} }oi ~pcjp rpc}}ik ljk|ik} je }oi pi|cmik} ck lh|i je hk iaipbiklsjp roik }oi pi|cmik} oh| h`hkmjkim }oi aj`cfiojai jp hlli||jps |}pyl}ypi+

/Haikmim ̀ s \}h}|+ 0>>?& Loh~+ 889 /\@ 80<=& Ljppih#& iee+ 8*8*0>>3#

23?+02 KJ]CLI JE TJKCKB JP Y\I ÎPAC] HKM MYPH]CJK JE FIH\I

/h# ]oi ahkhbiaik} |ohff bcui rpc}}ik kj}cli }j hff ojaijrkip| hkm ~pj|~il}cui ojaijrkip|ljklipkckb }oi ejffjrckb ah}}ip|4/8# ]oi kh}ypi je }oi tjkckb jp y|i ~ipac} ykmip roclo }oi aj`cfiojai ~hpg j~iph}i|+ Ce

}oi aj`cfiojai ~hpg c| j~iph}ckb ~yp|yhk} }j h ~ipac} |y`dil} }j h pikirhf jp i~cph}cjkmh}i& }oi pifiuhk} ckejpah}cjk hkm mh}i| |ohff ì cklfymim ck }oi kj}cli+






8<

23?+03 KJ]CLI JE AJ@CFIOJAI JA@YM\AHK

]oi ahkhbiaik} |ohff ~j|} h aj`cfiojai ja`ym|ahk |cbk ~pjucmim `s }oi Mi~hp}aik} jeOjy|ckb hkm Ljaaykc}s Miuifj~aik}& h| pixycpim `s \il}cjk 8?09<+9 je }oi Oihf}o hkm \hei}sLjmi+

/Haikmim ̀ s \}h}|+ 8335& Loh~+ =>0 /\@ 893=& Lphuik#& iee+ 8*8*8332#

23?+03+5 CK\]HFFH]CJK JE HLLJAAJMH]CJK\ EJP ]OI MC\H@FIM

]oi ahkhbiaik} |ohff kj} ~pjoc`c} h ojaijrkip jp pi|cmik} epja ck|}hffckb hlljaajmh}cjk| ejp}oi mc|h`fim jk }oi ojai jp }oi |c}i& fj}& jp |~hli jk roclo }oi aj`cfiojai c| fjlh}im&cklfymckb& `y} kj} fcac}im }j& pha~| jp ohkmphcf| jk }oi jy}|cmi je }oi ojai& h| fjkb h| }oick|}hffh}cjk je }oj|i ehlcfc}ci| lja~fci| rc}o ljmi& h| mi}ipackim `s hk ikejpliaik} hbikls& hkm}oj|i ehlcfc}ci| hpi ck|}hffim ~yp|yhk} }j h ~ipac}& ce pixycpim ejp }oi ck|}hffh}cjk& c||yim `s }oiikejpliaik} hbikls+ ]oi ahkhbiaik} ahs pixycpi }oh} }oi hlljaajmh}cjk| ck|}hffim

~yp|yhk} }j }oc| |il}cjk ì piajuim `s }oi lyppik} ojaijrkip h} }oi }cai }oi aj`cfiojai c|piajuim epja }oi ~hpg jp ~yp|yhk} }j h rpc}}ik hbpiiaik} ì}riik }oi lyppik} ojaijrkip hkm}oi ahkhbiaik} ~pcjp }j }oi lja~fi}cjk je }oi pi|hfi je }oi aj`cfiojai ck ~fhli ck }oi ~hpg+]oc| |il}cjk c| kj} ilfy|cui hkm |ohff kj} ì ljk|}pyim }j ljkmc}cjk& heeil}& jp |y~ip|imi hksj}oip ~pjuc|cjk je fhr jp pibyfh}cjk pifh}ckb }j hlli||c`cfc}s jp hlljaajmh}cjk| ejp }oi mc|h`fim+

/Hmmim ̀ s \}h}|+ 0>>?& Loh~+ 82> /\@ 88>2& Ljppih#& iee+ 8*8*0>>3#

HP]CLFI <+9 ! EII\ HKM LOHPBI\

23?+<> KJ]CLI JE PIK] CKLPIH\I

]oi ahkhbiaik} |ohff bcui h ojaijrkip rpc}}ik kj}cli je hks cklpih|i ck oc| jp oip pik} h}fih|} 3> mhs| ìejpi }oi mh}i je }oi cklpih|i+

/Haikmim ̀ s \}h}|+ 833<& Loh~+ ==? /H@ ?2>& Yaìpb#& iee+ 8*8*833=#

23?+<8 HY]OJPCTIM EII\ LOHPBIM

H ojaijrkip |ohff kj} ì lohpbim h eii ejp j}oip }ohk pik}& y}cfc}ci|& hkm cklcmik}hf pih|jkh`filohpbi| ejp |ipucli| hl}yhffs pikmipim+

H ojaijrkip |ohff kj} ì lohpbim h eii ejp j`}hckckb h fih|i jk h aj`cfiojai fj} ejp /8# h}ipa je 80 ajk}o|& jp /0# h fi||ip ~ipcjm h| }oi ojaijrkip ahs pixyi|}+ H eii ahs ì lohpbim

ejp h fih|i je ajpi }ohk jki sihp ce }oi eii c| ay}yhffs hbpiim y~jk `s `j}o }oi ojaijrkip hkmahkhbiaik}+

/Haikmim ̀ s \}h}|+ 83?=& Loh~+ 50= /\@ 8=?2& Iffc|#& iee+ 8*8*83?9#

23?+<0 EII\ LOHPBIM EJP YKFC\]IM \IPUCLI\ RC]OJY] KJ]CLI

/h# H ojaijrkip |ohff kj} ̀ i lohpbim h eii ejp |ipucli| hl}yhffs pikmipim roclo hpi kj} fc|}im




8=

ck }oi pik}hf hbpiiaik} ykfi|| oi jp |oi oh| ìik bcuik rpc}}ik kj}cli }oipije `s }oiahkhbiaik}& h} fih|} 5> mhs| ìejpi ca~j|c}cjk je }oi lohpbi+

/`# ]oj|i eii| hkm lohpbi| |~ilcecim ck |y`mcuc|cjk /h# |ohff ̀ i |i~hph}ifs |}h}im jk hksajk}ofs jp j}oip ~ipcjmcl `cffckb }j }oi ojaijrkip+ Ce }oi eii jp lohpbi oh| h fcac}immyph}cjk jp c| hajp}ctim ejp h |~ilcecim ~ipcjm& }oi i~cph}cjk mh}i |ohff ì |}h}im jk }oi

ckc}chf kj}cli hkm ihlo |y`|ixyik} `cffckb }j }oi ojaijrkip rocfi }oi eii jp lohpbi c| `cffim}j }oi ojaijrkip+/Haikmim ̀ s \}h}|+ 8330& Loh~+ <<? /\@ 8<59& Fi|fci#& iee+ 8*8*833<#

23?+<< Î]\

/h# Kj fih|i hbpiiaik} ik}ipim ck}j& ajmcecim& jp pikirim jk jp he}ip Dhkyhps 8& 0>>8& |ohff~pjoc`c} h ojaijrkip epja gii~ckb h} fih|} jki ~i} rc}ock }oi ~hpg& |y`dil} }j pih|jkh`fipyfi| hkm pibyfh}cjk| je }oi ~hpg+ ]oc| |il}cjk ahs kj} ì ljk|}pyim }j heeil} hks j}oippcbo}| ~pjucmim `s fhr }j h ojaijrkip }j gii~ h ~i} rc}ock }oi ~hpg+

/`# H ojaijrkip |ohff kj} ì lohpbim h eii ejp gii~ckb h ~i} ck }oi ~hpg ykfi|| }oiahkhbiaik} hl}yhffs ~pjucmi| |~ilchf ehlcfc}ci| jp |ipucli| ejp ~i}|+ Ce |~ilchf ~i} ehlcfc}ci|hpi ahck}hckim `s }oi ahkhbiaik}& }oi eii lohpbim |ohff pih|jkh`fs pifh}i }j }oi lj|} jeahck}ikhkli je }oi ehlcfc}ci| jp |ipucli| hkm }oi kyaìp je ~i}| gi~} ck }oi ~hpg+

/l# Ejp ~yp~j|i| je }oc| |il}cjk& ‖~i}‑ aihk| hks mjai|}clh}im `cpm& lh}& mjb& hxyh}cl hkcahfgi~} rc}ock hk hxyhpcya& jp j}oip hkcahf h| hbpiim }j ì}riik }oi ahkhbiaik} hkm }oiojaijrkip+

/Haikmim ̀ s \}h}|+ 0>>>& Loh~+ 998 /H@ ?5>& ]oja|jk#& iee+ 8*8*0>>8#

23?+<= BYI\]\ HKM FCUI!CK LHPI ^PJUCMIP\

/h# H ojaijrkip |ohff kj} ì lohpbim h eii ejp h byi|} roj mji| kj} |}hs rc}o oca jp oip ejpajpi }ohk h }j}hf je 0> ljk|ily}cui mhs| jp h }j}hf je <> mhs| ck h lhfikmhp sihp+ H ~ip|jkroj c| h byi|}& h| mi|lpcìm ck }oc| |y`mcuc|cjk& |ohff kj} ì pixycpim }j pibc|}ip rc}o }oiahkhbiaik}+

/`# H ojaijrkip roj c| fcuckb hfjki hkm roj rc|oi| }j |ohpi oc| jp oip aj`cfiojai rc}o jki~ip|jk ahs mj |j& hkm h eii |ohff kj} ̀ i ca~j|im `s ahkhbiaik} ejp }oh} ~ip|jk+ ]oi~ip|jk |ohff ì ljk|cmipim h byi|} je }oi ojaijrkip hkm hks hbpiiaik} ì}riik }oiojaijrkip hkm }oi ~ip|jk |ohff kj} lohkbi }oi }ipa| hkm ljkmc}cjk| je }oi pik}hfhbpiiaik} ì}riik ahkhbiaik} hkm }oi ojaijrkip+ ]oi byi|} |ohff lja~fs rc}o }oi~pjuc|cjk| je }oi pyfi| hkm pibyfh}cjk| je }oi aj`cfiojai ~hpg+

/l# H ojaijrkip ahs |ohpi oc| jp oip aj`cfiojai rc}o hks ~ip|jk juip 8? sihp| je

hbi ce }oh} ~ip|jk c| ~pjucmckb fcui!ck oihf}o lhpi jp fcui!ck |y~~jp}cui lhpi }j }oi ojaijrkip~yp|yhk} }j h rpc}}ik }pih}aik} ~fhk ~pi~hpim ̀ s }oi ojaijrkip–| ~os|clchk+ H eii |ohff kj}ì lohpbim `s ahkhbiaik} ejp }oh} ~ip|jk+ ]oh} ~ip|jk |ohff ohui kj pcbo}| je }ikhkls ck}oi ~hpg& hkm hks hbpiiaik} ì}riik }oi ojaijrkip hkm }oi ~ip|jk |ohff kj} lohkbi }oi}ipa| hkm ljkmc}cjk| je }oi pik}hf hbpiiaik} ì}riik ahkhbiaik} hkm }oi ojaijrkip+]oh} ~ip|jk |ohff lja~fs rc}o }oi pyfi| hkm pibyfh}cjk| je }oi aj`cfiojai ~hpg+

/m# H |ikcjp ojaijrkip roj pi|cmi| ck h aj`cfiojai ~hpg }oh} oh| ca~fiaik}im pyfi| jp




89

pibyfh}cjk| fcac}ckb pi|cmikls `h|im jk hbi pixycpiaik}| ejp ojy|ckb ejp jfmip ~ip|jk|&~yp|yhk} }j \il}cjk 23?+25& ahs |ohpi oc| jp oip aj`cfiojai rc}o hks ~ip|jk juip 8?sihp| je hbi ce }oc| ~ip|jk c| h ~hpik}& |c`fckb& locfm& jp bphkmlocfm je }oi |ikcjp ojaijrkiphkm pixycpi| fcui!ck oihf}o lhpi& fcui!ck |y~~jp}cui lhpi& jp |y~ipuc|cjk ~yp|yhk} }j h rpc}}ik}pih}aik} ~fhk ~pi~hpim `s h ~os|clchk hkm |ypbijk+ Ahkhbiaik} ahs kj} lohpbi h eii

ejp }oc| ~ip|jk+ Hks hbpiiaik} ì}riik }oi |ikcjp ojaijrkip hkm }oc| ~ip|jk |ohff kj}lohkbi }oi }ipa| hkm ljkmc}cjk| je }oi pik}hf hbpiiaik} ì}riik ahkhbiaik} hkm }oi|ikcjp ojaijrkip+ Ykfi|| j}oiprc|i hbpiim y~jk& ~hpg ahkhbiaik} |ohff kj} ì pixycpim}j ahkhbi& |y~ipuc|i& jp ~pjucmi ejp }oc| ~ip|jk–| lhpi mypckb oc| jp oip |}hs ck }oiaj`cfiojai ~hpg+ ]oc| ~ip|jk |ohff ohui kj pcbo}| je }ikhkls ck }oi ~hpg& `y} |ohff lja~fsrc}o }oi pyfi| hkm pibyfh}cjk| je }oi aj`cfiojai ~hpg+ H ucjfh}cjk je }oi aj`cfiojai ~hpgpyfi| hkm pibyfh}cjk| `s }oc| ~ip|jk |ohff ì miiaim h ucjfh}cjk je }oi pyfi| hkm pibyfh}cjk|`s }oi ojaijrkip ~yp|yhk} }j |y`mcuc|cjk /m# je \il}cjk 23?+95+ H| y|im ck }oc||y`mcuc|cjk& ‖|ikcjp ojaijrkip‑ aihk| h ojaijrkip roj c| 99 sihp| je hbi jp jfmip+

/Haikmim ̀ s \}h}|+ 0>>?& Loh~+ 82> /\@ 88>2& Ljppih#& iee+ 8*8*0>>3#

23?+<9 AIA@IP\ JE CAAIMCH]I EHACFS ! KJ EII\

H ojaijrkip |ohff kj} ì lohpbim h eii `h|im jk }oi kyaìp je aiaìp| ck oc| jp oipcaaimch}i ehacfs+ H| y|im ck }oc| |il}cjk& }oi ‖caaimch}i ehacfs‑ |ohff ì fcac}im }j }oiojaijrkip& oc| jp oip |~jy|i& }oicp ~hpik}|& }oicp locfmpik& hkm }oicp bphkmlocfmpik ykmip 8?sihp| je hbi+

/Haikmim ̀ s \}h}|+ 8339& Loh~+ 0= /H@ 0?<& Ljp}i|i#& iee+ 8*8*8335#

23?+<5 IKEJPLIAIK] JE ^HPG PYFI\

/h# H ojaijrkip |ohff kj} ̀ i lohpbim h eii ejp }oi ikejpliaik} je hks je }oi pyfi| hkmpibyfh}cjk| je }oi ~hpg& ili~} h pih|jkh`fi eii ahs ì lohpbim `s ahkhbiaik} ejp }oiahck}ikhkli jp lfihky~& h| mi|lpcìm ck |y`muc|cjk /`#& je }oi fhkm hkm ~piac|i| y~jkroclo }oi aj`cfiojai c| |c}yh}im ck }oi iuik} }oi ojaijrkip ehcf| }j mj |j ck hlljpmhklirc}o }oi pyfi| hkm pibyfh}cjk| je }oi ~hpg he}ip rpc}}ik kj}ceclh}cjk }j }oi ojaijrkip hkm }oiehcfypi je }oi ojaijrkip }j lja~fs rc}ock 8= mhs|+ ]oi rpc}}ik kj}cli |ohff |}h}i }oi|~ilcecl ljkmc}cjk }j ì ljppil}im hkm hk i|}cah}i je }oi lohpbi| }j ì ca~j|im `sahkhbiaik} ce }oi |ipucli| hpi ~ipejpaim `s ahkhbiaik} jp c}| hbik}+

/`# /8# Ce ahkhbiaik} mi}ipacki|& ck bjjm ehc}o& }oh} }oi piajuhf je h ojaijrkip–| jppi|cmik}–| ~ip|jkhf ~pj~ip}s epja }oi fhkm hkm ~piac|i| y~jk roclo }oi aj`cfiojai c||c}yh}im c| kili||hps }j `pckb }oi ~piac|i| ck}j lja~fchkli rc}o }oi pih|jkh`fi pyfi|

hkm pibyfh}cjk| je }oi ~hpg jp }oi ~pjuc|cjk| je }oi Aj`cfiojai ^hpg| Hl} /^hp} 0+8/ljaaiklckb rc}o \il}cjk 8?0>># je Mcuc|cjk 8< je }oi Oihf}o hkm \hei}s Ljmi# jp ]c}fi09 je }oi Lhfcejpkch Ljmi je Pibyfh}cjk|& ahkhbiaik} ahs piajui }oi ~pj~ip}s }j hpih|jkh`fs |ilypi |}jphbi ehlcfc}s+ Ahkhbiaik} |ohff ~pjucmi rpc}}ik kj}cli je h} fih|}8= mhs| je c}| ck}ik} }j piajui }oi ~ip|jkhf ~pj~ip}s& cklfymckb h mi|lpc~}cjk je }oi~pj~ip}s }j ì piajuim+ ]oi kj}cli |ohff cklfymi }oi pyfi& pibyfh}cjk& jp ljmi dy|}cesckb}oi piajuhf hkm |ohff ~pjucmi hk i|}cah}i je }oi lohpbi| }j ì ca~j|im `s




85

ahkhbiaik}+ ]oi ~pj~ip}s }j ì piajuim |ohff kj} cklfymi }oi aj`cfiojai jp c}|h~~yp}ikhkli| jp hlli||jps |}pyl}ypi|+

/0# ]oi ojaijrkip jp pi|cmik} |ohff ì pi|~jk|c`fi ejp pica`yp|ckb }j ahkhbiaik} }oihl}yhf& pih|jkh`fi lj|}|& ce hks& je piajuckb hkm |}jpckb }oi ~pj~ip}s+ ]oi|i lj|}|cklyppim `s ahkhbiaik} ck ljppil}ckb }oi pyfi| ucjfh}cjk h||jlch}im rc}o }oi piajuhf

hkm |}jphbi je }oi ~pj~ip}s& hpi miiaim pih|jkh`fi cklcmik}hf |ipucli lohpbi| hkmahs ì ljffil}im ~yp|yhk} }j |y`mcuc|cjk /i# je \il}cjk 23?+95 ce h kj}cli jekjk~hsaik} je }oi piajuhf hkm |}jphbi eii|& h| mi|lpcìm ck ~hphbph~o /<#& c|~ip|jkhffs |ipuim jk }oi ojaijrkip+

/<# Rc}ock |iuik mhs| epja }oi mh}i }oi ~pj~ip}s c| piajuim }j h |}jphbi hpih&ahkhbiaik} |ohff ~pjucmi }oi ojaijrkip jp pi|cmik} h rpc}}ik kj}cli }oh} cklfymi| hkckuik}jps je }oi ~pj~ip}s piajuim& }oi fjlh}cjk roipi }oi ~pj~ip}s ahs ì lfhcaim& hkmkj}cli }oh} }oi lj|} je piajuhf hkm |}jphbi |ohff ì ~hcm `s }oi pi|cmik} jp ojaijrkip+Ce& rc}ock 5> mhs|& }oi ojaijrkip jp pi|cmik} mji| kj} lfhca }oi ~pj~ip}s& }oi ~pj~ip}s|ohff ì miiaim }j ì h`hkmjkim& hkm ahkhbiaik} ahs mc|~j|i je }oi ~pj~ip}s ckhks ahkkip+ ]oi ojaijrkip–| jp pi|cmik}–| fch`cfc}s ejp |}jphbi lohpbi| |ohff kj}

iliim 5> mhs|+ Ce }oi ojaijrkip jp pi|cmik} lfhca| }oi ~pj~ip}s& `y} oh| kj}pica`yp|im ahkhbiaik} ejp |}jphbi lj|}|& ahkhbiaik} ahs `cff }oj|i lj|}| ck hajk}ofs |}h}iaik} roclo |ohff ljk|}c}y}i kj}cli je kjk~hsaik}& hkm }oi lj|}| |ohffìljai }oi j`fcbh}cjk je }oi ojaijrkip jp pi|cmik}+ Ce h pi|cmik} jp ojaijrkipljaaykclh}i| ck rpc}ckb oc| jp oip ck}ik} }j h`hkmjk }oi ~pj~ip}s ìejpi 5> mhs| oh|i~cpim& ahkhbiaik} ahs mc|~j|i je }oi ~pj~ip}s caaimch}ifs hkm kj eyp}oip |}jphbilohpbi| |ohff hllpyi+

/=# Ce ahkhbiaik} ifil}| }j mc|~j|i je }oi ~pj~ip}s `s rhs je |hfi jp hyl}cjk& hkm }oieykm| pilicuim epja }oi |hfi jp hyl}cjk iliim }oi hajyk} jrim }j ahkhbiaik}&ahkhbiaik} |ohff pieykm }oi mceeipikli }j }oi ojaijrkip jp pi|cmik} rc}ock 89 mhs|epja }oi mh}i je ahkhbiaik}–| pilic~} je }oi eykm| epja }oi |hfi jp hyl}cjk+ ]oi

pieykm |ohff ì mifcuipim }j }oi ojaijrkip jp pi|cmik} `s ecp|}!lfh|| ahcf ~j|}hbi~pi~hcm }j oc| jp oip hmmpi|| ck }oi ~hpg& jp `s ~ip|jkhf mifcuips& hkm |ohff cklfymi hkhlljyk}ckb |~ilcesckb }oi lj|}| je piajuhf hkm |}jphbi je }oi ~pj~ip}s cklyppim `sahkhbiaik} ck ljppil}ckb }oi pyfi| ucjfh}cjk hkm }oi hajyk} je ~pjliim| pihfctim epjahks |hfi jp hyl}cjk+ Ce h |hfi jp hyl}cjk je }oi ~pj~ip}s scifm| fi|| }ohk }oi lj|}|cklyppim `s ahkhbiaik}& }oi ojaijrkip jp pi|cmik} |ohff ì pi|~jk|c`fi ejp }oimceeipikli& hkm }oc| hajyk} |ohff ì miiaim h pih|jkh`fi cklcmik}hf |ipucli lohpbi hkmahs ì ljffil}im ~yp|yhk} }j |y`mcuc|cjk /i# je \il}cjk 23?+95 ce h kj}cli jekjk~hsaik} je }oi piajuhf hkm |}jphbi eii|& h| mi|lpcìm ck ~hphbph~o /<#& c|~ip|jkhffs |ipuim jk }oi ojaijrkip+ Ce ahkhbiaik} ifil}| }j ~pjliim ykmip }oc||il}cjk& c} ahs kj} hf|j }ipackh}i }oi }ikhkls ~yp|yhk} }j |y`mcuc|cjk /m# je \il}cjk

23?+95 `h|im y~jk }oi |~ilcecl ucjfh}cjk| pifcim y~jk }j ~pjliim ykmip }oc| |il}cjk+ Ckhks ~pjliimckb ykmip }oc| |il}cjk& ahkhbiaik} |ohff ìhp }oi `ypmik je ~pjje }oh}ikejpliaik} rh| ykmip}hgik ck h kjkmc|lpcackh}jps& kjk|ifil}cui eh|ocjk+

/Haikmim ̀ s \}h}|+ 0>>9& Loh~+ 0= /\@ 809& My}}jk#& iee+ 8*8*0>>5#






8?

/b# Hks aj`cfiojai ~hpg pyfi jp pibyfh}cjk |ohff ̀ i ck lja~fchkli rc}o }oc| |il}cjk+/Hmmim ̀ s \}h}|+ 0>>>& Loh~+ =0< /H@ ?50& Ljppih#& iee+ 8*8*0>>8#

23?+<? KJ FCIK*\ILYPC]S CK]IPI\] I_LI^] @S AY]YHF HBPIIAIK]

]oi ahkhbiaik} |ohff kj} hlxycpi h fcik jp |ilypc}s ck}ipi|}& j}oip }ohk hk ck}ipi|} hpc|ckb `spih|jk je ~pjli|| c||yim }j ikejpli h dymbaik} je hks ljyp}& ck h aj`cfiojai fjlh}im ck }oi~hpg ykfi|| c} c| ay}yhffs hbpiim y~jk `s `j}o }oi ojaijrkip hkm ahkhbiaik}+ Hks `cffckbhkm ~hsaik} y~jk }oi j`fcbh}cjk |ohff ì gi~} |i~hph}i epja lyppik} pik}+

/Haikmim ̀ s \}h}|+ 0>>3& Loh~+ 99? /\@ 888& Ljppih#& iee+ 8*8*0>8>#

23?+<3 \ILYPC]S MI^J\C]\

/h# ]oi ahkhbiaik} ahs jkfs miahkm h |ilypc}s mi~j|c} jk jp ̀ iejpi ckc}chf jlly~hkls hkm}oi |ilypc}s mi~j|c} ahs kj} ì ck hk hajyk} jp uhfyi ck ili|| je hk hajyk} ixyhf }j }rj

ajk}o|– pik} }oh} c| lohpbim h} }oi ckli~}cjk je }oi jlly~hkls& ck hmmc}cjk }j hks pik} ejp }oiecp|} ajk}o+ Ck kj iuik} |ohff hmmc}cjkhf |ilypc}s mi~j|c}| ì miahkmim je h ojaijrkipejffjrckb }oi ckc}chf jlly~hkls+

/`# H| }j hff |ilypc}s mi~j|c}| ljffil}im jk jp he}ip Dhkyhps 8& 83?3& he}ip }oi ojaijrkip oh|~pja~}fs ~hcm }j }oi ahkhbiaik}& rc}ock ecui mhs| je }oi mh}i }oi hajyk} c| myi& hff je }oipik}& y}cfc}ci|& hkm pih|jkh`fi |ipucli lohpbi| ejp hks 80!ljk|ily}cui!ajk}o ~ipcjm|y`|ixyik} }j }oi ljffil}cjk je }oi |ilypc}s mi~j|c} `s ahkhbiaik}& jp y~jk pi|hfi je }oiaj`cfiojai& rocloiuip jllyp| ihpfcip& ahkhbiaik} |ohff& y~jk }oi pilic~} je h rpc}}ikpixyi|} epja }oi ojaijrkip& pieykm }j }oi ojaijrkip }oi hajyk} je }oi |ilypc}s mi~j|c}rc}ock <> mhs| ejffjrckb }oi ikm je }oi 80!ljk|ily}cui!ajk}o!~ipcjm je }oi ~pja~} ~hsaik}jp }oi mh}i je }oi pi|hfi je }oi aj`cfiojai+

/l# H| }j hff |ilypc}s mi~j|c}| ljffil}im ~pcjp }j Dhkyhps 8& 83?3& y~jk }oi i}ik|cjk jppikirhf je }oi pik}hf hbpiiaik} jp fih|i ì}riik }oi ojaijrkip hkm }oi ahkhbiaik}&hkm y~jk }oi pilic~} je h rpc}}ik pixyi|} epja }oi ojaijrkip& ce }oi ojaijrkip oh|~pja~}fs ~hcm }j }oi ahkhbiaik}& rc}ock ecui mhs| je }oi mh}i }oi hajyk} c| myi& hff je }oipik}& y}cfc}ci|& hkm pih|jkh`fi |ipucli lohpbi| ejp }oi 80!ljk|ily}cui!ajk}o ~ipcjm~pilimckb }oi pilic~} je }oi rpc}}ik pixyi|}& }oi ahkhbiaik} |ohff pieykm }j }oi ojaijrkip}oi hajyk} je }oi |ilypc}s mi~j|c} rc}ock 5> mhs|+

/m# H| }j hff |ilypc}s mi~j|c}| ljffil}im ~pcjp }j Dhkyhps 8& 83?3& hkm kj} mc|`yp|im ~yp|yhk} }j|y`mcuc|cjk /l#& ck }oi iuik} }oh} }oi aj`cfiojai ~hpg c| |jfm jp }phk|eippim }j hks j}oip~hp}s jp ik}c}s& }oi |iffckb ~hpg jrkip |ohff mi~j|c} ck i|lpjr hk hajyk} ixyhf }j hff |ilypc}smi~j|c}| }oh} }oi ~hpg jrkip ojfm|+ ]oi |iffip–| i|lpjr ck|}pyl}cjk| |ohff mcpil} }oh}& y~jk

lfj|i je i|lpjr& }oi |ilypc}s mi~j|c}| }oipick }oh} ripi oifm `s }oi |iffckb ~hpg jrkip/cklfymckb }oi ~ipcjm ck i|lpjr# ejp 80 ajk}o| jp ajpi& |ohff ì mc|`yp|im }j }oi ~ip|jk|roj ~hcm }oi mi~j|c}| }j }oi |iffckb ~hpg jrkip hkm ~pja~}fs ~hcm& rc}ock ecui mhs| je }oimh}i }oi hajyk} c| myi& hff pik}& y}cfc}ci|& hkm pih|jkh`fi |ipucli lohpbi| ejp }oi 80!ajk}o~ipcjm ~pilimckb }oi lfj|i je i|lpjr+

/i# Hks hkm hff |ilypc}s mi~j|c}| ck i|lpjr }oh} ripi oifm `s }oi |iffckb ~hpg jrkip }oh} hpikj} pixycpim }j ì mc|`yp|im ~yp|yhk} }j |y`mcuc|cjk /`#& /l#& jp /m# |ohff ì mc|`yp|im }j }oi|ylli||jp| ck ck}ipi|} }j }oi |iffckb jp }phk|eippckb ~hpg jrkip& roj |ohff ohui }oi |hai




83

j`fcbh}cjk| je }oi ~hpg–| ahkhbiaik} hkm jrkip|oc~ |~ilcecim ck }oc| |il}cjk rc}o pi|~il} }j|ilypc}s mi~j|c}|+ ]oi mc|`yp|hf ahs ì ahmi ck i|lpjr `s h mi`c} hbhck|} }oi |iffckb ~hpgjrkip hkm h lpimc} }j }oi |ylli||jp| ck ck}ipi|} }j }oi |iffckb ~hpg jrkip+

/e# ]oi ahkhbiaik} |ohff kj} ̀ i pixycpim }j ~fhli hks |ilypc}s mi~j|c} ljffil}im ck hkck}ipi|}!ìhpckb hlljyk} jp }j ~pjucmi h ojaijrkip rc}o hks ck}ipi|} jk }oi |ilypc}s mi~j|c}

ljffil}im+/b# Kj}ockb ck }oc| |il}cjk |ohff heeil} }oi uhfcmc}s je }c}fi }j pihf ~pj~ip}s }phk|eippim ck ucjfh}cjkje }oc| |il}cjk+

/Haikmim ̀ s \}h}|+ 0>>8& Loh~ 898 /H@ 08>& Ljpì}}#& iee+ 8*8*0>>0#

23?+<3+9 ECKI\ HKM EJPECI]YPI\ KJ] LOHPBIH@FI

/h# ]oi ahkhbiaik} |ohff kj} lohpbi jp ca~j|i y~jk h ojaijrkip hks eii jp cklpih|ick pik} roclo piefil}| }oi lj|} }j }oi ahkhbiaik} je hks ecki& ejpeic}ypi& ~ikhf}s& ajkismhahbi|& jp eii h||i||im jp hrhpmim `s h ljyp} je fhr hbhck|} }oi ahkhbiaik} ejp h

ucjfh}cjk je }oc| loh~}ip& cklfymckb hks h}}jpkis–| eii| hkm lj|}| cklyppim `s }oiahkhbiaik} ck ljkkil}cjk }oipirc}o+/`# H ljyp} |ohff ljk|cmip }oi piaj}iki|| ck }cai je }oi h||i||aik} jp hrhpm hbhck|}

}oi ahkhbiaik} je hks ecki& ejpeic}ypi& ~ikhf}s& ajkis mhahbi|& jp eii ck mi}ipackckbroi}oip }oi ojaijrkip oh| ai} }oi `ypmik je ~pjje }oh} }oi eii jp cklpih|i ck pik} c| ckucjfh}cjk je }oc| |il}cjk+

/l# Hks ~pjuc|cjk ck h pik}hf hbpiiaik} ik}ipim ck}j& pikirim& jp ajmcecim jk jp he}ipDhkyhps 8& 8339& }oh} ~ipac}| h eii jp cklpih|i ck pik} }oh} piefil}| }oi lj|} }j }oiahkhbiaik} je hks ajkis mhahbi| hrhpmim hbhck|} }oi ahkhbiaik} ejp h ucjfh}cjk je}oc| loh~}ip |ohff ì ujcm+


HP]CLFI = “ Y]CFC]CI\

23?+=> Y]CFC]S \IPUCLI @CFFCKB7 PH]I \LOIMYFI

/h# Roipi }oi ahkhbiaik} ~pjucmi| ̀ j}o ah|}ip!ai}ip hkm |yài}ip |ipucli je y}cfc}ci| }jh ojaijrkip& ejp ihlo `cffckb ~ipcjm }oi lj|} je }oi lohpbi| ejp }oi ~ipcjm |ohff ì|i~hph}ifs |}h}im hfjkb rc}o }oi j~ikckb hkm lfj|ckb pihmckb| ejp oc| jp oip ai}ip+ ]oiahkhbiaik} |ohff ~j|} ck h ljk|~clyjy| ~fhli& }oi ~piuhcfckb pi|cmik}chf y}cfc}ci| ph}i|loimyfi h| ~y`fc|oim `s }oi |ipuckb y}cfc}s+

/`# Ce h }ocpm!~hp}s `cffckb hbik} jp lja~hks ~pi~hpi| y}cfc}s `cffckb ejp }oi ~hpg& }oiahkhbiaik} |ohff mc|lfj|i jk ihlo pi|cmik}| `cffckb& }oi khai& hmmpi||& hkm }ifi~ojkikyaìp je }oi `cffckb hbik} jp lja~hks+


23?+=8 Y]CFC]CI\ \I^HPH]IFS @CFFIM ! PIMYLIM EPJA PIK]

/h# Roipi h pik}hf hbpiiaik}& cklfymckb h pik}hf hbpiiaik} |~ilcecim ck \il}cjk 23?+82& mji|




0>

kj} |~ilceclhffs ~pjucmi j}oiprc|i& }oi ~hpg ahkhbiaik} ahs ifil} }j `cff h ojaijrkip|i~hph}ifs ejp y}cfc}s |ipucli eii| hkm lohpbi| h||i||im `s }oi y}cfc}s ejp |ipucli| ~pjucmim }jjp ejp |~hli| ck }oi ~hpg+ Hks |i~hph}ifs `cffim y}cfc}s eii| hkm lohpbi| |ohff kj} ì miiaim}j ì cklfymim ck }oi pik} lohpbim ejp }oj|i |~hli| ykmip }oi pik}hf hbpiiaik}& hkm |ohffkj} ì miiaim }j ì pik} jp h pik} cklpih|i ejp ~yp~j|i| je hks jpmckhkli& pyfi& pibyfh}cjk&

jp ckc}ch}cui aih|ypi hmj~}im jp ikejplim `s hks fjlhf bjuipkaik}hf ik}c}s roclo i|}h`fc|oi|h ahcaya hajyk} }oh} h fhkmfjpm ahs lohpbi h }ikhk} ejp pik}& ~pjucmim }oh} h} }oi }cai je}oi ckc}chf |i~hph}i `cffckb je hks y}cfc}s eii| hkm lohpbi| }oi pik} lohpbih`fi ykmip }oi pik}hfhbpiiaik} jp }oi `h|i pik} lohpbih`fi ykmip }oi }ipa| je h fjlhf pik} ljk}pjf ~pjuc|cjk c||cayf}hkijy|fs pimylim `s hk hajyk} ixyhf }j }oi eii| hkm lohpbi| |i~hph}ifs `cffim+ ]oihajyk} je }oc| pimyl}cjk |ohff ì ixyhf }j }oi huiphbi hajyk} lohpbim }j }oi ~hpgahkhbiaik} ejp }oh} y}cfc}s |ipucli ejp }oh} |~hli mypckb }oi 80 ajk}o| caaimch}ifs~pilimckb kj}cli je }oi ljaaikliaik} je }oi |i~hph}i `cffckb ejp }oh} y}cfc}s |ipucli+

Y}cfc}s |ipucli| }j roclo }oc| |il}cjk h~~fci| hpi kh}yphf bh| jp fcxycm ~pj~hki bh|&ifil}pclc}s& rh}ip& lh`fi }ifiuc|cjk& bhp`hbi jp piey|i |ipucli& hkm |irip |ipucli+

/`# ]oc| |il}cjk mji| kj} h~~fs }j pik}hf hbpiiaik}| ik}ipim ck}j ~pcjp }j Dhkyhps 8& 8338&

yk}cf i}ikmim jp pikirim jk jp he}ip }oh} mh}i+/l# Kj}ockb ck }oc| |il}cjk |ohff pixycpi pik}hf hbpiiaik}| }j ~pjucmi ejp |i~hph}i `cffckb }jojaijrkip| je eii| hkm lohpbi| |~ilcecim ck |y`mcuc|cjk /h#+

/m# ]oj|i eii| hkm lohpbi| |~ilcecim ck |y`mcuc|cjk /h# |ohff ̀ i |i~hph}ifs |}h}im jk hksajk}ofs jp j}oip ~ipcjmcl `cffckb }j }oi ojaijrkip+ Ce }oi eii jp lohpbi oh| h fcac}immyph}cjk jp c| hajp}ctim ejp h |~ilcecim ~ipcjm& }oi i~cph}cjk mh}i |ohff ì |}h}im jk }oickc}chf kj}cli hkm ihlo |y`|ixyik} `cffckb }j }oi ojaijrkip rocfi }oi eii jp lohpbi c| `cffim}j }oi ojaijrkip+

/Haikmim ̀ s \}h}|+ 8330& Loh~+ <<? /\@ 8<59& Fi|fci#& iee+ 8*8*833<#

23?+=0 KJ]CLI JE Y]CFC]S CK]IPPY^]CJK

]oi ahkhbiaik} |ohff ~pjucmi& `s ~j|}ckb kj}cli jk }oi aj`cfiojai| je hff heeil}imojaijrkip| hkm pi|cmik}|& h} fih|} 20 ojyp|– rpc}}ik hmuhkli kj}cli je hk ck}ippy~}cjk ck y}cfc}s|ipucli je ajpi }ohk }rj ojyp| ejp }oi ahck}ikhkli& pi~hcp& jp pi~fhliaik} je ehlcfc}ci| je y}cfc}s|s|}ia| juip roclo }oi ahkhbiaik} oh| ljk}pjf rc}ock }oi ~hpg& ~pjucmim }oh} }oi ck}ippy~}cjk c|kj} myi }j hk iaipbikls+ ]oi ahkhbiaik} |ohff ì fch`fi jkfs ejp hl}yhf mhahbi| |y|}hckim`s h ojaijrkip jp pi|cmik} ejp ucjfh}cjk je }oc| |il}cjk+

‖Iaipbikls&‑ ejp ~yp~j|i| je }oc| |il}cjk& aihk| }oi ck}ippy~}cjk je y}cfc}s |ipucli pi|yf}ckbepja hk hllcmik} jp hl} je kh}ypi& jp li||h}cjk je |ipucli lhy|im `s j}oip }ohk }oiahkhbiaik}–| pibyfhp jp ~fhkkim ahck}ikhkli& pi~hcp& jp pi~fhliaik} je y}cfc}s ehlcfc}ci|+


23?+=< MC\LFJ\YPI JE LJAAJK HPIH Y]CFC]S LOHPBI\

/h# Ili~} h| ~pjucmim ck |y`mcuc|cjk /`#& roikiuip h ojaijrkip c| pi|~jk|c`fi ejp ~hsaik}je bh|& rh}ip& jp ifil}pcl y}cfc}s |ipucli& ahkhbiaik} |ohff mc|lfj|i }j }oi ojaijrkip hksljkmc}cjk `s roclo h bh|& rh}ip& jp ifil}pcl ai}ip jk }oi ojaijrkip–| |c}i aih|ypi| bh|&




08

rh}ip& jp ifil}pcl |ipucli ejp ljaajk hpih ehlcfc}ci| jp ixyc~aik}& cklfymckb fcbo}ckb&~pjucmim }oh} ahkhbiaik} oh| gkjrfimbi je }oi ljkmc}cjk+

Ahkhbiaik} |ohff mc|lfj|i }oc| ckejpah}cjk ~pcjp }j }oi ckli~}cjk je }oi }ikhkls jp y~jkmc|ljuips hkm |ohff lja~fi}i ic}oip je }oi ejffjrckb4/8# Ik}ip ck}j h ay}yhf rpc}}ik hbpiiaik} rc}o }oi ojaijrkip ejp lja~ik|h}cjk `s

ahkhbiaik} ejp }oi lj|} je }oi ~jp}cjk je }oi |ipucli aih|ypim `s }oi ojaijrkip–|ai}ip ejp }oi ljaajk hpih ehlcfc}ci| jp ixyc~aik} }j }oi i}ik} }oh} }oc| lj|} hllpyi| jkjp he}ip Dhkyhps 8& 8338+

/0# Mc|ljk}ckyi y|ckb }oi ai}ip jk }oi ojaijrkip–| |c}i ejp }oi y}cfc}s |ipucli }j }oiljaajk hpih ehlcfc}ci| hkm ixyc~aik}+

/`# Jk jp he}ip Dhkyhps 8& 833=& ce }oi ifil}pcl ai}ip jk }oi ojaijrkip–| |c}i aih|ypi|ifil}pclc}s ejp fcbo}ckb ahkmh}im `s \il}cjk 8?5>0 je }oi Oihf}o hkm \hei}s Ljmi hkm }oc|fcbo}ckb ~pjucmi| fcbo}ckb ejp }oi ojaijrkip–| |c}i& ahkhbiaik} |ohff ì pixycpim }j lja~fsrc}o |y`mcuc|cjk /h#+

/Haikmim ̀ s \}h}|+ 833<& Loh~+ 8=2 /H@ 88=>& I~~fi#& iee+ 8*8*833=#

23?+=<+8 LHFCEJPKCH HF]IPKH]I PH]I\ EJP IKIPBS ^PJBPHA /LHPI#

/h# ]oi ahkhbiaik} je h ah|}ip!ai}ip ~hpg |ohff bcui rpc}}ik kj}cli }j ojaijrkip| hkmpi|cmik}| jk jp ìejpi Ei`pyhps 8 je ihlo sihp ck }oicp y}cfc}s `cffckb |}h}iaik}| h`jy}h||c|}hkli }j fjr!ckljai ~ip|jk| ejp y}cfc}s lj|}| huhcfh`fi ykmip }oi Lhfcejpkch Hf}ipkh}iPh}i| ejp Ikipbs /LHPI# ~pjbpha& i|}h`fc|oim ~yp|yhk} }j \il}cjk 2<3+8 je }oi ^y`fclY}cfc}ci| Ljmi+ ]oi kj}cli |ohff cklfymi LHPI ckejpah}cjk huhcfh`fi }j ah|}ip!ai}iply|}jaip| epja }oicp |ipuckb y}cfc}s& }j cklfymi& h} h ackcaya4 /8# }oi ehl} }oh} LHPI jeeip| hmc|ljyk} jk ajk}ofs bh| jp ifil}pcl `cff| ejp xyhfcesckb fjr!ckljai pi|cmik}|7 hkm /0# }oi}ifi~ojki kyaìp je }oi |ipuckb y}cfc}s roclo ~pjucmi| LHPI ckejpah}cjk hkm h~~fclh}cjk|+]oi ~hpg |ohff hf|j ~j|} }oi kj}cli ck h ljk|~clyjy| ~fhli ck }oi lfyòjy|i& jp ce }oipi c| kjlfyòjy|i& ck h ljk|~clyjy| ~y`fcl ~fhli ck }oi ~hpg+

/`# ]oi ahkhbiaik} je h ah|}ip!ai}ip ~hpg ahs hlli~} hkm oif~ ~pjli|| LHPI ~pjbphah~~fclh}cjk| epja ojaijrkip| hkm pi|cmik}| ck }oi ~hpg& ecff ck }oi kili||hps hlljyk} jpj}oip ~hpg ckejpah}cjk pixycpim `s }oi |ipuckb y}cfc}s }j ~pjli|| }oi h~~fclh}cjk|& hkm |ikm}oi h~~fclh}cjk| }j }oi |ipuckb y}cfc}s+ ]oi ahkhbiaik} |ohff kj} miks h ojaijrkip jppi|cmik} roj lojj|i| }j |yàc} h LHPI h~~fclh}cjk }j }oi y}cfc}s oca|ife jp oip|ife hks ~hpgckejpah}cjk& cklfymckb h y}cfc}s hlljyk} kyaìp& }oi |ipuckb y}cfc}s pixycpi| }j ~pjli|| hojaijrkip jp pi|cmik} LHPI ~pjbpha h~~fclh}cjk+

/l# ]oi ahkhbiaik} je h ah|}ip!ai}ip ~hpg |ohff ~h|| }opjybo }oi eyff hajyk} je }oi LHPI~pjbpha mc|ljyk} ck ajk}ofs y}cfc}s `cffckb| }j ojaijrkip| hkm pi|cmik}| roj ohui xyhfcecimejp }oi LHPI ph}i |loimyfi& h| mieckim ck }oi |ipuckb y}cfc}s–| h~~fclh`fi ph}i |loimyfi+ ]oiahkhbiaik} |ohff kj}cli }oi mc|ljyk} jk }oi `cffckb |}h}iaik} je hks ojaijrkip jp pi|cmik}roj oh| xyhfcecim ejp }oi LHPI ph}i |loimyfi h| ic}oip }oi c}iactim hajyk} je }oi mc|ljyk}jp h kj}h}cjk jk }oi |}h}iaik} }oh} }oi ojaijrkip jp pi|cmik} c| pilicuckb }oi LHPImc|ljyk} jk }oi ifil}pcl `cff& }oi bh| `cff& jp `j}o }oi ifil}pcl hkm bh| `cff|+

/m# ‟‟Ah|}ip!ai}ip ~hpg–– h| y|im ck }oc| |il}cjk aihk| ‟‟ah|}ip!ai}ip ly|}jaip–– h| y|im ck\il}cjk 2<3+9 je }oi ^y`fcl Y}cfc}ci| Ljmi+

/Haikmim ̀ s \}h}|+ 0>>8& Loh~+ =<2 /\@ 30>& Mykk#& iee+ 8*8*0>>0#




00

23?+== FCXYIECIM Î]PJFIYA BH\ \HFI\

/h# ]oi ahkhbiaik} je h ~hpg }oh} mji| kj} ~ipac} aj`cfiojai jrkip| jp ~hpg pi|cmik}| }j~yploh|i fcxyiecim ~i}pjfiya bh| ejp y|i ck }oi aj`cfiojai ~hpg epja |jaijki j}oip }ohk}oi aj`cfiojai ~hpg ahkhbiaik} |ohff kj} |iff fcxyiecim ~i}pjfiya bh| }j aj`cfiojai

jrkip| hkm pi|cmik}| rc}ock }oi ~hpg h} h lj|} roclo iliim| 88> ~iplik} je }oi hl}yhf ~pcli~hcm `s }oi ahkhbiaik} je }oi ~hpg ejp fcxyiecim ~i}pjfiya bh|+/`# ]oi ahkhbiaik} je h ~hpg |ohff ~j|} ck h uc|c`fi fjlh}cjk }oi hl}yhf ~pcli ~hcm `s

ahkhbiaik} ejp fcxyiecim ~i}pjfiya bh| |jfm ~yp|yhk} }j |y`mcuc|cjk /h#+/l# ]oc| |il}cjk |ohff h~~fs jkfs }j aj`cfiojai ~hpg| pibyfh}im ykmip }oi Aj`cfiojai

Pi|cmikls Fhr+ ]oc| |il}cjk |ohff kj} h~~fs }j pilpih}cjkhf uioclfi ~hpg|& h| mieckim ck\il}cjk 8?089 je }oi Oihf}o hkm \hei}s Ljmi& roclo ilfy|cuifs |ipui pilpih}cjkhf uioclfi|&h| mieckim ck \il}cjk 8?>8> je }oi Oihf}o hkm \hei}s Ljmi+

/m# Kj}ockb ck }oc| |il}cjk c| ck}ikmim }j h`pjbh}i hks pcbo}| h aj`cfiojai ~hpg jrkip ahsohui ykmip \il}cjk 23?+<8 je }oi Lcucf Ljmi+

/i# Ck hmmc}cjk }j h aj`cfiojai ~hpg mi|lpcìm ck |y`mcuc|cjk /h#& }oi pixycpiaik}| je

|y`mcuc|cjk| /h# hkm /`# |ohff h~~fs }j h aj`cfiojai ~hpg roipi pixycpiaik}| je eimiphf&|}h}i& jp fjlhf fhr jp pibyfh}cjk& cklfymckb& `y} kj} fcac}im }j& pixycpiaik}| ejp |i}`hlg|ì}riik aj`cfiojai|& ~pjoc`c} ojaijrkip| jp pi|cmik}| epja ck|}hffckb }oicp jrk fcxyiecim~i}pjfiya bh| |y~~fs }hkg|& kj}rc}o|}hkmckb }oh} }oi ahkhbiaik} je }oi aj`cfiojai ~hpg~ipac}| aj`cfiojai jrkip| hkm ~hpg pi|cmik}| }j `ys }oicp jrk fcxyiecim ~i}pjfiya bh|+


HP]CLFI =+9 ! PIK] LJK]PJF

23?+=9 KIR LJK\]PYL]CJK I_IA^]

Kj} rc}o|}hkmckb \il}cjk 23?+82& ‖kir ljk|}pyl}cjk‑ h| mieckim ck \il}cjk 23?+2& |ohff ìiia~} epja hks jpmckhkli& pyfi& pibyfh}cjk& jp ckc}ch}cui aih|ypi hmj~}im `s hks lc}s& ljyk}s& jplc}s hkm ljyk}s& roclo i|}h`fc|oi| h ahcaya hajyk} }oh} h fhkmfjpm ahs lohpbi h }ikhk} ejppik}+

/Hmmim ̀ s \}h}|+ 83?3& Loh~+ =80 /\@ 80=8& Fijkhpm#& iee+ 8*8*833>#

23?+=3 BJUIPKAIK] EII\ HKM H\\I\\AIK]\ ]OH] HPI I_IA^]

/h# Ili~} h| ~pjucmim ck |y`mcuc|cjk /m#& }oi fjlhf hbikls je hks lc}s& cklfymckb h lohp}ip lc}s&ljyk}s& jp lc}s hkm ljyk}s& roclo hmackc|}ip| hk jpmckhkli& pyfi& pibyfh}cjk& jp ckc}ch}cui

aih|ypi }oh} i|}h`fc|oi| h ahcaya hajyk} }oh} ahkhbiaik} ahs lohpbi h }ikhk} ejppik} |ohff ~ipac} }oi ahkhbiaik} }j |i~hph}ifs lohpbi h ojaijrkip ejp hks je }oiejffjrckb4/8# ]oi hajyk} je hks eii& h||i||aik} jp j}oip lohpbi ecp|} ca~j|im `s h lc}s& cklfymckb h

lohp}ip lc}s& h ljyk}s& jp h lc}s hkm ljyk}s& }oi |}h}i& jp }oi eimiphf bjuipkaik} jk jphe}ip Dhkyhps 8& 8339& y~jk }oi |~hli pik}im `s }oi ojaijrkip+

/0# ]oi hajyk} je hks cklpih|i jk jp he}ip Dhkyhps 8& 8339& ck hk ic|}ckb eii&




0<

h||i||aik} jp j}oip lohpbi ca~j|im `s hks bjuipkaik}hf ik}c}s y~jk }oi |~hli pik}im`s }oi ojaijrkip+

/<# ]oi hajyk} je hks eii& h||i||aik} jp j}oip lohpbi y~jk }oi |~hli ecp|} ca~j|im jpcklpih|im jk jp he}ip Dhkyhps 8& 833<& ~yp|yhk} }j hks |}h}i jp fjlhffs ahkmh}im~pjbpha pifh}ckb }j ojy|ckb ljk}hckim ck }oi Oihf}o hkm \hei}s Ljmi+

/`# Ce ahkhbiaik} oh| lohpbim }oi ojaijrkip ejp h eii& h||i||aik}& jp j}oip lohpbi|~ilcecim ck |y`mcuc|cjk /h# }oh} rh| cklpih|im jp ecp|} ca~j|im jk jp he}ip Dhkyhps 8& 833<&hkm }oi eii& h||i||aik}& jp j}oip lohpbi c| milpih|im jp ifcackh}im }oipihe}ip& }oi lohpbi}j }oi ojaijrkip |ohff ì milpih|im jp ifcackh}im hlljpmckbfs+

/l# ]oi hajyk} je }oi eii& h||i||aik} jp j}oip lohpbi| hy}ojpctim `s |y`mcuc|cjk /h# |ohff ì|i~hph}ifs |}h}im jk hks `cffckb }j }oi ojaijrkip+ Hks lohkbi ck }oi hajyk} je }oi eii&h||i||aik}& jp j}oip lohpbi| }oh} hpi |i~hph}ifs `cffim ~yp|yhk} }j |y`mcuc|cjk /h# |ohff ìljk|cmipim roik mi}ipackckb hks pik}hf hmdy|}aik} ykmip }oi fjlhf jpmckhkli+

/m# ]oc| |il}cjk |ohff kj} h~~fs }j hks je }oi ejffjrckb4/8# ]oj|i eii|& h||i||aik}|& jp lohpbi| ca~j|im ~yp|yhk} }j }oi Aj`cfiojai ^hpg| Hl}

/^hp} 0+8 /ljaaiklckb rc}o \il}cjk 8?0>># je Mcuc|cjk 8< je }oi Oihf}o hkm \hei}s

Ljmi#& ykfi|| |~ilceclhffs hy}ojpctim `s \il}cjk 8?9>0 je }oi Oihf}o hkm \hei}s Ljmi+/0# ]oj|i lj|}| }oh} hpi ca~j|im jk ahkhbiaik} `s h ljyp} ~yp|yhk} }j \il}cjk 23?+=0+/<# Hks eii jp j}oip ihl}cjk ca~j|im y~jk ahkhbiaik} ejp }oi |~ilcecl ~yp~j|i je

miephsckb }oi lj|} je hmackc|}ph}cjk je hks jpmckhkli& pyfi& pibyfh}cjk& jp ckc}ch}cuiaih|ypi }oh} i|}h`fc|oi| h ahcaya hajyk} }oh} ahkhbiaik} ahs lohpbi h }ikhk}ejp pik}+

/=# Hks }h ca~j|im y~jk }oi ~pj~ip}s `s h lc}s& cklfymckb h lohp}ip lc}s& ljyk}s& jp lc}shkm ljyk}s+

/i# ]oj|i eii| hkm lohpbi| |~ilcecim ck |y`mcuc|cjk /h# |ohff ̀ i |i~hph}ifs |}h}im jk hksajk}ofs jp j}oip ~ipcjmcl `cffckb }j }oi ojaijrkip+ Ce }oi eii jp lohpbi oh| h fcac}immyph}cjk jp c| hajp}ctim ejp h |~ilcecim ~ipcjm& }oi i~cph}cjk mh}i |ohff ì |}h}im jk }oi

ckc}chf kj}cli hkm ihlo |y`|ixyik} `cffckb }j }oi ojaijrkip rocfi }oi eii jp lohpbi c| `cffim}j }oi ojaijrkip+/Haikmim ̀ s \}h}|+ 833=& Loh~+ <=> /\@ 898>& Firc|#& iee+ 8*8*8339#

HP]CLFI 9 ! OJAIJRKIP LJAAYKCLH]CJK\ HKM AII]CKB\

23?+9> FIBC\FH]CUI CK]IK]

C} c| }oi ck}ik} je }oi Fibc|fh}ypi ck ikhl}ckb }oc| hp}clfi }j ik|ypi }oh} ojaijrkip| hkm pi|cmik}|je aj`cfiojai ~hpg| ohui }oi pcbo} }j ~ihlieyffs h||ia`fi hkm epiifs ljaaykclh}i rc}o jkihkj}oip hkm rc}o j}oip| rc}o pi|~il} }j aj`cfiojai fcuckb jp ejp |jlchf jp imylh}cjkhf ~yp~j|i|+

/Hmmim ̀ s \}h}|+ 83?3& Loh~+ 83? /\@ 829& Lphuik#& iee+ 8*8*833>#

23?+98 PCBO] ]J H\\IA@FI& AII]& LHKUH\\& Î]C]CJK % CKUC]I \ÎHGIP\

/h# Kj ~pjuc|cjk ljk}hckim ck hks aj`cfiojai ~hpg pik}hf hbpiiaik}& pyfi& jp pibyfh}cjk |ohffmiks jp ~pjoc`c} }oi pcbo} je hks ojaijrkip jp pi|cmik} ck }oi ~hpg }j mj hks je }oi ejffjrckb4/8# îhlieyffs h||ia`fi jp aii} ck }oi ~hpg& h} pih|jkh`fi ojyp| hkm ck h pih|jkh`fi




0=

ahkkip& ejp hks fhreyf ~yp~j|i+ Aii}ckb| ahs ì oifm ck }oi ~hpg ljaaykc}s jppilpih}cjk ohff jp lfyòjy|i roik }oi ehlcfc}s c| kj} j}oiprc|i ck y|i& hkm& rc}o }oiljk|ik} je }oi ojaijrkip& ck hks aj`cfiojai rc}ock }oi ~hpg+

/0# Ckuc}i ~y`fcl jeeclchf|& lhkmcmh}i| ejp ~y`fcl jeecli& jp pi~pi|ik}h}cui| je aj`cfiojaijrkip jpbhkcth}cjk| }j aii} rc}o ojaijrkip| hkm pi|cmik}| hkm |~ihg y~jk ah}}ip|

je ~y`fcl ck}ipi|}& ck hlljpmhkli rc}o \il}cjk 23?+9>+/<# Lhkuh|| hkm ~i}c}cjk ojaijrkip| hkm pi|cmik}| ejp kjkljaaiplchf ~yp~j|i| pifh}ckb}j aj`cfiojai fcuckb& ifil}cjk }j ~y`fcl jeecli& jp }oi ckc}ch}cui& pieipikmya& jp pilhff~pjli||i|& h} pih|jkh`fi ojyp| hkm ck h pih|jkh`fi ahkkip& cklfymckb }oi mc|}pc`y}cjkjp lcplyfh}cjk je ckejpah}cjk+

/`# H ojaijrkip jp pi|cmik} ahs kj} ì lohpbim h lfihkckb mi~j|c} ck jpmip }j y|i }oi ~hpgpilpih}cjk ohff jp lfyòjy|i ejp aii}ckb| je pi|cmik} jpbhkcth}cjk| ejp hks je }oi ~yp~j|i||}h}im ck \il}cjk 23?+9> hkm }oc| |il}cjk& roi}oip jp kj} byi|}| jp uc|c}jp| epja jy}|cmi }oi~hpg hpi ckuc}im }j h}}ikm }oi aii}ckb& ce h ojaijrkip jp pi|cmik} je }oi ~hpg c| oj|}ckb }oiaii}ckb hkm hff ojaijrkip| jp pi|cmik}| je }oi ~hpg hpi hffjrim }j h}}ikm+

/l# H ojaijrkip jp pi|cmik} ahs kj} ì pixycpim }j j`}hck fch`cfc}s ck|yphkli ck jpmip }j y|i

ljaajk hpih ehlcfc}ci| ejp }oi ~yp~j|i| |~ilcecim ck }oc| |il}cjk hkm \il}cjk 23?+9>+Ojriuip& ce hfljojfcl ìuiphbi| hpi }j ì |ipuim h} hks aii}ckb jp ~pcuh}i eykl}cjk& hfch`cfc}s ck|yphkli `ckmip ahs ì pixycpim `s }oi ~hpg jrkip|oc~ jp ahkhbiaik}+ ]oijrkip|oc~ jp ahkhbiaik} je h aj`cfiojai ~hpg ahs ~pjoc`c} }oi ljk|ya~}cjk je hfljojfclìuiphbi| ck }oi ~hpg ljaajk hpih ehlcfc}ci| ce }oi }ipa| je }oi pik}hf hbpiiaik} jp }oipyfi| hkm pibyfh}cjk| je }oi ~hpg ~pjoc`c} c}+

/m# H ojaijrkip& jpbhkcth}cjk& jp bpjy~ je ojaijrkip| y|ckb h pilpih}cjk ohff jp lfyòjy|i~yp|yhk} }j }oc| |il}cjk |ohff ì pixycpim }j hmoipi }j hks fcac}h}cjk| jp pi|}pcl}cjk|pibhpmckb uioclfi ~hpgckb jp ahcaya jlly~hkls ejp }oi lfyòjy|i jp pilpih}cjk ohff+

/i# H ojaijrkip jp pi|cmik} ahs kj} ì ~pjoc`c}im epja mc|~fhsckb h ~jfc}clhf lha~hcbk |cbkpifh}ckb }j h lhkmcmh}i ejp ifil}cjk }j ~y`fcl jeecli jp }j }oi ckc}ch}cui& pieipikmya& jp pilhff

~pjli|| ck }oi rckmjr jp jk }oi |cmi je h ahkyehl}ypim ojai jp aj`cfiojai& jp rc}ock }oi|c}i jk roclo }oi ojai c| fjlh}im jp ck|}hffim+ ]oi |cti je }oi ehli je h ~jfc}clhf |cbk ahs kj}iliim |c |xyhpi eii}& hkm }oi |cbk ahs kj} ì mc|~fhsim ck ili|| je h ~ipcjm je }cai epja3> mhs| ~pcjp }j hk ifil}cjk }j 89 mhs| ejffjrckb }oi ifil}cjk& ykfi|| h fjlhf jpmckhkli rc}ock}oi dypc|mcl}cjk roipi }oi aj`cfiojai ~hpg c| fjlh}im ca~j|i| h ajpi pi|}pcl}cui ~ipcjm je}cai ejp }oi mc|~fhs je |ylo h |cbk+

/Haikmim ̀ s \}h}|+ 0>><& Loh~+ 0=3 /\@ 885& Mykk#& iee+ 8*8*0>>=#

]oi ejffjrckb ck}ik} fhkbyhbi h~~ihp| ck \il}cjk = je \@ 885 /Loh~}ip 0=3# `y} kj} ck }oc| ljmi4‖C} c| }oi ck}ik} je }oi Fibc|fh}ypi }oh} ikhl}aik} je }oc| ̀ cff kj} heeil} hks j}oip ejpa je ~jfc}clhf i~pi||cjk ̀ s hojaijrkip jp pi|cmik} je h aj`cfiojai ~hpg roipi }oh} i~pi||cjk c| kj} h||jlch}im rc}o hk ifil}cjk jp ~jfc}clhflha~hcbk+‑

23?+90 CKDYKL]CUI HL]CJK ]J IKEJPLI PCBO]\

Hks ojaijrkip jp pi|cmik} roj c| ~piuik}im `s ahkhbiaik} epja iiplc|ckb }oi pcbo}|~pjucmim ejp ck \il}cjk 23?+98 ahs `pckb hk hl}cjk ck h ljyp} je fhr }j ikdjck ikejpliaik} je hkspyfi& pibyfh}cjk& jp j}oip ~jfcls roclo ykpih|jkh`fs mi~pcui| h ojaijrkip jp pi|cmik} je }oj|ipcbo}|+ /Hmmim ̀ s \}h}|+ 83?3& Loh~+ 83? /\@ 829& Lphuik#& iee+ 8*8*833>#




09

HP]CLFI 9+9 ! OJAIJRKIP\ AII]CKB\ RC]O AHKHBIAIK]

23?+9< AHKHBIAIK] AII]CKB\ RC]O PI\CMIK]\

]oi ahkhbiaik} |ohff aii} hkm ljk|yf} rc}o }oi ojaijrkip|& y~jk rpc}}ik pixyi|}& rc}ock <>mhs| je }oi pixyi|}& ic}oip ckmcucmyhffs& ljffil}cuifs& jp rc}o pi~pi|ik}h}cui| je h bpjy~ jeojaijrkip| roj ohui |cbkim h pixyi|} }j ì |j pi~pi|ik}im jk }oi ejffjrckb ah}}ip|4/h# Pi|cmik} ljklipk| pibhpmckb ic|}ckb ~hpg pyfi| }oh} hpi kj} |y`dil} }j \il}cjk 23?+09+/`# \}hkmhpm| ejp ahck}ikhkli je ~os|clhf ca~pjuiaik}| ck }oi ~hpg+/l# Hmmc}cjk& hf}iph}cjk& jp mifi}cjk je |ipucli& ixyc~aik}& jp ~os|clhf ca~pjuiaik}|+/m# Pik}hf hbpiiaik}| jeeipim ~yp|yhk} }j \il}cjk 23?+82+Hks ljffil}cui aii}ckb |ohff ì ljkmyl}im jkfs he}ip kj}cli }oipije oh| ìik bcuik }j hff }oipixyi|}ckb ojaijrkip| 8> mhs| jp ajpi ìejpi }oi aii}ckb+

/Haikmim ̀ s \}h}|+ 833=& Loh~+ <=> /\@ 898>& Firc|#& iee+ 8*8*8339#

HP]CLFI 5 ! ]IPACKH]CJK JE ]IKHKLS

23?+99 FIBC\FH]CUI CK]IK]7 ]IPACKH]CJK EJP LHY\I7 5>!MHS KJ]CLI

/h# ]oi Fibc|fh}ypi eckm| hkm milfhpi| }oh}& ìlhy|i je }oi ocbo lj|} je ajuckb aj`cfiojai|&}oi ~j}ik}chf ejp mhahbi pi|yf}ckb }oipiepja& }oi pixycpiaik}| pifh}ckb }j }oi ck|}hffh}cjk jeaj`cfiojai|& hkm }oi lj|} je fhkm|lh~ckb jp fj} ~pi~hph}cjk& c} c| kili||hps }oh} }oi jrkip|je aj`cfiojai| jlly~cim rc}ock aj`cfiojai ~hpg| ì ~pjucmim rc}o }oi ykcxyi ~pj}il}cjkepja hl}yhf jp ljk|}pyl}cui iucl}cjk heejpmim `s }oi ~pjuc|cjk| je }oc| loh~}ip+

/`# /8# ]oi ahkhbiaik} ahs kj} }ipackh}i jp piey|i }j pikir h }ikhkls& ili~} ejp h pih|jk|~ilcecim ck }oc| hp}clfi hkm y~jk }oi bcuckb je rpc}}ik kj}cli }j }oi ojaijrkip& ck }oiahkkip ~pi|lpcìm `s \il}cjk 8850 je }oi Ljmi je Lcucf ^pjlimypi& }j |iff jp piajui& h}}oi ojaijrkip–| ifil}cjk& }oi aj`cfiojai epja }oi ~hpg rc}ock h ~ipcjm je kj} fi|| }ohk5> mhs|& roclo ~ipcjm |ohff ̀ i |~ilcecim ck }oi kj}cli+ H lj~s je }oc| kj}cli |ohff ì |ik}}j }oi fibhf jrkip& h| mieckim ck \il}cjk 8?>>9+? je }oi Oihf}o hkm \hei}s Ljmi& ihlo

dykcjp fcikojfmip& h| mieckim ck \il}cjk 8?>>9+< je }oi Oihf}o hkm \hei}s Ljmi& hkm }oipibc|}ipim jrkip je }oi aj`cfiojai& ce j}oip }ohk }oi ojaijrkip& `s Ykc}im \}h}i| ahcfrc}ock 8> mhs| he}ip kj}cli }j }oi ojaijrkip+ ]oi lj~s ahs ì |ik} ̀ s pibyfhp ahcf jp`s lip}cecim jp pibc|}ipim ahcf rc}o pi}ypk pilic~} pixyi|}im& h} }oi j~}cjk je }oiahkhbiaik}+

/0# ]oi ojaijrkip |ohff ~hs ~h|} myi pik} hkm y}cfc}ci| y~jk }oi |hfi je h aj`cfiojai~yp|yhk} }j ~hphbph~o /8#+

/l# Ce }oi ojaijrkip oh| kj} ~hcm }oi pik} myi rc}ock }opii mhs| he}ip kj}cli }j }oiojaijrkip& hkm ce }oi ecp|} kj}cli rh| kj} |ik} `s lip}cecim jp pibc|}ipim ahcf rc}o pi}ypkpilic~} pixyi|}im& h lj~s je }oi kj}cli |ohff hbhck ì |ik} }j }oi fibhf jrkip& ihlo dykcjpfcikojfmip& hkm }oi pibc|}ipim jrkip& ce j}oip }ohk }oi ojaijrkip& `s lip}cecim jp pibc|}ipimahcf rc}o pi}ypk pilic~} pixyi|}im rc}ock 8> mhs| he}ip kj}cli }j }oi ojaijrkip+ Lj~ci| je}oi kj}cli |ohff ì hmmpi||im }j }oi fibhf jrkip& ihlo dykcjp fcikojfmip& hkm }oi pibc|}ipim




05

jrkip h} }oicp hmmpi||i|& h| |i} ejp}o ck }oi pibc|}ph}cjk lhpm |~ilcecim ck \il}cjk 8?>38+9 je}oi Oihf}o hkm \hei}s Ljmi+

/m# Ce ahkhbiaik} j`}hck| h ljyp} dymbaik} hbhck|} h ojaijrkip jp pi|cmik}& }oi lj|}cklyppim `s ahkhbiaik} ck j`}hckckb h }c}fi |ihplo ejp }oi ~yp~j|i je lja~fsckb rc}o }oikj}cli pixycpiaik}| je }oc| |il}cjk |ohff ì piljuiph`fi h| h lj|} je |yc}+

/i# ]oi pi|cmik} je h aj`cfiojai }oh} piahck| ck }oi aj`cfiojai ~hpg he}ip |ipucli je }oikj}cli }j |iff jp piajui }oi aj`cfiojai |ohff ljk}ckyi }j ì |y`dil} }j }oc| loh~}ip hkm }oipyfi| hkm pibyfh}cjk| je }oi ~hpg& cklfymckb pyfi| pibhpmckb ahck}ikhkli je }oi |~hli+

/e# Kj fhreyf hl} ̀ s }oi ahkhbiaik} }j ikejpli }oc| loh~}ip jp }oi pyfi| hkm pibyfh}cjk| je }oi~hpg ahs ì miiaim jp ljk|}pyim }j rhcui jp j}oiprc|i heeil} }oi kj}cli }j piajui }oiaj`cfiojai+

/Haikmim ̀ s \}h}|+ 0>>9& Loh~+ 0= /\@ 809& My}}jk#& iee+ 8*8*0>>5#

]oi ejffjrckb ck}ik} fhkbyhbi h~~ihp| ck \il}cjk = je H@ 5?0 /Loh~+ 958& \}h}+ 0>><# `y} kj} ck }oc| ljmi4‖]oc| hl} c| kj} ck}ikmim }j heeil} ~hpg ahkhbiaik}–| ic|}ckb pcbo}| hkm piaimci| }j piljuip yk~hcm pik}& y}cfc}s lohpbi|&jp pih|jkh`fi cklcmik}hf lohpbi|& hkm ahs kj} ̀ i ljk|}pyim }j ~pjucmi ejp hk ilfy|cui piaims+‑

23?+95 \IUIK HY]OJPCTIM PIH\JK\ EJP ]IPACKH]CJK JE ]IKHKLS

H }ikhkls |ohff ì }ipackh}im `s }oi ahkhbiaik} jkfs ejp jki jp ajpi je }oi ejffjrckb pih|jk|4/h# Ehcfypi je }oi ojaijrkip jp pi|cmik} }j lja~fs rc}o h fjlhf jpmckhkli jp |}h}i fhr jp

pibyfh}cjk pifh}ckb }j aj`cfiojai| rc}ock h pih|jkh`fi }cai he}ip }oi ojaijrkip pilicui| hkj}cli je kjklja~fchkli epja }oi h~~pj~pch}i bjuipkaik}hf hbikls+

/`# Ljkmyl} `s }oi ojaijrkip jp pi|cmik}& y~jk }oi ~hpg ~piac|i|& }oh} ljk|}c}y}i| h|y`|}hk}chf hkkjshkli }j j}oip ojaijrkip| jp pi|cmik}|+

/l# /8# Ljkucl}cjk je }oi ojaijrkip jp pi|cmik} ejp ~pj|}c}y}cjk& ejp h ucjfh}cjk je |y`mcuc|cjk/m# je \il}cjk 0=<& ~hphbph~o /0# je |y`mcuc|cjk /h#& jp |y`mcuc|cjk /`#& je \il}cjk 0=9&\il}cjk 0??& jp \il}cjk =98& je }oi îkhf Ljmi& jp h eifjks ljk}pjffim |y`|}hklijeeik|i& ce }oi hl} pi|yf}ckb ck }oi ljkucl}cjk rh| ljaac}}im hksroipi jk }oi ~piac|i|je }oi aj`cfiojai ~hpg& cklfymckb& `y} kj} fcac}im }j& rc}ock }oi ojaijrkip–|aj`cfiojai+

/0# Ojriuip }oi }ikhkls ahs kj} ̀ i }ipackh}im ejp }oi pih|jk |~ilcecim ck }oc||y`mcuc|cjk ce }oi ~ip|jk ljkucl}im je }oi jeeik|i oh| ~ipahkik}fs uhlh}im& hkm mji|kj} |y`|ixyik}fs pijlly~s& }oi aj`cfiojai+

/m# Ehcfypi je }oi ojaijrkip jp pi|cmik} }j lja~fs rc}o h pih|jkh`fi pyfi jp pibyfh}cjk je }oi~hpg }oh} c| ~hp} je }oi pik}hf hbpiiaik} jp hks haikmaik} }oipi}j+

Kj hl} jp jac||cjk je }oi ojaijrkip jp pi|cmik} |ohff ljk|}c}y}i h ehcfypi }j lja~fs rc}o hpih|jkh`fi pyfi jp pibyfh}cjk ykfi|| hkm yk}cf }oi ahkhbiaik} oh| bcuik }oi ojaijrkiprpc}}ik kj}cli je }oi hffibim pyfi jp pibyfh}cjk ucjfh}cjk hkm }oi ojaijrkip jp pi|cmik} oh|ehcfim }j hmoipi }j }oi pyfi jp pibyfh}cjk rc}ock |iuik mhs|+ Ojriuip& ce h ojaijrkip oh|ìik bcuik h rpc}}ik kj}cli je hk hffibim ucjfh}cjk je }oi |hai pyfi jp pibyfh}cjk jk }opii jpajpi jllh|cjk| rc}ock h 80!ajk}o ~ipcjm he}ip }oi ojaijrkip jp pi|cmik} oh| ucjfh}im }oh}pyfi jp pibyfh}cjk& kj rpc}}ik kj}cli |ohff ì pixycpim ejp h |y`|ixyik} ucjfh}cjk je }oi |haipyfi jp pibyfh}cjk+

Kj}ockb ck }oc| |y`mcuc|cjk |ohff pifciui }oi ahkhbiaik} epja c}| j`fcbh}cjk }j miajk|}ph}i}oh} h pyfi jp pibyfh}cjk oh| ck ehl} ìik ucjfh}im+

/i# /8# Kjk~hsaik} je pik}& y}cfc}s lohpbi|& jp pih|jkh`fi cklcmik}hf |ipucli lohpbi|7 ~pjucmim




02

}oh} }oi hajyk} myi oh| ìik yk~hcm ejp h ~ipcjm je h} fih|} ecui mhs| epja c}| myi mh}i&hkm ~pjucmim }oh} }oi ojaijrkip |ohff ì bcuik h }opii!mhs rpc}}ik kj}cli |y`|ixyik}}j }oh} ecui!mhs ~ipcjm }j ~hs }oi hajyk} myi jp }j uhlh}i }oi }ikhkls+ Ejp ~yp~j|i| je}oc| |y`mcuc|cjk& }oi ecui!mhs ~ipcjm mji| kj} cklfymi }oi mh}i }oi ~hsaik} c| myi+ ]oi}opii!mhs rpc}}ik kj}cli |ohff ì bcuik }j }oi ojaijrkip ck }oi ahkkip ~pi|lpcìm `s

\il}cjk 8850 je }oi Ljmi je Lcucf ^pjlimypi+ H lj~s je }oc| kj}cli |ohff ì |ik} }j }oi~ip|jk| jp ik}c}ci| |~ilcecim ck |y`mcuc|cjk /`# je \il}cjk 23?+99 rc}ock 8> mhs| he}ipkj}cli c| mifcuipim }j }oi ojaijrkip+ Ce }oi ojaijrkip lypi| }oi miehyf}& }oi kj}clikiim kj} ì |ik}+ ]oi kj}cli ahs ì bcuik h} }oi |hai }cai h| }oi 5> mhs|– kj}clipixycpim ejp }ipackh}cjk je }oi }ikhkls+ H }opii!mhs kj}cli bcuik ~yp|yhk} }j }oc||y`mcuc|cjk |ohff ljk}hck }oi ejffjrckb ~pjuc|cjk| ~pck}im ck h} fih|} 80!~jck} `jfmehli}s~i h} }oi }j~ je }oi kj}cli& rc}o }oi h~~pj~pch}i kyaìp rpc}}ik ck }oi `fhkg4

‖Rhpkckb4 ]oc| kj}cli c| }oi Wck|ip} kyaìpQ }opii!mhs kj}cli ejp kjk~hsaik}je pik}& y}cfc}s lohpbi|& jp j}oip pih|jkh`fi cklcmik}hf |ipucli| }oh} oh| ìik|ipuim y~jk sjy ck }oi fh|} 80 ajk}o|+ ^yp|yhk} }j Lcucf Ljmi \il}cjk

23?+95/i#/9#& ce sjy ohui ìik bcuik h }opii!mhs kj}cli }j ic}oip ~hs pik}&y}cfc}s lohpbi|& jp j}oip pih|jkh`fi cklcmik}hf |ipucli| jp }j uhlh}i sjyp}ikhkls jk }opii jp ajpi jllh|cjk| rc}ock h 80!ajk}o ~ipcjm& ahkhbiaik}c| kj} pixycpim }j bcui sjy h eyp}oip }opii!mhs ~ipcjm }j ~hs pik} jp uhlh}i }oi}ikhkls ìejpi sjyp }ikhkls lhk ì }ipackh}im+‑

/0# ^hsaik} `s }oi ojaijrkip ~pcjp }j }oi i~cph}cjk je }oi }opii!mhs kj}cli ~ipcjm |ohfflypi h miehyf} ykmip }oc| |y`mcuc|cjk+ Ce }oi ojaijrkip mji| kj} ~hs ~pcjp }j }oii~cph}cjk je }oi }opii!mhs kj}cli ~ipcjm& }oi ojaijrkip |ohff piahck fch`fi ejp hff~hsaik}| myi y~ yk}cf }oi }cai }oi }ikhkls c| uhlh}im+

/<# ^hsaik} `s }oi fibhf jrkip& h| mieckim ck \il}cjk 8?>>9+? je }oi Oihf}o hkm \hei}s

Ljmi& hks dykcjp fcikojfmip& h| mieckim ck \il}cjk 8?>>9+< je }oi Oihf}o % \hei}s Ljmi&jp }oi pibc|}ipim jrkip& h| mieckim ck \il}cjk 8?>>3+9 je }oi Oihf}o hkm \hei}s Ljmi& cej}oip }ohk }oi ojaijrkip& jk ìohfe je }oi ojaijrkip ~pcjp }j }oi i~cph}cjk je <>lhfikmhp mhs| ejffjrckb }oi ahcfckb je }oi kj}cli }j }oi fibhf jrkip& ihlo dykcjpfcikojfmip& hkm }oi pibc|}ipim jrkip ~pjucmim ck |y`mcuc|cjk /`# je \il}cjk 23?+99& |ohfflypi h miehyf} ykmip }oc| |y`mcuc|cjk rc}o pi|~il} }j }oh} ~hsaik}+

/=# Lypi je h miehyf} je pik}& y}cfc}s lohpbi|& jp pih|jkh`fi cklcmik}hf |ipucli lohpbi| `s}oi fibhf jrkip& hks dykcjp fcikojfmip& jp }oi pibc|}ipim jrkip& ce j}oip }ohk }oiojaijrkip& h| ~pjucmim `s }oc| |y`mcuc|cjk& ahs kj} ì iiplc|im ajpi }ohk }rclimypckb h 80!ajk}o ~ipcjm+

/9# Ce h ojaijrkip oh| ̀ iik bcuik h }opii!mhs kj}cli }j ~hs }oi hajyk} myi jp }j uhlh}i

}oi }ikhkls jk }opii jp ajpi jllh|cjk| rc}ock }oi ~pilimckb 80!ajk}o ~ipcjm hkm ihlokj}cli cklfymi| }oi ~pjuc|cjk| |~ilcecim ck ~hphbph~o /8#& kj rpc}}ik }opii!mhs kj}cli|ohff ì pixycpim ck }oi lh|i je h |y`|ixyik} kjk~hsaik} je pik}& y}cfc}s lohpbi|& jppih|jkh`fi cklcmik}hf |ipucli lohpbi|+

Ck }oh} iuik}& }oi ahkhbiaik} |ohff bcui rpc}}ik kj}cli }j }oi ojaijrkip ck }oiahkkip ~pi|lpcìm `s \il}cjk 8850 je }oi Ljmi je Lcucf ^pjlimypi }j piajui }oiaj`cfiojai epja }oi ~hpg rc}ock h ~ipcjm je kj} fi|| }ohk 5> mhs|& roclo ~ipcjm |ohff ì|~ilcecim ck }oi kj}cli+ H lj~s je }oc| kj}cli |ohff ì |ik} }j }oi fibhf jrkip& ihlo dykcjp




0?

fcikojfmip& hkm }oi pibc|}ipim jrkip je }oi aj`cfiojai& ce j}oip }ohk }oi ojaijrkip& h||~ilcecim ck ~hphbph~o /`# je \il}cjk 23?+99& `s lip}cecim jp pibc|}ipim ahcf& pi}ypkpilic~} pixyi|}im& rc}ock 8> mhs| he}ip kj}cli c| |ik} }j }oi ojaijrkip+

/5# Roik h lj~s je }oi 5> mhs|– kj}cli mi|lpcìm ck ~hphbph~o /9# c| |ik} }j }oi fibhfjrkip& ihlo dykcjp fcikojfmip& hkm }oi pibc|}ipim jrkip je }oi aj`cfiojai& ce j}oip }ohk

}oi ojaijrkip& }oi miehyf} ahs ì lypim `s hks je }oia jk ìohfe je }oi ojaijrkip~pcjp }j }oi i~cph}cjk je <> lhfikmhp mhs| ejffjrckb }oi ahcfckb je }oi kj}cli& ce hff je }oiejffjrckb ljkmc}cjk| ic|}4/H# H lj~s je h }opii!mhs kj}cli |ik} ~yp|yhk} }j |y`mcuc|cjk /`# je \il}cjk 23?+99 }j

h ojaijrkip ejp }oi kjk~hsaik} je pik}& y}cfc}s lohpbi|& jp pih|jkh`fi cklcmik}hf|ipucli lohpbi| rh| kj} |ik} }j }oi fibhf jrkip& dykcjp fcikojfmip& jp pibc|}ipimjrkip& je }oi aj`cfiojai& ce j}oip }ohk }oi ojaijrkip& mypckb }oi ~pilimckb 80!ajk}o ~ipcjm+

/@# ]oi fibhf jrkip& dykcjp fcikojfmip& jp pibc|}ipim jrkip je }oi aj`cfiojai& ce j}oip}ohk }oi ojaijrkip& oh| kj} ~piucjy|fs lypim h miehyf} je }oi ojaijrkip mypckb}oi ~pilimckb 80!ajk}o ~ipcjm+

/L# ]oi fibhf jrkip& dykcjp fcikojfmip jp pibc|}ipim jrkip& ce j}oip }ohk }oiojaijrkip& c| kj} h eckhklchf ck|}c}y}cjk jp aj`cfiojai mihfip+Ce }oi miehyf} c| lypim `s }oi fibhf jrkip& dykcjp fcikojfmip& jp pibc|}ipim jrkip

rc}ock }oi <>!mhs ~ipcjm& }oi kj}cli }j piajui }oi aj`cfiojai epja }oi ~hpgmi|lpcìm ck ~hphbph~o /9# |ohff ì pi|lckmim+

/e# Ljkmiakh}cjk je }oi ~hpg+/b# Lohkbi je y|i je }oi ~hpg jp hks ~jp}cjk }oipije& ~pjucmim4

/8# ]oi ahkhbiaik} bcui| }oi ojaijrkip| h} fih|} 89 mhs|– rpc}}ik kj}cli }oh} }oiahkhbiaik} rcff ì h~~ihpckb ìejpi h fjlhf bjuipkaik}hf `jhpm& ljaac||cjk& jp `jms}j pixyi|} ~ipac}| ejp h lohkbi je y|i je }oi aj`cfiojai ~hpg+

/0# He}ip hff pixycpim ~ipac}| pixyi|}ckb h lohkbi je y|i ohui ìik h~~pjuim `s }oi fjlhf

bjuipkaik}hf `jhpm& ljaac||cjk& jp `jms& }oi ahkhbiaik} |ohff bcui }oi ojaijrkip||c ajk}o|– jp ajpi rpc}}ik kj}cli je }ipackh}cjk je }ikhkls+Ce }oi lohkbi je y|i pixycpi| kj fjlhf bjuipkaik}hf ~ipac}|& }oik kj}cli |ohff ì

bcuik 80 ajk}o| jp ajpi ~pcjp }j }oi ahkhbiaik}–| mi}ipackh}cjk }oh} h lohkbi je y|ircff jllyp+ ]oi ahkhbiaik} ck }oi kj}cli |ohff mc|lfj|i hkm mi|lpcì ck mi}hcf }oikh}ypi je }oi lohkbi je y|i+

/<# ]oi ahkhbiaik} bcui| ihlo ~pj~j|im ojaijrkip rpc}}ik kj}cli }oipije ~pcjp }j }oickli~}cjk je oc| jp oip }ikhkls }oh} }oi ahkhbiaik} c| pixyi|}ckb h lohkbi je y|iìejpi fjlhf bjuipkaik}hf `jmci| jp }oh} h lohkbi je y|i pixyi|} oh| ìik bphk}im+

/=# ]oi kj}cli pixycpiaik}| ejp }ipackh}cjk je }ikhkls |i} ejp}o ck \il}cjk| 23?+95 hkm23?+92 |ohff ì ejffjrim ce }oi ~pj~j|im lohkbi hl}yhffs jllyp|+

/9# H kj}cli je h ~pj~j|im lohkbi je y|i bcuik ~pcjp }j Dhkyhps 8& 83?>& }oh} ljkejpa| }j}oi pixycpiaik}| ck ieeil} h} }oh} }cai |ohff ì uhfcm+ ]oi pixycpiaik}| ejp h kj}cli je h~pj~j|im lohkbi je y|i ca~j|im `s }oc| |y`mcuc|cjk |ohff ì bjuipkim `s }oi fhr ckieeil} h} }oi }cai }oi kj}cli rh| bcuik+

/o# ]oi pi~jp} pixycpim ~yp|yhk} }j |y`mcuc|cjk| /`# hkm /c# je \il}cjk 59?5<+2 je }oiBjuipkaik} Ljmi |ohff ì bcuik }j }oi ojaijrkip| jp pi|cmik}| h} }oi |hai }cai }oh}kj}cli c| pixycpim ~yp|yhk} }j |y`mcuc|cjk /b# je }oc| |il}cjk+

/c# Ejp ~yp~j|i| je }oc| |il}cjk& ‖eckhklchf ck|}c}y}cjk‑ aihk| h |}h}i jp kh}cjkhf `hkg& |}h}i jp




03

eimiphf |huckb| hkm fjhk h||jlch}cjk jp lpimc} ykcjk& jp |cacfhp jpbhkcth}cjk& hkmaj`cfiojai mihfip h| mieckim ck \il}cjk 8?>>0+5 je }oi Oihf}o hkm \hei}s Ljmi jp hksj}oip jpbhkcth}cjk }oh}& h| ~hp} je c}| y|yhf ljyp|i je `y|cki||& jpcbckh}i|& jrk|& jp ~pjucmi|fjhk |ipuclckb ejp fjhk| |ilypim `s h aj`cfiojai+

/Haikmim ̀ s \}h}|+ 0>><& Loh~+ ?9 /H@ ?>9& Mcht# hkm Loh~+ <?? /H@ 252& Khghkj#& iee+ 8*8*0>>=#

23?+95h KJ]CLI PIXYCPIAIK] JE FIBHF JRKIP*DYKCJP FCIKOJFMIP

/h# Rc}ock 5> mhs| he}ip pilic~} je& jp kj fh}ip }ohk 59 mhs| he}ip }oi ahcfckb je& }oi kj}cli je}ipackh}cjk je }ikhkls ~yp|yhk} }j hks pih|jk ~pjucmim ck \il}cjk 23?+95& }oi fibhf jrkip& cehks& hkm ihlo dykcjp fcikojfmip& ce hks& |ohff kj}ces }oi ahkhbiaik} ck rpc}ckb je h} fih|} jkije }oi ejffjrckb4/8# C}| jeeip }j |iff }oi j`fcbh}cjk |ilypim ̀ s }oi aj`cfiojai }j }oi ahkhbiaik} ejp }oi

hajyk} |~ilcecim ck c}| rpc}}ik jeeip+ Ck }oh} iuik}& }oi ahkhbiaik} |ohff ohui 89 mhs|ejffjrckb pilic~} je }oi jeeip }j hlli~} jp pidil} }oi jeeip ck rpc}ckb+ Ce }oi jeeip c| pidil}im&

}oi ~ip|jk jp ik}c}s }oh} ahmi }oi jeeip |ohff ohui 8> mhs| ck roclo }j iiplc|i jki je}oi j}oip j~}cjk| ljk}hckim ck }oc| |il}cjk hkm |ohff kj}ces ahkhbiaik} ck rpc}ckb je c}|lojcli+

/0# C}| ck}ik}cjk }j ejpilfj|i jk c}| |ilypc}s ck}ipi|} ck }oi aj`cfiojai+/<# C}| pixyi|} }oh} ahkhbiaik} ~yp|yi }ipackh}cjk je }ikhkls hbhck|} }oi ojaijrkip

hkm c}| jeeip }j pica`yp|i ahkhbiaik} ejp }oi pih|jkh`fi h}}jpkis–| eii| hkm ljyp}lj|}| cklyppim `s }oi ahkhbiaik} ck }oh} hl}cjk+ Ce }oc| pixyi|} hkm jeeip hpi ahmi& }oifibhf jrkip& ce hks& jp dykcjp fcikojfmip& ce hks& |ohff pica`yp|i }oi ahkhbiaik} }oihajyk} je pih|jkh`fi h}}jpkis–| eii| hkm ljyp} lj|}|& h| hbpiim y~jk `s }oiahkhbiaik} hkm }oi fibhf jrkip jp dykcjp fcikojfmip& cklyppim `s }oi ahkhbiaik} ckhk hl}cjk }j }ipackh}i }oi ojaijrkip–| }ikhkls& jk jp ìejpi }oi ihpfcip je /H# }oi 5>}o lhfikmhp mhs ejffjrckb pilic~} je rpc}}ik kj}cli epja }oi ahkhbiaik} je }oi hbbpibh}ihajyk} je }oj|i pih|jkh`fi h}}jpkis–| eii| hkm lj|}| jp /@# }oi mh}i }oi aj`cfiojai c|pi|jfm+

/`# H fibhf jrkip& ce hks& jp dykcjp fcikojfmip& ce hks& ahs |iff }oi aj`cfiojai rc}ock }oi ~hpg }jh }ocpm ~hp}s hkm gii~ }oi aj`cfiojai jk }oi |c}i rc}ock }oi aj`cfiojai ~hpg yk}cf c} c|pi|jfm jkfs ce hff je }oi ejffjrckb pixycpiaik}| hpi ai}4/8# ]oi fibhf jrkip& ce hks& jp dykcjp fcikojfmip& ce hks& kj}ceci| ahkhbiaik} ck rpc}ckb je

}oi ck}ik}cjk }j iiplc|i ic}oip j~}cjk mi|lpcìm ck ~hphbph~o /0# jp /<# je |y`mcuc|cjk /h#rc}ock 5> mhs| ejffjrckb pilic~} je& jp kj fh}ip }ohk 59 mhs| he}ip }oi ahcfckb je& }oikj}cli je }ipackh}cjk je }ikhkls hkm |h}c|eci| hff je }oi pi|~jk|c`cfc}ci| hkm fch`cfc}ci| je}oi ojaijrkip jrckb }j }oi ahkhbiaik} ejp }oi 3> mhs| ~pilimckb }oi ahcfckb je }oikj}cli je }ipackh}cjk je }ikhkls hkm }oik ljk}ckyi| }j |h}c|es }oi|i pi|~jk|c`cfc}ci| hkmfch`cfc}ci| h| }ois hllpyi epja }oi mh}i je }oi ahcfckb je }oh} kj}cli yk}cf }oi mh}i }oiaj`cfiojai c| pi|jfm+

/0# Rc}ock 5> mhs| ejffjrckb pilic~} je& jp kj fh}ip }ohk 59 mhs| he}ip }oi ahcfckb je& }oikj}cli je }ipackh}cjk je }ikhkls& }oi fibhf jrkip jp dykcjp fcikojfmip ljaaikli| hffpi~hcp| hkm kili||hps ljppil}cui hl}cjk| |j }oh} }oi aj`cfiojai lja~fci| rc}o ~hpgpyfi| hkm pibyfh}cjk| ck ic|}ikli h} }oi }cai }oi kj}cli je }ipackh}cjk je }ikhkls rh|bcuik h| riff h| }oi oihf}o hkm |hei}s |}hkmhpm| |~ilcecim ck \il}cjk| 8?99>& 8?990&




<>

hkm 8?5>9 je }oi Oihf}o hkm \hei}s Ljmi& hkm lja~fi}i| }oi|i pi~hcp| hkm ljppil}cuihl}cjk| rc}ock 3> lhfikmhp mhs| je }oh} kj}cli& jp ìejpi }oi mh}i }oh} }oi aj`cfiojai c||jfm& rocloiuip c| ihpfcip+

/<# ]oi fibhf jrkip& ce hks& jp dykcjp fcikojfmip& ce hks& lja~fci| rc}o }oi pixycpiaik}| jeHp}clfi 2 /ljaaiklckb rc}o \il}cjk 23?+2># h| c} pifh}i| }j }oi }phk|eip je }oi

aj`cfiojai }j h }ocpm ~hp}s+/l# Ejp ~yp~j|i| je |y`mcuc|cjk /`#& }oi ‖ojaijrkip–| pi|~jk|c`cfc}ci| hkm fch`cfc}ci|‑ aihk| hffpik}|& y}cfc}ci|& pih|jkh`fi ahck}ikhkli lohpbi| je }oi aj`cfiojai hkm c}| ~piac|i|& hkmpih|jkh`fi ahck}ikhkli je }oi aj`cfiojai hkm c}| ~piac|i| ~yp|yhk} }j ic|}ckb ~hpg pyfi|hkm pibyfh}cjk|+

/m# Ce }oi ojaijrkip ecfi| ejp `hkgpy~}ls& }oi ~ipcjm| |i} ejp}o ck }oc| |il}cjk hpi }jffim yk}cf}oi aj`cfiojai c| pifih|im epja `hkgpy~}ls+

/i# Kj}rc}o|}hkmckb hks j}oip ~pjuc|cjk je fhr& cklfymckb& ̀ y} kj} fcac}im }j& \il}cjk 8?>33+9 je}oi Oihf}o hkm \hei}s Ljmi& ce kic}oip }oi fibhf jrkip kjp h dykcjp fcikojfmip kj}ceci| }oiahkhbiaik} je c}| milc|cjk ~yp|yhk} }j |y`mcuc|cjk /h# rc}ock }oi ~ipcjm hffjrim& jp~ipejpa| h| hbpiim rc}ock <> mhs|& jp ce h pibc|}ipim jrkip je h aj`cfiojai& }oh} c| kj}

iklyaìpim `s h fcik oifm `s h fibhf jrkip jp h dykcjp fcikojfmip& ehcf| }j lja~fs rc}o hkj}cli je }ipackh}cjk hkm c| ic}oip fibhffs iucl}im jp uhlh}i| }oi ~piac|i|& }oi ahkhbiaik}ahs ic}oip piajui }oi aj`cfiojai epja }oi ~piac|i| hkm ~fhli c} ck |}jphbi jp |}jpi c} jkc}| |c}i+ Ck }oc| lh|i& kj}rc}o|}hkmckb hks j}oip ~pjuc|cjk je fhr& }oi ahkhbiaik} |ohff ohuih rhpiojy|i fcik ck hlljpmhkli rc}o \il}cjk 20>3 je }oi Ljaaiplchf Ljmi hbhck|} }oiaj`cfiojai ejp }oi lj|}| je mc|ahk}fckb hkm ajuckb& ce h~~pj~pch}i& h| riff h| |}jphbi& }oh}|ohff ì |y~ipcjp }j hff j}oip fcik|& ili~} }oi fcik ~pjucmim ejp ck \il}cjk 8?885+8 je }oiOihf}o hkm \hei}s Ljmi& hkm ahs ikejpli }oi fcik ~yp|yhk} }j \il}cjk 208> je }oiLjaaiplchf Ljmi ic}oip he}ip }oi mh}i je dymbaik} ck hk ykfhreyf mi}hckip hl}cjk jp he}ip }oimh}i }oi aj`cfiojai c| ~os|clhffs uhlh}im `s }oi pi|cmik}& rocloiuip jllyp| ihpfcip+ Y~jklja~fi}cjk je hks |hfi }j ikejpli }oi rhpiojy|i fcik ck hlljpmhkli rc}o \il}cjk 208> je }oi

Ljaaiplchf Ljmi& }oi ahkhbiaik} |ohff ~pjucmi }oi ~yploh|ip h} }oi |hfi rc}o iucmikli je}oi |hfi& h| |ohff ì |~ilcecim `s }oi Mi~hp}aik} je Ojy|ckb hkm Ljaaykc}s Miuifj~aik}&}oh} |ohff& y~jk ~pj~ip pixyi|} `s }oi ~yploh|ip je }oi aj`cfiojai& pibc|}ip }c}fi }j }oiaj`cfiojai }j }oc| ~yploh|ip& roi}oip jp kj} }oipi ic|}im h fibhf jrkip jp dykcjp fcikojfmipjk }oc| }c}fi }j }oi aj`cfiojai+

/e# Hff rpc}}ik kj}cli| pixycpim `s }oc| |il}cjk |ohff ̀ i |ik} }j }oi j}oip ~hp}s `s lip}cecim jppibc|}ipim ahcf rc}o pi}ypk pilic~} pixyi|}im+

/b# \h}c|ehl}cjk& ~yp|yhk} }j }oc| |il}cjk& je }oi ojaijrkip–| hllpyim jp hllpyckbpi|~jk|c`cfc}ci| hkm fch`cfc}ci| |ohff kj} lypi }oi miehyf} je }oi ojaijrkip+

/Haikmim ̀ s \}h}|+ 0>8>& Loh~+ 58> /\@ 0250& Ljaac}}ii jk Ojy|ckb hkm Ljaaykc}s Miuifj~aik}#& iee+ 8*8*0>88#

23?+92 \]H]IAIK] JE PIH\JK\ CK KJ]CLI

]oi ahkhbiaik} |ohff |i} ejp}o ck h kj}cli je }ipackh}cjk& }oi pih|jk pifcim y~jk ejp }oi}ipackh}cjk rc}o |~ilcecl ehl}| }j ~ipac} mi}ipackh}cjk je }oi mh}i& ~fhli& rc}ki||i|& hkmlcplya|}hkli| ljklipkckb }oh} pih|jk+ Kic}oip pieipikli }j }oi |il}cjk kyaìp jp h |y`mcuc|cjk}oipije& kjp h pilc}hf je }oi fhkbyhbi je }oc| hp}clfi rcff ljk|}c}y}i lja~fchkli rc}o }oc| |il}cjk+

/Ikhl}im ̀ s \}h}|+ 832?& Loh~+ 8><8 /\@ 0883& Acff|#& iee+ 8*8*8323#




<8

23?+9? KJ ]IPACKH]CJK ]J AHGI \^HLI EJP ^HPG JRKIP–\ @YSIP

]ikhkls ahs jkfs ì }ipackh}im ejp pih|jk| ljk}hckim ck \il}cjk 23?+95& hkm h }ikhkls ahskj} ì }ipackh}im ejp }oi ~yp~j|i je ahgckb h ojaijrkip–| |c}i huhcfh`fi ejp h ~ip|jk roj~yploh|im jp ~pj~j|i| }j ~yploh|i& jp pik}| jp ~pj~j|i| }j pik}& h aj`cfiojai epja }oi jrkip

je }oi ~hpg jp }oi jrkip–| hbik}+/Haikmim ̀ s \}h}|+ 0>>0& Loh~+ 520 /\@ 8=8>& Loi|`pj#& iee+ 8*8*0>><#

23?+93 5>!MHS KJ]CLI @S PI\CMIK] JE ]IPACKH]CJK

H ojaijrkip |ohff bcui rpc}}ik kj}cli }j }oi ahkhbiaik} je kj} fi|| }ohk 5> mhs| ìejpiuhlh}ckb oc| jp oip }ikhkls+


23?+5> H^^FCLH]CJK JE J]OIP YKFHREYF MI]HCKIP FHR\

]oi ~pjuc|cjk| je }oc| hp}clfi |ohff kj} heeil} hks pcbo}| jp ~pjliimckb| |i} ejp}o ck Loh~}ip =/ljaaiklckb rc}o \il}cjk 8893# je ]c}fi < je ^hp} < je }oi Ljmi je Lcucf ^pjlimypi ili~} h|j}oiprc|i ~pjucmim oipick+

/Haikmim ̀ s \}h}|+ 832?& Loh~+ 8><< /\@ 080>& Acff|#& iee+ 8*8*8323#

23?+58 H@HKMJKIM AJ@CFIOJAI\ ! ^PJLIMYPI\

/h# /8# H| y|im ck }oc| |il}cjk& ‖h`hkmjkim aj`cfiojai‑ aihk| h aj`cfiojai h`jy} roclohff je }oi ejffjrckb hpi }pyi4

/H# C} c| fjlh}im ck h aj`cfiojai ~hpg jk h |c}i ejp roclo kj pik} oh| ìik ~hcm }j }oiahkhbiaik} ejp }oi ~pilimckb 5> mhs|+

/@# C} c| ykjlly~cim+/L# H pih|jkh`fi ~ip|jk rjyfm ìfciui c} }j ì h`hkmjkim+

/0# Ejp ~yp~j|i| je }oc| |il}cjk4/H# ‖Aj`cfiojai‑ |ohff cklfymi h }phcfip ljhlo& h| mieckim ck \il}cjk 5<9 je }oi Uioclfi

Ljmi& jp h pilpih}cjkhf uioclfi& h| mieckim ck \il}cjk 8?>8> je }oi Oihf}o hkm\hei}s Ljmi& ce }oi }phcfip ljhlo jp pilpih}cjkhf uioclfi hf|j |h}c|eci| }oipixycpiaik}| je ~hphbph~o /8#& cklfymckb ìckb fjlh}im jk hks |c}i rc}ock haj`cfiojai ~hpg& iuik ce }oi |c}i c| ck h |i~hph}i mi|cbkh}im |il}cjk ~yp|yhk} }j\il}cjk 8?089 je }oi Oihf}o hkm \hei}s Ljmi+

/@# ‖H`hkmjkim aj`cfiojai‑ |ohff cklfymi h aj`cfiojai }oh} c| ykckoh`c}h`fiìlhy|i je c}| }j}hf jp ~hp}chf mi|}pyl}cjk roclo lhkkj} ì pioh`cfc}h}im& ce }oiaj`cfiojai hf|j |h}c|eci| }oi pixycpiaik}| je ~hphbph~o /8#+

/`# He}ip mi}ipackckb h aj`cfiojai ck h aj`cfiojai ~hpg }j ì hk h`hkmjkim aj`cfiojai&}oi ahkhbiaik} |ohff ~j|} h kj}cli je ìfcie je h`hkmjkaik} jk }oi aj`cfiojai ejp kj}fi|| }ohk <> mhs|& hkm |ohff mi~j|c} lj~ci| je }oi kj}cli ck }oi Ykc}im \}h}i| ahcf& ~j|}hbi~pi~hcm& hmmpi||im }j }oi ojaijrkip h} }oi fh|} gkjrk hmmpi|| hkm }j hks gkjrkpibc|}ipim jrkip& ce mceeipik} epja }oi ojaijrkip& hkm }j hks gkjrk ojfmip je h |ilypc}s




<0

ck}ipi|} ck }oi h`hkmjkim aj`cfiojai+ ]oc| kj}cli |ohff ì ahcfim `s pibc|}ipim jp lip}cecimahcf rc}o h pi}ypk pilic~} pixyi|}im+

/l# ]ocp}s jp ajpi mhs| ejffjrckb ~j|}ckb ~yp|yhk} }j |y`mcuc|cjk /`#& }oi ahkhbiaik} ahs ecfih ~i}c}cjk ck }oi |y~ipcjp ljyp} ck }oi ljyk}s ck roclo }oi aj`cfiojai ~hpg c| fjlh}im& ejp h

dymclchf milfhph}cjk je h`hkmjkaik} je }oi aj`cfiojai+ H ~pjliimckb ykmip }oc| |y`mcuc|cjk

c| h fcac}im lcucf lh|i+ Lj~ci| je }oi ~i}c}cjk |ohff ì |ipuim y~jk }oi ojaijrkip& hksgkjrk pibc|}ipim jrkip& hkm hks gkjrk ~ip|jk ohuckb h fcik jp |ilypc}s ck}ipi|} je piljpm ck}oi aj`cfiojai `s ~j|}ckb h lj~s jk }oi aj`cfiojai hkm ahcfckb lj~ci| }j }oj|i ~ip|jk|h} }oicp fh|} gkjrk hmmpi||i| `s pibc|}ipim jp lip}cecim ahcf rc}o h pi}ypk pilic~} pixyi|}imck }oi Ykc}im \}h}i| ahcf& ~j|}hbi ~pi~hcm+

/m# /8# Oihpckb jk }oi ~i}c}cjk |ohff ì bcuik ~pilimikli juip j}oip ah}}ip| jk }oi ljyp}–|lhfikmhp+

/0# Ce& h} }oi oihpckb& }oi ~i}c}cjkip |ojr| `s h ~pi~jkmiphkli je }oi iucmikli }oh} }oilpc}ipch ejp hk h`hkmjkim aj`cfiojai oh| ìik |h}c|ecim hkm kj ~hp}s i|}h`fc|oi| hkck}ipi|} }oipick h} }oi oihpckb& }oi ljyp} |ohff ik}ip h dymbaik} je h`hkmjkaik}&mi}ipacki }oi hajyk} je lohpbi| }j roclo }oi ~i}c}cjkip c| ik}c}fim& hkm hrhpm

h}}jpkis–| eii| hkm lj|}| }j }oi ~i}c}cjkip+ Ejp ~yp~j|i| je }oc| |y`mcuc|cjk& hk ck}ipi|}ck }oi aj`cfiojai |ohff ì i|}h`fc|oim `s iucmikli je h pcbo} }j ~j||i||cjk je }oiaj`cfiojai jp h |ilypc}s jp jrkip|oc~ ck}ipi|} ck }oi aj`cfiojai+

/<# H miehyf} ahs ì ik}ipim `s }oi ljyp} lfipg y~jk pixyi|} je }oi ~i}c}cjkip& hkm hmiehyf} dymbaik} |ohff ì }oipiy~jk ik}ipim& ce kj pi|~jk|cui ~fihmckb c| ecfim rc}ock 89mhs| he}ip |ipucli je }oi ~i}c}cjk `s ahcf+

/i# /8# Rc}ock 8> mhs| ejffjrckb h dymbaik} je h`hkmjkaik}& }oi ahkhbiaik} |ohff ik}ip }oih`hkmjkim aj`cfiojai hkm lja~fi}i hk ckuik}jps je }oi ljk}ik}| hkm |yàc} }oickuik}jps }j }oi ljyp}+

/0# Mypckb }oc| ~ipcjm }oi ahkhbiaik} |ohff ~j|} hkm ahcf kj}cli je ck}ik} }j |iff }oih`hkmjkim aj`cfiojai hkm c}| ljk}ik}| ykmip }oc| |il}cjk& hkm hkkjyklckb }oi mh}i je

|hfi& ck }oi |hai ahkkip h| ~pjucmim ejp }oi kj}cli je mi}ipackh}cjk je h`hkmjkaik}ykmip |y`mcuc|cjk /`#+/<# H} hks }cai ~pcjp }j }oi |hfi je h aj`cfiojai ykmip }oc| |il}cjk& hks ~ip|jk ohuckb h

pcbo} }j ~j||i||cjk je }oi aj`cfiojai ahs piljuip hkm piajui c} epja }oi ~piac|i|y~jk ~hsaik} }j }oi ahkhbiaik} je hff pik} jp j}oip lohpbi| myi& cklfymckb pih|jkh`filj|}| je |}jphbi hkm j}oip lj|}| hrhpmim `s }oi ljyp}+ Y~jk pilic~} je }oc| ~hsaik}hkm piajuhf je }oi aj`cfiojai epja }oi ~piac|i| ~yp|yhk} }j }oc| ~hphbph~o& }oiahkhbiaik} |ohff caaimch}ifs ecfi hk hlgkjrfimbaik} je |h}c|ehl}cjk je dymbaik}~yp|yhk} }j \il}cjk 20=+><> je }oi Ljmi je Lcucf ^pjlimypi+

/e# Ejffjrckb }oi dymbaik} je h`hkmjkaik}& ̀ y} kj} fi|| }ohk 8> mhs| ejffjrckb }oi kj}cli je|hfi |~ilcecim ck |y`mcuc|cjk /i#& }oi ahkhbiaik} ahs ljkmyl} h ~y`fcl |hfi je }oi

h`hkmjkim aj`cfiojai hkm c}| ljk}ik}|+ ]oi ahkhbiaik} ahs `cm h} }oi |hfi hkm |ohffohui }oi pcbo} }j jee|i} c}| `cm| }j }oi i}ik} je }oi }j}hf hajyk} myi c} ykmip }oc| |il}cjk+]oi ~pjliim| je }oi |hfi |ohff ì pi}hckim `s }oi ahkhbiaik}& `y} hks yklfhcaim hajyk}}oy| pi}hckim juip hkm h`jui }oi hajyk} }j roclo }oi ahkhbiaik} c| ik}c}fim ykmip }oc||il}cjk |ohff ì miiaim h`hkmjkim ~pj~ip}s hkm |ohff ì ~hcm ck}j }oi }pih|yps je }oiljyk}s ck roclo }oi |hfi }jjg ~fhli rc}ock <> mhs| je }oi mh}i je }oi |hfi+ ]oi ejpaipojaijrkip jp hks j}oip jrkip ahs lfhca hks jp hff je }oh} yklfhcaim hajyk} rc}ock jkisihp epja }oi mh}i je ~hsaik} }j }oi ljyk}s `s ahgckb h~~fclh}cjk }j }oi ljyk}s }pih|ypip jp




<<

j}oip jeeclchf mi|cbkh}im `s }oi ljyk}s+ Ce }oi ljyk}s ~hs| hks jp hff je }oh} yklfhcaimhajyk} }j h lfhcahk}& kic}oip }oi ljyk}s kjp hks jeeclip jp ia~fjsii je }oi ljyk}s c| fch`fi}j hks j}oip lfhcahk} h| }j }oi hajyk} ~hcm+

/b# Rc}ock <> mhs| je }oi mh}i je }oi |hfi& }oi ahkhbiaik} |ohff |yàc} }j }oi ljyp} hkhlljyk}ckb je }oi ajkis| pilicuim epja }oi |hfi hkm }oi mc|~j|c}cjk je }oi ajkis hkm }oi

c}ia| ljk}hckim ck }oi ckuik}jps |yàc}}im }j }oi ljyp} ~yp|yhk} }j |y`mcuc|cjk /i#+/o# ]oi ahkhbiaik} |ohff ~pjucmi }oi ~yploh|ip h} }oi |hfi rc}o h lj~s je }oi dymbaik} jeh`hkmjkaik} hkm iucmikli je }oi |hfi& h| |ohff ì |~ilcecim `s }oi \}h}i Mi~hp}aik} jeOjy|ckb hkm Ljaaykc}s Miuifj~aik} jp }oi Mi~hp}aik} je Aj}jp Uioclfi|& roclo |ohffpibc|}ip }c}fi ck }oi h`hkmjkim aj`cfiojai }j }oi ~yploh|ip y~jk ~pi|ik}h}cjk }oipije+ ]oi|hfi |ohff ~h|| }c}fi }j }oi ~yploh|ip epii je hks ~pcjp ck}ipi|}& cklfymckb hks |ilypc}s ck}ipi|}jp fcik& ili~} }oi fcik ~pjucmim ejp ck \il}cjk 8?885+8 je }oi Oihf}o % \hei}s Ljmi& ck }oih`hkmjkim aj`cfiojai+

/Haikmim ̀ s \}h}|+ 0>><& Loh~+ ==3 /H@ 8280& Ljaac}}ii jk Dymclchps#& iee+ 8*8*0>>=#

HP]CLFI 2 ! ]PHK\EIP JE AJ@CFIOJAI JP AJ@CFIOJAI ^HPG

23?+2> ‖EJP \HFI‑ \CBK\

H ojaijrkip& hk oicp& djck} }ikhk}& jp ~ip|jkhf pi~pi|ik}h}cui je }oi i|}h}i roj bhck|jrkip|oc~ je h aj`cfiojai ck }oi aj`cfiojai ~hpg }opjybo }oi mih}o je }oi jrkip je }oiaj`cfiojai roj rh| h ojaijrkip h} }oi }cai je oc| jp oip mih}o& jp }oi hbik} je hks |ylo~ip|jk& ahs hmuip}c|i }oi |hfi jp ilohkbi je oc| jp oip aj`cfiojai& jp& ce kj} ~pjoc`c}im `s }oi}ipa| je hk hbpiiaik} rc}o }oi ahkhbiaik}& ahs hmuip}c|i }oi pik}hf je oc| jp oip aj`cfiojai&`s mc|~fhsckb h |cbk ck }oi rckmjr je }oi aj`cfiojai& jp `s h |cbk ~j|}im jk }oi |cmi je }oiaj`cfiojai ehlckb }oi |}pii}& jp `s h |cbk ck epjk} je }oi aj`cfiojai ehlckb }oi |}pii}& |}h}ckb}oh} }oi aj`cfiojai c| ejp |hfi jp ilohkbi jp& ce kj} ~pjoc`c}im& ejp pik} `s }oi jrkip je }oiaj`cfiojai jp oc| jp oip hbik}+ Hks |ylo ~ip|jk hf|j ahs mc|~fhs h |cbk ljkejpackb }j }oi|ipixycpiaik}| ckmclh}ckb }oh} }oi aj`cfiojai c| jk mc|~fhs ejp hk ‖j~ik ojy|i&‑ ykfi|| }oi ~hpgpyfi| ~pjoc`c} }oi mc|~fhs je hk j~ik ojy|i |cbk+ ]oi |cbk |ohff |}h}i }oi khai& hmmpi||& hkm}ifi~ojki kyaìp je }oi jrkip je }oi aj`cfiojai jp oc| jp oip hbik} hkm }oi |cbk ehli |ohff kj}iliim 0= ckloi| ck rcm}o hkm <5 ckloi| ck oicbo}+ \cbk| ~j|}im ck epjk} je h aj`cfiojai~yp|yhk} }j }oc| |il}cjk ahs ì je hk O!ephai jp H!ephai mi|cbk rc}o }oi |cbk ehli~ip~ikmclyfhp }j& `y} kj} i}ikmckb ck}j& }oi |}pii}+ Ojaijrkip| ahs h}}hlo }j }oi |cbk jp }oicpaj`cfiojai }yì| jp ojfmip| ejp fihefi}| roclo ~pjucmi ckejpah}cjk jk }oi aj`cfiojai ejp |hfi&ilohkbi& jp pik}+

/Haikmim ̀ s \}h}|+ 833<& Loh~+ <03 /\@ 03<& Lphuik#& iee+ 8*8*833=#

23?+28 AHKHBIAIK] \OJRCKB JP FC\]CKB “ ^PJOC@C]CJK\

/h# /8# ]oi ahkhbiaik} |ohff kj} |ojr jp fc|} ejp |hfi h ahkyehl}ypim ojai jp aj`cfiojairc}ojy} ecp|} j`}hckckb }oi jrkip–| rpc}}ik hy}ojpcth}cjk+ ]oi hy}ojpcth}cjk |ohff |~ilces}oi }ipa| hkm ljkmc}cjk| pibhpmckb }oi |ojrckb jp fc|}ckb+

/0# Ahkhbiaik} ahs pixycpi }oh} h ojaijrkip hmuc|i ahkhbiaik} ck rpc}ckb }oh} oc| jp




<=

oip ahkyehl}ypim ojai jp aj`cfiojai c| ejp |hfi+ Ce ahkhbiaik} pixycpi| }oh} hojaijrkip hmuc|i ahkhbiaik} ck rpc}ckb }oh} oc| jp oip ahkyehl}ypim ojai jpaj`cfiojai c| ejp |hfi& ehcfypi }j lja~fs rc}o }oc| pixycpiaik} mji| kj} ckuhfcmh}i h}phk|eip+

/`# ]oi ahkhbiaik} |ohff ~pjoc`c} kic}oip }oi fc|}ckb kjp }oi |hfi je h ahkyehl}ypim ojai jp

aj`cfiojai rc}ock }oi ~hpg `s }oi ojaijrkip& hk oicp& djck} }ikhk}& jp ~ip|jkhfpi~pi|ik}h}cui je }oi i|}h}i roj bhck| jrkip|oc~ je h ahkyehl}ypim ojai jp aj`cfiojai ck}oi aj`cfiojai ~hpg }opjybo }oi mih}o je }oi jrkip je }oi ahkyehl}ypim ojai jpaj`cfiojai roj rh| h ojaijrkip h} }oi }cai je oc| jp oip mih}o& jp }oi hbik} je hks |ylo~ip|jk j}oip }ohk }oi ahkhbiaik}+

/l# ]oi ahkhbiaik} |ohff kj} pixycpi }oi |iffckb ojaijrkip& jp hk oicp& djck} }ikhk}& jp~ip|jkhf pi~pi|ik}h}cui je }oi i|}h}i roj bhck| jrkip|oc~ je h ahkyehl}ypim ojai jpaj`cfiojai ck }oi aj`cfiojai ~hpg }opjybo }oi mih}o je }oi jrkip je }oi ahkyehl}ypimojai jp aj`cfiojai roj rh| h ojaijrkip h} }oi }cai je oc| jp oip mih}o& }j hy}ojpcti }oiahkhbiaik} jp hks j}oip |~ilcecim `pjgip& mihfip& jp ~ip|jk }j hl} h| }oi hbik} ck }oi |hfije h ahkyehl}ypim ojai jp aj`cfiojai h| h ljkmc}cjk je pi|hfi je }oi ojai ck }oi ~hpg jp

je ahkhbiaik}| h~~pjuhf je }oi `ysip jp ~pj|~il}cui ojaijrkip ejp pi|cmikls ck }oi ~hpg+/m# ]oi ahkhbiaik} |ohff kj} pixycpi h ojaijrkip& roj c| pi~fhlckb h aj`cfiojai jpahkyehl}ypim ojai jk h |~hli ck }oi ~hpg& ck roclo oi jp |oi pi|cmi|& }j y|i h |~ilcecl`pjgip& mihfip& jp j}oip ~ip|jk h| hk hbik} ck }oi ~yploh|i je jp ck|}hffh}cjk je }oipi~fhliaik} ojai+

/i# Kj}ockb ck }oc| |il}cjk |ohff ì ljk|}pyim h| heeil}ckb }oi ~pjuc|cjk| je }oi Oihf}o hkm\hei}s Ljmi bjuipkckb }oi fclik|ckb je ahkyehl}ypim ojai jp aj`cfiojai |hfi|~ip|jk| jpmihfip|+

/Haikmim ̀ s \}h}|+ 0>>3& Loh~+ 55 /\@ ?>=& Fikj#& iee+ 8*8*0>8>#

23?+20 KJ ]PHK\EIP JP \IFFCKB EII

/h# ]oi ahkhbiaik} |ohff kj} lohpbi h ojaijrkip& hk oicp& djck} }ikhk}& jp ~ip|jkhfpi~pi|ik}h}cui je }oi i|}h}i roj bhck| jrkip|oc~ je h aj`cfiojai ck }oi aj`cfiojai ~hpg}opjybo }oi mih}o je }oi jrkip je }oi aj`cfiojai roj rh| h ojaijrkip h} }oi }cai je oc|jp oip mih}o& jp }oi hbik} je hks |ylo ~ip|jk h }phk|eip jp |iffckb eii h| hljkmc}cjk je h |hfi je oc| aj`cfiojai rc}ock h ~hpg ykfi|| }oi ahkhbiaik} ~ipejpa| h|ipucli ck }oi |hfi+ ]oi ahkhbiaik} |ohff kj} ~ipejpa hks |ylo |ipucli ck ljkkil}cjk rc}o}oi |hfi ykfi|| |j pixyi|}im& ck rpc}ckb& `s }oi ojaijrkip& hk oicp& djck} }ikhk}& jp~ip|jkhf pi~pi|ik}h}cui je }oi i|}h}i roj bhck| jrkip|oc~ je h aj`cfiojai ck }oiaj`cfiojai ~hpg }opjybo }oi mih}o je }oi jrkip je }oi aj`cfiojai roj rh| hojaijrkip h} }oi }cai je oc| jp oip mih}o& jp }oi hbik} je hks |ylo ~ip|jk+

/`# ]oi ahkhbiaik} |ohff kj} lohpbi h ~pj|~il}cui ojaijrkip jp oc| jp oip hbik}& y~jk~yploh|i je h aj`cfiojai& h eii h| h ljkmc}cjk je h~~pjuhf ejp pi|cmikls ck h ~hpg ykfi||}oi ahkhbiaik} ~ipejpa| h |~ilcecl |ipucli ck }oi |hfi+ ]oi ahkhbiaik} |ohff kj} ca~j|ih eii& j}oip }ohk ejp h lpimc} loilg ck hlljpmhkli rc}o |y`mcuc|cjk /`# je \il}cjk 23?+2=& ejphk ck}ipucir je h ~pj|~il}cui ojaijrkip+

/Haikmim ̀ s \}h}|+ 83?3& Loh~+ 2=9 /H@ 838=& K+Rh}ip|#& iee+ 8*8*833>#




<9

23?+2< PIAJUHF JE AJ@CFIOJAI Y^JK \HFI ]J ]OCPM ^HP]S

]oi ahkhbiaik} |ohff kj} pixycpi }oi piajuhf je h aj`cfiojai epja }oi ~hpg ck }oi iuik} je}oi |hfi je }oi aj`cfiojai }j h }ocpm ~hp}s mypckb }oi }ipa je }oi ojaijrkip–| pik}hf hbpiiaik}jp ck }oi 5> mhs| ejffjrckb }oi ckc}chf kj}cli pixycpim `s ~hphbph~o /8# je |y`mcuc|cjk /`# je

\il}cjk 23?+99+ Ojriuip& ck }oi iuik} je h |hfi }j h }ocpm ~hp}s& ck jpmip }j y~bphmi }oi xyhfc}sje }oi ~hpg& }oi ahkhbiaik} ahs pixycpi }oh} h aj`cfiojai ì piajuim epja }oi ~hpg roipi4/h# C} c| kj} h ‖aj`cfiojai‑ rc}ock }oi aihkckb je \il}cjk 23?+<+/`# C} c| ajpi }ohk 0> sihp| jfm& jp ajpi }ohk 09 sihp| jfm ce ahkyehl}ypim he}ip \i~}iaìp

89& 8328& hkm c| 0> eii} rcmi jp ajpi& hkm }oi aj`cfiojai mji| kj} lja~fs rc}o }oi oihf}ohkm |hei}s |}hkmhpm| ~pjucmim ck \il}cjk| 8?99>& 8?990& hkm 8?5>9 je }oi Oihf}o hkm\hei}s Ljmi hkm }oi pibyfh}cjk| i|}h`fc|oim }oipiykmip& h| mi}ipackim ejffjrckb hkck|~il}cjk `s }oi h~~pj~pch}i ikejpliaik} hbikls& h| mieckim ck \il}cjk 8?0>2 je }oiOihf}o hkm \hei}s Ljmi+

/l# ]oi aj`cfiojai c| ajpi }ohk 82 sihp| jfm& jp ajpi }ohk 09 sihp| jfm ce ahkyehl}ypimhe}ip \i~}iaìp 89& 8328& hkm c| fi|| }ohk 0> eii} rcmi& hkm }oi aj`cfiojai mji| kj}

lja~fs rc}o }oi ljk|}pyl}cjk hkm |hei}s |}hkmhpm| ykmip \il}cjk| 8?99>& 8?990& hkm 8?5>9je }oi Oihf}o hkm \hei}s Ljmi hkm }oi pibyfh}cjk| i|}h`fc|oim }oipiykmip& h| mi}ipackimejffjrckb hk ck|~il}cjk `s }oi h~~pj~pch}i ikejpliaik} hbikls& h| mieckim ck \il}cjk 8?0>2je }oi Oihf}o hkm \hei}s Ljmi+

/m# C} c| ck h |cbkceclhk}fs pykmjrk ljkmc}cjk jp ck mc|pi~hcp& h| mi}ipackim `s }oi bikiphfljkmc}cjk je }oi aj`cfiojai hkm c}| hlli~}h`cfc}s }j }oi oihf}o hkm |hei}s je }oi jlly~hk}|hkm }j }oi ~y`fcl& ilfy|cui je c}| hbi+ ]oi ahkhbiaik} |ohff y|i pih|jkh`fi mc|lpi}cjk ckmi}ipackckb }oi bikiphf ljkmc}cjk je }oi aj`cfiojai hkm c}| hlli||jps |}pyl}ypi|+ ]oiahkhbiaik} |ohff ìhp }oi `ypmik je miajk|}ph}ckb }oh} }oi aj`cfiojai c| ck h|cbkceclhk}fs pykmjrk ljkmc}cjk jp ck mc|pi~hcp+ ]oi ahkhbiaik} je }oi ~hpg ahs kj} pixycpipi~hcp| jp ca~pjuiaik}| }j }oi ~hpg |~hli jp ~pj~ip}s jrkim `s }oi ahkhbiaik}& ili~}

ejp mhahbi lhy|im `s }oi hl}cjk| jp kibfcbikli je }oi ojaijrkip jp hk hbik} je }oiojaijrkip+/i# ]oi ahkhbiaik} |ohff kj} pixycpi h aj`cfiojai }j ̀ i piajuim epja }oi ~hpg& ~yp|yhk} }j

}oc| |il}cjk& ykfi|| }oi ahkhbiaik} oh| ~pjucmim }j }oi ojaijrkip kj}cli ~hp}clyfhpfs|~ilcesckb }oi ljkmc}cjk }oh} ~ipac}| }oi piajuhf je }oi aj`cfiojai+

/Haikmim ̀ s \}h}|+ 0>>?& Loh~+ 823 /\@ 8=3?& Ljaac}}ii jk Dymclchps#& iee+ 8*8*0>>3#

]oi ejffjrckb ck}ik} fhkbyhbi h~~ihp| ck \il}cjk < je H@ 5?0 /Loh~+ 958& \}h}+ 0>>=# `y} kj} ck }oc| ljmi4‖]oc| hl} c| kj} ck}ikmim }j ~pjucmi }oi ~yploh|ip je h aj`cfiojai h pcbo} }j h }ikhkls ck h aj`cfiojai ~hpg roik }oi|iffckb }ikhk} oh| ohm oc| jp oip }ikhkls }ipackh}im ~yp|yhk} }j |y`mcuc|cjk /e# jp /b# je \il}cjk 23?+95 je }oi Lcucf Ljmi+‑]oi ejffjrckb ck}ik} fhkbyhbi h~~ihp| ck \il}cjk = je H@ 5?0 /Loh~+ 958& \}h}+ 0>>=# `y} kj} ck }oc| ljmi4‖]oc| hl} c| kj} ck}ikmim }j heeil} ~hpg ahkhbiaik}–| ic|}ckb pcbo}| hkm piaimci| }j piljuip yk~hcm pik}& y}cfc}s lohpbi|&jp pih|jkh`fi cklcmik}hf lohpbi|& hkm ahs kj} ̀ i ljk|}pyim }j ~pjucmi ejp hk ilfy|cui piaims+‑

23?+2<+9 OJAI Y^BPHMI\ JK PI\HFI

/h# Ck }oi lh|i je h |hfi jp }phk|eip je h aj`cfiojai }oh} rcff piahck ck }oi ~hpg& }oiahkhbiaik} ahs jkfs pixycpi pi~hcp| jp ca~pjuiaik}| }j }oi aj`cfiojai& c}|h~~yp}ikhkli|& jp hk hlli||jps |}pyl}ypi }oh} aii} hff je }oi ejffjrckb ljkmc}cjk|4/8# Ili~} h| ~pjucmim `s \il}cjk 23?+?<& }oi pi~hcp jp ca~pjuiaik} c| }j }oi




<5

aj`cfiojai& c}| h~~yp}ikhkli|& jp hk hlli||jps |}pyl}ypi }oh} c| kj} jrkim hkmck|}hffim `s }oi ahkhbiaik}+

/0# ]oi pi~hcp jp ca~pjuiaik} c| `h|im y~jk jp c| pixycpim `s h fjlhf jpmckhkli jp |}h}i|}h}y}i jp pibyfh}cjk pifh}ckb }j aj`cfiojai|& jp h pyfi jp pibyfh}cjk je }oi aj`cfiojai~hpg }oh} ca~fiaik}| jp ikejpli| h fjlhf jpmckhkli jp h |}h}i |}h}y}i jp pibyfh}cjk

pifh}ckb }j aj`cfiojai|+/<# ]oi pi~hcp jp ca~pjuiaik} pifh}i| }j }oi i}ipcjp je }oi aj`cfiojai& c}| h~~yp}ikhkli|&jp hk hlli||jps |}pyl}ypi }oh} c| kj} jrkim hkm ck|}hffim `s }oi ahkhbiaik}+

/`# ]oi ahkhbiaik}& ck }oi lh|i je |hfi jp }phk|eip je h aj`cfiojai }oh} rcff piahck ck }oi~hpg& |ohff ~pjucmi h ojaijrkip rc}o h rpc}}ik |yaahps je pi~hcp| jp ca~pjuiaik}| }oh}ahkhbiaik} pixycpi| }j }oi aj`cfiojai& c}| h~~yp}ikhkli|& jp hk hlli||jps |}pyl}ypi }oh}c| kj} jrkim hkm ck|}hffim `s }oi ahkhbiaik} kj fh}ip }ohk 8> `y|cki|| mhs| ejffjrckb }oipilic~} je h pixyi|} ejp }oc| ckejpah}cjk& h| ~hp} je }oi kj}cli pixycpim `s \il}cjk 23?+93+]oc| |yaahps |ohff cklfymi |~ilcecl pieipikli| }j ~hpg pyfi| hkm pibyfh}cjk|& fjlhfjpmckhkli|& hkm |}h}i |}h}y}i| hkm pibyfh}cjk| pifh}ckb }j aj`cfiojai| y~jk roclo }oipixyi|} ejp pi~hcp jp ca~pjuiaik} c| `h|im+

/l# ]oi ~pjuc|cjk| je }oc| |il}cjk ikhl}im h} }oi 8333“0>>> Pibyfhp \i||cjk je }oiFibc|fh}ypi hpi milfhph}cui je ic|}ckb fhr h| }ois ~ip}hck }j hffjrckb ~hpg ahkhbiaik} }jikejpli ~hpg pyfi| hkm pibyfh}cjk|7 }oi|i ~pjuc|cjk| |~ilceclhffs fcac} pi~hcp| hkmca~pjuiaik}| }oh} lhk ì pixycpim je h ojaijrkip `s ~hpg ahkhbiaik} h} }oi }cai je |hfijp }phk|eip }j }oi |hai pi~hcp| hkm ca~pjuiaik}| }oh} lhk ì pixycpim mypckb hks j}oip }caije h pi|cmikls+

/Hmmim ̀ s \}h}|+ 0>>>& Loh~+ 99= /H@ 00<3& Ljpì}}#& iee+ 8*8*0>>8#

23?+2= AHKHBIAIK] H^^PJUHF JE @YSIP7 LPIMC] PH]CKB PIEYKM

/h# ]oi ahkhbiaik} ahs pixycpi }oi pcbo} je ~pcjp h~~pjuhf je h ~yploh|ip je h aj`cfiojai}oh} rcff piahck ck }oi ~hpg hkm }oh} }oi |iffckb ojaijrkip jp oc| jp oip hbik} bcui kj}cli je}oi |hfi }j }oi ahkhbiaik} ìejpi }oi lfj|i je }oi |hfi+ H~~pjuhf lhkkj} ì rc}ooifm ce }oi~yploh|ip oh| }oi eckhklchf h`cfc}s }j ~hs }oi pik} hkm lohpbi| je }oi ~hpg ykfi|| }oiahkhbiaik} pih|jkh`fs mi}ipacki| }oh}& `h|im jk }oi ~yploh|ip–| ~pcjp }ikhklci|& oi jp|oi rcff kj} lja~fs rc}o }oi pyfi| hkm pibyfh}cjk| je }oi ~hpg+ Ck mi}ipackckb roi}oip }oi~yploh|ip oh| }oi eckhklchf h`cfc}s }j ~hs }oi pik} hkm lohpbi| je }oi ~hpg& }oi ahkhbiaik}|ohff kj} pixycpi }oi ~yploh|ip }j |yàc} lj~ci| je hks ~ip|jkhf ckljai }h pi}ypk| ck jpmip}j j`}hck h~~pjuhf ejp pi|cmikls ck }oi ~hpg+ Ojriuip& ahkhbiaik} ahs pixycpi }oi~yploh|ip }j mjlyaik} }oi hajyk} hkm |jypli je oc| jp oip bpj|| ajk}ofs ckljai jp aihk|je eckhklchf |y~~jp}+

Y~jk pixyi|} je hks ~pj|~il}cui ojaijrkip roj ~pj~j|i| }j ~yploh|i h aj`cfiojai

}oh} rcff piahck ck }oi ~hpg& ahkhbiaik} |ohff ckejpa }oh} ~ip|jk je }oi ckejpah}cjkahkhbiaik} rcff pixycpi ck jpmip }j mi}ipacki ce }oi ~ip|jk rcff ì hlli~}h`fi h| hojaijrkip ck }oi ~hpg+

Rc}ock 89 `y|cki|| mhs| je pilicuckb hff je }oi ckejpah}cjk pixyi|}im epja }oi ~pj|~il}cuiojaijrkip& }oi ahkhbiaik} |ohff kj}ces }oi |iffip hkm }oi ~pj|~il}cui ojaijrkip& ckrpc}ckb& je ic}oip hlli~}hkli jp pidil}cjk je }oi h~~fclh}cjk& hkm }oi pih|jk ce pidil}im+Mypckb }oc| 89!mhs ~ipcjm }oi ~pj|~il}cui ojaijrkip |ohff lja~fs rc}o }oi ahkhbiaik}–|pixyi|}& ce hks& ejp h ~ip|jkhf ck}ipucir+ Ce }oi h~~pjuhf je h ~pj|~il}cui ojaijrkip c|




<2

rc}ooifm ejp hks pih|jk j}oip }ohk }oj|i |}h}im ck }oc| hp}clfi& }oi ahkhbiaik} jp jrkipahs ì oifm fch`fi ejp hff mhahbi| ~pjcah}ifs pi|yf}ckb }oipiepja+

/`# Ce }oi ahkhbiaik} ljffil}| h eii jp lohpbi epja h ~pj|~il}cui ~yploh|ip je h aj`cfiojaick jpmip }j j`}hck h eckhklchf pi~jp} jp lpimc} ph}ckb& }oi eyff hajyk} je }oi eii jp lohpbi |ohffì lpimc}im }jrhpm ~hsaik} je }oi ecp|} ajk}o–| pik} ejp }oh} aj`cfiojai ~yploh|ip+ Ce& ejp

roh}iuip pih|jk& }oi ~pj|~il}cui ~yploh|ip c| pidil}im `s }oi ahkhbiaik}& }oiahkhbiaik} |ohff pieykm }j }oi ~pj|~il}cui ~yploh|ip }oi eyff hajyk} je }oh} eii jp lohpbirc}ock <> mhs| epja }oi mh}i je pidil}cjk+ Ce }oi ~pj|~il}cui ~yploh|ip c| h~~pjuim `s }oiahkhbiaik}& `y}& ejp roh}iuip pih|jk& }oi ~pj|~il}cui ~yploh|ip ifil}| kj} }j ~yploh|i}oi aj`cfiojai& }oi ahkhbiaik} ahs pi}hck }oi eii jp h ~jp}cjk }oipije& }j miephs c}|hmackc|}ph}cui lj|}| ykmip }oc| |il}cjk+

/Haikmim ̀ s \}h}|+ 833>& Loh~+ 5=9 /\@ 0<=>& Gj~~#& iee+ 8*8*8338#

23?+2=+= AJ@CFIOJAI PI\HFI MC\LFJ\YPI ]J KIR @YSIP

]oi }phk|eip jp |hfi je h ahkyehl}ypim ojai jp aj`cfiojai ck h aj`cfiojai ~hpg c| |y`dil} }j}oi }phk|eip mc|lfj|ypi pixycpiaik}| hkm ~pjuc|cjk| |i} ejp}o ck Hp}clfi 8+9 /ljaaiklckb rc}o\il}cjk 88>0# je Loh~}ip 0 je ]c}fi = je ^hp} = je }oi Lcucf Ljmi+ ]oi pixycpiaik}| cklfymi& `y}hpi kj} fcac}im }j& }oi y|i je }oi Ahkyehl}ypim Ojai hkm Aj`cfiojai ]phk|eip Mc|lfj|ypi\}h}iaik} |i} ejp}o ck \il}cjk 88>0+5m je }oi Lcucf Ljmi+

/Hmmim ̀ s \}h}|+ 0>><& Loh~+ 0=3 /\@ 885& Mykk#& iee+ 8*8*0>>=#

23?+2=+9 PIK] MC\LFJ\YPI ]J ^PJ\ÎL]CUI OJAIJRKIP\

/h# Rc}ock }rj `y|cki|| mhs| je pilicuckb h pixyi|} epja h ~pj|~il}cui ojaijrkip ejp hkh~~fclh}cjk ejp pi|cmikls ejp h |~ilcecl |~hli rc}ock h aj`cfiojai ~hpg& ce }oi ahkhbiaik}oh| ìik hmuc|im }oh} }oi aj`cfiojai jlly~sckb }oh} |~hli c| ejp |hfi& }oi ahkhbiaik}|ohff bcui }oi ~pj|~il}cui ojaijrkip h |i~hph}i mjlyaik} ck h} fih|} 80!~jck} }s~i ik}c}fim‟‟CKEJPAH]CJK EJP ^PJ\ÎL]CUI OJAIJRKIP\&–– roclo cklfymi| }oi ejffjrckb|}h}iaik}|4

‖H| h ~pj|~il}cui ojaijrkip sjy hpi ìckb ~pjucmim rc}o lip}hck ckejpah}cjk sjy |ojyfmgkjr ~pcjp }j h~~fsckb ejp }ikhkls ck h aj`cfiojai ~hpg+ ]oc| c| kj} aihk} }j ì hlja~fi}i fc|} je ckejpah}cjk+

Jrkckb h ojai ck h aj`cfiojai ~hpg ckljp~jph}i| }oi myhf pjfi je ‟‟ojaijrkip–– /}oijrkip je }oi ojai# hkm ~hpg pi|cmik} jp }ikhk} /hf|j lhffim h ‟‟ojaijrkip–– ck }oi

Aj`cfiojai Pi|cmikls Fhr#+ H| h ojaijrkip ykmip }oi Aj`cfiojai Pi|cmikls Fhr& sjyrcff ì pi|~jk|c`fi ejp ~hsckb }oi hajyk} kili||hps }j pik} }oi |~hli ejp sjyp ojai& ckhmmc}cjk }j j}oip eii| hkm lohpbi| mi|lpcìm ìfjr+ Sjy ay|} hf|j ejffjr lip}hck pyfi| hkmpibyfh}cjk| }j pi|cmi ck }oi ~hpg+




<?

Ce sjy hpi h~~pjuim ejp }ikhkls& hkm sjyp }ikhkls ljaaikli| rc}ock }oi ki} <> mhs|&sjyp ìbckkckb ajk}ofs pik} rcff ì -ZZZZZZ /ay|} ì lja~fi}im `s }oi ahkhbiaik}# ejp|~hli kyaìp ZZZZZ /ay|} ì lja~fi}im `s }oi ahkhbiaik}#+ Hmmc}cjkhf ckejpah}cjkpibhpmckb ey}ypi pik} jp eii cklpih|i| ahs hf|j ì ~pjucmim+

Ck hmmc}cjk }j }oi ajk}ofs pik}& sjy rcff ì j`fcbh}im }j ~hs }j }oi ~hpg }oi ejffjrckbhmmc}cjkhf eii| hkm lohpbi| fc|}im ̀ ifjr+ J}oip eii| jp lohpbi| ahs h~~fs mi~ikmckb y~jksjyp |~ilcecl pixyi|}|+ Ai}ipim y}cfc}s lohpbi| hpi ̀ h|im jk y|i+

/Ahkhbiaik} |ohff mi|lpcì }oi eii jp lohpbi hkm h bjjm ehc}o i|}cah}i je ihlo eii jp lohpbi+#

\jai |~hli| hpi bjuipkim `s hk jpmckhkli& pyfi& pibyfh}cjk& jp ckc}ch}cui aih|ypi }oh}fcac}| jp pi|}pcl}| pik}| ck aj`cfiojai ~hpg|+ Fjkb!}ipa fih|i| |~ilces pik} cklpih|i| mypckb}oi }ipa je }oi fih|i+ @s |cbkckb h pik}hf hbpiiaik} jp fih|i ejp h }ipa je ajpi }ohk jkisihp& sjy ahs ì piajuckb sjyp pik}hf |~hli epja h fjlhf pik} ljk}pjf jpmckhkli mypckb }oi}ipa& jp hks i}ik|cjk& je }oi fih|i ce h fjlhf pik} ljk}pjf jpmckhkli c| ck ieeil} ejp }oi hpih ckroclo }oi |~hli c| fjlh}im+

H eyffs iily}im fih|i jp pik}hf hbpiiaik}& jp h |}h}iaik} |cbkim `s }oi ~hpg–|ahkhbiaik} hkm `s sjy |}h}ckb }oh} sjy hkm }oi ahkhbiaik} ohui hbpiim }j }oi }ipa|hkm ljkmc}cjk| je h pik}hf hbpiiaik}& c| pixycpim }j lja~fi}i }oi |hfi jp i|lpjr ~pjli|| je}oi ojai+ Sjy ohui kj pcbo}| }j }ikhkls rc}ojy} h ~pj~ipfs iily}im fih|i jp hbpiiaik} jp}oh} |}h}iaik}+ /Lcucf Ljmi \il}cjk 23?+29#

Ce }oi ahkhbiaik} ljffil}| h eii jp lohpbi epja sjy ck jpmip }j j`}hck h eckhklchf pi~jp} jplpimc} ph}ckb& }oi eyff hajyk} je }oi eii jp lohpbi rcff ì ic}oip lpimc}im }jrhpm sjyp ecp|}ajk}o–| pik} jp& ce sjy hpi pidil}im ejp hks pih|jk& pieykmim }j sjy+ Ojriuip& ce sjy hpih~~pjuim `s ahkhbiaik}& `y}& ejp roh}iuip pih|jk& sjy ifil} kj} }j ~yploh|i }oiaj`cfiojai& }oi ahkhbiaik} ahs pi}hck }oi eii }j miephs c}| hmackc|}ph}cui lj|}|+ /LcucfLjmi \il}cjk 23?+2=#

Ri ikljyphbi sjy }j pixyi|} epja ahkhbiaik} h lj~s je }oi fih|i jp pik}hf hbpiiaik}&}oi ~hpg–| pyfi| hkm pibyfh}cjk|& hkm h lj~s je }oi Aj`cfiojai Pi|cmikls Fhr+ Y~jkpixyi|}& ~hpg ahkhbiaik} rcff ~pjucmi sjy h lj~s je ihlo mjlyaik}+ Ri ypbi sjy }j pihm}oi|i mjlyaik}| ìejpi ahgckb }oi milc|cjk }oh} sjy rhk} }j ìljai h aj`cfiojai ~hpgpi|cmik}+

Mh}im4

\cbkh}ypi je ^hpg Ahkhbip4Hlgkjrfimbi Pilic~} `s ^pj|~il}cui Ojaijrkip4

/`# Ahkhbiaik} |ohff ~pjucmi h ~pj|~il}cui ojaijrkip& y~jk oc| jp oip pixyi|}& rc}o h lj~sje }oi pyfi| hkm pibyfh}cjk| je }oi ~hpg hkm rc}o h lj~s je }oc| loh~}ip+

/l# ]oc| |il}cjk |ohff ìljai j~iph}cui jk Jl}jìp 8& 0>>=+/Hmmim ̀ s \}h}|+ 0>><& Loh~+ 252 /H@ 80?2& Fciìp#& iee+ 8>*8*0>>=#




<3

23?+29 PIK]HF HBPIIAIK] PIXYCPIM EJP ^HPG JLLY^HKLS

/h# Hk i|lpjr& |hfi& jp }phk|eip hbpiiaik} ckujfuckb h aj`cfiojai fjlh}im ck h ~hpg h} }oi}cai je }oi |hfi& roipi }oi aj`cfiojai c| }j piahck ck }oi ~hpg& |ohff ljk}hck h lj~s jeic}oip h eyffs iily}im pik}hf hbpiiaik} jp h |}h}iaik} |cbkim `s }oi ~hpg–| ahkhbiaik}

hkm }oi ~pj|~il}cui ojaijrkip }oh} }oi ~hp}ci| ohui hbpiim }j }oi }ipa| hkm ljkmc}cjk| jeh pik}hf hbpiiaik}+/`# Ck }oi iuik} }oi ~yploh|ip ehcf| }j iily}i }oi pik}hf hbpiiaik}& }oi ~yploh|ip |ohff kj}

ohui hks pcbo}| je }ikhkls+/l# Ck }oi iuik} }oh} hk jlly~hk} je h aj`cfiojai oh| kj pcbo}| je }ikhkls hkm c| kj}

j}oiprc|i ik}c}fim }j jlly~s }oi aj`cfiojai ~yp|yhk} }j }oc| loh~}ip& }oi jlly~hk} c|ljk|cmipim hk ykfhreyf jlly~hk} ce& he}ip h miahkm c| ahmi ejp }oi |yppikmip je }oiaj`cfiojai ~hpg |c}i& ejp h ~ipcjm je ecui mhs|& }oi jlly~hk} piey|i| }j |yppikmip }oi |c}i }j}oi aj`cfiojai ~hpg ahkhbiaik}+ Ck }oi iuik} }oi ykfhreyf jlly~hk} ehcf| }j lja~fs rc}o}oi miahkm& }oi ykfhreyf jlly~hk} |ohff ì |y`dil} }j }oi ~pjliimckb| |i} ejp}o ck Loh~}ip =/ljaaiklckb rc}o \il}cjk 8893# je ]c}fi < je ^hp} < je }oi Ljmi je Lcucf ^pjlimypi+

/m# ]oi jlly~hk} je }oi aj`cfiojai |ohff kj} ì ljk|cmipim hk ykfhreyf jlly~hk} hkm |ohffkj} ì |y`dil} }j }oi ~pjuc|cjk| je |y`mcuc|cjk /l# ce hff je }oi ejffjrckb ljkmc}cjk| hpi~pi|ik}4/8# ]oi jlly~hk} c| }oi pibc|}ipim jrkip je }oi aj`cfiojai+/0# ]oi ahkhbiaik} oh| mi}ipackim }oh} }oi jlly~hk} oh| }oi eckhklchf h`cfc}s }j ~hs }oi

pik} hkm lohpbi| je }oi ~hpg& rcff lja~fs rc}o }oi pyfi| hkm pibyfh}cjk| je }oi ~hpg&`h|im jk }oi jlly~hk}–| ~pcjp }ikhklci|& hkm rcff lja~fs rc}o }oc| hp}clfi+

/<# ]oi ahkhbiaik} ehcfim jp piey|im }j jeeip }oi jlly~hk} h pik}hf hbpiiaik}+/Haikmim ̀ s \}h}|+ 833>& Loh~+ 5=9 /\@ 0<=>& Gj~~#& iee+ 8*8*8338#

23?+29+9 AJ@CFIOJAI ^HPG MC\LFJ\YPI EJPA

/h# ]oi ahkhbiaik} |ohff ~pjucmi h ~pj|~il}cui ojaijrkip rc}o h lja~fi}im rpc}}ikmc|lfj|ypi ejpa ljklipkckb }oi ~hpg mi|lpcìm ck |y`mcuc|cjk /`# h} fih|} }opii mhs| ~pcjp }jiily}cjk je h pik}hf hbpiiaik} jp |}h}iaik} |cbkim `s }oi ~hpg ahkhbiaik} hkm }oi~pj|~il}cui ojaijrkip }oh} }oi ~hp}ci| ohui hbpiim }j }oi }ipa| hkm ljkmc}cjk| je }oipik}hf hbpiiaik}+ ]oi ahkhbiaik} |ohff y~mh}i }oi ckejpah}cjk jk }oi mc|lfj|ypi ejpahkkyhffs& jp& ck }oi iuik} je h ah}ipchf lohkbi ck }oi ljkmc}cjk je }oi aj`cfiojai ~hpg& h}}oi }cai je }oi ah}ipchf lohkbi ck }oh} ljkmc}cjk+

/`# ]oi rpc}}ik mc|lfj|ypi ejpa |ohff pihm h| ejffjr|4

/|ii ki} ~hbi#




=>

Aj`cfiojai ^hpg Pik}hf Hbpiiaik} Mc|lfj|ypi Ejpa

]OC\ MC\LFJ\YPI \]H]IAIK] LJKLIPK\ ]OI AJ@CFIOJAI ̂ HPG GKJRK H\ ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ FJLH]IM H]ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ

~hpg khai ~hpg hmmpi||

CK ]OI LC]S JE ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ LJYK]S JEZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ&\]H]I JE LHFCEJPKCH+]OC\ \]H]IAIK] C\ H MC\LFJ\YPI JE ]OI LJKMC]CJK JE ]OI ̂ HPG HKM ^HPG LJAAJK HPIH\ H\ JE /mh}i# ZZZZZZZZZZZZCKLJA^FCHKLI RC]O \IL]CJK 23?+29+9 JE ]OI LCUCF LJMI+C] C\ KJ] H RHPPHK]S JE HKS GCKM @S ]OI AJ@CFIOJAI ̂ HPG JRKIP JP ̂ HPG AHKHBIAIK] HKM C\ KJ] H \Y@\]C]Y]I EJP HKSCK\ÎL]CJK @S ]OI ^PJ\ÎL]CUI OJAIJRKIP* FI\\II JE ]OI \^HLI ]J @I PIK]IM JP FIH\IM JP JE ]OI ^HPG& CKLFYMCKB HFFLJAAJK HPIH\ PIEIPIKLIM CK ]OC\ \]H]IAIK]+ ]OC\ \]H]IAIK] MJI\ KJ] LPIH]I HKS KIR MY]S JP KIR FCH@CFC]S JK ]OI^HP] JE ]OI AJ@CFIOJAI ^HPG JRKIP JP AJ@CFIOJAI ^HPG AHKHBIAIK] JP HEEIL] HKS MY]CI\ ]OH] AHS OHUI I_C\]IM^PCJP ]J ]OI IKHL]AIK] JE \IL]CJK 23?+29+9 JE ]OI LCUCF LJMI& J]OIP ]OHK ]OI MY]S ]J MC\LFJ\I ]OI CKEJPAH]CJKPIXYCPIM @S ]OI \]H]IAIK]+

Hpi sjy /}oi aj`cfiojai ~hpg jrkip*aj`cfiojai ~hpg ahkhbip# hrhpi je hks je }oi ejffjrckb4H+ ^hpg jpljaajk hpihehlcfc}ci|:

@+ Mji| }oi~hpg ljk}hck}oc| ehlcfc}s:

L+ C| }oiehlcfc}s ckj~iph}cjk:

M+ Mji| }oiehlcfc}s ohuihks gkjrk|y`|}hk}chfmieil}|:

I+ Hpi }oipi hksykljppil}im ~hpglc}h}cjk| jpkj}cli| jeh`h}iaik}

pifh}ckb }j }oiehlcfc}ci| c||yim ̀ sh ~y`fcl hbikls:

E+ C| }oipi hks|y`|}hk}chf&ykljppil}immhahbi }j }oiehlcfc}s epja ecpi&

efjjm&ihp}oxyhgi& jpfhkm|fcmi|:

B+ Hpi }oipihks ~ikmckbfhr|yc}| ̀ s jphbhck|} }oi~hpg heeil}ckb

}oi ehlcfc}ci| jphffibckbmieil}| ck }oiehlcfc}ci|:

O+ C| }oipi hksiklpjhloaik}&ih|iaik}& kjk!ljkejpackb y|i&jp ucjfh}cjk je

|i}`hlgpixycpiaik}|pibhpmckb }oc|~hpg ljaajkhpih ehlcfc}s:

Si| Kj Si| Kj Si| Kj Si| Kj Si| Kj Si| Kj Si| Kj

Lfyòjy|i

Rhfgrhs|

\}pii}|& pjhm|hkm hlli||

Ifil}pcl y}cfc}s|s|}ia

Rh}ip y}cfc}s|s|}ia

Bh| y}cfc}s\s|}ia

Ljaajk hpihfcbo}ckb |s|}ia

\i~}cl jp |irip|s|}ia

^fhsbpjykm

PU |}jphbi^hpgckb hpih|\rcaackb ~jjf

\~h ~jjf

FhykmpsJ}oip ljaajkhpih ehlcfc}ci|$

$Ce }oipi hpi j}oip ca~jp}hk} ~hpg jp ljaajk hpih ehlcfc}ci|& ~fih|i |~ilces /h}}hloi hmmc}cjkhf |oii}| ce kili||hps#4

Ce hks c}ia ck L c| loilgim ‖kj‑& jp hks c}ia ck M& I& E& B& jp O c| loilgim ‖si|‑& ~fih|i i~fhck /h}}hlo hmmc}cjkhf |oii}| cekili||hps#4




=8

]oi aj`cfiojai ~hpg jrkip*~hpg ahkhbip |}h}i| }oh} }oi ckejpah}cjk oipick oh| ̀ iik mifcuipim }j }oi ~pj|~il}cuiojaijrkip*fi||ii h ackcaya je }opii mhs| ~pcjp }j iily}cjk je h pik}hf hbpiiaik} hkm c| }pyi hkm ljppil} }j }oi ̀ i|} je }oi~hpg jrkip*~hpg ahkhbip–| gkjrfimbi h| je }oi mh}i |cbkim `s }oi ~hpg jrkip*ahkhbip+^hpgJrkip*Ahkhbip4ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ@s4ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZMh}i4ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ

~pck} khai |cbkh}ypi

C*RI HLGKJRFIMBI PILIC^] JE H LJA^FI]IM LJ^S JE ]OI ^HPG JRKIP*AHKHBIP \]H]IAIK]+^pj|~il}cui OjaijrkipFi||ii ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ ̂ hpg Jrkip*Ahkhbip ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ Mh}i4ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ

]c}fi

^pj|~il}cui OjaijrkipFi||ii ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ ̂ hpg Jrkip*AhkhbipZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ Mh}i4ZZZZZZZZZZZZ ZZZ

]c}fi

/Hmmim ̀ s \}h}| 8333& Loh~+ 982 /\@ 9<=& Mykk#& iee+ 8*8*0>>>#

23?+25 \IKCJP JKFS PI\]PCL]CJK\

]oi ahkhbiaik} ahs pixycpi }oh} h ~pj|~il}cui ~yploh|ip lja~fs rc}o hks pyfi jp pibyfh}cjkfcac}ckb pi|cmikls `h|im jk hbi pixycpiaik}| ejp ojy|ckb ejp jfmip ~ip|jk|& ~pjucmim }oh} }oipyfi jp pibyfh}cjk lja~fci| rc}o }oi eimiphf Ehcp Ojy|ckb Haikmaik}| Hl} h| haikmim `s ^y`fclFhr 8>=!25 hkm ca~fiaik}ckb pibyfh}cjk|+

/Haikmim ̀ s \}h}|+ 8335& Loh~+ 58 /\@ 89?9& Lphuik#& iee+ 5*8>*8335#

23?+22 KJ RHCUIP JE PCBO]\

Kj pik}hf jp |hfi hbpiiaik} |ohff ljk}hck h ~pjuc|cjk `s roclo }oi ~yploh|ip jp ojaijrkiprhcui| oc| jp oip pcbo}| ykmip }oc| loh~}ip+ Hks |ylo rhcuip |ohff ̀ i miiaim ljk}phps }j ~y`fcl

~jfcls hkm |ohff ì ujcm hkm ykikejplih`fi+/Haikmim ̀ s \}h}|+ 83?<& Loh~+ 983 /H@ 8>90& @hmip#& iee+ 8*8*83?=#

23?+2? PCBO]\ JE OICP JP DJCK] ]IKHK] JE JRKIP

/h# Hk oicp& djck} }ikhk}& jp ~ip|jkhf pi~pi|ik}h}cui je }oi i|}h}i roj bhck| jrkip|oc~ je haj`cfiojai ck }oi aj`cfiojai ~hpg }opjybo }oi mih}o je }oi jrkip je }oi aj`cfiojai rojrh| h ojaijrkip h} }oi }cai je oc| jp oip mih}o |ohff ohui }oi pcbo} }j |iff }oi aj`cfiojai}j h }ocpm ~hp}s ck hlljpmhkli rc}o }oi ~pjuc|cjk| je }oc| hp}clfi& `y} jkfs ce hff }oiojaijrkip–| pi|~jk|c`cfc}ci| hkm fch`cfc}ci| }j }oi ahkhbiaik} pibhpmckb pik}& y}cfc}ci|& hkmpih|jkh`fi ahck}ikhkli je }oi aj`cfiojai hkm c}| ~piac|i| roclo ohui hpc|ik he}ip }oimih}o je }oi ojaijrkip ohui ìik |h}c|ecim h| }ois ohui hllpyim ~yp|yhk} }j }oi pik}hfhbpiiaik} ck ieeil} h} }oi }cai je }oi mih}o je }oi ojaijrkip y~ yk}cf }oi mh}i }oiaj`cfiojai c| pi|jfm+

/`# Ck }oi iuik} }oh} }oi oicp& djck} }ikhk}& jp ~ip|jkhf pi~pi|ik}h}cui je }oi i|}h}i mji| kj}|h}c|es }oi pixycpiaik}| je |y`mcuc|cjk /h# rc}o pi|~il} }j }oi |h}c|ehl}cjk je }oiojaijrkip–| pi|~jk|c`cfc}ci| hkm fch`cfc}ci| }j }oi ahkhbiaik} roclo hllpyi ~yp|yhk} }j }oi






=<

}oi ejffjrckb ljkmc}cjk| hpi ai}4/8# ]oi pi|cmik} jpbhkcth}cjk oh| ecp|} eypkc|oim }oi ~hpg jrkip jp ~hpg ahkhbip h rpc}}ik

kj}cli je }oi khai hkm hmmpi|| je }oi ~pi|cmik}& |ilpi}hps& hkm }pih|ypip je }oi pi|cmik}jpbhkcth}cjk }j roja }oi kj}cli je |hfi |ohff ì bcuik+

/0# ]oi pi|cmik} jpbhkcth}cjk oh| ecp|} kj}cecim }oi ~hpg jrkip jp ahkhbip ck rpc}ckb }oh}

}oi ~hpg pi|cmik}| hpi ck}ipi|}im ck ~yploh|ckb }oi ~hpg+ ]oi ckc}chf kj}cli ̀ s }oipi|cmik} jpbhkcth}cjk |ohff ì ahmi ~pcjp }j h rpc}}ik fc|}ckb jp jeeip }j |iff }oi ~hpg `s}oi ~hpg jrkip& hkm }oi pi|cmik} jpbhkcth}cjk |ohff bcui |y`|ixyik} kj}cli jkli ihlosihp }oipihe}ip }oh} }oi ~hpg pi|cmik}| hpi ck}ipi|}im ck ~yploh|ckb }oi ~hpg+

/<# ]oi pi|cmik} jpbhkcth}cjk oh| eypkc|oim }oi ~hpg jrkip jp ~hpg ahkhbip h rpc}}ikkj}cli& rc}ock ecui mhs|& je hks lohkbi ck }oi khai jp hmmpi|| je }oi jeeclip| je }oipi|cmik} jpbhkcth}cjk }j roja }oi kj}cli je |hfi |ohff ì bcuik+

/l# Kj}ockb ck }oc| |il}cjk heeil}| }oi uhfcmc}s je }c}fi }j pihf ~pj~ip}s }phk|eippim ck ucjfh}cjk je}oc| |il}cjk& hf}ojybo h ucjfh}cjk |ohff |y`dil} }oi |iffip }j lcucf hl}cjk ~yp|yhk} }j Hp}clfi ?/ljaaiklckb rc}o \il}cjk 23?+?=# `s ojaijrkip pi|cmik}| je }oi ~hpg jp pi|cmik}jpbhkcth}cjk+

/m# Kj}ockb ck }oc| |il}cjk heeil}| }oi h`cfc}s je h fclik|im pihf i|}h}i `pjgip& h| mieckim ckHp}clfi 8 /ljaaiklckb rc}o \il}cjk 8>8<># je Loh~}ip < je ^hp} 8 je Mcuc|cjk = je }oi@y|cki|| hkm ^pjei||cjk| Ljmi& }j ljffil} h ljaac||cjk ~yp|yhk} }j hk iily}im ljk}phl}ì}riik }oi `pjgip hkm }oi aj`cfiojai ~hpg jrkip+

/i# \y`mcuc|cjk /h# mji| kj} h~~fs }j hks je }oi ejffjrckb4/8# Hks |hfi jp j}oip }phk|eip `s h ~hpg jrkip roj c| h kh}yphf ~ip|jk }j hks pifh}cjk

|~ilcecim ck \il}cjk 5=>8 jp 5=>0 je }oi ^pj`h}i Ljmi+/0# Hks }phk|eip ̀ s bce}& miuc|i& jp j~iph}cjk je fhr+/<# Hks }phk|eip ̀ s h ljp~jph}cjk }j hk heecfch}i+ H| y|im ck }oc| ~hphbph~o& ‖heecfch}i‑

aihk| hks |ohpiojfmip je }oi }phk|eippckb ljp~jph}cjk& hks ljp~jph}cjk jp ik}c}s jrkimjp ljk}pjffim& mcpil}fs jp ckmcpil}fs& `s }oi }phk|eippckb ljp~jph}cjk& jp hks j}oip

ljp~jph}cjk jp ik}c}s ljk}pjffim& mcpil}fs jp ckmcpil}fs& `s hks |ohpiojfmip je }oi}phk|eippckb ljp~jph}cjk+/=# Hks }phk|eip ̀ s h ~hp}kip|oc~ }j hks je c}| ~hp}kip|+/9# Hks ljkuishkli pi|yf}ckb epja }oi dymclchf jp kjkdymclchf ejpilfj|ypi je h ajp}bhbi jp

miim je }py|} iklyaìpckb h aj`cfiojai ~hpg jp hks miim bcuik ck fciy je |ylo hejpilfj|ypi+

/5# Hks |hfi jp }phk|eip ̀ i}riik jp hajkb djck} }ikhk}| jp }ikhk}| ck ljaajk jrkckb haj`cfiojai ~hpg+

/2# ]oi ~yploh|i je h aj`cfiojai ~hpg `s h bjuipkaik}hf ik}c}s ykmip c}| ~jrip| jeiackik} mjahck+

/Haikmim ̀ s \}h}|+ 833=& Loh~+ 083 /H@ 80?>& Lphuik#& iee+ 8*8*8339#

23?+?8 FC\]CKB JP \HFI\ ! ^PJOC@C]CJK\

]oi ahkhbiaik} 8# |ohff kj} ~pjoc`c} }oi fc|}ckb jp |hfi je h y|im aj`cfiojai rc}ock }oi ~hpg `s}oi ojaijrkip& hk oicp& djck} }ikhk}& jp ~ip|jkhf pi~pi|ik}h}cui je }oi i|}h}i roj bhck|jrkip|oc~ je h aj`cfiojai ck }oi aj`cfiojai ~hpg }opjybo }oi mih}o je }oi jrkip je }oiaj`cfiojai roj rh| h ojaijrkip h} }oi }cai je oc| jp oip mih}o& jp }oi hbik} je hks |ylo




==

~ip|jk j}oip }ohk }oi ahkhbiaik}& 0# kjp pixycpi }oi |iffckb ojaijrkip }j hy}ojpcti }oiahkhbiaik} }j hl} h| }oi hbik} ck }oi |hfi je h aj`cfiojai h| h ljkmc}cjk je h~~pjuhf je }oi`ysip jp ~pj|~il}cui ojaijrkip ejp pi|cmikls ck }oi ~hpg+

/Haikmim ̀ s \}h}|+ 83?3& Loh~+ 2=9 /H@ 838=& K+Rh}ip|#& iee+ 8*8*833>#

23?+?0 \LOJJF CA^HL] EII MC\LFJ\YPI

]oi ahkhbiaik}& h} }oi }cai je hk h~~fclh}cjk ejp pi|cmikls& |ohff mc|lfj|i ck rpc}ckb }j hks~ip|jk roj ~pj~j|i| }j ~yploh|i jp ck|}hff h ahkyehl}ypim ojai jp aj`cfiojai jk h |~hli&jk roclo }oi ljk|}pyl}cjk je }oi ~hm jp ejykmh}cjk |s|}ia ljaaiklim he}ip \i~}iaìp 8& 83?5&hkm kj j}oip ahkyehl}ypim ojai jp aj`cfiojai rh| ~piucjy|fs fjlh}im& ck|}hffim& jp jlly~cim&}oh} }oi ahkyehl}ypim ojai jp aj`cfiojai ahs ì |y`dil} }j h |lojjf ehlcfc}ci| eii ykmip\il}cjk| 9<>?> hkm 9<>?>+= je& hkm Loh~}ip =+3 /ljaaiklckb rc}o \il}cjk 59339# je Mcuc|cjk 8je ]c}fi 2 je }oi Bjuipkaik} Ljmi+

/Hmmim ̀ s \}h}|+ 833=& Loh~+ 3?< /\@ 8=58& Lphuik#& iee+ 8*8*8339#

23?+?< OJAIJRKIP PI^HCP JE ]OI \^HLI

Ck }oi lh|i je h |hfi jp }phk|eip je h aj`cfiojai }oh} rcff piahck ck }oi ~hpg& }oi ahkhbiaik} je}oi ~hpg |ohff kj} pixycpi pi~hcp| jp ca~pjuiaik}| }j }oi ~hpg |~hli jp ~pj~ip}s jrkim `s }oiahkhbiaik}& ili~} ejp mhahbi lhy|im `s }oi hl}cjk| jp kibfcbikli je }oi ojaijrkip jp hkhbik} je }oi ojaijrkip+

/Hmmim ̀ s \}h}|+ 8332& Loh~+ <52 /H@ 520& Ojkmh#& iee+ 8*8*833?#

HP]CLFI ? ! HL]CJK\& ^PJLIIMCKB\& HKM ÎKHF]CI\

23?+?= KJ]CLI JE FHR\YC] EJP EHCFYPI ]J AHCK]HCK

/h# Kj hl}cjk `h|im y~jk }oi ahkhbiaik}–| hffibim ehcfypi }j ahck}hck }oi ~os|clhfca~pjuiaik}| ck }oi ljaajk ehlcfc}ci| ck bjjm rjpgckb jpmip jp ljkmc}cjk jp hffibimpimyl}cjk je |ipucli ahs ì ljaaiklim `s h ojaijrkip ykfi|| }oi ahkhbiaik} oh|ìik bcuik h} fih|} <> mhs|– ~pcjp kj}cli je }oi ck}ik}cjk }j ljaaikli }oi hl}cjk+

/`# ]oi kj}cli |ohff ì ck rpc}ckb& |cbkim ̀ s }oi ojaijrkip jp ojaijrkip| ahgckb }oihffibh}cjk|& hkm |ohff kj}ces }oi ahkhbiaik} je }oi `h|c| je }oi lfhca& }oi |~ilceclhffibh}cjk|& hkm }oi piaimci| pixyi|}im+ H kj}cli `s jki ojaijrkip |ohff ì miiaim }jì |yeeclcik} kj}cli je }oi |~ilcecl hffibh}cjk }j }oi ahkhbiaik} je }oi ~hpg `s hff je }oi

ojaijrkip| ck }oi ~hpg+/l# ]oi kj}cli ahs ì |ipuim ck }oi ahkkip ~pi|lpcìm ck Loh~}ip 9 /ljaaiklckb rc}o

\il}cjk 8>8># je ]c}fi 8= je ^hp} 0 je }oi Ljmi je Lcucf ^pjlimypi+/m# Ejp ~yp~j|i| je }oc| |il}cjk& ahkhbiaik} |ohff ì miiaim }j ì kj}cecim je hk hffibim

ehcfypi }j ahck}hck }oi ~os|clhf ca~pjuiaik}| ck }oi ljaajk ehlcfc}ci| ck bjjm rjpgckb jpmipjp ljkmc}cjk jp je hk hffibim pimyl}cjk je |ipucli| y~jk |y`|}hk}chf lja~fchkli `s }oiojaijrkip jp ojaijrkip| rc}o }oi ~pjuc|cjk| je |y`mcuc|cjk| /`# hkm /l#& jp roik




=9

ahkhbiaik} oh| ìik kj}cecim je }oi hffibim ehcfypi }j ahck}hck jp }oi hffibim pimyl}cjk je|ipucli| `s h |}h}i jp fjlhf hbikls+

/i# Ce }oi kj}cli c| |ipuim rc}ock <> mhs| je }oi i~cph}cjk je }oi h~~fclh`fi |}h}y}i jefcac}h}cjk|& }oi }cai ejp }oi ljaaikliaik} je }oi hl}cjk |ohff ì i}ikmim <> mhs| epja }oi|ipucli je }oi kj}cli+

/e# ]oc| |il}cjk mji| kj} h~~fs }j hl}cjk| ejp ~ip|jkhf ckdyps jp rpjkbeyf mih}o+/Hmmim ̀ s |}h}|+ 83??& Loh~+ 8930 /H@ =>80& Lj|}h#& iee+ 8*8*83?3#

23?+?9 H]]JPKIS–\ EII\ HKM LJ\]\

Ck hks hl}cjk hpc|ckb jy} je }oi ~pjuc|cjk| je }oc| loh~}ip }oi ~piuhcfckb ~hp}s |ohff ì ik}c}fim }jpih|jkh`fi h}}jpkis–| eii| hkm lj|}|+ H ~hp}s |ohff ̀ i miiaim h ~piuhcfckb ~hp}s ejp }oi~yp~j|i| je }oc| |il}cjk ce }oi dymbaik} c| pikmipim ck oc| jp oip ehujp jp roipi }oi fc}cbh}cjk c|mc|ac||im ck oc| jp oip ehujp ~pcjp }j jp mypckb }oi }pchf& ykfi|| }oi ~hp}ci| j}oiprc|i hbpii ck }oi|i}}fiaik} jp lja~pjac|i+

/Haikmim ̀ s \}h}|+ 83?<& Loh~+ 983 /H@ 8>90& @hmip#& iee+ 8*8*83?=#

23?+?5 AHKHBIAIK] ÎKHF]S EJP RCFFEYF UCJFH]CJK

/h# Ce h ojaijrkip jp ejpaip ojaijrkip je h ~hpg c| }oi ~piuhcfckb ~hp}s ck h lcucfhl}cjk& cklfymckb h |ahff lfhca| ljyp} hl}cjk& hbhck|} }oi ahkhbiaik} }j ikejpli oc| jp oippcbo}| ykmip }oc| loh~}ip& }oi ojaijrkip& ck hmmc}cjk }j mhahbi| heejpmim `s fhr& ahs& ck}oi mc|lpi}cjk je }oi ljyp}& ì hrhpmim hk hajyk} kj} }j iliim }rj }ojy|hkm mjffhp|/-0&>>># ejp ihlo rcffeyf ucjfh}cjk je }oc| loh~}ip `s }oi ahkhbiaik}+

/`# H ojaijrkip jp ejpaip ojaijrkip je h ~hpg roj c| }oi ~piuhcfckb ~hp}s ck h lcucf hl}cjkhbhck|} ahkhbiaik} }j ikejpli oc| jp oip pcbo}| ykmip }oc| loh~}ip ahs ì hrhpmim ic}oip~ykc}cui mhahbi| ~yp|yhk} }j \il}cjk <03= je }oi Lcucf Ljmi jp }oi |}h}y}jps ~ikhf}s~pjucmim `s |y`mcuc|cjk /h#+

/Haikmim ̀ s \}h}|+ 0>><& Loh~+ 3? /H@ 53<& Ljpì}}#& iee+ 8*8*0>>=#

23?+?2 ^Y@FCL KYC\HKLI\ HKM H@H]IAIK]

/h# ]oi |y`|}hk}chf ehcfypi je }oi ahkhbiaik} }j ~pjucmi hkm ahck}hck ~os|clhf ca~pjuiaik}|ck }oi ljaajk ehlcfc}ci| ck bjjm rjpgckb jpmip hkm ljkmc}cjk |ohff ì miiaim h ~y`fclkyc|hkli+ Kj}rc}o|}hkmckb \il}cjk <=38& |ylo h kyc|hkli ahs jkfs ì piaimcim `s h lcucfhl}cjk jp h`h}iaik}+

/`# ]oi |y`|}hk}chf ucjfh}cjk je h aj`cfiojai ~hpg pyfi |ohff ì miiaim h ~y`fcl kyc|hkli+Kj}rc}o|}hkmckb \il}cjk <=38& }oc| kyc|hkli ahs jkfs ì piaimcim `s h lcucf hl}cjk jph`h}iaik}+

/l# H lcucf hl}cjk ~yp|yhk} }j }oc| |il}cjk ahs ì `pjybo} `s h ~hpg pi|cmik}& }oi ~hpgahkhbiaik}& jp ck }oi khai je }oi ~ij~fi je }oi \}h}i je Lhfcejpkch& `s hks je }oi ejffjrckb4/8# ]oi mc|}pcl} h}}jpkis jp }oi ljyk}s ljyk|if je }oi dypc|mcl}cjk ck roclo }oi ~hpg& jp }oi

bpih}ip ~jp}cjk je }oi ~hpg& c| fjlh}im+






=2

HP]CLFI 3\Y@MCUC\CJK\& LJJÎPH]CUI\& LJKMJACKCYA\ % PI\CMIK]!JRKIM ^HPG\

233 MIECKC]CJK\

H| y|im ck }oc| hp}clfi4/h# ‖Jrkip|oc~ jp ahkhbiaik}‑ aihk| }oi jrkip|oc~ jp ahkhbiaik} je h |y`mcuc|cjk&

ljj~iph}cui& jp ljkmjackcya ejp aj`cfiojai|& jp je h pi|cmik}!jrkim aj`cfiojai ~hpg+/`# ‖Pi|cmik}‑ aihk| h ~ip|jk roj ahck}hck| h pi|cmikli ck h |y`mcuc|cjk& ljj~iph}cui& jp

ljkmjackcya ejp aj`cfiojai|& jp h pi|cmik}!jrkim aj`cfiojai ~hpg+/l# ‖Pi|cmik}!jrkim aj`cfiojai ~hpg‑ aihk| hks ik}c}s j}oip }ohk h |y`mcuc|cjk&

ljj~iph}cui& jp ljkmjackcya ejp aj`cfiojai|& }opjybo roclo }oi pi|cmik}| ohui hkjrkip|oc~ ck}ipi|} ck }oi aj`cfiojai ~hpg+

/Haikmim ̀ s \}h}|+ 8332& Loh~+ 20 /\@ =?=& Lphuik#& iee+ 8*8*833?#

233+8 PCBO]\ BJUIPKIM

/h# Ili~} h| ~pjucmim ck |y`mcuc|cjk /̀ #& }oc| hp}clfi |ohff bjuipk }oi pcbo}| je h pi|cmik} rojoh| hk jrkip|oc~ ck}ipi|} ck }oi |y`mcuc|cjk& ljj~iph}cui& jp ljkmjackcya ejp aj`cfiojai|&jp h pi|cmik}!jrkim aj`cfiojai ~hpg ck roclo oc| jp oip aj`cfiojai c| fjlh}im jp ck|}hffim+Ck h |y`mcuc|cjk& ljj~iph}cui& jp ljkmjackcya ejp aj`cfiojai|& jp h pi|cmik}!jrkimaj`cfiojai ~hpg& Hp}clfi| 8/ljaaiklckb rc}o \il}cjk 23?# }opjybo Hp}clfi ? /ljaaiklckbrc}o \il}cjk 23?+?=# |ohff h~~fs jkfs }j h pi|cmik} roj mji| kj} ohui hk jrkip|oc~ ck}ipi|}ck }oi |y`mcuc|cjk& ljj~iph}cui& jp ljkmjackcya ejp aj`cfiojai|& jp }oi pi|cmik}!jrkimaj`cfiojai ~hpg& ck roclo oc| jp oip aj`cfiojai c| fjlh}im jp ck|}hffim+

/`# Kj}rc}o|}hkmckb |y`mcuc|cjk /h#& ck h aj`cfiojai ~hpg jrkim hkm j~iph}im `s h kjk~pjec}ay}yhf ìkiec} ljp~jph}cjk& i|}h`fc|oim ~yp|yhk} }j \il}cjk 88>8>+? je }oi @y|cki|| hkm^pjei||cjk| Ljmi& roj|i aiaìp| ljk|c|} je ~hpg pi|cmik}| roipi }oipi c| kj piljpmimljkmjackcya ~fhk& }phl}& ~hplif ah~& jp milfhph}cjk& Hp}clfi 8 /ljaaiklckb rc}o \il}cjk23?# }opjybo Hp}clfi ? /ljaaiklckb rc}o \il}cjk 23?+?=# |ohff bjuipk }oi pcbo}| je aiaìp|roj hpi pi|cmik}| }oh} ohui h pik}hf hbpiiaik} rc}o }oi ljp~jph}cjk+

/Haikmim ̀ s \}h}|+ 0>8>& Loh~+ 829 /\@ 8>=2& Ljppih#& iee+ 8*8*0>88#

233+8+9 HMUIP]C\CKB \HFI JE OJAI7 ‖EJP \HFI‑ \CBK\

H ojaijrkip jp pi|cmik}& jp hk oicp& djck} }ikhk}& jp ~ip|jkhf pi~pi|ik}h}cui je }oi i|}h}i rojbhck| jrkip|oc~ je h aj`cfiojai }opjybo }oi mih}o je }oi pi|cmik} je }oi aj`cfiojai roj rh|h pi|cmik} h} }oi }cai je oc| jp oip mih}o& jp }oi hbik} je hks je }oj|i ~ip|jk|& ahs hmuip}c|i }oi|hfi jp ilohkbi je oc| jp oip aj`cfiojai jp& ce kj} ~pjoc`c}im `s }oi }ipa| je hk hbpiiaik}rc}o }oi ahkhbiaik} jp jrkip|oc~& ahs hmuip}c|i }oi pik}hf je oc| jp oip aj`cfiojai `smc|~fhsckb h |cbk ck }oi rckmjr je }oi aj`cfiojai& jp `s h |cbk ~j|}im jk }oi |cmi je }oiaj`cfiojai ehlckb }oi |}pii}& jp `s h |cbk ck epjk} je }oi aj`cfiojai ehlckb }oi |}pii}& |}h}ckb}oh} }oi aj`cfiojai c| ejp |hfi jp ilohkbi jp& ce kj} ~pjoc`c}im& ejp pik} `s }oi jrkip je }oi




=?

aj`cfiojai jp oc| jp oip hbik}+ Hks |ylo ~ip|jk hf|j ahs mc|~fhs h |cbk ljkejpackb }j }oi|ipixycpiaik}| ckmclh}ckb }oh} }oi aj`cfiojai c| jk mc|~fhs ejp hk ‖j~ik ojy|i&‑ ykfi|| }oi ~hpgpyfi| ~pjoc`c} }oi mc|~fhs je hk j~ik ojy|i |cbk+ ]oi |cbk |ohff |}h}i }oi khai& hmmpi||& hkm}ifi~ojki kyaìp je }oi jrkip je }oi aj`cfiojai jp oc| jp oip hbik}+ ]oi |cbk ehli ahs kj}iliim 0= ckloi| ck rcm}o hkm <5 ckloi| ck oicbo}+ \cbk| ~j|}im ck epjk} je h aj`cfiojai

~yp|yhk} }j }oc| |il}cjk ahs ì je hk O!ephai jp H!ephai mi|cbk rc}o }oi |cbk ehli~ip~ikmclyfhp }j& `y} kj} i}ikmckb ck}j& }oi |}pii}+ H ojaijrkip jp pi|cmik}& jp hk oicp& djck}}ikhk}& jp ~ip|jkhf pi~pi|ik}h}cui je }oi i|}h}i roj bhck| jrkip|oc~ je h aj`cfiojai }opjybo}oi mih}o je }oi pi|cmik} je }oi aj`cfiojai roj rh| h pi|cmik} h} }oi }cai je oc| jp oip mih}o&jp }oi hbik} je hks je }oj|i ~ip|jk|& ahs h}}hlo }j }oi |cbk jp }oicp aj`cfiojai }yì| jpojfmip| ejp fihefi}| }oh} ~pjucmi ckejpah}cjk jk }oi aj`cfiojai ejp |hfi& ilohkbi& jp pik}+

/Haikmim ̀ s \}h}|+ 0>>9& Loh~+ 00 /\@ 88>?& Ljaac}}ii jk Dymclchps#& iee+ 8*8*0>>5#

233+0 FC\]CKB JP \OJRCKB JE OJAI @S ^HPG AHKHBIAIK]

]oi jrkip|oc~ jp ahkhbiaik} |ohff kj} |ojr jp fc|} ejp |hfi h aj`cfiojai jrkim `s h pi|cmik}rc}ojy} ecp|} j`}hckckb }oi pi|cmik}–| rpc}}ik hy}ojpcth}cjk+ ]oi hy}ojpcth}cjk |ohff |~ilces }oi}ipa| hkm ljkmc}cjk| pibhpmckb }oi |ojrckb jp fc|}ckb+

Kj}ockb ljk}hckim ck }oc| |il}cjk |ohff ì ljk|}pyim }j heeil} }oi ~pjuc|cjk| je }oi Oihf}o hkm\hei}s Ljmi bjuipkckb }oi fclik|ckb je aj`cfiojai |hfi|aik+


233+0+9 AHKHBIAIK] IK]PS CK]J OJAI

/h# Ili~} h| ~pjucmim ck |y`mcuc|cjk /̀ #& }oi jrkip|oc~ jp ahkhbiaik} |ohff ohui kj pcbo} jeik}ps }j h aj`cfiojai rc}ojy} }oi ~pcjp rpc}}ik ljk|ik} je }oi pi|cmik}+ ]oi ljk|ik} ahs ìpiujgim ck rpc}ckb `s }oi pi|cmik} h} hks }cai+ ]oi jrkip|oc~ jp ahkhbiaik} |ohff ohui hpcbo} je ik}ps y~jk }oi fhkm y~jk roclo h aj`cfiojai c| |c}yh}im ejp ahck}ikhkli je y}cfc}ci|&}pii|& hkm mpcuirhs|& ejp ahck}ikhkli je }oi ~piac|i| ck hlljpmhkli rc}o }oi pyfi| hkmpibyfh}cjk| je }oi |y`mcuc|cjk& ljj~iph}cui& jp ljkmjackcya ejp aj`cfiojai|& jp pi|cmik}!jrkim aj`cfiojai ~hpg roik }oi ojaijrkip jp pi|cmik} ehcf| }j |j ahck}hck }oi ~piac|i|&hkm ~pj}il}cjk je }oi |y`mcuc|cjk& ljj~iph}cui& jp ljkmjackcya ejp aj`cfiojai|& jppi|cmik}!jrkim aj`cfiojai ~hpg h} hks pih|jkh`fi }cai& `y} kj} ck h ahkkip jp h} h }cai}oh} rjyfm ck}ipeipi rc}o }oi pi|cmik}| xyci} ikdjsaik}+

/`# ]oi jrkip|oc~ jp ahkhbiaik} ahs ik}ip h aj`cfiojai rc}ojy} }oi ~pcjp rpc}}ik ljk|ik}je }oi pi|cmik} ck lh|i je hk iaipbikls jp roik }oi pi|cmik} oh| h`hkmjkim }oiaj`cfiojai+

/Haikmim ̀ s \}h}|+ 0>>5& Loh~+ 9<? /\@ 8?90& Ljaac}}ii jk Dymclchps#& iee+ 8*8*0>>2#




=3

233+< PIAJUHF JE AJ@CFIOJAI Y^JK ]OCPM ^HP]S \HFI

]oi jrkip|oc~ jp ahkhbiaik} |ohff kj} pixycpi }oi piajuhf je h aj`cfiojai epja h|y`mcuc|cjk& ljj~iph}cui& jp ljkmjackcya ejp aj`cfiojai|& jp pi|cmik}!jrkim aj`cfiojai ~hpgck }oi iuik} je c}| |hfi }j h }ocpm ~hp}s+


233+= RC]OOJFMCKB ^PCJP H^^PJUHF JE ^YPLOH\IP

]oi jrkip|oc~ jp ahkhbiaik} ahs pixycpi }oi pcbo} }j ~pcjp h~~pjuhf je }oi ~yploh|ip je haj`cfiojai }oh} rcff piahck ck }oi |y`mcuc|cjk& ljj~iph}cui jp ljkmjackcya ejp aj`cfiojai|& jppi|cmik}!jrkim aj`cfiojai ~hpg hkm }oh} }oi |iffckb pi|cmik} jp oc| jp oip hbik} bcui kj}cli je}oi |hfi }j }oi jrkip|oc~ jp ahkhbiaik} ìejpi }oi lfj|i je }oi |hfi+ H~~pjuhf lhkkj} ìrc}ooifm ce }oi ~yploh|ip oh| }oi eckhklchf h`cfc}s }j ~hs }oi eii| hkm lohpbi| je }oi |y`mcuc|cjk&ljj~iph}cui& jp ljkmjackcya ejp aj`cfiojai|& jp pi|cmik}!jrkim aj`cfiojai ~hpg ykfi|| }oi

jrkip|oc~ jp ahkhbiaik} pih|jkh`fs mi}ipacki| }oh}& `h|im jk }oi ~yploh|ip–| ~pcjppi|cmikli|& oi jp |oi rcff kj} lja~fs rc}o }oi pyfi| hkm pibyfh}cjk| je }oi |y`mcuc|cjk&ljj~iph}cui jp ljkmjackcya ejp aj`cfiojai|& jp pi|cmik}!jrkim aj`cfiojai ~hpg+


233+9 \IKCJP!JKFS PI\]PCL]CJK\

]oi jrkip|oc~ jp ahkhbiaik} ahs pixycpi }oh} h ~yploh|ip je h aj`cfiojai }oh} rcff piahck ck}oi |y`mcuc|cjk& ljj~iph}cui& jp ljkmjackcya ejp aj`cfiojai|& jp pi|cmik}!jrkim aj`cfiojai~hpg lja~fs rc}o hks pyfi jp pibyfh}cjk fcac}ckb pi|cmikls `h|im jk hbi pixycpiaik}| ejp ojy|ckbejp jfmip ~ip|jk|& ~pjucmim }oh} }oi pyfi jp pibyfh}cjk lja~fci| rc}o }oi ~pjuc|cjk| je }oi eimiphfEhcp Ojy|ckb Hl}& h| haikmim `s ^y`fcl Fhr 8>=!25& hkm ca~fiaik}ckb pibyfh}cjk|+


233+5 KJ RHCUIP JE PCBO]\

Kj hbpiiaik} |ohff ljk}hck hks ~pjuc|cjk `s roclo }oi ~yploh|ip rhcui| oc| jp oip pcbo}| ykmip}oi ~pjuc|cjk| je }oc| hp}clfi+ Hks |ylo rhcuip |ohff ì miiaim ljk}phps }j ~y`fcl ~jfcls hkm ujcmhkm ykikejplih`fi+


233+2 KJ]CLI JE Y]CFC]S CK]IPPY^]CJK

]oi jrkip|oc~ jp ahkhbiaik} |ohff ~pjucmi& `s ~j|}ckb kj}cli jk }oi aj`cfiojai| je hffheeil}im ojaijrkip| hkm pi|cmik}|& h} fih|} 20 ojyp|– rpc}}ik hmuhkli kj}cli je hk ck}ippy~}cjkck y}cfc}s |ipucli je ajpi }ohk }rj ojyp| ejp }oi ahck}ikhkli& pi~hcp jp pi~fhliaik} je ehlcfc}ci| jey}cfc}s |s|}ia| juip roclo }oi ahkhbiaik} oh| ljk}pjf rc}ock }oi |y`mcuc|cjk& ljj~iph}cui& jpljkmjackcya ejp aj`cfiojai|& jp pi|cmik}!jrkim aj`cfiojai ~hpg& ce }oi ck}ippy~}cjk c| kj} myi




9>

}j hk iaipbikls+ ]oi jrkip|oc~ jp ahkhbiaik} |ohff ̀ i fch`fi jkfs ejp hl}yhf mhahbi||y|}hckim `s h ojaijrkip jp pi|cmik} ejp ucjfh}cjk je }oc| |il}cjk+

‑Iaipbikls&‑ ejp }oi ~yp~j|i| je }oc| |il}cjk& aihk| }oi ck}ippy~}cjk je y}cfc}s |ipucli pi|yf}ckbepja hk hllcmik} jp hl} je kh}ypi& jp li||h}cjk je |ipucli lhy|im `s j}oip }ohk }oi

ahkhbiaik}–| pibyfhp jp ~fhkkim ahck}ikhkli& pi~hcp& jp pi~fhliaik} je y}cfc}s ehlcfc}ci|+/Haikmim ̀ s \}h}|+ 8332& Loh~+ 20 /\@ =?=& Lphuik#& iee+ 8*8*833?#

233+? \LOJJF CA^HL] EII MC\LFJ\YPI

]oi ahkhbiaik}& h} }oi }cai je hk h~~fclh}cjk ejp pi|cmikls& |ohff mc|lfj|i ck rpc}ckb }j hks~ip|jk roj ~pj~j|i| }j ~yploh|i jp ck|}hff h ahkyehl}ypim ojai jp aj`cfiojai jk h |~hli jpfj}& jk roclo }oi ljk|}pyl}cjk je }oi ~hm jp ejykmh}cjk |s|}ia ljaaiklim he}ip \i~}iaìp 8&83?5& hkm kj j}oip ahkyehl}ypim ojai jp aj`cfiojai rh| ~piucjy|fs fjlh}im& ck|}hffim& jpjlly~cim& }oh} }oi ahkyehl}ypim ojai jp aj`cfiojai ahs ì |y`dil} }j h |lojjf ehlcfc}ci| eii

ykmip \il}cjk| 9<>?> hkm 9<>?>+= je& hkm Loh~}ip =+3 /ljaaiklckb rc}o \il}cjk 59339# jeMcuc|cjk 8 je ]c}fi 2 je& }oi Bjuipkaik} Ljmi+/Hmmim ̀ s \}h}|+ 833=& Loh~+ 3?< /\@ 8=58& Lphuik#& iee+ 8*8*8339#

233+3 LHPIBCUIP\ FCUCKB RC]O OJAIJRKIP\

/h# H ojaijrkip ahs |ohpi oc| jp oip aj`cfiojai rc}o hks ~ip|jk juip 8? sihp| jehbi jp jfmip ce }oh} ~ip|jk c| ~pjucmckb fcui!ck oihf}o lhpi& fcui!ck |y~~jp}cui lhpi& jp|y~ipuc|cjk }j }oi ojaijrkip ~yp|yhk} }j h rpc}}ik }pih}aik} ~fhk ~pi~hpim h ~os|clchk hkm|ypbijk+ H eii |ohff kj} ̀ i lohpbim `s ahkhbiaik} ejp }oh} ~ip|jk+ ]oh} ~ip|jk |ohffohui kj pcbo}| je }ikhkls ck& hkm |ohff lja~fs rc}o }oi pyfi| hkm pibyfh}cjk| je& }oi|y`mcuc|cjk& ljj~iph}cui& jp ljkmjackcya ejp aj`cfiojai|& jp pi|cmik}!jrkim aj`cfiojai~hpg+

/`# H |ikcjp ojaijrkip roj pi|cmi| ck h |y`mcuc|cjk& ljj~iph}cui& jp ljkmjackcya ejpaj`cfiojai|& jp h pi|cmik}!jrkim aj`cfiojai ~hpg& }oh} oh| ca~fiaik}im pyfi| jppibyfh}cjk| fcac}ckb pi|cmikls `h|im jk hbi pixycpiaik}| ejp ojy|ckb ejp jfmip ~ip|jk|&~yp|yhk} }j \il}cjk 233+9& ahs |ohpi oc| jp oip aj`cfiojai rc}o hks ~ip|jk 8? sihp| jehbi jp jfmip ce }oc| ~ip|jk c| h ~hpik}& |c`fckb& locfm& jp bphkmlocfm je }oi |ikcjp ojaijrkiphkm pixycpi| fcui!ck oihf}o lhpi& fcui!ck |y~~jp}cui lhpi& jp |y~ipuc|cjk ~yp|yhk} }j h rpc}}ik}pih}aik} ~fhk ~pi~hpim `s h ~os|clchk hkm |ypbijk+ H eii |ohff kj} ̀ i lohpbim `sahkhbiaik} ejp }oh} ~ip|jk+ Ykfi|| j}oiprc|i hbpiim y~jk& }oi ahkhbiaik} |ohff kj} ìpixycpim }j ahkhbi& |y~ipuc|i& jp ~pjucmi ejp }oc| ~ip|jk–| lhpi mypckb oc| jp oip |}hs ck }oi

|y`mcuc|cjk& ljj~iph}cui jp ljkmjackcya ejp aj`cfiojai|& jp pi|cmik}!jrkim aj`cfiojai~hpg+ ]oh} ~ip|jk |ohff ohui kj pcbo}| je }ikhkls ck& hkm |ohff lja~fs rc}o }oi pyfi| hkmpibyfh}cjk| je& }oi |y`mcuc|cjk& ljj~iph}cui& jp ljkmjackcya ejp aj`cfiojai|& jp pi|cmik}!jrkim aj`cfiojai ~hpg+ H| y|im ck }oc| |y`mcuc|cjk& ‖|ikcjp ojaijrkip‑ aihk| hojaijrkip jp pi|cmik} roj c| 99 sihp| je hbi jp jfmip+

/Haikmim ̀ s \}h}|+ 0>>?& Loh~+ 82> /\@ 88>2& Ljppih#& iee+ 8*8*0>>3#




98

233+8> ^JFC]CLHF LHA^HCBK \CBK\

H pi|cmik} ahs kj} ì ~pjoc`c}im epja mc|~fhsckb h ~jfc}clhf lha~hcbk |cbk pifh}ckb }j h lhkmcmh}iejp ifil}cjk }j ~y`fcl jeecli jp }j }oi ckc}ch}cui& pieipikmya& jp pilhff ~pjli|| ck }oi rckmjr jp jk}oi |cmi je h ahkyehl}ypim ojai jp aj`cfiojai& jp rc}ock }oi |c}i jk roclo }oi ojai c| fjlh}im

jp ck|}hffim+ ]oi |cti je }oi ehli je h ~jfc}clhf |cbk ahs kj} iliim |c |xyhpi eii}& hkm }oi |cbkahs kj} ì mc|~fhsim ck ili|| je h ~ipcjm je }cai epja 3> mhs| ~pcjp }j hk ifil}cjk }j 89 mhs|ejffjrckb }oi ifil}cjk& ykfi|| h fjlhf jpmckhkli rc}ock }oi dypc|mcl}cjk roipi }oi ahkyehl}ypimojai jp aj`cfiojai |y`dil} }j }oc| hp}clfi c| fjlh}im ca~j|i| h ajpi pi|}pcl}cui ~ipcjm je }caiejp }oi mc|~fhs je |ylo h |cbk+ Ck }oi iuik} je h ljkefcl} ì}riik }oi ~pjuc|cjk| je }oc| |il}cjkhkm }oi ~pjuc|cjk| je ]c}fi 5 /ljaaiklckb rc}o \il}cjk 8<9># je ^hp} = je Mcuc|cjk 0& pifh}ckb }j}oi |cti hkm mc|~fhs je ~jfc}clhf lha~hcbk |cbk|& }oi ~pjuc|cjk| je }oc| |il}cjk |ohff ~piuhcf+

/Hmmim ̀ s \}h}|+ 0>><& Loh~+ 0=3 /\@ 885& Mykk#& iee+ 8*8*0>>=#

]oi ejffjrckb ck}ik} fhkbyhbi h~~ihp| ck \il}cjk = je \@ 885 /Loh~+ 0=3& \}h}+ 0>>=# `y} kj} ck }oc| ljmi4‖C} c| }oi ck}ik} je }oi Fibc|fh}ypi }oh} ikhl}aik} je }oc| ̀ cff kj} heeil} hks j}oip ejpa je ~jfc}clhf i~pi||cjk ̀ s hojaijrkip jp pi|cmik} je h aj`cfiojai ~hpg roipi }oh} i~pi||cjk c| kj} h||jlch}im rc}o hk ifil}cjk jp ~jfc}clhflha~hcbk+‑

233+88 CK\]HFFH]CJK JE HLLJAAJMH]CJK\ EJP ]OI MC\H@FIM

]oi jrkip|oc~ jp ahkhbiaik} |ohff kj} ~pjoc`c} h ojaijrkip jp pi|cmik} epja ck|}hffckbhlljaajmh}cjk| ejp }oi mc|h`fim jk }oi ojai jp }oi |c}i& fj}& jp |~hli jk roclo }oiaj`cfiojai c| fjlh}im& cklfymckb& `y} kj} fcac}im }j& pha~| jp ohkmphcf| jk }oi jy}|cmi je }oiojai& h| fjkb h| }oi ck|}hffh}cjk je }oj|i ehlcfc}ci| lja~fci| rc}o ljmi& h| mi}ipackim `s hkikejpliaik} hbikls& hkm }oj|i ehlcfc}ci| hpi ck|}hffim ~yp|yhk} }j h ~ipac}& ce pixycpim ejp }oick|}hffh}cjk& c||yim `s }oi ikejpliaik} hbikls+ ]oi ahkhbiaik} ahs pixycpi }oh} }oihlljaajmh}cjk| ck|}hffim ~yp|yhk} }j }oc| |il}cjk ì piajuim `s }oi lyppik} ojaijrkip h} }oi

}cai }oi aj`cfiojai c| piajuim epja }oi ~hpg jp ~yp|yhk} }j h rpc}}ik hbpiiaik} ì}riik }oilyppik} ojaijrkip hkm }oi ahkhbiaik} ~pcjp }j }oi lja~fi}cjk je }oi pi|hfi je }oiaj`cfiojai ck ~fhli ck }oi ~hpg+ ]oc| |il}cjk c| kj} ilfy|cui hkm |ohff kj} ì ljk|}pyim }jljkmc}cjk& heeil}& jp |y~ip|imi hks j}oip ~pjuc|cjk je fhr jp pibyfh}cjk pifh}ckb }j hlli||c`cfc}s jphlljaajmh}cjk ejp }oi mc|h`fim+

/Hmmim ̀ s \}h}|+ 0>>?& Loh~+ 82> /\@ 88>2& Ljppih#& iee+ 8*8*0>>3#




90

W@FHKG ̂ HBIQ



0>80 ! \IFIL]IM ^PJUC\CJK\ JE LHFCEJPKCH FHR PIFH]CKB ]J AJ@CFIOJAI\

9<

\IFIL]IM ^PJUC\CJK\ JE

LHFCEJPKCH FHR

PIFH]CKB ]J AJ@CFIOJAI\

hkm

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9=

W@FHKG ^HBIQ




99

\IFIL]IM ^PJUC\CJK\ JE LHFCEJPKCH FHR PIFH]CKB ]J AJ@CFIOJAI\

AHKYEHL]YPIM OJAI % AJ@CFIOJAI PI\HFI\ MC\LFJ\YPI

LCUCF LJMI \IL+ 88>0 MC\LFJ\YPI JK AJ@CFIOJAI PI\HFI\

/h# Ili~} h| ~pjucmim ck \il}cjk 88>0+0& }oc| hp}clfi h~~fci| }j hks }phk|eip ̀ s |hfi&ilohkbi& ck|}hffaik} fhkm |hfi ljk}phl}& h| mieckim ck \il}cjk 03?9& fih|i rc}o hk j~}cjk}j ~yploh|i& hks j}oip j~}cjk }j ~yploh|i& jp bpjykm fih|i ljy~fim rc}o ca~pjuiaik}|& jepihf ~pj~ip}s jp pi|cmik}chf |}jlg ljj~iph}cui& ca~pjuim rc}o jp ljk|c|}ckb je kj} fi|| }ohkjki kjp ajpi }ohk ejyp mriffckb ykc}|+

/`# Ili~} h| ~pjucmim ck \il}cjk 88>0+0& }oc| hp}clfi |ohff h~~fs }j h pi|hfi }phk|hl}cjk

ik}ipim ck}j jk jp he}ip Dhkyhps 8& 0>>>& ejp h ahkyehl}ypim ojai& h| mieckim ck \il}cjk8?>>2 je }oi Oihf}o hkm \hei}s Ljmi& jp h aj`cfiojai& h| mieckim ck \il}cjk 8?>>? je }oiOihf}o hkm \hei}s Ljmi& roclo ahkyehl}ypim ojai jp aj`cfiojai c| lfh||cecim h|~ip|jkhf ~pj~ip}s hkm ck}ikmim ejp y|i h| h pi|cmikli+

/l# Hks rhcuip je }oi pixycpiaik}| je }oc| hp}clfi c| ujcm h| hbhck|} ~y`fcl ~jfcls+/Haikmim ̀ s \}h}|+ 8333& Loh~+ 982 /\@ 9<=& Mykk#& iee+ 8*8*0>>>#

LCUCF LJMI \IL+ 88>0+8 MC\LFJ\YPI LFHPCECLH]CJK

/h# Ck ikhl}ckb Loh~}ip ?82 je }oi \}h}y}i| je 833=& c} rh| }oi ck}ik} je }oi Fibc|fh}ypi }j

lfhpces hkm ehlcfc}h}i }oi y|i je }oi pihf i|}h}i mc|lfj|ypi |}h}iaik}& h| |~ilcecim ck \il}cjk88>0+5+]oi Fibc|fh}ypi ck}ikmim }oi |}h}iaik} }j ì y|im `s }phk|eipjp| ahgckb mc|lfj|ypi|

pixycpim ykmip }oc| hp}clfi hkm `s hbik}| ahgckb mc|lfj|ypi| pixycpim `s \il}cjk 0>23 jk}oi hbik}–| ~jp}cjk je }oi pihf i|}h}i mc|lfj|ypi |}h}iaik}& ck }phk|eip| |y`dil} }j }oc|hp}clfi+ Ck }phk|eip| kj} |y`dil} }j }oc| hp}clfi& hbik}| ahs ahgi pixycpim mc|lfj|ypi| ck h|i~hph}i rpc}ckb+ ]oi Fibc|fh}ypi mcm kj} ck}ikm }j heeil} }oi ic|}ckb j`fcbh}cjk| je }oi~hp}ci| }j h pihf i|}h}i ljk}phl}& jp }oicp hbik}|& }j mc|lfj|i hks ehl} ah}ipchffs heeil}ckb }oiuhfyi hkm mi|cph`cfc}s je }oi ~pj~ip}s& cklfymckb& `y} kj} fcac}im }j& }oi ~os|clhf ljkmc}cjk| je}oi ~pj~ip}s hkm ~piucjy|fs pilicuim pi~jp}| je ~os|clhf ck|~il}cjk| kj}im jk }oimc|lfj|ypi ejpa |i} ejp}o ck \il}cjk 88>0+5 jp 88>0+5h& hkm }oh} kj}ockb ck }oc| hp}clfi |ohff

ì ljk|}pyim }j lohkbi }oi my}s je h pihf i|}h}i `pjgip jp |hfi|~ip|jk ~yp|yhk} }j \il}cjk0>23+C} c| hf|j }oi ck}ik} je }oi Fibc|fh}ypi }oh} }oi mifcuips je h pihf i|}h}i }phk|eip mc|lfj|ypi

|}h}iaik} ahs kj} ì rhcuim ck hk ‟‟h| c|–– |hfi& h| oifm ck Fjybopck u+ \y~ipcjp Ljyp}/833<# 89 Lhf+ H~~+ =}o 88??+

/`# Ck ikhl}ckb Loh~}ip 522 je }oi \}h}y}i| je 8335& c} rh| }oi ck}ik} je }oi Fibc|fh}ypi }jlfhpces hkm ehlcfc}h}i }oi y|i je }oi ahkyehl}ypim ojai hkm aj`cfiojai }phk|eipmc|lfj|ypi |}h}iaik} h~~fclh`fi }j }oi pi|hfi je h ahkyehl}ypim ojai jp aj`cfiojai




95

~yp|yhk} }j |y`mcuc|cjk /`# je \il}cjk 88>0+ ]oi Fibc|fh}ypi ck}ikmim }oi |}h}iaik}| }jì y|im `s }phk|eipjp| ahgckb mc|lfj|ypi| pixycpim ykmip }oc| hp}clfi hkm `s hbik}|ahgckb mc|lfj|ypi| pixycpim `s \il}cjk 0>23 jk }oi hbik}–| ~jp}cjk je }oi mc|lfj|ypi|}h}iaik} hkm h| pixycpim `s \il}cjk 8?>=5 je }oi Oihf}o hkm \hei}s Ljmi jk }oimihfip–| ~jp}cjk je }oi ahkyehl}ypim ojai hkm aj`cfiojai }phk|eip mc|lfj|ypi |}h}iaik}&ck }phk|eip| |y`dil} }j }oc| hp}clfi+ Ck }phk|eip| kj} |y`dil} }j }oc| hp}clfi& hbik}| ahs ahgi

pixycpim mc|lfj|ypi| ck h |i~hph}i rpc}ckb+ ]oi Fibc|fh}ypi mcm kj} ck}ikm }j heeil} }oiic|}ckb j`fcbh}cjk| je }oi ~hp}ci| }j h pihf i|}h}i ljk}phl}& jp }oicp hbik}|& }j mc|lfj|i hksehl} ah}ipchffs heeil}ckb }oi uhfyi hkm mi|cph`cfc}s je }oi ~pj~ip}s& cklfymckb& `y} kj} fcac}im}j& }oi ~os|clhf ljkmc}cjk| je }oi ~pj~ip}s hkm ~piucjy|fs pilicuim pi~jp}| je ~os|clhfck|~il}cjk| kj}im jk }oi mc|lfj|ypi ejpa |i} ejp}o ck \il}cjk 88>0+5 jp 88>0+5h jp }j heeil}}oi ic|}ckb j`fcbh}cjk| je }oi ~hp}ci| }j h ahkyehl}ypim ojai jp aj`cfiojai ~yploh|iljk}phl}& hkm kj}ockb ck }oc| hp}clfi |ohff ì ljk|}pyim }j lohkbi }oi my}s je h pihf i|}h}i`pjgip jp |hfi|~ip|jk ~yp|yhk} }j \il}cjk 0>23 jp }oi my}s je h ahkyehl}ypim ojai jpaj`cfiojai mihfip jp |hfi|~ip|jk ~yp|yhk} }j \il}cjk 8?>=5 je }oi Oihf}o hkm \hei}sLjmi+

C} c| hf|j }oi ck}ik} je }oi Fibc|fh}ypi }oh} }oi mifcuips je h aj`cfiojai }phk|eip

mc|lfj|ypi |}h}iaik} ahs kj} ì rhcuim ck hk ‟‟h| c|–– |hfi+/l# C} c| }oi ck}ik} je }oi Fibc|fh}ypi }oh} ahkyehl}ypim ojai hkm aj`cfiojai mihfip| hkm

|hfi|~ip|jk| hkm pihf i|}h}i `pjgip| hkm |hfi|~ip|jk| y|i }oi ejpa ~pjucmim ~yp|yhk} }j\il}cjk 88>0+5m+ C} c| hf|j }oi ck}ik} je }oi Fibc|fh}ypi ejp |iffip| je ahkyehl}ypim ojai|jp aj`cfiojai| roj hpi kic}oip ahkyehl}ypim ojai mihfip| jp |hfi|~ip|jk| kjp pihfi|}h}i `pjgip| jp |hfi|~ip|jk| }j y|i }oi Ahkyehl}ypim Ojai*Aj`cfiojai ]phk|eipMc|lfj|ypi \}h}iaik} ljk}hckim ck \il}cjk 88>0+5m+

/Haikmim ̀ s \}h}|+ 8333& Loh~+ 982 /\@ 9<=& Mykk#& iee+ 8*8*0>>>#

LCUCF LJMI \IL+ 88>0+0 ROIK MC\LFJ\YPI KJ] H^^FCLH@FI

]oc| hp}clfi mji| kj} h~~fs }j }oi ejffjrckb4/h# ]phk|eip| roclo hpi pixycpim }j ì ~pilimim `s }oi eypkc|ockb }j h ~pj|~il}cui }phk|eipii

je h lj~s je h ~y`fcl pi~jp} ~yp|yhk} }j \il}cjk 88>8?+8 je }oi @y|cki|| hkm ^pjei||cjk|Ljmi hkm }phk|eip| roclo lhk ì ahmi rc}ojy} h ~y`fcl pi~jp} ~yp|yhk} }j \il}cjk88>8>+= je }oi @y|cki|| hkm ^pjei||cjk| Ljmi+

/`# ]phk|eip| ~yp|yhk} }j ljyp} jpmip& cklfymckb& `y} kj} fcac}im }j& }phk|eip| jpmipim `s h~pj`h}i ljyp} ck }oi hmackc|}ph}cjk je hk i|}h}i& }phk|eip| ~yp|yhk} }j h rpc} je iily}cjk&}phk|eip| `s hks ejpilfj|ypi |hfi& }phk|eip| `s h }py|}ii ck `hkgpy~}ls& }phk|eip| `siackik} mjahck& hkm }phk|eip| pi|yf}ckb epja h milpii ejp |~ilcecl ~ipejpahkli+

/l# ]phk|eip| }j h ajp}bhbii `s h ajp}bhbjp jp |ylli||jp ck ck}ipi|} roj c| ck miehyf}&}phk|eip| }j h ìkieclchps je h miim je }py|} `s h }py|}jp jp |ylli||jp ck ck}ipi|} roj c| ckmiehyf}& }phk|eip| `s hks ejpilfj|ypi |hfi he}ip miehyf}& }phk|eip| `s hks ejpilfj|ypi |hfihe}ip miehyf} ck hk j`fcbh}cjk |ilypim `s h ajp}bhbi& }phk|eip| `s h |hfi ykmip h ~jrip je|hfi jp hks ejpilfj|ypi |hfi ykmip h milpii je ejpilfj|ypi he}ip miehyf} ck hk j`fcbh}cjk|ilypim `s h miim je }py|} jp |ilypim `s hks j}oip ck|}pyaik} ljk}hckckb h ~jrip je |hfi&}phk|eip| `s h ajp}bhbii jp h ìkieclchps ykmip h miim je }py|} roj oh| hlxycpim }oi pihf~pj~ip}s h} h |hfi ljkmyl}im ~yp|yhk} }j h ~jrip je |hfi ykmip h ajp}bhbi jp miim je}py|} jp h |hfi ~yp|yhk} }j h milpii je ejpilfj|ypi jp oh| hlxycpim }oi pihf ~pj~ip}s `s h




92

miim ck fciy je ejpilfj|ypi& }phk|eip| }j }oi fibhf jrkip jp fcikojfmip je h ahkyehl}ypimojai jp aj`cfiojai `s h pibc|}ipim jrkip jp |ylli||jp ck ck}ipi|} roj c| ck miehyf}& jp}phk|eip| `s pih|jk je hks ejpilfj|ypi je h |ilypc}s ck}ipi|} ck h ahkyehl}ypim ojai jpaj`cfiojai+

/m# ]phk|eip| `s h ecmylchps ck }oi ljyp|i je }oi hmackc|}ph}cjk je h milimik}–| i|}h}i&byhpmchk|oc~& ljk|ipuh}jp|oc~& jp }py|}+ ]oc| iia~}cjk |ohff kj} h~~fs }j h }phk|eip ce }oi

}py|}ii c| h kh}yphf ~ip|jk roj c| |jfi }py|}ii je h piujlh`fi }py|} hkm oi jp |oi c| hejpaip jrkip je }oi ~pj~ip}s jp hk jlly~hk} ck ~j||i||cjk je }oi ~pj~ip}s rc}ock }oi~pilimckb sihp+

/i# ]phk|eip| epja jki lj!jrkip }j jki jp ajpi j}oip lj!jrkip|+/e# ]phk|eip| ahmi }j h |~jy|i& jp }j h ~ip|jk jp ~ip|jk| ck }oi fckihf fcki je ljk|hkbyckc}s je

jki jp ajpi je }oi }phk|eipjp|+/b# ]phk|eip| ì}riik |~jy|i| pi|yf}ckb epja h dymbaik} je mc||jfy}cjk je ahppchbi jp je fibhf

|i~hph}cjk jp epja h ~pj~ip}s |i}}fiaik} hbpiiaik} cklcmik}hf }j }oh} dymbaik}+/o# ]phk|eip| `s }oi Ljk}pjffip ck }oi ljyp|i je hmackc|}ipckb Loh~}ip 2 /ljaaiklckb rc}o

\il}cjk 89>># je ]c}fi 8> je ^hp} < je }oi Ljmi je Lcucf ^pjlimypi+/c# ]phk|eip| ykmip Loh~}ip 2 /ljaaiklckb rc}o \il}cjk <538# jp Loh~}ip ? /ljaaiklckb

rc}o \il}cjk <228# je ^hp} 5 je Mcuc|cjk 8 je }oi Piuikyi hkm ]hh}cjk Ljmi+/d# ]phk|eip| jp ilohkbi| }j jp epja hks bjuipkaik}hf ik}c}s+

/Haikmim ̀ s \}h}|+ 0>>>& Loh~+ 8<9 /H@ 09<3& Ljaac}}ii jk Dymclchps#& Loh~+ 8<9 /0>>>#& iee+ 8*8*0>>8#

LCUCF LJMI \IL+ 88>0+<h AJ@CFIOJAI \HFI\ \Y@DIL] ]J MC\LFJ\YPI

/h# ]oi }phk|eipjp je hks ahkyehl}ypim ojai jp aj`cfiojai |y`dil} }j }oc| hp}clfi |ohffmifcuip }j }oi ~pj|~il}cui }phk|eipii }oi rpc}}ik |}h}iaik} pixycpim `s }oc| hp}clfi& h|ejffjr|4/8# Ck }oi lh|i je h |hfi& jp h fih|i rc}o hk j~}cjk }j ~yploh|i& je h ahkyehl}ypim ojai

jp aj`cfiojai& ckujfuckb hk hbik}& h| mieckim ck \il}cjk 8?>=5 je }oi Oihf}o hkm\hei}s Ljmi& h| |jjk h| ~phl}clh`fi& `y} kj fh}ip }ohk }oi lfj|i je i|lpjr ejp }oi~yploh|i je }oi ahkyehl}ypim ojai jp aj`cfiojai+

/0# Ck }oi lh|i je h |hfi& jp fih|i rc}o hk j~}cjk }j ~yploh|i& je h ahkyehl}ypim ojai jpaj`cfiojai& kj} ckujfuckb hk hbik}& h| mieckim ck \il}cjk 8?>=5 je }oi Oihf}o hkm\hei}s Ljmi& h} }oi }cai je iily}cjk je hks mjlyaik} `s }oi ~pj|~il}cui }phk|eipiirc}o }oi }phk|eipjp ejp }oi ~yploh|i je }oi ahkyehl}ypim ojai jp aj`cfiojai+

/`# Rc}o pi|~il} }j hks }phk|eip |y`dil} }j }oc| |il}cjk& }oi }phk|eipjp |ohff ckmclh}i lja~fchklirc}o }oc| hp}clfi ic}oip jk }oi }phk|eip mc|lfj|ypi |}h}iaik}& hks hmmikmya }oipi}j& jp jk h|i~hph}i mjlyaik}+

/l# Ce hks mc|lfj|ypi& jp hks ah}ipchf haikmaik} je hks mc|lfj|ypi& pixycpim }j ì ahmi~yp|yhk} }j |y`mcuc|cjk /`# je \il}cjk 88>0& c| mifcuipim he}ip }oi iily}cjk je hk jeeip }j~yploh|i& }oi }phk|eipii |ohff ohui }opii mhs| he}ip mifcuips ck ~ip|jk jp ecui mhs| he}ipmifcuips `s mi~j|c} ck }oi ahcf& }j }ipackh}i oc| jp oip jeeip `s mifcuips je h rpc}}ik kj}cli je}ipackh}cjk }j }oi }phk|eipjp+

/Hmmim ̀ s \}h}|+ 8333& Loh~+ 982 /\@ 9<=& Mykk#& iee+ 8*8*0>>>#




9?

LCUCF LJMI \IL+ 88>0+5m AJ@CFIOJAI ]PHK\EIP MC\LFJ\YPI EJPA

Ili~} ejp ahkyehl}ypim ojai| hkm aj`cfiojai| fjlh}im ck h ljaajk ck}ipi|} miuifj~aik}

bjuipkim `s ]c}fi 5 /ljaaiklckb rc}o \il}cjk 8<98#& }oi mc|lfj|ypi| h~~fclh`fi }j }oi pi|hfije h ahkyehl}ypim ojai jp aj`cfiojai ~yp|yhk} }j |y`mcuc|cjk /`# je \il}cjk 88>0 hpi |i}ejp}o ck& hkm |ohff ì ahmi jk h lj~s je& }oi ejffjrckb mc|lfj|ypi ejpa4

/\ii ki} ~hbi#




93

AHKYEHL]YPIM OJAI HKM AJ@CFIOJAI4]PHK\EIP MC\LFJ\YPI \]H]IAIK]

]OC\ MC\LFJ\YPI \]H]IAIK] LJKLIPK\ ]OI AHKYEHL]YPIM OJAI JP AJ@CFIOJAI/OIPIHE]IP PIEIPPIM ]J H\ ‖OJAI‑# FJLH]IM H]

CK ]OI LC]S JE & LJYK]S JE& \]H]I JE LHFCEJPKCH& MI\LPC@IM H\

SIHP AHGI \IPCHF ,/|# OLM MILHF , jp Ixycuhfik}

]OC\ \]H]IAIK] C\ H MC\LFJ\YPI JE ]OI LJKMC]CJK JE ]OI H@JUI!MI\LPC@IM OJAI CKLJA^FCHKLI RC]O \Y@MCUC\CJK /`# JE \IL]CJK 88>0 JE ]OI LCUCF LJMI HKM \IL]CJK\8?>09 HKM 8?>=5 JE ]OI OIHF]O HKM \HEI]S LJMI H\ JE

MH]I

C] C\ KJ] H RHPPHK]S JE HKS GCKM @S ]OI FHREYF JRKIP JE ]OI AHKYEHL]YPIM OJAIJP AJ@CFIOJAI ROJ JEEIP\ ]OI OJAI EJP \HFI /OIPIHE]IP& ]OI \IFFIP#& JP HKSHBIK]/\# PI^PI\IK]CKB HKS ^PCKLC^HF/\# CK ]OC\ ]PHK\HL]CJK& HKM C\ KJ] H\Y@\]C]Y]I EJP HKS CK\ÎL]CJK\ JP RHPPHK]CI\ ]OI ^PCKLC^HF/\# AHS RC\O ]JJ@]HCK+ HK ‖HBIK]‑ AIHK\ HKS MIHFIP JP \HFI\ÎP\JK FCLIK\IM ̂ YP\YHK] ]J ^HP] 0/LJAAIKLCKB RC]O \IL]CJK 8?>>># JE ]OI OIHF]O HKM \HEI]S LJMI& JP H PIHF I\]H]I@PJGIP JP \HFI\ÎP\JK FCLIK\IM ^YP\YHK] ]J MCUC\CJK = /LJAAIKLCKB RC]O\IL]CJK 8>>>># JE MCUC\CJK 8< JE ]OI @Y\CKI\\ HKM ^PJEI\\CJK\ LJMI+

C

LJJPMCKH]CJK RC]O J]OIP MC\LFJ\YPI % CKEJPAH]CJK

]oc| Ahkyehl}ypim Ojai hkm Aj`cfiojai ]phk|eip Mc|lfj|ypi \}h}iaik} c| ahmi ~yp|yhk} }j Hp}clfi 8+9/ljaaiklckb rc}o \il}cjk 88>0# je Loh~}ip 0 je ]c}fi = je ̂ hp} = je Mcuc|cjk 0 je }oi Lcucf Ljmi+ J}oip|}h}y}i| pixycpi mc|lfj|ypi|& jp j}oip ckejpah}cjk ahs ì ca~jp}hk} }j }oi ~pj|~il}cui `ysip& mi~ikmckby~jk }oi mi}hcf| je }oi ~hp}clyfhp }phk|hl}cjk /cklfymckb& `y} kj} fcac}im }j& }oi ljkmc}cjk je }oi ~hpg ckroclo }oi ahkyehl}ypim ojai jp aj`cfiojai rcff ì fjlh}im7 mc|lfj|ypi| pixycpim jp ckejpah}cjk~pjucmim `s }oi Aj`cfiojai Pi|cmikls Fhr& \il}cjk 23? je }oi Lcucf Ljmi i} |ix+7 }oi aj`cfiojai ~hpgpik}hf hbpiiaik} jp fih|i7 }oi aj`cfiojai ~hpg pyfi| hkm pibyfh}cjk|7 hkm ~hpg hkm fj} ck|~il}cjkpi~jp}|& ce hks& lja~fi}im `s }oi |}h}i jp h fjlhf ikejpliaik} hbikls#+ \y`|}c}y}im Mc|lfj|ypi|4 ]oiejffjrckb mc|lfj|ypi| ohui jp rcff ì ahmi ck ljkkil}cjk rc}o }oc| }phk|eip& hkm hpi ck}ikmim }j |h}c|es }oimc|lfj|ypi j`fcbh}cjk| je }oc| ejpa& roipi }oi |y`dil} ah}}ip c| }oi |hai4

Ojai ck|~il}cjk pi~jp}| lja~fi}im ~yp|yhk} }j }oi ljk}phl} je |hfi jp pilic~} ejp mi~j|c}+

Hmmc}cjkhf ck|~il}cjk pi~jp}| jp mc|lfj|ypi|4




5>

CC

\IFFIP–\ CKEJPAH]CJK

]oi \iffip mc|lfj|i| }oi ejffjrckb ckejpah}cjk rc}o }oi gkjrfimbi }oh} iuik }ojybo }oc| c| kj} h rhpphk}s&~pj|~il}cui `ysip| ahs pifs jk }oc| ckejpah}cjk ck milcmckb roi}oip& hkm jk roh} }ipa|& }j ~yploh|i }oi

|y`dil} Ojai+ \iffip oipi`s hy}ojpcti| hks hbik}/|#& h| mieckim ck \il}cjk 8?>=5 je }oi Oihf}o hkm\hei}s Ljmi& pi~pi|ik}ckb hks ~pcklc~hf/|# ck }oc| }phk|hl}cjk }j ~pjucmi h lj~s je }oc| |}h}iaik} }j hks~ip|jk jp ik}c}s ck ljkkil}cjk rc}o hks hl}yhf jp hk}clc~h}im |hfi je }oi Ojai+

]OI EJFFJRCKB HPI PI^PI\IK]H]CJK\ AHMI @S ]OI \IFFIP/\# HKM HPI KJ] ]OIPI^PI\IK]H]CJK\ JE ]OI HBIK]/\#& CE HKS& H\ MIECKIM CK \IL]CJK 8?>=5 JE ]OI OIHF]OHKM \HEI]S LJMI+ ]OC\ CKEJPAH]CJK C\ H MC\LFJ\YPI HKM C\ KJ] CK]IKMIM ]J @I ^HP]JE HKS LJK]PHL] @I]RIIK ]OI @YSIP HKM ]OI \IFFIP+

\iffip c| c| kj} jlly~sckb }oi Ojai+

H+ ]oi |y`dil} Ojai cklfymi| }oi c}ia| loilgim ìfjr roclo hpi ̀ ickb |jfm rc}o }oi Ojai /pihmhlpj||#4

Phkbi Juik AclpjrhuiMc|orh|oip ]ph|o Lja~hl}jp Bhp`hbi Mc|~j|hf@ypbfhp Hfhpa Lhp`jk Ajkjcmi Ecpi Hfhpa

Miucli/|#]U Hk}ikkh \h}iffc}i Mc|o Ck}ipljaLik}phf Oih}ckb Lik}phf Hcp Lkm}ckb+ Rhff*Rckmjr Hcp Lkm}kb+Iuh~jph}cui Ljjfip/|# \ya~ ^ya~ Rh}ip \je}kip^jplo Milgckb ^jplo Hrkckb Bhti`j^pcuh}i \hykh ^pcuh}i \~h \~h Fjlgckb \hei}s Lup^pcuh}i Oj} ]y` Oj} ]y` Fjlgckb Lup Bh|*\~h Oih}ip\jfhp*\~h Oih}ip Bh| Rh}ip Oih}ip \jfhp Rh}ip Oih}ipIfil}pcl Rh}ip Oih}ip @j}}fim ^pj~hkiLhp~jp} Hrkckb

Hy}jah}cl Bhphbi H}}hloim Bhphbi Mi}hloim BhphbiMjjp J~ikip/|# , Piaj}i Ljk}pjf| Rckmjr \lpiik|Rckmjr \ilypi @hp| @impjja Rckmjr Phck By}}ip|Ihp}oxyhgi Pi|c|}hk} Xyclg Pifih|i Ailohkc|a@phlckb \s|}ia Rh|oip*Mpsip Ojjgy~|

Iohy|} Ehk/|# ck 00> Ujf} Rcpckb ckEcpi~fhli/|# ck Bh| \}hp}ip/|#Pjje/|# hkm }s~i/|# Pjje hbi /H~~pjcah}i#J}oip

Ck|}hffh}cjk je h fc|}im h~~fchkli& miucli& jp haikc}s c| kj} h ~piljkmc}cjk je |hfi jp }phk|eip je }oiojai+ ]oi lhp`jk ajkjcmi miucli& bhphbi mjjp j~ikip& jp locfm!pi|c|}hk} ~jjf `hppcip ahs kj} ì

ck lja~fchkli rc}o }oi |hei}s |}hkmhpm| pifh}ckb }j& pi|~il}cuifs& lhp`jk ajkjcmi miucli |}hkmhpm|je Loh~}ip ? /ljaaiklckb rc}o \il}cjk 8<05># je ^hp} 0 je Mcuc|cjk 80 je& hy}jah}cl piuip|ckbmiucli |}hkmhpm| je Loh~}ip 80+9 /ljaaiklckb rc}o \il}cjk 83?3># je ^hp} < je Mcuc|cjk 8< je& jp}oi ~jjf |hei}s |}hkmhpm| je Hp}clfi 0+9 /ljaaiklckb rc}o \il}cjk 88930># je Loh~}ip 9 je ^hp} 8> jeMcuc|cjk 8>= je }oi Oihf}o hkm \hei}s Ljmi+ Rckmjr |ilypc}s `hp| ahs kj} ohui xyclg!pifih|iailohkc|a| ck lja~fchkli rc}o }oi 8339 imc}cjk je }oi Lhfcejpkch @ycfmckb \}hkmhpm| Ljmi+

Hpi }oipi& }j }oi ì|} je sjyp /\iffip–|# gkjrfimbi& hks je }oi h`jui }oh} hpi kj} ck j~iph}ckbljkmc}cjk: Si| Kj+ Ce si|& }oik mi|lpcì+ /H}}hlo hmmc}cjkhf |oii}| ce kili||hps#4




58

@+ Hpi sjy /}oi \iffip# hrhpi je hks |cbkceclhk} mieil}|*ahfeykl}cjk| ck hks je }oi ejffjrckb ckljkkil}cjk rc}o }oi Ojai:

Si| Kj+ Ce si|& loilg h~~pj~pch}i |~hli/|# ìfjr4

Ck}ipcjp Rhff|& Licfckb|& Efjjp|& I}ipcjp Rhff|& Ck|yfh}cjk&Pjje/|#& Rckmjr|& Mjjp|& Ojai Ifil}pclhf \s|}ia|& ^fya`ckb^jplo jp Milg& ^jplo \}i~| % Phcfckb|& J}oip \}i~| % Phcfckb|&^jplo Hrkckb& Lhp~jp} Hrkckb& J}oip Hrkckb|& \gcp}ckb&Ojai Ejykmh}cjk jp \y~~jp} \s|}ia& J}oip \}pyl}yphf Lja~jkik}| /Mi|lpcì4 ZZZZZ

#

Ce hks je }oi h`jui c| loilgim& i~fhck+ /H}}hlo hmmc}cjkhf |oii}| ce kili||hps#4

L+ Hpi sjy /}oi \iffip# hrhpi je hks je }oi ejffjrckb4

8+ \y`|}hkli|& ah}ipchf|& jp ~pjmyl}| roclo ahs ì hkikucpjkaik}hf ohthpm& |ylo h|& `y} kj} fcac}im }j& h|ì|}j|&ejpahfmiosmi& phmjk bh|& fihm!`h|im ~hck}& jp loiaclhf|}jphbi }hkg| jk }oi |y`dil} ojai ck}ipcjp jp i}ipcjp + + + + + + + + + Si| Kj

0+ Pjja hmmc}cjk|& |}pyl}yphf ajmceclh}cjk|& jp j}oip hf}iph}cjk|jp pi~hcp| ahmi rc}ojy} kili||hps ~ipac}| + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Si| Kj

<+ Pjja hmmc}cjk|& |}pyl}yphf ajmceclh}cjk|& jp j}oip hf}iph}cjk|jp pi~hcp| kj} ck lja~fchkli rc}o h~~fclh`fi ljmi| + + + + + + + + + + + + Si| Kj

=+ Hks |i}}fckb epja |fc~~hbi& |fcmckb jp ~pj`fia| rc}o fiuifckb

je }oi ojai jp }oi ejykmh}cjk jp |y~~jp} |s|}ia + + + + + + + + + + + + + Si| Kj9+ Mphckhbi jp bphmckb ~pj`fia| rc}o }oi ojai& |~hli jp fj} + + + + + + Si| Kj5+ Mhahbi }j }oi ojai jp hlli||jps |}pyl}ypi| ìckb |jfm rc}o

}oi ojai epja ecpi& efjjm& ihp}oxyhgi& jp fhkm|fcmi| + + + + + + + + + + + Si| Kj2+ Hks kj}cli| je h`h}iaik} jp lc}h}cjk| hbhck|} }oi ojai jp

hlli||jps |}pyl}ypi| ìckb |jfm rc}o }oi ojai + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Si| Kj?+ Hks fhr|yc}| `s jp hbhck|} }oi |iffip }opih}ikckb }j jp

heeil}ckb }oi ojai jp }oi hlli||jps |}pyl}ypi| ìckb |jfm rc}o}oi ojai& cklfymckb hks fhr|yc}| hffibckb hks mieil} jpmieclcikls ck }oi ojai jp hlli||jpci| |jfm rc}o }oi ojai + + + + + + Si| Kj

3+ Kicbo`jpojjm kjc|i ~pj`fia| jp j}oip kyc|hkli| + + + + + + + + + + + + Si| Kj8>+ Hks iklpjhloaik}& ih|iaik}& kjkljkejpackb y|i je ucjfh}cjk

je |i}`hlg pixycpiaik}| rc}o }oi ojai& hlli||jps |}pyl}ypi|

ìckb |jfm rc}o }oi ojai& jp |~hli + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Si| Kj

Ce }oi hk|rip }j hks je }oi|i c| si|& i~fhck+ /H}}hlo hmmc}cjkhf |oii}| ce kili||hps+#4

M+ 8+ ]oi \iffip lip}ceci| }oh} }oi ojai& h| je }oi lfj|i je i|lpjr& rcff ̀ i ck lja~fchkli rc}o \il}cjk




50

8<88<+? je }oi Oihf}o hkm \hei}s Ljmi `s ohuckb j~iph`fi |ajgi mi}il}jp/|# roclo hpi h~~pjuim&fc|}im& hkm ck|}hffim ck hlljpmhkli rc}o }oi \}h}i Ecpi Ahp|ohf–| pibyfh}cjk| hkm h~~fclh`fi fjlhf|}hkmhpm|+

0+ ]oi \iffip lip}ceci| }oh} }oi ojai& h| je }oi lfj|i je i|lpjr& rcff ì ck lja~fchkli rc}o \il}cjk83088 je }oi Oihf}o hkm \hei}s Ljmi `s ohuckb }oi rh}ip oih}ip }hkg/|# `phlim& hklojpim& jp|}ph~~im ck ~fhli ck hlljpmhkli rc}o h~~fclh`fi fhr+

\iffip lip}ceci| }oh} }oi ckejpah}cjk oipick c| }pyi hkm ljppil} }j }oi ì|} je }oi \iffip–| gkjrfimbi h| je}oi mh}i |cbkim `s }oi \iffip+

\iffip Mh}i\iffip Mh}i

CCC

HBIK]–\ CK\ÎL]CJK MC\LFJ\YPI

/]j ì lja~fi}im jkfs ce }oi \iffip c| pi~pi|ik}im `s hkm Hbik} ck }oc| }phk|hl}cjk#

]OI YKMIP\CBKIM& @H\IM JK ]OI H@JUI CKXYCPS JE ]OI \IFFIP/\# H\ ]J ]OILJKMC]CJK JE ]OI OJAI HKM @H\IM JK H PIH\JKH@FS LJAÎ]IK] HKM MCFCBIK] UC\YHFCK\ÎL]CJK JE ]OI HLLI\\C@FI HPIH\ JE ]OI OJAI CK LJKDYKL]CJK RC]O ]OH]CKXYCPS& \]H]I\ ]OI EJFFJRCKB4

Hbik} kj}i| kj c}ia| ejp mc|lfj|ypi+ Hbik} kj}i| }oi ejffjrckb c}ia|4

Hbik}Pi~pi|ik}ckb \iffip @s Mh}i

/^fih|i ̂ pck}# /\cbkh}ypi#

CU

HBIK]–\ CK\ÎL]CJK MC\LFJ\YPI

/]j ì lja~fi}im jkfs ce }oi Hbik} roj oh| j`}hckim }oi jeeip c| j}oip }ohk }oi Hbik} h`jui+#

]OI YKMIP\CBKIM& @H\IM JK H PIH\JKH@FS LJAÎ]IK] HKM MCFCBIK] UC\YHF

CK\ÎL]CJK JE ]OI HLLI\\C@FI HPIH\ JE ]OI OJAI& \]H]I\ ]OI EJFFJRCKB4

Hbik} kj}i| kj c}ia| ejp mc|lfj|ypi+Hbik} kj}i| }oi ejffjrckb c}ia|4




5<

Hbik}Pi~pi|ik}ckb @ysip @s Mh}i


U

@YSIP/\# HKM \IFFIP/\# AHS RC\O ]J J@]HCK ^PJEI\\CJKHF HMUCLI HKM*JPCK\ÎL]CJK\ JE ]OI OJAI HKM ]J ^PJUCMI EJP H^^PJ^PCH]I ^PJUC\CJK\ CK HLJK]PHL] @I]RIIK ]OI @YSIP/\# HKM \IFFIP/\# RC]O PI\ÎL] ]J HKSHMUCLI*CK\ÎL]CJK\*MIEIL]\+

C*RI HLGKJRFIMBI PILIC^] JE H LJ^S JE ]OC\ \]H]IAIK]+

\iffip Mh}i @ysip Mh}i

\iffip Mh}i @ysip Mh}i

Hbik}Pi~pi|ik}ckb \iffip @s Mh}i


Hbik}Pi~pi|ik}ckb @ysip @s Mh}i


UC

\IL]CJK 88>0+<h JE ]OI LCUCF LJMI ^PJUCMI\ H ^PJ\ÎL]CUI @YSIP RC]O ]OI PCBO]]J PI\LCKM ]OI ^YPLOH\I JE ]OI AHKYEHL]YPIM OJAI JP AJ@CFIOJAI EJP H]FIH\] ]OPII MHS\ HE]IP MIFCUIPS JE ]OC\ MC\LFJ\YPI& CE MIFCUIPS JLLYP\ HE]IP]OI \CBKCKB JE HK JEEIP ]J ^YPLOH\I+ CE SJY RC\O ]J PI\LCKM ]OI LJK]PHL]& SJYAY\] HL] RC]OCK ]OI ^PI\LPC@IM ÎPCJM+

H AHKYEHL]YPIM OJAI JP AJ@CFIOJAI MIHFIP JP H PIHF I\]H]I @PJGIP C\XYHFCECIM ]J ^PJUCMI HMUCLI JK ]OI \HFI JE H AHKYEHL]YPIM OJAI JPAJ@CFIOJAI+ CE SJY MI\CPI FIBHF HMUCLI& LJK\YF] SJYP H]]JPKIS+

/Hmmim ̀ s \}h}|+ 0>8>& Loh~+ 83 /\@ 8?<& Fjrik}ohf#& iee+ 8*8*0>88#




5=

LCUCF LJMI \IL+ 88>0+5i KJ]CLI JE ]PHK\EIP EII

Ce h ~pj~ip}s ìckb }phk|eippim jk jp he}ip Dhkyhps 8& 0>>?& c| |y`dil} }j h }phk|eip eii& h|mieckim ck \il}cjk 8>3?& }oi }phk|eipjp |ohff ~pjucmi& h} }oi |hai }cai h| }oi }phk|eipmc|lfj|ypi |}h}iaik} pixycpim ~yp|yhk} }j \il}cjk 88>0+5 c| ~pjucmim& hk hmmc}cjkhf mc|lfj|ypi|}h}iaik} ljk}hckckb hff je }oi ejffjrckb4

/h# Kj}cli }oh} ~hsaik} je h }phk|eip eii c| pixycpim y~jk }phk|eip je }oi ~pj~ip}s+/`# ]oi hajyk} je }oi eii pixycpim ejp }oi h|gckb ~pcli je }oi pihf ~pj~ip}s hkm h

mi|lpc~}cjk je ojr }oi eii c| lhflyfh}im+/l# Kj}cli }oh} }oi eckhf hajyk} je }oi eii ahs ì mceeipik} ce }oi eii c| `h|im y~jk h

~iplik}hbi je }oi eckhf |hfi ~pcli+/m# ]oi ik}c}s }j roclo eykm| epja }oi eii rcff ì ~hcm+/i# ]oi ~yp~j|i| ejp roclo eykm| epja }oi eii rcff ì y|im+/e# ]oi mh}i jp lcplya|}hkli| ykmip roclo }oi j`fcbh}cjk }j ~hs }oi }phk|eip eii

i~cpi|& ce hks+/Hmmim ̀ s \}h}|+ 0>>2& Loh~+ 3?> /H@ 3?>& L+Lhfmipjk#& iee+ 8*8*0>>?#

LCUCF LJMI \IL+ 88>0+3 MC\LFJ\YPI HAIKMAIK]\

Hks mc|lfj|ypi ahmi ~yp|yhk} }j }oc| hp}clfi ahs ì haikmim ck rpc}ckb `s }oi }phk|eipjp jp oc|jp oip hbik}& `y} }oi haikmaik} |ohff ì |y`dil} }j \il}cjk 88>0+< jp 88>0+<h+





59

MC\LFJ\YPI JE KH]YPHF OHTHPM\ Y^JK ]PHK\EIP JE PI\CMIK]CHF ^PJÎP]S

LCUCF LJMI \IL+ 88>< H^^FCLH]CJK JE MC\LFJ\YPI

/h# Ili~} h| ~pjucmim ck \il}cjk 88><+8& }oc| hp}clfi h~~fci| }j hks }phk|eip ̀ s |hfi&

ilohkbi& ck|}hffaik} fhkm |hfi ljk}phl}& h| mieckim ck \il}cjk 03?9& fih|i rc}o hk j~}cjk}j ~yploh|i& hks j}oip j~}cjk }j ~yploh|i& jp bpjykm fih|i ljy~fim rc}o ca~pjuiaik}|& jehks pihf ~pj~ip}s mi|lpcìm ck |y`mcuc|cjk /l#& jp pi|cmik}chf |}jlg ljj~iph}cui& ca~pjuimrc}o jp ljk|c|}ckb je kj} fi|| }ohk jki kjp ajpi }ohk ejyp mriffckb ykc}|+

/`# Ili~} h| ~pjucmim ck \il}cjk 88><+8& }oc| hp}clfi |ohff h~~fs }j h pi|hfi }phk|hl}cjkik}ipim ck}j jk jp he}ip Dhkyhps 8& 0>>>& ejp h ahkyehl}ypim ojai& h| mieckim ck \il}cjk8?>>2 je }oi Oihf}o hkm \hei}s Ljmi& }oh} c| lfh||cecim h| ~ip|jkhf ~pj~ip}s ck}ikmim ejpy|i h| h pi|cmikli& jp h aj`cfiojai& h| mieckim ck \il}cjk 8?>>? je }oi Oihf}o hkm\hei}s Ljmi& }oh} c| lfh||cecim h| ~ip|jkhf ~pj~ip}s ck}ikmim ejp y|i h| h pi|cmikli& ce }oipihf ~pj~ip}s jk roclo }oi ahkyehl}ypim ojai jp aj`cfiojai c| fjlh}im c| pihf ~pj~ip}smi|lpcìm ck |y`mcuc|cjk /l#+

/l# ]oc| hp}clfi |ohff h~~fs }j }oi }phk|hl}cjk| mi|lpcìm ck |y`mcuc|cjk| /h# hkm /`# jkfs ce }oi}phk|eipjp jp oc| jp oip hbik} hpi pixycpim `s jki jp ajpi je }oi ejffjrckb }j mc|lfj|i }oi~pj~ip}s–| fjlh}cjk rc}ock h ohthpm tjki4/8# H ~ip|jk roj c| hl}ckb h| hk hbik} ejp h }phk|eipjp je pihf ~pj~ip}s }oh} c| fjlh}im

rc}ock h |~ilchf efjjm ohthpm hpih /hks }s~i Tjki ‟‟H–– jp ‟‟U––# mi|cbkh}im `s }oiEimiphf Iaipbikls Ahkhbiaik} Hbikls& jp }oi }phk|eipjp ce oi jp |oi c| hl}ckbrc}ojy} hk hbik}& |ohff mc|lfj|i }j hks ~pj|~il}cui }phk|eipii }oi ehl} }oh} }oi ~pj~ip}sc| fjlh}im rc}ock h |~ilchf efjjm ohthpm hpih ce ic}oip4/H# ]oi }phk|eipjp& jp }oi }phk|eipjp–| hbik}& oh| hl}yhf gkjrfimbi }oh} }oi ~pj~ip}s c|

rc}ock h |~ilchf efjjm ohthpm hpih+/@# ]oi fjlhf dypc|mcl}cjk oh| lja~cfim h fc|}& `s ~hplif& je ~pj~ip}ci| }oh} hpi rc}ock }oi

|~ilchf efjjm ohthpm hpih hkm h kj}cli oh| ìik ~j|}im h} }oi jeecli| je }oi ljyk}spiljpmip& ljyk}s h||i||jp& hkm ljyk}s ~fhkkckb hbikls }oh} cmik}ceci| }oi fjlh}cjkje }oi ~hplif fc|}+

/0# H ~ip|jk roj c| hl}ckb h| hk hbik} ejp h }phk|eipjp je pihf ~pj~ip}s }oh} c| fjlh}imrc}ock hk hpih je ~j}ik}chf efjjmckb& mi|cbkh}im ~yp|yhk} }j \il}cjk ?9?3+9 je }oiBjuipkaik} Ljmi& jp }oi }phk|eipjp ce oi jp |oi c| hl}ckb rc}ojy} hk hbik}& |ohffmc|lfj|i }j hks ~pj|~il}cui }phk|eipii }oi ehl} }oh} }oi ~pj~ip}s c| fjlh}im rc}ock hkhpih je ~j}ik}chf efjjmckb ce ic}oip4/H# ]oi }phk|eipjp& jp }oi }phk|eipjp–| hbik}& oh| hl}yhf gkjrfimbi }oh} }oi ~pj~ip}s c|

rc}ock hk ckykmh}cjk hpih+/@# ]oi fjlhf dypc|mcl}cjk oh| lja~cfim h fc|}& `s ~hplif& je ~pj~ip}ci| }oh} hpi rc}ock }oi

ckykmh}cjk hpih hkm h kj}cli oh| ~j|}im h} }oi jeecli| je }oi ljyk}s piljpmip&ljyk}s h||i||jp& hkm ljyk}s ~fhkkckb hbikls }oh} cmik}ceci| }oi fjlh}cjk je }oi~hplif fc|}+

/<# H }phk|eipjp je pihf ~pj~ip}s }oh} c| fjlh}im rc}ock h uips ocbo ecpi ohthpm |iuipc}s tjki&mi|cbkh}im ~yp|yhk} }j \il}cjk 9882? je }oi Bjuipkaik} Ljmi& |ohff mc|lfj|i }j hks~pj|~il}cui }phk|eipii }oi ehl} }oh} }oi ~pj~ip}s c| fjlh}im rc}ock h uips ocbo ecpiohthpm |iuipc}s tjki hkm c| |y`dil} }j }oi pixycpiaik}| je \il}cjk 988?0 je }oiBjuipkaik} Ljmi ce ic}oip4




55

/H# ]oi }phk|eipjp& jp }oi }phk|eipjp–| hbik}& oh| hl}yhf gkjrfimbi }oh} }oi ~pj~ip}s c|rc}ock h uips ocbo ecpi ohthpm |iuipc}s tjki+

/@# H ah~ }oh} cklfymi| }oi ~pj~ip}s oh| ìik ~pjucmim }j }oi fjlhf hbikls ~yp|yhk}}j \il}cjk 9882? je }oi Bjuipkaik} Ljmi hkm h kj}cli oh| ìik ~j|}im h} }oijeecli| je }oi ljyk}s piljpmip& ljyk}s h||i||jp& hkm ljyk}s ~fhkkckb hbikls }oh}cmik}ceci| }oi fjlh}cjk je }oi ah~ hkm hks ckejpah}cjk pibhpmckb lohkbi| }j }oi

ah~ pilicuim `s }oi fjlhf hbikls+/=# H ~ip|jk roj c| hl}ckb h| hk hbik} ejp h }phk|eipjp je pihf ~pj~ip}s }oh} c| fjlh}im

rc}ock hk ihp}oxyhgi ehyf} tjki& mi|cbkh}im ~yp|yhk} }j \il}cjk 0500 je }oi ^y`fclPi|jypli| Ljmi& jp }oi }phk|eipjp ce oi jp |oi c| hl}ckb rc}ojy} hk hbik}& |ohffmc|lfj|i }j hks ~pj|~il}cui }phk|eipii }oi ehl} }oh} }oi ~pj~ip}s c| fjlh}im rc}ock hmifckih}im ihp}oxyhgi ehyf} tjki ce ic}oip4/H# ]oi }phk|eipjp& jp }oi }phk|eipjp–| hbik}& oh| hl}yhf gkjrfimbi }oh} }oi ~pj~ip}s c|

rc}ock h mifckih}im ihp}oxyhgi ehyf} tjki+/@# H ah~ }oh} cklfymi| }oi ~pj~ip}s oh| ìik ~pjucmim }j }oi lc}s jp ljyk}s ~yp|yhk}

}j \il}cjk 0500 je }oi ^y`fcl Pi|jypli| Ljmi hkm h kj}cli oh| ìik ~j|}im h} }oijeecli| je }oi ljyk}s piljpmip& ljyk}s h||i||jp& hkm ljyk}s ~fhkkckb hbikls }oh}

cmik}ceci| }oi fjlh}cjk je }oi ah~ hkm hks ckejpah}cjk pibhpmckb lohkbi| }j }oiah~ pilicuim `s }oi ljyk}s+

/9# H ~ip|jk roj c| hl}ckb h| hk hbik} ejp h }phk|eipjp je pihf ~pj~ip}s }oh} c| fjlh}imrc}ock h |ic|acl ohthpm tjki& mi|cbkh}im ~yp|yhk} }j \il}cjk 0535 je }oi ^y`fclPi|jypli| Ljmi& jp }oi }phk|eipjp ce oi jp |oi c| hl}ckb rc}ojy} hk hbik}& |ohffmc|lfj|i }j hks ~pj|~il}cui }phk|eipii }oi ehl} }oh} }oi ~pj~ip}s c| fjlh}im rc}ock h|ic|acl ohthpm tjki ce ic}oip4/H# ]oi }phk|eipjp& jp }oi }phk|eipjp–| hbik}& oh| hl}yhf gkjrfimbi }oh} }oi ~pj~ip}s c|

rc}ock h |ic|acl ohthpm tjki+/@# H ah~ }oh} cklfymi| }oi ~pj~ip}s oh| ìik ~pjucmim }j }oi lc}s jp ljyk}s ~yp|yhk}

}j \il}cjk 0535 je }oi ^y`fcl Pi|jypli| Ljmi hkm h kj}cli oh| ìik ~j|}im h}

}oi jeecli| je }oi ljyk}s piljpmip& ljyk}s h||i||jp& hkm ljyk}s ~fhkkckb hbikls}oh} cmik}ceci| }oi fjlh}cjk je }oi ah~ hkm hks ckejpah}cjk pibhpmckb lohkbi| }j}oi ah~ pilicuim `s }oi ljyk}s+

/5# H }phk|eipjp je pihf ~pj~ip}s }oh} c| fjlh}im rc}ock h |}h}i pi|~jk|c`cfc}s hpihmi}ipackim `s }oi `jhpm& ~yp|yhk} }j \il}cjk =809 je }oi ^y`fcl Pi|jypli| Ljmi&|ohff mc|lfj|i }j hks ~pj|~il}cui }phk|eipii }oi ehl} }oh} }oi ~pj~ip}s c| fjlh}im rc}ockh rcfmfhkm hpih }oh} ahs ljk}hck |y`|}hk}chf ejpi|} ecpi pc|g| hkm ohthpm| hkm c| |y`dil}}j }oi pixycpiaik}| je \il}cjk =038 ce ic}oip4/H# ]oi }phk|eipjp& jp }oi }phk|eipjp–| hbik}& oh| hl}yhf gkjrfimbi }oh} }oi ~pj~ip}s c|

rc}ock h rcfmfhkm ecpi tjki+/@# H ah~ }oh} cklfymi| }oi ~pj~ip}s oh| ìik ~pjucmim }j }oi lc}s jp ljyk}s ~yp|yhk}

}j \il}cjk =809 je }oi ^y`fcl Pi|jypli| Ljmi hkm h kj}cli oh| ìik ~j|}im h}}oi jeecli| je }oi ljyk}s piljpmip& ljyk}s h||i||jp& hkm ljyk}s ~fhkkckb hbikls}oh} cmik}ceci| }oi fjlh}cjk je }oi ah~ hkm hks ckejpah}cjk pibhpmckb lohkbi| }j}oi ah~ pilicuim `s }oi ljyk}s+

/m# Hks rhcuip je }oi pixycpiaik}| je }oc| hp}clfi c| ujcm h| hbhck|} ~y`fcl ~jfcls+/Hmmim ̀ s \}h}|+ 0>>=& Loh~+ 8?< /H@ <>?0& Ljaac}}ii jk Dymclchps#& iee+ 8*8*0>>9#




52

LCUCF LJMI \IL+ 88><+8 I_LFY\CJK\

/h# ]oc| hp}clfi mji| kj} h~~fs }j }oi ejffjrckb }phk|eip|4/8# ]phk|eip| ~yp|yhk} }j ljyp} jpmip& cklfymckb& `y} kj} fcac}im }j& }phk|eip| jpmipim `s h

~pj`h}i ljyp} ck hmackc|}ph}cjk je hk i|}h}i& }phk|eip| ~yp|yhk} }j h rpc} je iily}cjk&}phk|eip| `s hks ejpilfj|ypi |hfi& }phk|eip| `s h }py|}ii ck `hkgpy~}ls& }phk|eip| `s

iackik} mjahck& hkm }phk|eip| pi|yf}ckb epja h milpii ejp |~ilcecl ~ipejpahkli+/0# ]phk|eip| }j h ajp}bhbii `s h ajp}bhbjp jp |ylli||jp ck ck}ipi|} roj c| ck miehyf}&

}phk|eip| }j h ìkieclchps je h miim je }py|} `s h }py|}jp jp |ylli||jp ck ck}ipi|} roj c|ck miehyf}& }phk|eip| `s hks ejpilfj|ypi |hfi he}ip miehyf}& }phk|eip| `s hks ejpilfj|ypi|hfi he}ip miehyf} ck hk j`fcbh}cjk |ilypim `s h ajp}bhbi& }phk|eip| `s h |hfi ykmip h~jrip je |hfi jp hks ejpilfj|ypi |hfi ykmip h milpii je ejpilfj|ypi he}ip miehyf} ck hkj`fcbh}cjk |ilypim `s h miim je }py|} jp |ilypim `s hks j}oip ck|}pyaik} ljk}hckckb h~jrip je |hfi& jp }phk|eip| `s h ajp}bhbii jp h ìkieclchps ykmip h miim je }py|} rojoh| hlxycpim }oi pihf ~pj~ip}s h} h |hfi ljkmyl}im ~yp|yhk} }j h ~jrip je |hfi ykmip hajp}bhbi jp miim je }py|} jp h |hfi ~yp|yhk} }j h milpii je ejpilfj|ypi jp oh| hlxycpim}oi pihf ~pj~ip}s `s h miim ck fciy je ejpilfj|ypi+

/<# ]phk|eip| `s h ecmylchps ck }oi ljyp|i je }oi hmackc|}ph}cjk je h milimik}–| i|}h}i&byhpmchk|oc~& ljk|ipuh}jp|oc~& jp }py|}+

/=# ]phk|eip| epja jki lj!jrkip }j jki jp ajpi j}oip lj!jrkip|+/9# ]phk|eip| ahmi }j h |~jy|i& jp }j h ~ip|jk jp ~ip|jk| ck }oi fckihf fcki je

ljk|hkbyckc}s je jki jp ajpi je }oi }phk|eipjp|+/5# ]phk|eip| ì}riik |~jy|i| pi|yf}ckb epja h dymbaik} je mc||jfy}cjk je ahppchbi jp je

fibhf |i~hph}cjk je }oi ~hp}ci| jp epja h ~pj~ip}s |i}}fiaik} hbpiiaik} cklcmik}hf }j}oh} dymbaik}+

/2# ]phk|eip| `s }oi Ljk}pjffip ck }oi ljyp|i je hmackc|}ipckb Loh~}ip 2 /ljaaiklckb rc}o\il}cjk 89>># je ]c}fi 8> je ^hp} < je }oi Ljmi je Lcucf ^pjlimypi+

/?# ]phk|eip| ykmip Loh~}ip 2 /ljaaiklckb rc}o \il}cjk <538# jp Loh~}ip ?

/ljaaiklckb rc}o \il}cjk <228# je ^hp} 5 je Mcuc|cjk 8 je }oi Piuikyi hkm ]hh}cjkLjmi+/3# ]phk|eip| jp ilohkbi| }j jp epja hks bjuipkaik}hf ik}c}s+

/`# ]phk|eip| kj} |y`dil} }j }oc| hp}clfi ahs ̀ i |y`dil} }j j}oip mc|lfj|ypi pixycpiaik}|&cklfymckb }oj|i ykmip \il}cjk| ?9?3+<& ?9?3+=& hkm 988?<+9 je }oi Bjuipkaik} Ljmi hkm\il}cjk| 0508+3& 053=& hkm =8<5 je }oi ^y`fcl Pi|jypli| Ljmi+ Ck }phk|eip| kj} |y`dil} }j}oc| hp}clfi& hbik}| ahs ahgi pixycpim mc|lfj|ypi| ck h |i~hph}i rpc}ckb+

/Hmmim ̀ s \}h}|+ 8333& Loh~+ ?25 /H@ 0=?& ]jpfhg|jk#& iee+ 8*8*0>>>#

LCUCF LJMI \IL+ 88><+0 KH]YPHF OHTHPM MC\LFJ\YPI EJPA

/h# ]oi mc|lfj|ypi| pixycpim `s }oc| hp}clfi hpi |i} ejp}o ck& hkm |ohff ì ahmi jk h lj~s je& }oiejffjrckb Kh}yphf Ohthpm Mc|lfj|ypi \}h}iaik}4




5?

KH]YPHF OHTHPM MC\LFJ\YPI \]H]IAIK]

]oc| |}h}iaik} h~~fci| }j }oi ejffjrckb ~pj~ip}s4

]oi }phk|eipjp hkm oc| jp oip hbik}/|# jp h }ocpm ~hp}s ljk|yf}hk} mc|lfj|i }oi ejffjrckb ckejpah}cjkrc}o }oi gkjrfimbi }oh} iuik }ojybo }oc| c| kj} h rhpphk}s& ~pj|~il}cui }phk|eipii| ahs pifs jk}oc| ckejpah}cjk ck milcmckb roi}oip hkm jk roh} }ipa| }j ~yploh|i }oi |y`dil} ~pj~ip}s+

]phk|eipjp oipi`s hy}ojpcti| hks hbik}/|# pi~pi|ik}ckb hks ~pcklc~hf/|# ck }oc| hl}cjk }j ~pjucmi hlj~s je }oc| |}h}iaik} }j hks ~ip|jk jp ik}c}s ck ljkkil}cjk rc}o hks hl}yhf jp hk}clc~h}im |hfi je}oi ~pj~ip}s+

]oi ejffjrckb hpi pi~pi|ik}h}cjk| ahmi `s }oi }phk|eipjp hkm oc| jp oip hbik}/|# `h|im jk }oicpgkjrfimbi hkm ah~| mphrk ̀ s }oi |}h}i hkm eimiphf bjuipkaik}|+ ]oc| ckejpah}cjk c| hmc|lfj|ypi hkm c| kj} ck}ikmim }j ì ~hp} je hks ljk}phl} ì}riik }oi }phk|eipii hkm }oi}phk|eipjp+

]OC\ PIHF ^PJÎP]S FCI\ RC]OCK ]OI EJFFJRCKB OHTHPMJY\ HPIH/\#4

H \ÎLCHF EFJJM OHTHPM HPIH /Hks }s~i Tjki ‟‟H–– jp ‟‟U––# mi|cbkh}im `s }oi EimiphfIaipbikls Ahkhbiaik} Hbikls+Si|ZZZZZ KjZZZZZ Mj kj} gkjr hkm ckejpah}cjk kj} huhcfh`fi epja fjlhf dypc|mcl}cjkZZZZZ

HK HPIH JE ^J]IK]CHF EFJJMCKB |ojrk jk h mha ehcfypi ckykmh}cjk ah~ ~yp|yhk} }j\il}cjk ?9?3+9 je }oi Bjuipkaik} Ljmi+Si|ZZZZZ KjZZZZZ Mj kj} gkjr hkm ckejpah}cjk kj} huhcfh`fi epja fjlhf dypc|mcl}cjkZZZZZ

H UIPS OCBO ECPI OHTHPM \IUIPC]S TJKI ~yp|yhk} }j \il}cjk 9882? jp 98823 je }oiBjuipkaik} Ljmi+ ]oi jrkip je }oc| ~pj~ip}s c| |y`dil} }j }oi ahck}ikhkli pixycpiaik}| je\il}cjk 988?0 je }oi Bjuipkaik} Ljmi+Si|ZZZZZ KjZZZZZ

H RCFMFHKM HPIH ]OH] AHS LJK]HCK \Y@\]HK]CHF EJPI\] ECPI PC\G\ HKM

OHTHPM\ ~yp|yhk} }j \il}cjk =809 je }oi ^y`fcl Pi|jypli| Ljmi+ ]oi jrkip je }oc| ~pj~ip}s c||y`dil} }j }oi ahck}ikhkli pixycpiaik}| je \il}cjk =038 je }oi ^y`fcl Pi|jypli| Ljmi+Hmmc}cjkhffs& c} c| kj} }oi |}h}i–| pi|~jk|c`cfc}s }j ~pjucmi ecpi ~pj}il}cjk |ipucli| }j hks `ycfmckb jp|}pyl}ypi fjlh}im rc}ock }oi rcfmfhkm| ykfi|| }oi Mi~hp}aik} je Ejpi|}ps hkm Ecpi ^pj}il}cjk oh|ik}ipim ck}j h ljj~iph}cui hbpiiaik} rc}o h fjlhf hbikls ejp }oj|i ~yp~j|i| ~yp|yhk} }j \il}cjk=8=0 je }oi ^y`fcl Pi|jypli| Ljmi+Si|ZZZZZ KjZZZZZ

HK IHP]OXYHGI EHYF] TJKI ~yp|yhk} }j \il}cjk 0500 je }oi ^y`fcl Pi|jypli| Ljmi+Si|ZZZZZ KjZZZZZ

H \IC\ACL OHTHPM TJKI ~yp|yhk} }j \il}cjk 0535 je }oi ^y`fcl Pi|jypli| Ljmi+

Si| /Fhkm|fcmi Tjki# ZZZZ Si| /Fcxyiehl}cjk Tjki#ZZZZZ KjZZZZZ Ah~ kj} si} pifih|im `s \}h}iZZZZZ

]OI\I OHTHPM\ AHS FCAC] SJYP H@CFC]S ]J MIUIFJ^ ]OI PIHF ^PJÎP]S& ]JJ@]HCK CK\YPHKLI& JP ]J PILICUI H\\C\]HKLI HE]IP H MC\H\]IP+

]OI AH^\ JK ROCLO ]OI\I MC\LFJ\YPI\ HPI @H\IM I\]CAH]I ROIPI KH]YPHFOHTHPM\ I_C\]+ ]OIS HPI KJ] MIECKC]CUI CKMCLH]JP\ JE ROI]OIP JP KJ] H^PJÎP]S RCFF @I HEEIL]IM @S H KH]YPHF MC\H\]IP+ ]PHK\EIPII/\# HKM




53

]PHK\EIPJP/\# AHS RC\O ]J J@]HCK ^PJEI\\CJKHF HMUCLI PIBHPMCKB ]OJ\IOHTHPM\ HKM J]OIP OHTHPM\ ]OH] AHS HEEIL] ]OI ^PJÎP]S+

\cbkh}ypi je ]phk|eipjp/|#ZZZZZZZZZZZZ Mh}iZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ \cbkh}ypi je ]phk|eipjp/|#ZZZZZZZZZZZZ Mh}iZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ Hbik}/|#ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ Mh}iZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ Hbik}/|#ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ Mh}iZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ

Loilg jkfs jki je }oi ejffjrckb4

]phk|eipjp/|# hkm }oicp hbik}/|# pi~pi|ik} }oh} }oi ckejpah}cjk oipick c| }pyi hkm ljppil} }j }oiì|} je }oicp gkjrfimbi h| je }oi mh}i |cbkim `s }oi }phk|eipjp/|# hkm hbik}/|#+

]phk|eipjp/|# hkm }oicp hbik}/|# hlgkjrfimbi }oh} }ois ohui iiplc|im bjjm ehc}o ck }oi|ifil}cjk je h }ocpm!~hp}s pi~jp} ~pjucmip h| pixycpim ck Lcucf Ljmi \il}cjk 88><+2& hkm }oh} }oipi~pi|ik}h}cjk| ahmi ck }oc| Kh}yphf Ohthpm Mc|lfj|ypi \}h}iaik} hpi `h|im y~jk ckejpah}cjk~pjucmim `s }oi ckmi~ikmik} }ocpm!~hp}s mc|lfj|ypi ~pjucmip h| h |y`|}c}y}im mc|lfj|ypi ~yp|yhk}}j Lcucf Ljmi \il}cjk 88><+=+ Kic}oip }phk|eipjp/|# kjp }oicp hbik}/|# /8# oh| ckmi~ikmik}fsuipcecim }oi ckejpah}cjk ljk}hckim ck }oc| |}h}iaik} hkm pi~jp} jp /0# c| ~ip|jkhffs hrhpi je hksippjp| jp ckhllyphlci| ck }oi ckejpah}cjk ljk}hckim jk }oi |}h}iaik}+ ]oc| |}h}iaik} rh|~pi~hpim `s }oi ~pjucmip ìfjr4

]ocpm!^hp}sMc|lfj|ypi ^pjucmip/|# ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ Mh}i ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ

]phk|eipii pi~pi|ik}| }oh} oi jp |oi oh| pihm hkm ykmip|}hkm| }oc| mjlyaik}+ ^yp|yhk} }j LcucfLjmi \il}cjk 88><+?& }oi pi~pi|ik}h}cjk| ahmi ck }oc| Kh}yphf Ohthpm Mc|lfj|ypi \}h}iaik} mjkj} ljk|}c}y}i hff je }oi }phk|eipjp| jp hbik}| mc|lfj|ypi j`fcbh}cjk| ck }oc| }phk|hl}cjk+

\cbkh}ypi je ]phk|eipii/|#ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ Mh}iZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ \cbkh}ypi je ]phk|eipii/|#ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ Mh}iZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ

/`# Ce hk ihp}oxyhgi ehyf} tjki& |ic|acl ohthpm tjki& uips ocbo ecpi ohthpm |iuipc}s tjki& jp

rcfmfhkm ecpi hpih ah~ jp hllja~hksckb ckejpah}cjk c| kj} je |yeeclcik} hllyphls jp |lhfi}oh} h pih|jkh`fi ~ip|jk lhk mi}ipacki ce }oi |y`dil} pihf ~pj~ip}s c| cklfymim ck h kh}yphfohthpm hpih& }oi }phk|eipjp jp }phk|eipjp–| hbik} |ohff ahpg ‟‟Si|–– jk }oi Kh}yphf OhthpmMc|lfj|ypi \}h}iaik}+ ]oi }phk|eipjp jp }phk|eipjp–| hbik} ahs ahpg ‟‟Kj–– jk }oi Kh}yphfOhthpm Mc|lfj|ypi \}h}iaik} ce oi jp |oi h}}hloi| h pi~jp} ~pi~hpim ~yp|yhk} }j|y`mcuc|cjk /l# je \il}cjk 88><+= }oh} uipceci| }oi ~pj~ip}s c| kj} ck }oi ohthpm tjki+Kj}ockb ck }oc| |y`mcuc|cjk c| ck}ikmim }j fcac} jp h`pcmbi hks ic|}ckb my}s je }oi }phk|eipjpjp }oi }phk|eipjp–| hbik}| }j iiplc|i pih|jkh`fi lhpi ck ahgckb h mi}ipackh}cjk ykmip }oc||y`mcuc|cjk+

/l# Ce }oi Eimiphf Iaipbikls Ahkhbiaik} Hbikls oh| c||yim h Fi}}ip je Ah~ Piuc|cjkljkecpackb }oh} h ~pj~ip}s c| kj fjkbip rc}ock h |~ilchf efjjm ohthpm hpih& }oik }oi

}phk|eipjp jp }phk|eipjp–| hbik} ahs ahpg ‟‟Kj–– jk }oi Kh}yphf Ohthpm Mc|lfj|ypi\}h}iaik}& iuik ce }oi ah~ oh| kj} si} ̀ iik y~mh}im+ ]oi }phk|eipjp jp }phk|eipjp–| hbik}|ohff h}}hlo h lj~s je }oi Fi}}ip je Ah~ Piuc|cjk }j }oi mc|lfj|ypi |}h}iaik}+

/m# Ce }oi Eimiphf Iaipbikls Ahkhbiaik} Hbikls oh| c||yim h Fi}}ip je Ah~ Piuc|cjkljkecpackb }oh} h ~pj~ip}s c| rc}ock h |~ilchf efjjm ohthpm hpih hkm }oi fjlh}cjk je }oi fi}}ipoh| ìik ~j|}im ~yp|yhk} }j |y`mcuc|cjk /b# je \il}cjk ?9?3+< je }oi Bjuipkaik} Ljmi&}oik }oi }phk|eipjp jp }phk|eipjp–| hbik} |ohff ahpg ‟‟Si|–– jk }oi Kh}yphf Ohthpm Mc|lfj|ypi




2>

\}h}iaik}& iuik ce }oi ah~ oh| kj} si} ̀ iik y~mh}im+ ]oi }phk|eipjp jp }phk|eipjp–| hbik}|ohff h}}hlo h lj~s je }oi Fi}}ip je Ah~ Piuc|cjk }j }oi mc|lfj|ypi \}h}iaik}+

/i# ]oi mc|lfj|ypi pixycpim ~yp|yhk} }j }oc| hp}clfi ahs ì ~pjucmim `s }oi }phk|eipjp hkm }oi}phk|eipjp–| hbik} ck }oi Fjlhf J~}cjk Pihf I|}h}i Mc|lfj|ypi \}h}iaik} mi|lpcìm ck\il}cjk 88>0+5h& ~pjucmim }oh} }oi Fjlhf J~}cjk Pihf I|}h}i Mc|lfj|ypi \}h}iaik}cklfymi| |y`|}hk}chffs }oi |hai ckejpah}cjk hkm |y`|}hk}chffs }oi |hai rhpkckb| }oh} hpi

pixycpim `s }oc| |il}cjk+/e# /8# ]oi fibhf ieeil} je h ljk|yf}hk}| pi~jp} mifcuipim }j |h}c|es }oi iia~}cjk ~pjucmim `s

\il}cjk 88><+= c| kj} lohkbim roik c} c| hllja~hkcim `s h Kh}yphf Ohthpm Mc|lfj|ypi\}h}iaik}+

/0# H ljk|yf}hk}| pi~jp} |ohff hfrhs| ì hllja~hkcim `s h lja~fi}im hkm |cbkim Kh}yphfOhthpm Mc|lfj|ypi \}h}iaik}+

/<# Ck h mc|lfj|ypi |}h}iaik} pixycpim `s }oc| |il}cjk& hk hbik} hkm }ocpm!~hp}s ~pjucmipahs lhy|i oc| jp oip khai }j ì ~pi~pck}im ck fciy je hk jpcbckhf |cbkh}ypi ck }oi~jp}cjk| je }oi ejpa pi|ipuim ejp |cbkh}ypi|+ ]oi y|i je h ~pi~pck}im khai |ohff kj}lohkbi }oi fibhf ieeil} je }oi hlgkjrfimbaik}+

/b# ]oi mc|lfj|ypi pixycpim `s }oc| hp}clfi c| jkfs h mc|lfj|ypi ì}riik }oi }phk|eipjp& }oi

}phk|eipjp–| hbik}|& hkm }oi }phk|eipii& hkm |ohff kj} ì y|im `s hks j}oip ~hp}s& cklfymckb&`y} kj} fcac}im }j+ ck|yphkli lja~hkci|& fikmip|& jp bjuipkaik}hf hbiklci|& ejp hks~yp~j|i+

/o# Ck hks }phk|hl}cjk ck roclo h }phk|eipjp oh| hlli~}im& ~pcjp }j Dyki 8& 833?& hk jeeip }j~yploh|i& }oi }phk|eipjp& jp oc| jp oip hbik}& |ohff ì miiaim }j ohui lja~fcim rc}o }oipixycpiaik} je |y`mcuc|cjk /h# ce }oi }phk|eipjp jp hbik} mifcuip| }j }oi ~pj|~il}cui}phk|eipii h |}h}iaik} }oh} cklfymi| |y`|}hk}chffs }oi |hai ckejpah}cjk hkm rhpkckb h| }oiKh}yphf Ohthpm Mc|lfj|ypi \}h}iaik}+

/Haikmim ̀ s \}h}|+ 0>>=& Loh~+ 55 /H@ 30>& Khghkj#& iee+ 8*8*0>>9#

LCUCF LJMI \IL+ 88><+< MIFCUIPS ]J @YSIP

/h# ]oi }phk|eipjp je hks pihf ~pj~ip}s |y`dil} }j }oc| hp}clfi |ohff mifcuip }j }oi ~pj|~il}cui}phk|eipii }oi rpc}}ik |}h}iaik} pixycpim `s }oc| hp}clfi& h| ejffjr|4/8# Ck }oi lh|i je h |hfi& h| |jjk h| ~phl}clh`fi ìejpi }phk|eip je }c}fi+/0# Ck }oi lh|i je }phk|eip `s h pihf ~pj~ip}s |hfi| ljk}phl}& h| mieckim ck \il}cjk 03?9& jp

`s h fih|i }jbi}oip rc}o hk j~}cjk }j ~yploh|i& jp h bpjykm fih|i ljy~fim rc}oca~pjuiaik}|& h| |jjk h| ~phl}clh`fi ìejpi iily}cjk je }oi ljk}phl}+ Ejp }oi~yp~j|i je }oc| |y`mcuc|cjk& ‟‟iily}cjk–– aihk| }oi ahgckb jp hlli~}hkli je hk jeeip+

/`# ]oi }phk|eipjp |ohff ckmclh}i lja~fchkli rc}o }oc| hp}clfi ic}oip jk }oi pilic~} ejp mi~j|c}&}oi pihf ~pj~ip}s |hfi| ljk}phl}& }oi fih|i& hks hmmikmya h}}hloim }oipi}j& jp jk h|i~hph}i mjlyaik}+

/l# Ce hks mc|lfj|ypi& jp hks ah}ipchf haikmaik} je hks mc|lfj|ypi& pixycpim }j ̀ i ahmi~yp|yhk} }j }oc| hp}clfi c| mifcuipim he}ip }oi iily}cjk je hk jeeip }j ~yploh|i& }oi}phk|eipii |ohff ohui }opii mhs| he}ip mifcuips ck ~ip|jk jp ecui mhs| he}ip mifcuips `smi~j|c} ck }oi ahcf }j }ipackh}i oc| jp oip jeeip `s mifcuips je h rpc}}ik kj}cli je }ipackh}cjk}j }oi }phk|eipjp jp }oi }phk|eipjp–| hbik}+





28

LCUCF LJMI \IL+ 88><+= FCH@CFC]S EJP IPPJP\

/h# Kic}oip }oi }phk|eipjp kjp hks fc|}ckb jp |iffckb hbik} |ohff ì fch`fi ejp hks ippjp&ckhllyphls& jp jac||cjk je hks ckejpah}cjk mifcuipim ~yp|yhk} }j }oc| hp}clfi ce }oi ippjp&ckhllyphls& jp jac||cjk rh| kj} rc}ock }oi ~ip|jkhf gkjrfimbi je }oi }phk|eipjp jp }oifc|}ckb jp |iffckb hbik}& hkm rh| `h|im jk ckejpah}cjk }caifs ~pjucmim `s ~y`fcl hbiklci|

jp `s j}oip ~ip|jk| ~pjucmckb ckejpah}cjk h| |~ilcecim ck |y`mcuc|cjk /l# }oh} c| pixycpim }jì mc|lfj|im ~yp|yhk} }j }oc| hp}clfi& hkm jpmckhps lhpi rh| iiplc|im ck j`}hckckb hkm}phk|ac}}ckb }oi ckejpah}cjk+

/`# ]oi mifcuips je hks ckejpah}cjk pixycpim }j ì mc|lfj|im `s }oc| hp}clfi }j h ~pj|~il}cui}phk|eipii `s h ~y`fcl hbikls jp j}oip ~ip|jk ~pjucmckb ckejpah}cjk pixycpim }j ìmc|lfj|im ~yp|yhk} }j }oc| hp}clfi |ohff ì miiaim }j lja~fs rc}o }oi pixycpiaik}| je }oc|hp}clfi hkm |ohff pifciui }oi }phk|eipjp jp hks fc|}ckb jp |iffckb hbik} je hks eyp}oip my}sykmip }oc| hp}clfi rc}o pi|~il} }j }oh} c}ia je ckejpah}cjk+

/l# ]oi mifcuips je h pi~jp} jp j~ckcjk ~pi~hpim ̀ s h fclik|im ikbckiip& fhkm |ypuisjp&bijfjbc|}& jp i~ip} ck kh}yphf ohthpm mc|ljuips mihfckb rc}o ah}}ip| rc}ock }oi |lj~i je}oi ~pjei||cjkhf–| fclik|i jp i~ip}c|i& |ohff ì |yeeclcik} lja~fchkli ejp h~~fclh}cjk je }oi

iia~}cjk ~pjucmim `s |y`mcuc|cjk /h# ce }oi ckejpah}cjk c| ~pjucmim }j }oi ~pj|~il}cui}phk|eipii ~yp|yhk} }j h pixyi|} }oipiejp& roi}oip rpc}}ik jp jphf+ Ck pi|~jkmckb }j }oh}pixyi|}& hk i~ip} ahs ckmclh}i& ck rpc}ckb& hk ykmip|}hkmckb }oh} }oi ckejpah}cjk ~pjucmimrcff ì y|im ck eyfecffckb }oi pixycpiaik}| je \il}cjk 88><+0 hkm& ce |j& |ohff ckmclh}i }oipixycpim mc|lfj|ypi|& jp ~hp}| }oipije& }j roclo }oi ckejpah}cjk ìckb eypkc|oim c|h~~fclh`fi+ Roipi }oh} |}h}iaik} c| eypkc|oim& }oi i~ip} |ohff kj} ì pi|~jk|c`fi ejp hksc}ia| je ckejpah}cjk& jp ~hp}| }oipije& j}oip }ohk }oj|i i~pi||fs |i} ejp}o ck }oi |}h}iaik}+/8# Ck pi|~jkmckb }j }oi pixyi|}& }oi i~ip} |ohff mi}ipacki roi}oip }oi ~pj~ip}s c| rc}ock

hk hcp~jp} ckefyikli hpih h| mieckim ck |y`mcuc|cjk /`# je \il}cjk 88>8> je }oi @y|cki||hkm ^pjei||cjk| Ljmi+ Ce }oi ~pj~ip}s c| rc}ock hk hcp~jp} ckefyikli hpih& }oi pi~jp}|ohff ljk}hck }oi ejffjrckb |}h}iaik}4

KJ]CLI JE HCP^JP] CK UCLCKC]S

]oc| ~pj~ip}s c| ~pi|ik}fs fjlh}im ck }oi uclckc}s je hk hcp~jp}& rc}ock roh} c| gkjrkh| hk hcp~jp} ckefyikli hpih+ Ejp }oh} pih|jk& }oi ~pj~ip}s ahs ì |y`dil} }j|jai je }oi hkkjshkli| jp ckljkuikcikli| h||jlch}im rc}o ~pjcac}s }j hcp~jp}j~iph}cjk| /ejp iha~fi4 kjc|i& uc`ph}cjk& jp jmjp|#+ Ckmcucmyhf |ik|c}cuc}ci| }j}oj|i hkkjshkli| lhk uhps epja ~ip|jk }j ~ip|jk+ Sjy ahs rc|o }j ljk|cmiproh} hcp~jp} hkkjshkli|& ce hks& hpi h||jlch}im rc}o }oi ~pj~ip}s ìejpi sjylja~fi}i sjyp ~yploh|i hkm mi}ipacki roi}oip }ois hpi hlli~}h`fi }j sjy+

/0# Ck pi|~jkmckb }j }oi pixyi|}& }oi i~ip} |ohff mi}ipacki roi}oip }oi ~pj~ip}s c| rc}ock

}oi dypc|mcl}cjk je }oi \hk Ephklc|lj @hs Ljk|ipuh}cjk hkm Miuifj~aik} Ljaac||cjk&h| mieckim ck \il}cjk 5550> je }oi Bjuipkaik} Ljmi+ Ce }oi ~pj~ip}s c| rc}ock }oiljaac||cjk| dypc|mcl}cjk& }oi pi~jp} |ohff ljk}hck }oi ejffjrckb kj}cli4




20

KJ]CLI JE \HK EPHKLC\LJ @HS LJK\IPUH]CJK HKM MIUIFJÂIK]LJAAC\\CJK DYPC\MCL]CJK

]oc| ~pj~ip}s c| fjlh}im rc}ock }oi dypc|mcl}cjk je }oi \hk Ephklc|lj @hsLjk|ipuh}cjk hkm Miuifj~aik} Ljaac||cjk+ Y|i hkm miuifj~aik} je ~pj~ip}src}ock }oi ljaac||cjk| dypc|mcl}cjk ahs ì |y`dil} }j |~ilchf pibyfh}cjk|&

pi|}pcl}cjk|& hkm ~ipac} pixycpiaik}|+ Sjy ahs rc|o }j ckui|}cbh}i hkm mi}ipackiroi}oip }ois hpi hlli~}h`fi }j sjy hkm sjyp ck}ikmim y|i je }oi ~pj~ip}s ìejpisjy lja~fi}i sjyp }phk|hl}cjk+

/<# Ck pi|~jkmckb }j }oi pixyi|}& }oi i~ip} |ohff mi}ipacki roi}oip }oi ~pj~ip}s c|~pi|ik}fs fjlh}im rc}ock jki acfi je h ~hplif je pihf ~pj~ip}s mi|cbkh}im h| "^pcaiEhpafhkm&" "Ehpafhkm je \}h}ircmi Ca~jp}hkli&" "Ykcxyi Ehpafhkm&" "Ehpafhkm jeFjlhf Ca~jp}hkli&" jp "Bphtckb Fhkm" jk }oi aj|} lyppik} "Ca~jp}hk} EhpafhkmAh~" c||yim `s }oi Lhfcejpkch Mi~hp}aik} je Ljk|ipuh}cjk& Mcuc|cjk je FhkmPi|jypli ^pj}il}cjk& y}cfctckb |jfifs }oi ljyk}s!fiuif BC\ ah~ mh}h& ce hks&huhcfh`fi jk }oi Ehpafhkm Ah~~ckb hkm Ajkc}jpckb ^pjbpha ri`|c}i+ Ce }oi

pi|cmik}chf ~pj~ip}s c| rc}ock jki acfi je h mi|cbkh}im ehpafhkm hpih& }oi pi~jp}|ohff ljk}hck }oi ejffjrckb kj}cli4

KJ]CLI JE PCBO] ]J EHPA

]oc| ~pj~ip}s c| fjlh}im rc}ock jki acfi je h ehpa jp phklo fhkm mi|cbkh}im jk }oilyppik} ljyk}s!fiuif BC\ "Ca~jp}hk} Ehpafhkm Ah~&" c||yim `s }oi LhfcejpkchMi~hp}aik} je Ljk|ipuh}cjk& Mcuc|cjk je Fhkm Pi|jypli ̂ pj}il}cjk+ Hlljpmckbfs&}oi ~pj~ip}s ahs ì |y`dil} }j ckljkuikcikli| jp mc|ljaejp}| pi|yf}ckb epjahbpclyf}yphf j~iph}cjk| }oh} hpi h kjpahf hkm kili||hps h|~il} je fcuckb ck hljaaykc}s rc}o h |}pjkb pyphf lohphl}ip hkm h oihf}os hbpclyf}yphf |il}jp+

Ly|}jahps hbpclyf}yphf ~phl}cli| ck ehpa j~iph}cjk| ahs cklfymi& `y} hpi kj}fcac}im }j& kjc|i& jmjp|& my|}& fcbo}& ck|il}|& }oi j~iph}cjk je ~ya~| hkmahlockips& }oi |}jphbi hkm mc|~j|hf je ahkypi& ìi ~jffckh}cjk& hkm }oi bpjykm jphipchf h~~fclh}cjk je eip}cfctip|& ~i|}clcmi|& hkm oip`clcmi|+ ]oi|i hbpclyf}yphf~phl}cli| ahs jllyp h} hks }cai mypckb }oi 0=!ojyp mhs+ Ckmcucmyhf |ik|c}cuc}ci| }j}oj|i ~phl}cli| lhk uhps epja ~ip|jk }j ~ip|jk+ Sjy ahs rc|o }j ljk|cmip }oica~hl}| je |ylo hbpclyf}yphf ~phl}cli| ìejpi sjy lja~fi}i sjyp ~yploh|i+ ^fih|iì hmuc|im }oh} sjy ahs ì `hppim epja j`}hckckb fibhf piaimci| hbhck|}hbpclyf}yphf ~phl}cli| ljkmyl}im ck h ahkkip ljk|c|}ik} rc}o ~pj~ip hkm hlli~}imly|}ja| hkm |}hkmhpm| ~yp|yhk} }j \il}cjk <=?0+9 je }oi Lcucf Ljmi jp hks~ip}ckik} fjlhf jpmckhkli+

/Haikmim ̀ s \}h}|+ 0>>?& Loh~+ 5?5 /H@ 0??8& Rjfg#& iee+ 8*8*0>>9#

LCUCF LJMI \IL+ 88><+9 PIFCIE EPJA MY]S ]J MC\LFJ\I

/h# He}ip h }phk|eipjp hkm oc| jp oip hbik} lja~fs rc}o \il}cjk 88><+0& }ois |ohff ì pifciuim jeeyp}oip my}s ykmip }oc| hp}clfi rc}o pi|~il} }j }oj|i c}ia| je ckejpah}cjk+ ]oi }phk|eipjp hkmoc| jp oip hbik} |ohff kj} ì pixycpim }j ~pjucmi kj}cli }j }oi }phk|eipii ce }oi ckejpah}cjk




2<

~pjucmim |y`|ixyik}fs ìljai| ckhllyph}i h| h pi|yf} je hks bjuipkaik}hf hl}cjk& ah~piuc|cjk& lohkbim ckejpah}cjk& jp j}oip hl} jp jllyppikli& ykfi|| }oi }phk|eipjp jp hbik}oh| hl}yhf gkjrfimbi }oh} }oi ckejpah}cjk oh| ìljai ckhllyph}i+

/`# Ce ckejpah}cjk mc|lfj|im ck hlljpmhkli rc}o }oc| hp}clfi c| |y`|ixyik}fs pikmipim ckhllyph}ih| h pi|yf} je hks bjuipkaik}hf hl}cjk& ah~ piuc|cjk& lohkbim ckejpah}cjk& jp j}oip hl} jpjllyppikli |y`|ixyik} }j }oi mifcuips je }oi pixycpim mc|lfj|ypi|& }oi ckhllyphls pi|yf}ckb

}oipiepja mji| kj} ljk|}c}y}i h ucjfh}cjk je }oc| hp}clfi+/Hmmim `s \}h}|+ 8333& Loh~+ ?25 /H@ 0=?& ]jpfhg|jk#& iee+ 8*8*0>>>#

LCUCF LJMI \IL+ 88><+2 BJJM EHC]O

Ihlo mc|lfj|ypi pixycpim `s }oc| hp}clfi hkm ihlo hl} }oh} ahs ì ~ipejpaim ck ahgckb }oimc|lfj|ypi |ohff ì ahmi ck bjjm ehc}o+ Ejp ~yp~j|i| je }oc| hp}clfi& ‟‟bjjm ehc}o–– aihk| ojki|}sck ehl} ck }oi ljkmyl} je }oi }phk|hl}cjk+


LCUCF LJMI \IL+ 88><+? J]OIP MC\LFJ\YPI\

/h# ]oi |~ilceclh}cjk je c}ia| ejp mc|lfj|ypi ck }oc| hp}clfi mji| kj} fcac} jp h`pcmbi hksj`fcbh}cjk ejp mc|lfj|ypi lpih}im `s hks j}oip ~pjuc|cjk je fhr jp }oh} ahs ic|} ck jpmip }jhujcm ephym& ac|pi~pi|ik}h}cjk& jp milic} ck }oi }phk|eip }phk|hl}cjk+ ]oi fibc|fh}ypi mji|kj} ck}ikm }j heeil} }oi ic|}ckb j`fcbh}cjk| je }oi ~hp}ci| }j h pihf i|}h}i ljk}phl}& jp }oicphbik}|& }j mc|lfj|i hks ehl} ah}ipchffs heeil}ckb }oi uhfyi hkm mi|cph`cfc}s je }oi ~pj~ip}s&cklfymckb& `y} kj} fcac}im }j& }oi ~os|clhf ljkmc}cjk je }oi ~pj~ip}s hkm ~piucjy|fs pilicuimpi~jp}| je ~os|clhf ck|~il}cjk kj}im jk }oi mc|lfj|ypi ejpa ~pjucmim ~yp|yhk} }j \il}cjk88>0+5 jp 88>0+5h+

/`# Kj}ockb ck }oc| hp}clfi |ohff ì ljk|}pyim }j lohkbi }oi my}s je h pihf i|}h}i `pjgip jp

|hfi|~ip|jk ~yp|yhk} }j \il}cjk 0>23+/Hmmim ̀ s \}h}|+ 8333& Loh~+ ?25 /H@ 0=?& ]jpfhg|jk#& iee+ 8*8*0>>>#

LCUCF LJMI \IL+ 88><+3 HAIKMAIK]\ ]J MC\LFJ\YPI

Hks mc|lfj|ypi ahmi ~yp|yhk} }j }oc| hp}clfi ahs ì haikmim ck rpc}ckb `s }oi }phk|eipjp jp oc|jp oip hbik}& `y} }oi haikmaik} |ohff ì |y`dil} }j \il}cjk 88><+<+


LCUCF LJMI \IL+ 88><+8> ÎP\JKHF MIFCUIPS JP AHCF

Mifcuips je mc|lfj|ypi| pixycpim `s }oc| hp}clfi |ohff ì `s ~ip|jkhf mifcuips }j }oi }phk|eipii jp`s ahcf }j }oi ~pj|~il}cui }phk|eipii+ Ejp }oi ~yp~j|i| je }oc| hp}clfi& mifcuips }j }oi |~jy|i jeh }phk|eipii |ohff ì miiaim mifcuips }j }oi }phk|eipii& ykfi|| ~pjucmim j}oiprc|i `s ljk}phl}+





2=

LCUCF LJMI \IL+ 88><+88 ]OJ\I ROJ HPI KJ] HBIK]\

Hks ~ip|jk jp ik}c}s& j}oip }ohk h pihf i|}h}i fclik|ii fclik|im ~yp|yhk} }j ^hp} 8/ljaaiklckb rc}o \il}cjk 8>>>># je Mcuc|cjk = je }oi @y|cki|| hkm ^pjei||cjk| Ljmi& hl}ckbck }oi lh~hlc}s je hk i|lpjr hbik} ejp }oi }phk|eip je pihf ~pj~ip}s |y`dil} }j }oc| hp}clfi |ohffkj} ì miiaim }oi hbik} je }oi }phk|eipjp jp }phk|eipii ejp ~yp~j|i| je }oi mc|lfj|ypi

pixycpiaik}| je }oc| hp}clfi& ykfi|| }oi ~ip|jk jp ik}c}s c| ia~jripim }j |j hl} `s hk i~pi||rpc}}ik hbpiiaik} }j }oh} ieeil}+ ]oi i}ik} je }oh} hbikls |ohff ì bjuipkim `s }oi rpc}}ikhbpiiaik}+


LCUCF LJMI \IL+ 88><+80 HBIK]–\ PI\^JK\C@CFC]CI\

/h# Ce ajpi }ohk jki fclik|im pihf i|}h}i `pjgip c| hl}ckb h| hk hbik} ck h }phk|hl}cjk |y`dil}}j }oc| hp}clfi& }oi `pjgip roj oh| j`}hckim }oi jeeip ahmi `s }oi }phk|eipii |ohff& ili~}h| j}oiprc|i ~pjucmim ck }oc| hp}clfi& mifcuip }oi mc|lfj|ypi pixycpim `s }oc| hp}clfi }j }oi}phk|eipii& ykfi|| }oi }phk|eipjp oh| bcuik j}oip rpc}}ik ck|}pyl}cjk| ejp mifcuips+

/`# Ce h fclik|im pihf i|}h}i `pjgip pi|~jk|c`fi ejp mifcuipckb }oi mc|lfj|ypi| ykmip }oc| |il}cjklhkkj} j`}hck }oi mc|lfj|ypi mjlyaik} pixycpim hkm mji| kj} ohui rpc}}ik h||yphkli epja}oi }phk|eipii }oh} }oi mc|lfj|ypi oh| ìik pilicuim& }oi `pjgip |ohff hmuc|i }oi }phk|eipiick rpc}ckb je oc| jp oip pcbo}| }j }oi mc|lfj|ypi+ H fclik|im pihf i|}h}i `pjgip pi|~jk|c`fiejp mifcuipckb mc|lfj|ypi| ykmip }oc| |il}cjk |ohff ahck}hck h piljpm je }oi hl}cjk }hgik }jieeil} lja~fchkli ck hlljpmhkli rc}o \il}cjk 8>8=? je }oi @y|cki|| hkm ^pjei||cjk|Ljmi+


LCUCF LJMI \IL+ 88><+8< KJ ]PHK\HL]CJK CKUHFCMH]IM

Kj }phk|eip |y`dil} }j }oc| hp}clfi |ohff ì ckuhfcmh}im |jfifs ìlhy|i je }oi ehcfypi je hks~ip|jk }j lja~fs rc}o hks ~pjuc|cjk je }oc| hp}clfi+ Ojriuip& hks ~ip|jk roj rcffeyffs jpkibfcbik}fs ucjfh}i| jp ehcf| }j ~ipejpa hks my}s ~pi|lpcìm `s hks ~pjuc|cjk je }oc| hp}clfi |ohffì fch`fi ck }oi hajyk} je hl}yhf mhahbi| |yeeipim `s h }phk|eipii+


LCUCF LJMI \IL+ 88><+8= FC\]CKB HBIK] MIECKIM

/h# H| y|im ck }oc| hp}clfi& ‟‟fc|}ckb hbik}–– aihk| fc|}ckb hbik} h| mieckim ck |y`mcuc|cjk /e# je

\il}cjk 8>?5+/`# H| y|im ck }oc| hp}clfi& ‟‟|iffckb hbik}–– aihk| |iffckb hbik} h| mieckim ck |y`mcuc|cjk /b# je\il}cjk 8>?5& ilfy|cui je }oi pixycpiaik} }oh} }oi hbik} ì h ~hp}clc~hk} ck h ayf}c~fifc|}ckb |ipucli h| mieckim ck \il}cjk 8>?2+







25

}oi Lcucf Ljmi& h mihfip |ohff mc|lohpbi }oh} my}s `s lja~fi}ckb hkm mifcuipckb }j }oi~pj|~il}cui `ysip hk ihl} pi~pjmyl}cjk je \il}cjk| CCC& CU& hkm U je }oi }phk|eip mc|lfj|ypi|}h}iaik} pixycpim ~yp|yhk} }j |y`mcuc|cjk /`# je \il}cjk 88>0 je }oi Lcucf Ljmi+


IFIL]CJK\ LJMI

IFIL]CJK\ LJMI \IL+ 800?9 AJ@CFIOJAI ^JFFCKB ^FHLI

H aj`cfiojai ahs ì y|im h| h ~jffckb ~fhli ce }oi ifil}cjk| jeeclchf mi}ipacki| }oh} kj j}oipehlcfc}ci| hpi huhcfh`fi ejp }oi ljkuikcik} iiplc|i je uj}ckb pcbo}| `s aj`cfiojai ~hpgpi|cmik}| hkm }oi aj`cfiojai c| mi|cbkh}im h| h ~jffckb ~fhli `s }oi ifil}cjk| jeeclchf~yp|yhk} }j \il}cjk 800?5+ Kj pik}hf hbpiiaik} |ohff ~pjoc`c} }oi y|i je h aj`cfiojai ejp}oj|i ~yp~j|i|+

/Haikmim ̀ s \}h}|+ 0>>>& Loh~+ 8>?8 /\@ 8?0<& Ljaac}}ii jk Ifil}cjk| hkm Pih~~jp}cjkaik}#& iee+ 8*8*0>>8#

UIOCLFI LJMI

UIOCLFI LJMI \IL+ 088>2+3 \ÎIM IKEJPLIAIK] HBPIIAIK]\

/h# Hks lc}s jp ljyk}s& jp lc}s hkm ljyk}s& ahs& `s jpmckhkli jp pi|jfy}cjk& eckm hkm milfhpi}oh} }oipi hpi ~pcuh}ifs jrkim hkm ahck}hckim pjhm| rc}ock h aj`cfiojai ~hpg& h| mieckimck \il}cjk 8?08= je }oi Oihf}o hkm \hei}s Ljmi& jp rc}ock h ahkyehl}ypim ojy|ckbljaaykc}s& h| mieckim ck \il}cjk 8??>8 je }oi Oihf}o hkm \hei}s Ljmi& rc}ock }oi lc}s jpljyk}s& jp lc}s hkm ljyk}s& }oh} hpi bikiphffs kj} oifm j~ik ejp y|i `s }oi ~y`fcl ejpuioclyfhp }phuif+ Y~jk ikhl}aik} je }oi jpmckhkli jp pi|jfy}cjk& }oi ~pjuc|cjk| je }oc|ljmi |ohff h~~fs }j }oi ~pcuh}ifs jrkim hkm ahck}hckim pjhm| rc}ock h aj`cfiojai ~hpg jpahkyehl}ypim ojy|ckb ljaaykc}s ce h~~pj~pch}i |cbk| hpi ipil}im h} }oi ik}phkli jpik}phkli| }j }oi aj`cfiojai ~hpg jp ahkyehl}ypim ojy|ckb ljaaykc}s je }oi |cti& |oh~i&hkm ljfjp h| }j ì pihmcfs fibc`fi mypckb mhsfcbo} ojyp| epja h mc|}hkli je 8>> eii}& }j }oiieeil} }oh} }oi pjhm| rc}ock }oi ~hpg jp ljaaykc}s hpi |y`dil} }j }oi ~pjuc|cjk| je }oc|ljmi+ ]oi lc}s jp ljyk}s& jp lc}s hkm ljyk}s& ahs ca~j|i pih|jkh`fi ljkmc}cjk| hkm ahshy}ojpcti }oi jrkip| je }oi aj`cfiojai ~hpg jp ahkyehl}ypim ojy|ckb ljaaykc}s }j ipil}}pheecl |cbk|& ahpgckb|& jp miucli| roclo ljkejpa }j }oi ykcejpa |}hkmhpm| hkm|~ilceclh}cjk| hmj~}im `s }oi Mi~hp}aik} je ]phk|~jp}h}cjk+

/`# Kj jpmckhkli jp pi|jfy}cjk |ohff ì ikhl}im ykfi|| }oipi c| ecp|} ecfim rc}o }oi lc}s jp ljyk}sh ~i}c}cjk pixyi|}im `s }oi jrkip jp jrkip| je hks ~pcuh}ifs jrkim hkm ahck}hckim pjhm|rc}ock h aj`cfiojai ~hpg jp ahkyehl}ypim ojy|ckb ljaaykc}s& roj hpi pi|~jk|c`fi ejp

ahck}hckckb }oi pjhm|+/l# Kj jpmckhkli jp pi|jfy}cjk |ohff ì ikhl}im rc}ojy} h ~y`fcl oihpckb }oipijk hkm 8> mhs|–

~pcjp rpc}}ik kj}cli }j hff jrkip| je }oi pjhm| rc}ock h aj`cfiojai ~hpg jp ahkyehl}ypimojy|ckb ljaaykc}s ~pj~j|im }j ì |y`dil} }j }oi jpmckhkli jp pi|jfy}cjk+ H} fih|} |iuikmhs| ~pcjp }j }oi ~y`fcl oihpckb& }oi jrkip jp ahkhbip je }oi aj`cfiojai ~hpg jpahkyehl}ypim ojy|ckb ljaaykc}s |ohff ~j|} h rpc}}ik kj}cli h`jy} }oi oihpckb ck hljk|~clyjy| hpih ck }oi ~hpg jp ljaaykc}s lfyòjy|i& jp ce kj lfyòjy|i ic|}|& ck hljk|~clyjy| ~y`fcl ~fhli ck }oi ~hpg jp ljaaykc}s+




22

/m# Ejp ~yp~j|i| je }oc| |il}cjk& }oi ~pcah ehlci |~iim fcac} jk hks pjhm rc}ock h aj`cfiojai~hpg jp ahkyehl}ypim ojy|ckb ljaaykc}s |ohff ì 89 acfi| ~ip ojyp+ ]oc| |il}cjk mji|kj} ~pilfymi h aj`cfiojai ~hpg jp ahkyehl}ypim ojy|ckb ljaaykc}s epja pixyi|}ckb hocboip jp fjrip |~iim fcac} ce hk ikbckiipckb hkm }pheecl |ypuis oh| ìik ljkmyl}im rc}ock}oi ljaaykc}s |y~~jp}ckb }oh} pixyi|}+

/i# ]oi mi~hp}aik} c| kj} pixycpim }j ~pjucmi ~h}pjf jp ikejpli hks ~pjuc|cjk je }oc| ljmi jk

hks ~pcuh}ifs jrkim hkm ahck}hckim pjhm rc}ock h aj`cfiojai ~hpg jp ahkyehl}ypimojy|ckb ljaaykc}s& ili~} }oj|i ~pjuc|cjk| h~~fclh`fi }j ~pcuh}i ~pj~ip}s j}oip }ohk `shl}cjk ykmip }oc| |il}cjk+

/Hmmim ̀ s \}h}|+ 0>>0& Loh~+ 0?= /\@ 8995& Mykk#& iee+ 8*8*0>><#




2?

]OI PILPIH]CJKHF UIOCLFI ^HPG JLLY^HKLS FHR

LOH^]IP 0+5 JE ]OI LHFCEJPKCH LCUCF LJMI

HP]CLFI 8 “ MIECKC]CJK\

233+0> ]C]FI JE LOH^]IP

]oc| loh~}ip |ohff ì gkjrk hkm ahs ì lc}im h| }oi Pilpih}cjkhf Uioclfi ^hpg Jlly~hklsFhr+

/Haikmim ̀ s \}h}|+ 8330& Loh~+ <8> /H@ <>2=& Rsahk#& iee+ 8*8*833<#

233+08 H^^FCLH]CJK JE MIECKC]CJK\

Ykfi|| }oi ~pjuc|cjk| jp ljk}i} j}oiprc|i pixycpi& }oi ejffjrckb mieckc}cjk| |ohff bjuipk }oiljk|}pyl}cjk je }oc| loh~}ip+


233+00 MIECKC]CJK JE MIEHYF]CKB JLLY^HK]

‖Miehyf}ckb jlly~hk}‑ aihk| hk jlly~hk} roj ehcf| }j ~hs ejp oc| jp oip jlly~hkls ck h ~hpg jproj ehcf| }j lja~fs rc}o pih|jkh`fi rpc}}ik pyfi| hkm pibyfh}cjk| je }oi ~hpg bcuik }j }oijlly~hk} y~jk pibc|}ph}cjk+


233+0< MIECKC]CJK JE MIEHYF]CKB PI\CMIK]

‖Miehyf}ckb pi|cmik}‑ aihk| h pi|cmik} roj ehcf| }j ~hs ejp oc| jp oip jlly~hkls ck h ~hpg& ehcf|}j lja~fs rc}o pih|jkh`fi rpc}}ik pyfi| hkm pibyfh}cjk| je }oi ~hpg bcuik }j }oi pi|cmik} y~jk

pibc|}ph}cjk jp mypckb }oi }ipa je oc| jp oip jlly~hkls ck }oi ~hpg& jp roj ucjfh}i| hks je }oi~pjuc|cjk| ljk}hckim ck Hp}clfi 9 /ljaaiklckb rc}o \il}cjk 233+2>#+





23

233+0= MIECKC]CJK JE MIEHYF]CKB ]IKHK]

‖Miehyf}ckb }ikhk}‑ aihk| h }ikhk} roj ehcf| }j ~hs ejp oc| jp oip jlly~hkls ck h ~hpg jp ehcf| }jlja~fs rc}o pih|jkh`fi rpc}}ik pyfi| hkm pibyfh}cjk| je }oi ~hpg bcuik }j }oi ~ip|jk y~jkpibc|}ph}cjk jp mypckb }oi }ipa je oc| jp oip jlly~hkls ck }oi ~hpg+


233+09 MIECKC]CJK JE BYI\]

‖Byi|}‑ aihk| h ~ip|jk roj c| fhreyffs jlly~sckb h pilpih}cjkhf uioclfi fjlh}im ck h ~hpg `y}roj c| kj} hk jlly~hk}& }ikhk}& jp pi|cmik}+ Hk jlly~hk}& }ikhk}& jp pi|cmik} |ohff ìpi|~jk|c`fi ejp }oi hl}cjk| je oc| jp oip byi|}|+


233+05 MIECKC]CJK JE AHKHBIAIK]

‖Ahkhbiaik}‑ aihk| }oi jrkip je h pilpih}cjkhf uioclfi ~hpg jp hk hbik} jp pi~pi|ik}h}cuihy}ojpctim }j hl} jk oc| jp oip ìohfe ck ljkkil}cjk rc}o ah}}ip| pifh}ckb }j }oi ~hpg+


233+02 MIECKC]CJK JE JLLY^HKLS

‖Jlly~hkls‑ hkm ‖jlly~s– pieip }j }oi y|i je h pilpih}cjkhf uioclfi ~hpg fj} `s hk jlly~hk}&}ikhk}& jp pi|cmik}+


233+0? MIECKC]CJK JE JLLY^HK]

‖Jlly~hk}‑ aihk| }oi jrkip jp j~iph}jp je h pilpih}cjkhf uioclfi roj oh| jlly~cim h fj} ck h~hpg ejp <> mhs| jp fi||+


233+03 MIECKC]CJK JE PU

‖Pilpih}cjkhf uioclfi‑ oh| }oi |hai aihkckb h| mieckim ck \il}cjk 8?>8> je }oi Oihf}o hkm

\hei}s Ljmi+/Haikmim ̀ s \}h}|+ 8330& Loh~+ <8> /H@ <>2=& Rsahk#& iee+ 8*8*833<#




?>

233+<> MIECKC]CJK JE PU ^HPG

‖Pilpih}cjkhf uioclfi ~hpg‑ jp ‖~hpg‑ oh| }oi |hai aihkckb h| mieckim ck \il}cjk 8??50+<3 je}oi Oihf}o hkm \hei}s Ljmi+

/Haikmim ̀ s \}h}|+ 0>>=& Loh~+ 9<> /H@ 835& /Fi|fci#& iee+ 8*8*0>>9#

233+<8 MIECKC]CJK JE PI\CMIK]

‖Pi|cmik}‑ aihk| h }ikhk} roj oh| jlly~cim h fj} ck h ~hpg ejp kcki ajk}o| jp ajpi+/Haikmim ̀ s \}h}|+ 8330& Loh~+ <8> /H@ <>2=& Rsahk#& iee+ 8*8*833<#

233+<0 MIECKC]CJK JE ]IKHK]

‖]ikhk}‑ aihk| }oi jrkip jp j~iph}jp je h pilpih}cjkhf uioclfi roj oh| jlly~cim h fj} ck h~hpg ejp ajpi }ohk <> ljk|ily}cui mhs|+


HP]CLFI 0 ! BIKIPHF ^PJUC\CJK\

233+=> LYAYFH]CUI PCBO]\

]oi pcbo}| lpih}im `s }oc| loh~}ip |ohff ì lyayfh}cui hkm ck hmmc}cjk }j hks j}oip fibhf pcbo}|}oi ahkhbiaik} je h ~hpg ahs ohui hbhck|} h miehyf}ckb jlly~hk}& }ikhk}& jp pi|cmik}& jp }oh}hk jlly~hk}& }ikhk}& jp pi|cmik} ahs ohui hbhck|} }oi ahkhbiaik} je h ~hpg+


233+=8 KJ] H^^FCLH@FI ]J AJ@CFIOJAI\

Kj}ockb ck }oc| loh~}ip |ohff h~~fs }j h aj`cfiojai h| mieckim ck \il}cjk 8?>>? je }oi Oihf}ohkm \hei}s Ljmi jp }j h ahkyehl}ypim ojai h| mieckim ck \il}cjk 8?>>2 je }oi Oihf}o hkm\hei}s Ljmi+


233+=0 KJ RHCUIP JE PCBO]\

Kj jlly~hk} pibc|}ph}cjk hbpiiaik} jp }ikhk} pik}hf hbpiiaik} |ohff ljk}hck h ~pjuc|cjk `sroclo }oi jlly~hk} jp }ikhk} rhcui| oc| jp oip pcbo}| ykmip }oi ~pjuc|cjk| je }oc| loh~}ip& hkmhks rhcuip je }oi|i pcbo}| |ohff ì miiaim ljk}phps }j ~y`fcl ~jfcls hkm ujcm+





?8

233+=< PIBC\]PH]CJK HBPIIAIK]

]oi pibc|}ph}cjk hbpiiaik} ì}riik h ~hpg hkm hk jlly~hk} }oipije |ohff ì ck rpc}ckb hkm|ohff ljk}hck& ck hmmc}cjk }j }oi ~pjuc|cjk| j}oiprc|i pixycpim `s fhr }j ì cklfymim& }oi }ipa je}oi jlly~hkls hkm }oi pik} }oipiejp& }oi eii|& ce hks& }j ì lohpbim ejp |ipucli| roclo rcff ì~pjucmim `s }oi ~hpg& hkm h |}h}iaik} je }oi bpjykm| ejp roclo h miehyf}ckb jlly~hk}–|

pilpih}cjkhf uioclfi ahs ì piajuim h| |~ilcecim ck \il}cjk 233+00 rc}ojy} h dymclchf oihpckbhe}ip }oi |ipucli je h 20!ojyp kj}cli ~yp|yhk} }j }oc| loh~}ip hkm }oi }ifi~ojki kyaìp je }oifjlhf }pheecl fhr ikejpliaik} hbikls+


233+== PYFI\ HKM PIBYFH]CJK\

H} }oi }cai je pibc|}ph}cjk& hk jlly~hk} |ohff ì bcuik h lj~s je }oi pyfi| hkm pibyfh}cjk| je }oi~hpg+


233+=9 PIK]HF HBPIIAIK] J^]CJKHF

]oi ahkhbiaik} ahs jeeip h pik}hf hbpiiaik} }j hk jlly~hk} je }oi ~hpg roj ck}ikm| }jpiahck ck }oi ~hpg ejp h ~ipcjm ck ili|| je <> ljk|ily}cui mhs|+


233+=5 \CBK PIXYCPIAIK]*PIH\JK\ EJP PU PIAJUHF

H} }oi ik}ps }j h pilpih}cjkhf uioclfi ~hpg& jp rc}ock }oi |i~hph}i mi|cbkh}im |il}cjk ejppilpih}cjkhf uioclfi| rc}ock h aj`cfiojai ~hpg& }oipi |ohff ì mc|~fhsim ck ~fhck ucir jk }oi~pj~ip}s h |cbk ckmclh}ckb }oh} }oi pilpih}cjkhf uioclfi ahs ì piajuim epja }oi ~piac|i| ejp}oi pih|jk| |~ilcecim ck \il}cjk| 233+00 hkm 8?55 hkm ljk}hckckb }oi }ifi~ojki kyaìp je }oifjlhf }pheecl fhr ikejpliaik} hbikls+ Kj}ockb ck }oc| |il}cjk |ohff ~piuik} ahkhbiaik} epjahmmc}cjkhffs mc|~fhsckb }oi |cbk ck j}oip fjlh}cjk| rc}ock }oi ~hpg+

/Haikmim ̀ s \}h}|+ 0>>= /H@ 835= /Fi|fci#& iee+ 8*8*0>>9#

\ii Lcucf Ljmi \il}cjk| 8?55 hkm 8?52 kj} cklfymim ck }oi Pilpih}cjkhf Uioclfi ̂ hpg Jlly~hkls Fhr ̀ y} heeil}ckb

pilpih}cjkhf uioclfi hkm |~ilchf jlly~hkls ~hpg|+

HP]CLFI < ! MIEHYF]CKB JLLY^HK]\

233+99 20!OJYP KJ]CLI

Ili~} h| ~pjucmim ck |y`mcuc|cjk /`# je \il}cjk 8?55& h| h ~pipixyc|c}i }j }oi pcbo} jeahkhbiaik} }j ohui h miehyf}ckb jlly~hk}–| pilpih}cjkhf uioclfi piajuim epja }oi fj} rocloc| }oi |y`dil} je }oi pibc|}ph}cjk hbpiiaik} ì}riik }oi ~hpg hkm }oi jlly~hk} ~yp|yhk} }j\il}cjk 233+92& }oi ahkhbiaik} |ohff |ipui h 20!ojyp rpc}}ik kj}cli h| ~pi|lpcìm ck \il}cjk




?0

233+95+ H miehyf}ckb jlly~hk} ahs ljppil} oc| jp oip ~hsaik} mieclcikls rc}ock }oi 20!ojyp~ipcjm mypckb kjpahf `y|cki|| ojyp|+

/Haikmim ̀ s \}h}|+ 0>>=& Loh~+ 9<> /H@ 835=& Fi|fci#& iee+ 8*8*0>>9#

233+95 \IPUCLI JE 20!OJYP KJ]CLI

/h# ]oi 20!ojyp rpc}}ik kj}cli |ohff ì |ipuim `s mifcuipckb h lj~s }j }oi miehyf}ckb jlly~hk}~ip|jkhffs jp }j h ~ip|jk je |yc}h`fi hbi hkm mc|lpi}cjk roj c| jlly~sckb }oi pilpih}cjkhfuioclfi fjlh}im jk }oi fj}+ Ck }oi fh}}ip iuik}& h lj~s je }oi kj}cli |ohff hf|j ì heecim ck hljk|~clyjy| ~fhli jk }oi pilpih}cjkhf uioclfi hkm |ohff ì |ik} }opjybo }oi ahcfhmmpi||im }j }oi jlly~hk} h} }oi ~fhli roipi }oi ~pj~ip}s c| fjlh}im hkm& ce huhcfh`fi& hksj}oip hmmpi|| roclo }oi jlly~hk} oh| ~pjucmim }j ahkhbiaik} ck }oi pibc|}ph}cjkhbpiiaik}+ Mifcuips je }oi 20!ojyp kj}cli }j h miehyf}ckb jlly~hk} roj c| cklh~h`fi jepiajuckb }oi jlly~hk}–| pilpih}cjkhf uioclfi epja }oi ~hpg ìlhy|i je h ~os|clhfcklh~hlc}s |ohff kj} ì |yeeclcik} }j |h}c|es }oi pixycpiaik}| je }oc| |il}cjk+

/`# Ck }oi iuik} }oh} }oi miehyf}ckb jlly~hk} c| cklh~h`fi je piajuckb }oi jlly~hk}–|

pilpih}cjkhf uioclfi epja }oi ~hpg ìlhy|i je h ~os|clhf cklh~hlc}s jp ìlhy|i }oipilpih}cjkhf uioclfi c| kj} aj}jpctim hkm lhkkj} ì ajuim `s }oi jlly~hk}–| uioclfi& }oimiehyf} |ohff ì lypim rc}ock 20 ojyp|& `y} }oi mh}i }j xyc} |ohff ì kj fi|| }ohk |iuik mhs|he}ip |ipucli je }oi kj}cli+

/l# ]oi ahkhbiaik} |ohff hf|j |ipui h lj~s je }oi kj}cli }j }oi lc}s ~jfcli ce }oi ~hpg c|fjlh}im ck h lc}s& jp& ce }oi ~hpg c| fjlh}im ck hk ykckljp~jph}im hpih& }j }oi ljyk}s |oipcee+

/Hmmim ̀ s \}h}|+ 8330& Loh~+ <8> /H@ <>2=& Rsahk#& iee+ 8*8*833<#

233+92 KJ]CLI JE PU PIAJUHF

]oi rpc}}ik 20!ojyp kj}cli |ohff |}h}i }oh} ce }oi miehyf}ckb jlly~hk} mji| kj} piajui }oipilpih}cjkhf uioclfi epja }oi ~piac|i| je }oi ~hpg rc}ock 20 ojyp| he}ip pilic~} je }oi kj}cli&}oi ahkhbiaik} oh| hy}ojpc}s ~yp|yhk} }j \il}cjk 233+9? }j ohui }oi pilpih}cjkhf uioclfipiajuim epja }oi fj} }j }oi kihpi|} |ilypim |}jphbi ehlcfc}s+


233+9? PU PIAJUHF*KJ]CLI ]J \OIPCEE

\y`|ixyik} }j |ipuckb h lj~s je }oi kj}cli |~ilcecim ck }oc| hp}clfi }j }oi lc}s ~jfcli jp ljyk}s|oipcee& rocloiuip c| h~~pj~pch}i& hkm he}ip }oi i~cph}cjk je 20 ojyp| ejffjrckb |ipucli je }oikj}cli jk }oi miehyf}ckb jlly~hk}& }oi ~jfcli jp |oipcee& |ohff piajui jp lhy|i }j ì piajuim

hks ~ip|jk ck }oi pilpih}cjkhf uioclfi+ ]oi ahkhbiaik} ahs }oik piajui jp lhy|i }oipiajuhf je h miehyf}ckb jlly~hk}–| pilpih}cjkhf uioclfi ~hpgim jk }oi ~piac|i| je }oi ~hpg }j}oi kihpi|} |ilypim |}jphbi ehlcfc}s+ ]oi kj}cli |ohff ì ujcm |iuik mhs| he}ip }oi mh}i je|ipucli je }oi kj}cli+





?<

233+93 PIH\JKH@FI LHPI CK PU PIAJUHF

Roik }oi ahkhbiaik} piajui| jp lhy|i| }oi piajuhf je h miehyf}ckb jlly~hk}–| pilpih}cjkhfuioclfi& }oi ahkhbiaik} hkm }oi ckmcucmyhf jp ik}c}s }oh} piajui| }oi pilpih}cjkhf uioclfi|ohff iiplc|i pih|jkh`fi hkm jpmckhps lhpi ck piajuckb }oi pilpih}cjkhf uioclfi }j }oi |}jphbihpih+


HP]CLFI = ! MIEHYF]CKB ]IKHK]\

233+59 ECUI MHS\ ]J ^HS MYI PIK]*]OPII!MHS KJ]CLI ]J UHLH]I

]oi ahkhbiaik} ahs }ipackh}i }oi }ikhkls je h miehyf}ckb }ikhk} ejp kjk~hsaik} je pik}&y}cfc}ci|& jp pih|jkh`fi cklcmik}hf |ipucli lohpbi|& ~pjucmim }oi hajyk} myi |ohff ohui ìikyk~hcm ejp h ~ipcjm je ecui mhs| epja c}| myi mh}i& hkm ~pjucmim }oi }ikhk} oh| ìik bcuik h}opii!mhs rpc}}ik kj}cli |y`|ixyik} }j }oh} ecui!mhs ~ipcjm }j ~hs }oi }j}hf hajyk} myi jp }j

uhlh}i }oi ~hpg+ Ejp ~yp~j|i| je }oc| |il}cjk& }oi ecui!mhs ~ipcjm mji| kj} cklfymi }oi mh}i }oi~hsaik} c| myi+ ]oi }opii!mhs kj}cli |ohff ì bcuik }j }oi }ikhk} ck }oi ahkkip ~pi|lpcìm `s\il}cjk 8850 je }oi Ljmi je Lcucf ^pjlimypi+ Hks ~hsaik} je }oi }j}hf lohpbi| myi& ~pcjp }j}oi i~cph}cjk je }oi }opii!mhs ~ipcjm& |ohff lypi hks miehyf} je }oi }ikhk}+ Ck }oi iuik} }oi}ikhk} mji| kj} ~hs ~pcjp }j }oi i~cph}cjk je }oi }opii!mhs kj}cli ~ipcjm& }oi }ikhk} |ohffpiahck fch`fi ejp hff ~hsaik}| myi y~ yk}cf }oi }cai }oi }ikhkls c| uhlh}im+

/Haikmim ̀ s \}h}|+ 8330 & Loh~+ <8> /H@ <>2=& Rsahk#& iee+ 8*8*833<#

233+55 ]OCP]S MHS\– KJ]CLI JE ]IPACKH]CJK

]oi ahkhbiaik} ahs }ipackh}i jp piey|i }j pikir }oi pcbo} je jlly~hkls je h }ikhk} ejp j}oip}ohk kjk~hsaik} je pik} jp j}oip lohpbi| y~jk }oi bcuckb je h rpc}}ik kj}cli }j }oi }ikhk} ck}oi ahkkip ~pi|lpcìm `s \il}cjk 8850 je }oi Ljmi je Lcucf ^pjlimypi }j piajui }oipilpih}cjkhf uioclfi epja }oi ~hpg+ ]oi kj}cli kiim kj} |}h}i }oi lhy|i ejp }ipackh}cjk `y}|ohff ~pjucmi kj} fi|| }ohk <> mhs|– kj}cli je }ipackh}cjk je }ikhkls+

/Hmmim ̀ s \}h}|+ 833= Loh~+ 522 /\@ 8<=3& Rsahk#& iee+ 8*8*8339#

233+52 IUCL]CJK ^PJLIMYPI\

Iucl}cjk| ~yp|yhk} }j }oc| hp}clfi |ohff ì |y`dil} }j }oi pixycpiaik}| |i} ejp}o ck Loh~}ip =/ljaaiklckb rc}o \il}cjk 8893# je ]c}fi < je ^hp} < je }oi Ljmi je Lcucf ^pjlimypi& ili~} h|

j}oiprc|i ~pjucmim ck }oc| hp}clfi+/Haikmim ̀ s \}h}|+ 8330& Loh~+ <8> /H@ <>2=& Rsahk#& iee+ 8*8*833<#






233+28 IUCL]CJK ^PJLIMYPI\

Iucl}cjk| ~yp|yhk} }j }oc| hp}clfi |ohff ì |y`dil} }j }oi pixycpiaik}| |i} ejp}o ck Loh~}ip =/ljaaiklckb rc}o \il}cjk 8893# je ]c}fi < je ^hp} < je }oi Ljmi je Lcucf ^pjlimypi& ili~} h|j}oiprc|i ~pjucmim ck }oc| hp}clfi+

/Hmmim ̀ s H@ <>2=& Lo+ <8> /8330#& iee+ 8*8*833<#

HP]CLFI 5 ! FCIK\ EJP PU–\ HKM H@HKMJKIM ^J\\I\\CJK\

233+29 Y^JK MIEHYF]*LCUCF LJMI ^PJLIMYPI

]oi ahkhbiaik} |ohff ohui h fcik y~jk }oi pilpih}cjkhf uioclfi hkm }oi ljk}ik}| }oipick ejp}oi ~pj~ip lohpbi| myi epja h miehyf}ckb jlly~hk}& }ikhk}& jp pi|cmik}+ \ylo h fcik |ohff ̀ icmik}clhf }j }oh} hy}ojpctim `s \il}cjk 8?58& hkm |ohff ì ikejplim h| ~pjucmim `s \il}cjk|8?58 }j 8?58+0?& cklfy|cui+ Mc|~j|c}cjk je hks ~j||i||cjk| h`hkmjkim `s hk jlly~hk}&}ikhk}& jp pi|cmik} h} h ~hpg |ohff ì ~ipejpaim ~yp|yhk} }j Loh~}ip 9 /ljaaiklckb rc}o

\il}cjk 83?># je ]c}fi 9 je ^hp} = je Mcuc|cjk <+/Haikmim ̀ s \}h}|+ 8330& Loh~+ <8> /H@ <>2=& Rsahk#& iee+ 8*8*833<#

HP]CLFI 2 ! HL]CJK\ HKM ^PJLIIMCKB\

233+2? H]]JPKIS–\ EII\ HKM LJ\]\

Ck hks hl}cjk hpc|ckb jy} je }oi ~pjuc|cjk| je }oc| loh~}ip& }oi ~piuhcfckb ~hp}s |ohff ì ik}c}fim}j pih|jkh`fi h}}jpkis–| eii| hkm lj|}|+ H ~hp}s |ohff ̀ i miiaim h ~piuhcfckb ~hp}s ejp }oi~yp~j|i| je }oc| |il}cjk ce }oi dymbaik} c| pikmipim ck oc| jp oip ehujp jp roipi }oi fc}cbh}cjk c|mc|ac||im ck oc| jp oip ehujp ~pcjp }j jp mypckb }oi }pchf& ykfi|| }oi ~hp}ci| j}oiprc|i hbpii ck}oi |i}}fiaik} jp lja~pjac|i+


233+23 -9>> MHAHBI\*RCFFEYF UCJFH]CJK\ @S AHKHBIAIK]

Ck }oi iuik} }oh} hk jlly~hk}& }ikhk}& jp pi|cmik} jp h ejpaip jlly~hk}& }ikhk}& jp pi|cmik} c|}oi ~piuhcfckb ~hp}s ck h lcucf hl}cjk hbhck|} }oi ahkhbiaik} }j ikejpli oc| jp oip pcbo}| ykmip

Date post:	05-Apr-2018
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2012 Mobile Home Residency Law (California)

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