©2012 Philip Hoekstra, PhD

Ductal Carcinoma: 80% of breast cancers

Lobular Carcinoma:10-16% of breast cancers

Ductal and lobular tissues have a rapid turn-over and are highly vulnerable to the effects of mutations. The sources of carcinogenic mutations are multi-factorial.

A.Environmental Mutations.1. Radiation2. Chemicals

B. Inherited genetic defects in anti-cancer mechanisms.

A. BRAC-1/2

C. Nutritional deficiencies that makes cells vulnerable to mutations.

©2012 Philip Hoekstra, PhD

A woman’s chance of being diagnosed with breast cancer is:

from age 30 through age 39 1 in 233

from age 40 through age 49 1 in 69 (the most common cause of death for women aged 35-50)

from age 50 through age 59 1 in 38 from age 60 through age 69 1 in 27 Lifetime risk 1 in 8

– NIH SEER Statistical Review 1975-2003.

Age of Women Average tumor doubling time

Under age 50 years 80 days

Age 50-70 years 157 days

Over age 70 years 188 days

Source: Cancer 1993,71:3547-3551

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96% chance of being alive 5 years after a diagnosis of early breast cancer.

Less than 40% if that diagnosis is made at later stages.

Source: breast cancer meta-analysis, Lancet 1991

Imaging Fine Needle Biopsy

©2012 Philip Hoekstra, PhD

Physical Examination◦ Self◦ Clinical

Mammography◦ Film◦ Digital

Thermal Imaging◦ Thermography◦ Thermology

Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

◦ Static◦ Dynamic or 4 Dimensional

©2012 Philip Hoekstra, PhD

Earlier Detection

No vessels

Angiogenesis begins

<2 mm 5-10 mm 2 cm > 4 cm

Thermology Mammography Clinical Exam Self-Exam

©2012 Philip Hoekstra, PhD

Quantitative and objective with high sensitivity and specificity but poor localization.

©2012 Philip Hoekstra, PhD