1©2013-2014 Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. and/or its affiliated companies. All Rights Reserved.
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Setting the record straight on LTE-U and Wi-Fi coexistence
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Agenda
MuLTEfire is an initiative of Qualcomm Technologies, Inc.
1:00pm Opening Remarks
Dean Brenner, Senior VP Government Affairs, Qualcomm Technologies, Inc.
1:05pm – 1:30pm What are the benefits of LTE-U and LAA and MuLTEfireTM?
Neville Meijers, VP, Business Development, Qualcomm Technologies, Inc.
1:30pm – 2:00pm Designing for fair LTE-U and Wi-Fi coexistence
Tamer Kadous, Director, Engineering, Qualcomm Technologies, Inc.
2:00pm – 2:30pm Wi-Fi and LTE-U co-existence and the User Experience
Michael Thelander, President and Founder at Signals Research Group
2:30pm – 3:00pm LTE-U in action
Live demo & Q&A
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Dean Brenner
Senior VP, Government Affairs,
Qualcomm Technologies, Inc.
Setting the record straight on LTE-U and Wi-Fi coexistence
5
Making the best use of licensed and unlicensed spectrum
More licensed spectrum is the top priority
Use unlicensed spectrum opportunistically
Technologies for hyper-densificationMore small cells
Higher efficiency
More spectrum
For both licensed & unlicensed spectrum
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Multiple technologies will co-exist for best use of all spectrum
LTE Unlicensed: LTE-U/LAA aggregation with an LTE licensed spectrum anchor, whereas MuLTEfire can operate solely in unlicensed spectrum MuLTEfire is an initiative of Qualcomm Technologies, Inc.
LTE Advanced
Licensed spectrum foundation, augmented with
unlicensed spectrum solutions
Mobile broadband services for best
performance and quality-of-experience
LTE Unlicensed
LTE-based technologies in unlicensed spectrum,
LTE-U, LAA, MuLTEfire™
Broadens LTE ecosystem to enhanced
and new deployment opportunities
Wi-Fi ac/ad/ax
802.11-based technology solely operating in
unlicensed spectrum
Also evolving for enhanced performance
and expanding to new usage models
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Going above and beyond minimum requirementsMinimum requirements
Ensuring fair coexistence between LTE unlicensed and Wi-FiWorking together across the mobile and Wi-Fi industries
1 With dynamic channel selection and CSAT - Carrier Sensing Adaptive Transmission required in the small cell..
2 LAA Licensed Assisted Access, Work item approved in 3GPP R13 June 15. In addition, New RF band support (e.g. 5GHz) needed at both device and small cell
Conformance testing
• Coexistence and fairness test
• Expected to be more rigorous than Wi-Fi testing today
• Still allowing for differentiation
• Example: LTE-U forum specifications
Standards & specifications
• LTE-U for USA, Korea, India, other markets based on LTE R10/11/121
• LAA for Europe, Japan and beyond defined in 3GPP R132
Spectrum regulations
• Power, bandwidth and emission levels
• Additional specific access procedures required in Europe and Japan (Listen Before Talk features)
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Neville Meijers
VP, Business Development
Qualcomm Technologies, Inc.
What are the benefits of LTE-U and LAA and MuLTEfireTM?
MuLTEfire is an initiative of Qualcomm Technologies, Inc.
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Making the best use of licensed and unlicensed spectrum
More licensed spectrum is the top priority
Use unlicensed spectrum opportunistically
Technologies for hyper-densificationMore small cells
Higher efficiency
More spectrum
For both licensed & unlicensed spectrum
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Multiple technologies will co-exist for best use of all spectrum
LTE Unlicensed: LTE-U/LAA aggregation with an LTE licensed spectrum anchor, whereas MuLTEfire can operate solely in unlicensed spectrum MuLTEfire is an initiative of Qualcomm Technologies, Inc.
LTE Advanced
Licensed spectrum foundation, augmented with
unlicensed spectrum solutions
Mobile broadband services for best
performance and quality-of-experience
LTE Unlicensed
LTE-based technologies in unlicensed spectrum,
LTE-U, LAA, MuLTEfire™
Broadens LTE ecosystem to enhanced
and new deployment opportunities
Wi-Fi ac/ad/ax
802.11-based technology solely operating in
unlicensed spectrum
Also evolving for enhanced performance
and expanding to new usage models
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Video—extending LTE to unlicensed spectrum
Link to video Extending LTE Advanced to unlicensed spectrum
12
Extending the benefits of LTE to unlicensed spectrum
1 Downlink only in unlicensed spectrum (SDL). RF specs and coexistence tests defined by LTE-U forum: coexistence and fair sharing can be obtained using techniques such as channel selection and CSAT (Carrier Sensing Adaptive
Transmission). 2 These regions mandate specific access procedures, including Listen Before Talk (LBT),. LAA R14 targets enhancements to support aggregation for both uplink and downlink
MuLTEfireBroadening LTE technology and ecosystem to new
deployment opportunities
Licensed SpectrumExclusive use
Unlicensed SpectrumShared use
LAA (Licensed-Assisted Access)Targeting mobile operator deployments in Europe,
Japan, and beyond2 based on 3GPP Rel. 13 and beyond
LTE Carrier Aggregation
with licensed anchor channel
LTE-based technology
without licensed anchor channel
LTE-U1 to boost downlink Targeting mobile operators deployments in USA,
Korea, India, etc. based on 3GPP Rel. 10/11/12
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Unlicensed 5 GHz spectrum ideal for small cells LTE-U, LAA, MuLTEfire™, Wi-Fi (802.11ac/ax) will coexist to meet various needs
Pico/Enterprises
Residential / NeighborhoodSmall Businesses
Venues
Opportunistic use
Shared spectrum but ‘free’, technology neutral
Large amount of spectrum
Could be ~500MHz but regionally dependent
Shorter range
Lower transmit power per regulations
Wide bands available for sharing
Efficiently shared amongst multiple users
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LinkAggregation
Aggregation with licensed spectrum provides best performance
LTE - Wi-Fi Link Aggregation (LWA)
for carrier Wi-Fi deployments1
Mobile operator’s LTE
anchor spectrum
LTE in unlicensed (LTE-U/LAA)
for new small cell deployments
Licensed 400MHz to 3.8GHz
Carrier Aggregation
Wi-Fi in Unlicensed2.4 & 5 GHz
LTE in Unlicensed
5 GHz
Enhanced user experience
Better capacity and coverage
Unified network
Fair coexistence
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LTE Unlicensed Solutions Carrier Wi-Fi Solutions
LTE/Wi-Fi Technology Solutions
LTE in Licensed Spectrum
LTE in Unlicensed Spectrum
802.11ac Wi-Fi
802.11ad WiGig
LTE advancedCarrier Aggregation
LTE-U/LAAaggregation
LTE/Wi-FiCall Continuity
802.11aiFast Roaming
Carrier Wi-Fi AP
LTE/Wi-Fi Link Aggregation
802.11ac/ad
Small Cell
Multiple technologies to support all deployment scenarios
Dual-connectivityMuLTEfireNeutral host
offload
802.11acMU-MIMOMuLTEfire/
Wi-Fiaccess
Wi-Fiaccess
802.11ad(WiGig)
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Fair Wi-Fi coexistence a key principle in LTE unlicensed designExtensive over-the-air testing performed in the lab and in the field
Assumptions: Two operators. 48 Pico+108 Femto cells per operator. 300 users per operator with 70% indoor. 3GPP Bursty model. 12x40MHz @ 5GHz for unlicensed spectrum.LTE 10 MHz channel at 2 GHz;. 2x2 MIMO, Rank 1 transmission, eICIC enabled; LTE-U - Phase II., 2x2 MIMO (no MU-MIMO).; Wi-Fi - 802.11ac 2x2 MIMO (no MU-MIMO), LDPC codes and 256QAM).
OperatorA
Wi-Fi
OperatorA
Wi-Fi
1x ≥1x
>2x
Gain(Median throughput)
OperatorB
Wi-Fi
1x
In many cases a better neighbor to Wi-Fi than Wi-Fi itself
Operator B switches Wi-Fi to LTEin unlicensed
Operator
B
LTE inunlicensed
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LTE Unlicensed development through industry collaboration
Fair co-existence between
Wi-Fi and LTE unlicensed
LTE
Unlicensed Wi-Fi
Collaboration and engagement
3GPP LAALTE-U Forum
• Dialogue between 3GPP and IEEE802.11 & WFA throughout the LAA
standard’s development via presentations & liaison statements
• Open industry LAA workshop held 8/29/2015 in Beijing with
presentations from IEEE 802.11, WFA and other key stakeholders
• Started dialogue between 3GPP and WFA on coexistence testing
Founding members Alcatel-Lucent, Ericsson,
LGE, Qualcomm Technologies, Inc., Samsung,
Verizon all have stakes in LTE and Wi-Fi
Coexistence specs published March 2nd 2015,
updated June based on feedback, e.g. adding
uplink and VoIP test cases
Being standardized in 3GPP release 13
for completion 1H 2016 (ASN.1 freeze)
Enhancements planned for release R14
and beyond
3GPP will develop coexistence /
performance requirements and tests
• Presented LTE-U to Wi-Fi Alliance and IEEE at standards meetings
• An LTE-U workshop for key cellular and Wi-Fi vendors/operators
was held on May 28, 2015 with deep dive of technology
• Further collaboration on coexistence with industry is ongoing—
one-on-one and in industry groups
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Unlicensed (5 GHz) Carrier
aggregationLicensed Anchor
LTE
LTELTE/
LTE-U
FSM9955
Industry’s first LTE-U
small cell solution
Industry’s first RF
transceiver chip for LTE-U
WTR3950
WTR3925
Converged SOC
with CSAT (R 10) based LTE/Wi-Fi fair
coexistence
Spearheading LTE-U commercialization
WTR RF transceiver chips and FSM small cell solutions are products of Qualcomm Technologies, Inc.
• WTR3950 RF transceiver chip for
Release 10 based LTE-U
• Pairs with WTR3925
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Making best use of unlicensed spectrum for 1000x
Committed to LTE Unlicensed,
the Wi-Fi evolution, and LTE – Wi-Fi
convergence solutions
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LTE Unlicensed coexists fairly
with Wi-Fi—coexistence is an
industry wide collaborationWi-Fi
LTE
3Wi-Fi
802.11ac/ad/ax
MuLTEfire™
LTE-U/LAA
1Multiple solutions will coexist
to support all use cases and
deployment scenarios
Aggregation with licensed
spectrum for best performance: • LTE-U/LAA carrier aggregation
• LTE - Wi-Fi link aggregation
2
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Tamer Kadous
Director, Engineering
Qualcomm Technologies, Inc.
Designing for fair LTE-U
and Wi-Fi coexistence
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LTE Unlicensed in 5 GHz for new small cell deployments
1 LTE-U and LAA R-13 will be downlink only. Both TDD or FDD aggregation is possible with SDL; 2 Target for R14 LAA using TDD + TDD aggregation, or FDD + TDD aggregation using TDD for unlicensed spectrum
3Assumptions: Two operators. 48 Pico+108 Femto cells per operator. 300 users per operator with 70% indoor. 3GPP Bursty model. 12x40MHz @ 5GHz for unlicensed spectrum; LTE 10 MHz channel at 2 GHz;. 2x2 MIMO, Rank 1 transmission, eICIC enabled;
LTE-U – LAA R13, 2x2 MIMO (no MU-MIMO).; Wi-Fi - 802.11ac 2x2 MIMO (no MU-MIMO), LDPC codes and 256QAM).
LTE Unlicensed small cell
Unlicensed
(5 GHz)
LTE <E-U/LAA
• Initial LTE- and LAA: Supplemental
Downlink (SDL) to boost downlink 1
• Later LAA phases: Carrier aggregation to
boost both downlink and uplink 2
• Later LAA phases: aggregation across non-
collocated nodes with dual-connectivity
~2x capacity and rangeCompared to Wi-Fi3
Enhanced user experienceLicensed anchor for control and mobility
Single unified LTE networkCommon management
A good Wi-Fi neighbor In many cases, better neighbor to Wi-Fi
than Wi-Fi itself
Carrier aggregation
Licensed Anchor
(400 MHz – 3.8 GHz)
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LTE-U/LAA protects Wi-Fi to ensure fair sharing of spectrum
1 CSAT - Carrier Sensing Adaptive Transmission required in the small cell Meeting regulatory requirements, in addition ensures fairness as defined by LTE-U forum2 Part of 3GPP Rel 13, Licensed Assisted Access (LAA) for regions with specific access procedures and CCA Clear Channel Assessment, aka Listen Before Talk (LBT)
LTE-U adaptive duty cycle (CSAT)1
for deployments in USA, Korea, India etc. using 3GPP Rel. 10/11/12
LAA Listen Before Talk (LBT) with adaptive utilization2
for deployments in Europe, Japan and beyond using 3GPP Rel. 13 LAA
LTEis off
Sensing channel availability per CCA
Select clear channel: Dynamically avoid Wi-Fi
If no clear channel: Fair sharing with Wi-Fi
1
2
Up to 500 MHzavailable
Unlicensed 5 GHz band
20MHz
. . . . . . . .
Time Time
LTE is on
20MHz
Release unlicensed channel at low traffic 3
Variable on, max 50ms continuously Variable on, max 10ms continuously
LTEis off
Wi-Fi medium utilization estimation
LTE is on
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All sites
LTE + Wi-Fi
LAA Rel. 13
Live Demo
Operator 1
Operator 2
Note: The data rates shown are only for the unlicensed spectrum, with only control and signaling traffic going over licensed spectrum
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Operator 1:
still on Wii-Fi
Wi-Fi performance
not adversely
affected
LAA Rel. 13
Live Demo
Operator 1
Operator 2
Operator 2:
One site changed
to LTE Unlicensed
~ 2x Improvement
Note: The data rates shown are only for the unlicensed spectrum, with only control and signaling traffic going over licensed spectrum
LAA LAA
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F1
LTE-U forum develops coexistence specifications
For LTE-U products based on 3GPP Release 10 and beyond, see www.lteuforum.org
* These 5GHz channels typically require DFS, Dynamic Frequency Selection
• To ensure fair-sharing coexistence between Wi-Fi and
LTE-U, and between LTE-U
• Formed by Alcatel-Lucent, Ericsson, LGE, Qualcomm
Technologies Inc., Samsung, Verizon
• Specifications published March 2nd 2015 and have been
updated based on feedback from Wi-Fi industry
Licensed spectrum
UplinkDownlink
20MHz
5.15 GHz
5.33 GHz
5.49 GHz
5.835GHz
20MHz* * * * * * * * * * * * **
UNII-15150-5250 MHz
UNII-25250-5350 MHz
UNII-2 5470-5725 MHz UNII-3 5725 – 5850 MHz
Supplemental
downlink
U-NII-1 and U-NII-3
5 GHz unlicensed spectrum
*
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Video—stress chamber
Link to video Ensuring fair coexistence
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Stress tests showing wide Wi-Fi vendor variation Qualcomm Technologies’ LTE/Wi-Fi coexistence test chamber
Hyper dense network on same channel
• Up to 8 Access Points (AP) placed ~1m apart
• No isolation between neighboring APs and devices
• Up to 8 devices placed ~1m apart
Vendor variation tests
• Test 1) Vendor A and B enterprise grade Wi-Fi APs
with controller. 8 Aps with test AP—Wi-Fi or LTE-U
• Test 2) 5 top-selling retail APs (11ac) based on ‘best-
seller lists’. Mix of 4 APs from different vendors
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Implementation variation among Enterprise Wi-Fi vendorsUsing Qualcomm Technologies’ LTE/Wi-Fi coexistence test chamber
Vendor A and B enterprise grade Wi-Fi APs with controller. 8 Aps with test AP—Wi-Fi or LTE-U
Baseline:
8 Wi-Fi + Wi-Fi
Stress Test:
8 Wi-Fi + LTE-U
Vendor A
Vendor B
Wi-Fi vendor A
less aggressive
Wi-Fi vendor B
more aggressive
Mixture of Vendor A and
B’s enterprise Wi-Fi APs
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LTE-U is a good neighbor regardless of Wi-Fi vendorUsing Qualcomm Technologies’ LTE/Wi-Fi coexistence test chamber
Vendor A and B enterprise grade Wi-Fi APs with controller. 8 Aps with test AP—Wi-Fi or LTE-U
Vendor A
Vendor B
Mix of
vendor A/B
LTE-U maintains
overall Wi-Fi
performance
8 Wi-Fi + Wi-Fi 6.5
8 Wi-Fi + LTE-U 6.5
8 Wi-Fi + LTE-U
8 Wi-Fi + Wi-Fi 3.9
4.9
8 Wi-Fi + LTE-U
8 Wi-Fi + Wi-Fi 5.8
5.8
Average Wi-Fi throughput (Mbps)
or
with
Wi-Fi LTE-U
Wi-Fi
8X
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Significant implementation variation in retail Wi-Fi access pointUsing Qualcomm Technologies’ LTE/Wi-Fi coexistence test chamber
Product diversity of 5 OEMs and 3 chipset-vendors. One common STA (11ac, 1x1) – a top-selling mobile-device used for all cases
5 top-selling
retail APs determined from top
industry magazines
and online-retailers
Mix of vendors in a
network of 4 Wi-Fi APs Wide variation—also without
most aggressive Wi-Fi AP
One Wi-Fi AP grabbing
~10x more resources
APs Throughput (Mbps) Aggregate
(Mbps)AP 1 AP 2 AP 3 AP 4 AP 1 AP 2 AP 3 AP 4
A B C D 40.9 3.9 5.6 3.4 53.7
B C D E 19.4 8.2 7.4 12.9 47.9
C D E A 3.7 2.2 3.6 49.8 59.3
D E A B 4.8 4.6 40.8 4.7 54.9
E A B C 3.9 49.0 2.4 4.3 59.6
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LTE-U ensures fair time sharing of the unlicensed channelUsing Qualcomm Technologies’ LTE/Wi-Fi coexistence test chamber
Testing pair-wise airtime sharing across 4 Wi-Fi AP models and between Wi-Fi/LTE-U Points
corresponding to all 4 Wi-Fi AP models
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 900
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1Duty Cycle
Percentage
CD
F
W in 1W+1W
W in 1W+1L
L in 1W+1L
LTE-U ensures a fair
~50% sharing
Wi-Fi
LTE-U
Or
with
with
Average across 4 Wi-Fi AP models
Wide variation in
Wi-Fi to Wi-Fi sharing
Anomaly due to one
Wi-Fi not following spec
Duty cycle distribution
Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi
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Over-the-air campus network for testing LTE-U
Note: Wi-Fi AP 1 is above CCA-ED (CCA energy detect level at -62dBm where Wi-Fi backs off for other non-Wi0Di users). and Wi-Fi AP 2 is below CCA-ED,, which is used for some of the following test to show that LTE-U CSAT works well below Wi-Fi’s ED
Building WC
OTA Campus Network
Wi-Fi AP1(Above CCA-ED)
LTE-U eNB
Building WB
Wi-Fi AP2(Below CCA-ED)
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Over-the-air Wi-Fi VoIP coexistence and quality ensuredUsing Qualcomm Technologies’ over-the-air outdoor campus network
1 Compliant with Wi-Fi Alliance's VoIP Enterprise specification: One way Delay < 50 ms maximum, maximum Jitter < 50ms maximum, Packet loss < 1%, Consecutive lost packets, no more than 3. Overall statics from 5 pairs of WiFi VoIP with LTE-U Presence.
Provision for Wi-Fi VoIP2ms puncturing introduces gaps to help Wi-Fi flush delay-sensitive data that may be queued due to LTE-U
LTE “OFF”
Time
40ms
LTE “ON” LTE “ON”
40ms
Downlink(Max one-way delay)
Uplink(Max one-way delay)
Probability of
Jitter > 50ms
Packet loss
rate
No change
0%
No change
0%
Increased
to 0.76%
Increased
to 0.08%
Wi-Fi + Wi-Wi 48ms
Wi-Fi + LTE-U 42ms
Wi-Fi + Wi-Wi 40ms
Wi-Fi + LTE-U 50ms
Compliant with
WFA’s requirements1
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The role of energy detection in Wi-Fi and LTE-U
1 Per 20MHz bandwidth
Wi-Fi detects Wi-Fi signals and backs
off for other users—not for LTE-U Detect and decode a Wi-Fi signal (and Wi-Fi
preamble) to determine if channel is busy—
carrier sensing.
Example
-62dbm1
Example
-82dbm1
Threshold for backing off to LTE-UBy detecting non-Wi-Fi energy. (Clear Channel
Assessment Energy Detect CCA-ED).
Wi-Fi
Receiver cannot detect
anything below noise floor
Received
signal
LTE-U
Energy Detect
LTE-U detects a Wi-Fi signal to
account for fair sharingDetect and decode a Wi-Fi signal (Wi-Fi
preamble) e.g. to estimate active Wi-Fi APs
LTE-U design will ensure fair sharing
with Wi-Fi below ED level, e.g. with
Wi-Fi network listen
Example
-90dbm1
CCA-CS: required threshold
for Wi-Fi to detect other Wi-Fi
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LTE-U is a good neighbor below Energy Detect levelsUsing Qualcomm Technologies’ over-the-air outdoor campus network
ssss
Vendor A
Vendor B
Wi-Fi with other Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi with LTE-U
34.5
52.6
30.2
48
Vendor C
Wi-Fi with other Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi with LTE-U
Wi-Fi better off
with LTE-U as
neighbor
30.0
37.9
Wi-Fi with other Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi with LTE-U
The APs are below Energy Detect
-62dbm levels to each otherDownlink throughput (Mbps)
Wi-Fi
LTE-U
Or
with
with
Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi
40
LTE Unlicensed is a good neighbor to Wi-Fi
Committed to LTE Unlicensed,
the Wi-Fi evolution, and LTE – Wi-Fi
convergence solutions
4
Extensive collaboration on
coexistence across mobile and
Wi-Fi industries.
3
Wi-Fi MuLTEfire™
LTE-U/LAA
1Fair coexistence with Wi-Fi a key
principle in the design of LTE
unlicensed
2
Extensive LTE-U over-the-air
testing in lab/field proves fair
coexistence with Wi-FiWi-Fi
LTE
LTE-U
Forum
3GPP
41
For more information, visit us at:
www.qualcomm.com & www.qualcomm.com/blog
©2013-2015 Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. and/or its affiliated companies. All Rights Reserved.
Qualcomm is a trademark of Qualcomm Incorporated, registered in the United States and other countries. MuLTEfire is a trademark of Qualcomm Incorporated. Other
product and brand names may be trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners.
References in this presentation to “Qualcomm” may mean Qualcomm Incorporated, Qualcomm Technologies, Inc., and/or other subsi diaries or business units within the
Qualcomm corporate structure, as applicable.
Qualcomm Incorporated includes Qualcomm’s licensing business, QTL, and the vast majority of its patent portfolio. Qualcomm Technologies, Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary
of Qualcomm Incorporated, operates, along with its subsidiaries, substantially all of Qualcomm’s engineering, research and de velopment functions, and substantially all of its
product and services businesses, including its semiconductor business, QCT.
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