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A Case Study of waterproofing Strategiesfor a Typical Mat and Deep Foundation System
Andrea B. Bono, PE, LEED AP BD+C; and Stephen T. Bono, SESimpson Gumpertz & Heger Inc.
The Landmark @ One Market, Suite 600, San Francisco, CA 94105 Phone: 415-495-3700 Fax: 415-495-3550 E-mail: [email protected]
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Abstract
Cunt cnstuctin mthds such as is, micis, and tibacks mit buiding f
fundatins at sits that w viusy imssib imactica. Cdinatin f a fuy
intgatd bw-gad watng dsign is quid t nsu succssfu fmanc
f buidings mying ths stuctua fundatin systms. As th cntag f nw
cnstuctin at sits with ss-than-ida si incass, watng dtaiing shud b
cnsidd duing th schmatic has f a jct and cntinu thughut cnstuctin.
This sntatin wi incud watng cnsidatins f tyica stuctua fundatin
systms thugh sva cas studis wh th watng was cnsidd indndnt
f th fundatin.
Speakers
Stephen T. Bono, SE Simpson Gumpertz & Heger Inc. - San Francisco, CA
STepHeN T. BoNo, Se, is a Sni Staff I at natina ngining m Simsn
Gumtz & Hg Inc. His xinc incuds bth fmanc-basd and cd-basd
dsign, vauatin, and ai f st, cnct, and masny w- t high-is stuctus
incating bth ina and nnina tchniqus. H sciaizs in vauatin and ha-
biitatin f cmmcia and institutina faciitis. H is a mmb f th existing BuidingsCmmitt, th Buiding ratings Subcmmitt, and th Sustainab Dsign Cmmitt f
th Stuctua engins Assciatin f Nthn Caifnia (SeAoNC).
Andrea B. Bono, PE, LEED AP BD+C S impson Gumpertz & Heger Inc. - San Francisco, CA
ANDreA B. BoNo, pe, leeD Ap BD+C, is a Staff II at natina ngining m
Simsn Gumtz & Hg Inc. Sh has xinc in th dsign, invstigatin, and ha-
biitatin f cmmcia, hathca, civic, and sidntia buidings atd t bw-gad
sacs, dium dcks, xti cmnnts and cadding, and fs. Anda wks csy
with achitcts and cnsutants wh sciaiz in th scicatin and dsign f ng,
watng, and xti wa systms t dsign, anayz, and ai ascts f th buid-
ing nv. Sh is th banch sctay f th U.S. Gn Buiding Cuncis Nthn
Caifnia Chat, San Fancisc Bay Bidg Banch.
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A Case Study of waterproofing Strategiesfor a Typical Mat and Deep Foundation System
INTRODUCTIONA cas study f a w-is buiding is
sntd t iustat that cdinating
a fuy intgatd bw-gad watf-
ing dsign amng a disciins f a j-
ct tam can tct th buiding and its
ccuants fm tntiay advs sit
cnditins. In aticua, th cdinatd
fft btwn th stuctua ngin and
watng cnsutant is discussd. As
th cntag f nw cnstuctin at sits
with ss-than-ida si incass, stuc-
tua and watng intgatin shudccu in th schmatic has f a jct
and cntinu thughut cnstuctin t
nsu succssfu buiding fmanc.
Uncertainties in Design
pi t any nw dvmnt, a sit
assssmnt is tyicay fmd t va-
uat a sits abv-gund and subsu-
fac chaactistics, incuding its stuc-
tu, ggy, and hydgy. Hwv, du
t siz, quantity, and cst cnstaints f
sam cctin, nt a sit cnditins
can b discvd fm a sit assssmnt.
Dsigns shud b cgnizant f ths
unctaintis and undstand that tntia
ndings duing cnstuctin cud imact
thi dsign and th dsign f th dis-
ciins. If vaiatins f th cnditins d
ccu and dsign changs a mad, cab-
ativ cdinatin amng a disciins,
as w as inut fm th buiding wn,
a ncssay t nsu th jct bjc-
tivs a mt.
T mitigat ncuntd dsign unc-
taintis, a cabativ fft amng adisciins gnats th bst sutin t
tct th buiding and its ccuants.
Figure 1 dmnstats hw cabatin is
ssntia as mdicatin t buiding sys-
tms bcms signicanty m chang-
ing and csty as cnstuctin bgins and
accss bcms stictd.
Common Means of Protecting Structure
Stuctua ngins can ng th
svic if f a buiding by dsigning th utants, and/ cntaminants. Cmm
stuctu against si cnditins such stuctua tctin mthds incud:
as th snc f high and vaiab wat Sacicia (xta) st
tabs, iquab sis, csiv and dt- Incasd cnct cv
iating agnts, hazadus substancs, exy catings
Figure 1 Below-grade waterproong membrane under mat slab reinforcement(shown horizontal) and concrete column reinforcement (shown vertical) with a ro
anchor centered in the column.
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Figure 2 Elevation view of a foundation wall with negative-side waterproongand a foundation wall with positive-side waterproong.
passiv activ cathdic tctin
Ths mans f tctin a gnay
intndd t sv ny th stuctua -
mnts f a buiding f a nit amunt f
tim. Hwv, watng is a nnstuc-
tua mans f tcting and xtnding th
if f stuctua mnts, with th addd
bnt f tcting ccuants and inti
cntnts fm uncntd wat intatin
and cnsquntia damag. Watng
dsign statgis a immntd at ith
th sitiv ngativ sid f th stuctu
as shwn in Figure 2. psitiv-sid wat-
ng tcts a stuctu at th suc
f hydstatic ssu by acing a bai
at th xti fac f th stuctu, whas
ngativ-sid watng is aid at th
sit sid f th suc f hydstatic
ssu and mits wat t ass thugh
th stuctu bf mting a bai at th
inti sac. Bth statgis tct thinti cntnts fm damag; hwv, ng-
ativ-sid watng ds nt tct th
stuctu in fnt f th mmban. Cmmn
mthds f sitiv- and ngativ-sid wat-
ng incud s-aid adhd sht
mmbans, iquid-aid suy-aid
catings, and cnct admixtus.
Ths watng statgis qui
cdinatin with th stuctua ngin.
A w-intgatd and w-dsignd wat-
ng systm can tct th stuctu,
its ccuants, and inti cntnts, thus
making th intgatin f stuctua cm-
nnts and watng systms citica f
bth buiding duabiity and fmanc.
Integrating for Performance
In d t dsign a fuy intgatd
watng systm, it is imtant t
idntify th ky sns invvd in th
dsign f a buiding. Ths sns incud
an achitct, a cntact, a gtchnica
ngin, an wn tnant, astuctua
ngin, and if hid, a watng cn-
sutant. Withut a watng cnsutant
n th dsign tam, watng systms
may b sctd withut th fu cnsid-
atin f isk f wat va intusin, and
th imact f wat va n ccuantsand th intndd us f inti sacs
stuctua svic if. Dsigns can
dv aiat dsign citia basd
un th sit cnditins, thi vius
xinc, and an wns inttatin
f acctab unacctab fmanc;
hwv, a dsign cnsidatins by ky
snn shud b dvd cncunty
in d t satisfy and manag wn tn-
ant xctatins f th na dsign.
Case Study
Th fwing cas study dmnstatsth imtanc f cdinatin and cmmu-
nicatin amng th dsign tam, with a-
ticua mhasis n th intactin btwn
th stuctua ngin and watf-
ing cnsutant. Th subjct buiding is a
six-sty, st-famd stuctu v tw
vs f bw-gad aking sutd
by a cnct fundatin. Th tw stis
bw gad a within th wat tab.
Th sit is in an industia aa, and th
fm sit us cntaminatd th si with
sing-has hydcabns (SpH) and havy
Figure 3 Isometric view of foundation mat, piles, and rock anchors that support
the structure.
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mtas. Th sit was xcavatd t mdiat
tum-cntaminatd sis and back-
d with ganua matia. Du t th
sits cs ximity t a bay, th si has
a high cncntatin f sats. Th suth-n dg f th sit was viusy usd
as a shiing chann, cating additina
jct changs. oiginay, th shiing
chann was unsystmaticay d with
ganua matia that incudd as ag
as cbbs. This d shiing chann acts
as a dict suc f wat int th sit. Th
bays tida inuncs and high wat tab
w as cnsidatins in th bw-gad
stuctua and watng dsign.
bw th basmnt
Figure 4 Steel HP members being driven into rock.
Figure 5 Shotcrete leveling layer with wire meshcast against secant auger-cast pile walls to addre
out-of-plane variation and surface irregularities.
Foundation
Design
As th stuc-
tua ngin
f cd, w
dsignd a mat
fundatin t
ba msty n
si, with th
maining aa
sutd by
is and ck
anchs sckt-
d int bdck
stuctu. Figure 3
shws an ismtic viw f th fundatin
mat, is, and ck anchs and indicats
th gna gins f th fundatin. onsma gin f th mat bas dicty n
nativ ck. Th agst gin f th mat
bas n 2 ft. f ngind (cmtnt
si). Th maining gin f th fundatin
is sutd n gus f is at th f-
m shiing chann, which a scktd
int nativ ck. pis a usd t tansf
ads thugh th si t th nativ
ck bw. Th is usd n this jct
a 150-tn, nmina-caacity, Hp st
mmbs (as knwn as baing i
(Figure 4 shws th quimnt usd
div th Hp mmbs thugh th si a
int th ck.) Gus f is a ac
bw basmnt sha was and cum
A thicknd mat vids additina sh
and xua sistanc at th i gu
Th maind f th mat is nminay 2
thick. Sumnta ck anchs, usd
sist hydstatic fcs at gins f t
mat that a nt sutd n is, v
th stuctu fm uifting.
Duing xcavatin f th sit, sca
i was, with atnat is infc
with st W-sctin (wid ang) sd
mmbs, vidd shing t aw
xcavatin f th sit (shwn in Fig
5). Ths scant i was as actd a dwating cutff t duc th amu
f dwating within th sit. An int
infcd-cnct stuctua sha w
was cnstuctd inbad f th scant
wa and svs th fwing us
tansf f sustuctu ads t t
fundatin, tctin f th vtica b
gad watng mmban, and at
staint f hydstatic ssu du t t
vatin f th wat tab.
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Figure 6 Mat foundation supported on soil.DESIGN PARAMETERSGeotechnical Considerations and
Resulting Waterproofng Design
Th vatin f th wat tab vidd
by th gtchnica ngin indicatd that
th subtanan cnct mat sab sids
in th wat tab. Duing cnstuctin, sit
dwating was quid t w th va-tin f th wat tab unti w dtmind
that th buidings sf-wight cud sist
th hydstatic uift ssu. Du t th
si chaactistics n-sit and th vatin
f th wat tab, a scant aug-cast i
wa was sctd t sh th xcavatin.
Sit dwating was quid t catu th
inw f gundwat int th xcavatin.
Structural Foundation Wall Construction
and Resulting Waterproofng Design
In gna, vy shing systm -
quis tatmnt mdicatin t vid
a sund substat f instaatin f wat-
ng. Unmdid shing systms ad
t high babiity f wat intusin int
buiding stuctus. In u cas, scant
aug-cast i was actd as vtica sh-
ing and wud qui a ving ay f
acmnt f th watng. W c-
mmndd th instaatin f a shtct
ving ay t vid a smth substat
t cmnsat f th ut-f-an sufac
iguaitis, i t aicatin f th
watng mmban (Figure 5).pi t dtminatin f th basmnt
sha wa cnstuctin, w discussd bth
stuctua and watng cncns with
th buiding cntact gading a -
fd cnstuctin mthd. Stuctuay,
th stngth f ith cast-in-ac sht-
ct is cmaab as ng as th cnct
is w cnsidatd. Fm th cntacts
sctiv, shtct is tyicay fast
and ss xnsiv t insta. Fm a wat-
ng sctiv, us f shtct with
watng is cunty ss iab than
cast-in-ac cnct with watng.1
Whn utiizing cast-in-ac cnct, th
acmnt and vibatin f astic cnct
aws it t th majity f vids but ds
qui th us f n-sidd fms in shd
xcavatins. In cntast, whn shtctingfundatin was, watng bms
can dv bcaus f vids and shadwing
duing th acmnt css and fm b-
kn ntatin sas suting fm ba
cag anch vibatin.
As th wns watng cnsu-
tants, w dnd th vs f isk f wat
intusin basd n cmmn
watng duct s-
vic ivs. Watng -
fmanc vs w dnd
as xctd systm bhav-
ia vaiab amunt f
bsvab mistu insid
th buiding. F xam, a
fmanc bjctiv at th
highst fmanc v
wud b ngigib stain-
ing n stuctua sufacs,
whas a fmanc
bjctiv at a w f-
manc v wud b wat
w at isatd aas: a ak.
Undstanding that w-
thught-ut dsign can imitbuiding damag but cannt
iminat it, w cmmnd-
d a watng systm
that cnsidd th dsign
wat tab, acctab isk
f incidnt wat intusin,
and assumd cnstuctin
squnc f th fundatin
and bw-gad xti
was. Th cntact icd Figure 7 Mat foundation rebar.
th diffnt cmbinatins f stuctua
and watng systms. Th wn thn
dtmind thi acctab isk/cst basis
f th watng and stuctua sys-
tms, and w dsignd u watng
systm t th wn-acctd fmanc
v. At this sit, th wn wud acct a
v f isk f wat intusin suting in
isatd staining.
MAT FOUNDATION SYS TEMINTEGRATION
Mat fundatins a a shaw funda-
tin systm and gnay ncmass a
buidings nti ftint and cnsist f
haviy infcd cnct. Mat funda-
tins a aiat f th fwing sit
cnditins:
Si tys that a susctib tsignicant diffntia sttmnts
xansin that cud caus diffn-
tia havs
Undictab stuctua ads andata ads that a nt quay
distibutd
lwst vatin f th fundatin iswithin th wat tab
Figure 6 shws a mat fundatin ba-
ing dicty n cmtnt si. In a mat
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fundatin, th ads fm th sustuc-
tu a assumd t b vny distibutdthugh th mat t th si bw. In th cn-
ditin wh th mat fundatin is in cntact
with th wat tab, such as at this sit,
watng bcms an imtant cnsid-
atin whn dsigning th mat fundatin.
Mat Foundation Waterproofng
Recommendations
In bw-gad cnstuctin, bcaus th
watng is acd bw sva ft f
cnct and ays f st infcing, th
abiity t mak ais t th watng,
quiing si xcavatin cnct mva
f mitigatin f akag, is ftn infasib
(as indicatd by Figures 1 and 7). T mini-
miz akag tntia, w cmmndd
th fwing imay watf-
ing systms f bind-sid, bw-
gad watng in hydstat-
ic cnditins: (1) s-aid sht
mmban, (2) fuy adhd sht
watng, (3) bntnit-
basd systms. (S Figures 8-10 f
xams f ach ty f watf-
ing systm.)rgadss f th bw-gad
mmban ty, w cmmndd
instaatin f an uninfcd mud
sab t vid a suitab substat
f instaatin f th hiznta
bw-gad mmban, simia t
th shtct aid t th aug-
cast is. on t f th instad
watng, w cmmndd a
4-in. infcd tctin sab t
Figure 8 Blind-side, below-gradewaterproong: loose-laid sheet membrane.
Figure 9 Blind-side, below-gra
waterproong: fully adhersheet waterproon
Figure 10 Blindside, below-grade
waterproong:bentonite-basedsystem.
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vnt damag t th mmban du-ing cnstuctin fm ba acmnt,std matias, wding, and quimnt.
Th th bw-gad watng tys
as sntd t th wn, as w as
thi advantags and disadvantags, a
dscibd bw. Utimaty, w dsignd
th watng systm basd n th
cst/isk dtminatin f th wn.
PRIMARY wATERPROOFINGSYSTEMSLoose-Laid Sheet Membrane Systems
Taditina yviny chid (pVC) sys-
tms cud nt b usd at this sit du t
tntia SpH cntaminatin fm adjacnt
sits v th if cyc f th buiding. Whi
atnat matias xist that cmbin th
bnts f hat-wdd sams, isatin
fm substat cacking, and ag sht
instaatin with hydcabn sistanc,
it wud hav bn cst-hibitiv whn
cmad t th th mmbans. As,bcaus f its s-aid natu, wat that
byasss th mmban thugh min
dfcts cud migat atay bhind th
mmban, making it difcut t cat th
suc f wat nty.
Fully Adhered Sheet Waterproofng
Fuy adhd mmbans a instad
n cast-in-ac cnct. Th mmban
can ith cnsist f ubbizd ashat with
a ythyn cai sht f sitiv-sid
aicatins adh t th cnct as
it is acd in bind-sid aicatins. This
ty f mmban cnsists f an int high-
dnsity ythyn (HDpe) sht with a
itay adhsiv and acyic bind that
bnds t astic (wt) cnct. laks in th
fuy adhd mmban a caizd s
that ai catins can b asiy idntid.
Hwv, this systm has th isk that fai-
us cud ccu at mmban sams du t
incct instaatin.
Bentonite-Based Systems
Sdium bntnit is a natuay ccu-ing mina that, in th snc f uncn-
taminatd wat and cnning ssu,
sws t fm a watng g ay v
was and und sabs, vnting wat
intatin. Th mmban cnsists f a
ay f bntnit suundd by gtxti
fabic n ith sid t fm a mmban.
Th must b adquat cvag and cn-
ning ssu f th wat-g actin t
b ffctiv in watng. Bntnit ds
nt xand in th snc f satwat.
Hwv, ducts with additivs a avai-
ab that fm u t a givn cncnta-
tin f sat in th wat.
Basd n th abv cnsidatins f
ach f th systms and th wns cst/
isk fnc, w dsignd a bntnit-
basd systm f th mat fundatins
watng. As a cnditin f scifying
this duct, w cmmndd that thgundwat b tstd f chid cntnt
t dtmin if bntnit-basd systms
w aiat.
SECONDARY (BACKUP)wATERPROOFING SYSTEMS
Du t th cst-hibitiv natu f
ais and systm faius, w cm-
mndd incuding dundancy int th
bw-gad watng systm dsign.
Th tw cmmndd mthds f backu
watng incudd inti dainag
and cnct admixtus.
Interior Drainage
In iu f a dainag d bw th
basmnt sab quiing an additina tw
ft f xcavatin, th wn chs an
inti dainag systm t cct wat.
This byasss th imay systm and thn
tansts it t a sum catin f mva
fm th buiding. At basmnt sab-t-
xti wa catins, w cmmndd a
tugh (shwn in Figure 11) t intct and
cct any wa-wat akag.
Crystalline Waterproofng AdmixturesW as cmmndd cystain wat-
ng admixtus f th mat fundatin.
Cystain watng admixtus can
h minimiz wat migatin by acting
with wat t gw cystas that bck as-
sag thugh th cnct stuctu.
Th admixtu hs th cnct sist
uid w f wat thugh its wn s
and ducs th isk f inti akag
and/ staining.
F hydstatic cnditins, w cm-
mnd against cnct admixtus as
th imay watng sinc cnctadmixtus a imitd by th quaity f th
cnct acmnt. Additinay, cnct
tnds t cack du t shinkag and/
buiding mvmnt, and if cacks widths
Figure 11 Perimeter waterproong section.
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xcd th watng caabiitis fth cnct admixtus in th snc f
wat, aks can ccu. Du t this ssibi-
ity, w cnsidd th admixtu as scnd-
ay (backu) watng. S Figure 11
f a dtai indicating th stuctua and
watng mnts f th mat funda-
tin at a basmnt sha wa.
ROCK ANCHOR SYSTEMINTEGRATION
Anchs a a d fundatin systm
and a usd t stain fundatins sist-
ing tnsi fcs uift du t hydstatic
ssus, si hav, sustuctuads. A ck anch, shwn in Figure 12,
is n ty f anch with a sma-diamt,
high-caacity d. rck anchs a cn-
stuctd by diing thugh th si int
ck; acing th ck anch int th h;
guting th anch; tnsining th d;
guting, if ncssay; and cking th d
int sitin. (Figure 13 shws ck anchs
sisting hydstatic ssu in a mat
fundatin.) Th mat sab sans btwn
Photo 12 Rock anchors with lower mat reinforcing in place.
ck anchs and sists hydstatic wat
ssu fm th undsid f th mat. Thck anchs tansf th hydstatic wat
ssu d int th si, wh th tn-
sin ads can b sistd and k th mat
fm ifting u.
Rock Anchor Waterproofng
Recommendations
In tms f watng, ck anchs
cat a byass in th mat fundatins
hiznta bw-gad watng sys-
Figure 13 Rock anchors in a foundati
resisting hydrostatic pressu
tm (f t Figure 12). rck anchs
as staws aching t bw-gad dtint th wat tab, binging chd wa
t th sufac fm subsufac dths
caiay fc. With thi igua
anchs can b difcut t dtai and qu
cdinatin btwn th stuctua n
n and th watng cnsutant
nsu bth adquat baing-at mb
mnt and sufcint hight t insta wat
ng t th anch.
T sa any vids btwn th
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Figure 14 3-D rendering of waterproong at a rock
anchor including bentonite waterproong membrane,
bentonite waterproong membrane patch, bentonite mastic,block waterstop, and injection tube waterstop.
Figure 15 Typical detailing around a rock anchor.anchs and th mat fundatin u, w
cmmndd instaatin f injctin tub
watsts. Ths injctin tub watsts
a in additin t th bck watsts
nmay dtaid as at f a bntnit
watng systm. Injctin tub wat-
sts cnsist f wi tubing cvd by a
infcd mmban that is injctd with
yuthan gut. S Figures 14 and 15
1 3 6 B o n o a n d B o n o
f a dtai indi-
cating th stuc-
tua and wat-
Figure 16 Installed detailing around a rock anchor prior to bentonite mastic,
block waterstop, and injection tube waterstop installation.
ng mnts
f th ck anch. Figure 16 shws th
dtaiing f bntnit aund th igua
ck anch ntatin. In gna, injc-
tin tub watsts a injctd aft th
cnct mat sab has sufcinty cud
2 8t h R C I In te R n a t I o n a l C o n v e n tI o n
th manufactus quimnts but i
t dcmmissining th sit dwating
ws. on this jct, injctin tub wat-
sts w instad as a backu mans in
th vnt f wat intusin. Cunty, th
injctin tub watsts a nt gutd
and a ft in ac as a sumnta
watng masu.
PILE SYSTEM INTEGRATIONAnth d fundatin systm usd
n th jct was is with i cas.
pis a fabicatd stuctua mmbs
mad f wd, cnct, st (as in this
cas) did divn int th gund and
tyicay xtndd t dths n th d
f 50 ft. bw th gund sufac, but
that can as xtnd t dths f 150 ft.
gat. Th is tansf ads fm
th sustuctu, thugh wak si ay-s that cannt sut th aid ads,
t cmtnt ays f si. D funda-
tins a usd whn cmtnt si ays
a catd w bw th sufac, and it
is nt actica t xcavat dwn t thi
vatin. (Figure 17 shws a i-sutd
mat fundatin with is baing dicty
n ck.) A i ca is th infcd cn-
ct mnt that cnncts a cumn fm
th sustuctu t a gu f is,
a n d t R a d e S h o w M a R C h 1 4- 1 9 , 2 0 1 3
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Figure 17 Pile-supported mat foundation with piles bearing in rock.tying thm a tgth. Summaizd fmFoundation Design: Principles and Practices,
whn dsigning i fundatins, dsigns
must cnsid th fwing aamts:2
Aid ads rquid diamt rquid ngth Avaiabiity f i ty Duabiity Anticiatd diving cnditins In th d, th imssibiity f dt-
mining assumd dsign stngths
Du t th abv cnsidatins, addi-
tina is may nd t b instad. This
can inunc cnstuctin tim and cst,
ang with ating buiding fmanc.
Cnsidatin must as b givn t th
watng dtaiing f is within th
wat tab.
Pile Waterproofng Recommendations
Simia t ck anchs and mat fun-
datins, is a bst dtaid with cab-
ativ ffts. D fundatins, bcaus
thy tansmit sm th nti aidad t sis w bw th gund sufac,
a iky t ntat th gundwat tab
and bing wat t th sufac thugh ca-
iay fc.
on this sit, w cmmndd wat-
ng ach individua i ang with th
i cas. T a th is f instaa-
tin f watng, th st ats w
wdd t th st Hp mmbsn at th
t nd f th i and th tw wdd t
sit angst fm a mta ca. Thisst ca vidd a suitab substat f
instaatin f watng at ach is
imt. S Figures 18-20 (th ast
ths is a dtai indicating th stuctu
and watng mnts f th tyi
i and i ca).
SUMMARY OF wATERPROOFINGRECOMMENDATIONS
In summay, w dsignd th wat
ng systm basd n th fwi
sit cnditins and stuctua fundatisystm:
Subtanan vs in th watab
ptntia SpH cntaminatin ptntia satwat cntact Aug-cast i shing wa Mat fundatin rck anchs pis and i casBasd n ths dsign aamts,
cmmndd th fwing instaatin:
Shtct skim cat v aug-cai-shing wa t act as a wat
ng substat
Figure 18 3-D rendering of a pile and pile cap.
2 8t h R C I In te R n a t I o n a l C o n v e n tI o n a n d t R a d e S h o w M a R C h 1 4- 1 9 , 2 0 1 3 B o n o a n d B o n o 1
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Figure 19 3-D rendering of waterproong at a pile in a pile cap showingbentonite waterproong membrane, bentonite mastic, block waterstop, and
injection tube waterstop.
An uninfcd cnct mud sabt vid a suitab substat f
th sht watng
Wdd st ats at Hp mmbst vid a suitab substat t
tminat watng
Watng th subtananv with bntnit mmban with
ad and fastnd sams and
dtaid ntatins rinfcd tctin sab v th
hiznta bw-gad watf-
ing t tct th watng fm
cnstuctin damag (nt im-
mntd)
Cystain watng admixtuat mat sab and cast-in-ac was
Dainag channs Sumnta injctin tub wat-
sts
Ths cmmndatins w basd n
th watng fmanc dsid byth wn, cst cnsidatins fm th cn-
tact, avaiab cnstuctin tchniqus at
th tim f cnstuctin, and ast xi-
nc n simia bw-gad ca jcts.
CONCLUSIONDsign tam cdinatin btwn th
stuctua ngin and th watng
cnsutant d t a w-intgatd stuctu-
a and watng systm. Withut this
tam fft, tunitis t sct th bst
watng systm f a buiding may nt
hav bn ssib nc cnstuctin had
bgun. Hwv, vn with cdinatin and
intgatin, cnicts and s may nt b
iminatdbut thi svity is minimizd,
viding th wn an cnmica and
suitab buiding that mts fmanc
xctatins.
REFERENCES1. D.G. Gibbns and J.l. Tw, Wat-
ng Bw-Gad Shtct
Was, The Construction Specifer, V.
62, N. 3, Mach 2009, . 48-55.2. D.p. Cdut, Foundation Design:
Principles and Practices, scnd di-
tin, pntic Ha, U Sadd
riv, Nw Jsy, 2001.
Figure 20 Waterproong at a typical pile cap.
1 3 8 B o n o a n d B o n o 2 8 t h R C I I n te R n a t I o n a l C o n v e n tI o n a n d t R a d e S h o w M a R C h 1 4 1 9 2 0 1 3