20130207 L4 MEP Research Downsized

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Absorp on RefrigeratorHistorical Development- 1858: Invented by the French scien st Ferdinand Carré using water and sulphuric acid- 1922: Baltzar von Platen and Carl Munters enhanced the principle with a 3 uids con gura on- 1923: Commercial produc on began- 1926: Albert Einstein and Leó Szilárd proposed an alternate design (“Einstein refrigerator”)- 2007: Adam Grosser presented the very small “intermi ent absorp on” vaccine refrigera on unit for use in third world countries

Principle1. Evapora on:

Liquid refrigerant extracts heat from refrigerator by evapora ng in a low par al pressure environment2. Absorp on:

Gaseous refrigerant is absorbed into another liquid, further reducing pressure in the evaporator3. Regenera on:

The refrigerant is evaporated again under hea ng and condensed through a heat exchanger to replenish the supply of liquidrefrigerant in the evaporator.

Chan Lok Yiu (Jasmine)

Common working uid: Water/NH3 (under low pressure)LiBr/water (under high pressure)

Common fabrica on: Steel

Carnot's theorem



Applica on In Architecture- Solar Absorp on Cooling / Hea ng System by di erent types of collectors

- Gas red absorp on chiller regulates building temperature

Technical “does” and “donts”- Strictly observe the speci ed chilled water, cooling water and steam pressure

- Keep ammable substances away from the system- Do not operate if there is a smell of gas- Treatment of waste, gas or liquid from the system must be strictly observed- Do not block ven la on

Suppliers(Japan) - Mitsubishi / Sanyo / Mycom(USA) - Carrier / YORK Interna onal / The TRANE Company

(Germany) - SKS Kompressoren / Bertuleit + Bökenkröger / Makatec(China) - Hammer / Snow Amber

Costs (RMB)- 4,988 - 124,723 (Lithium Bromide, lower cooling capacity)- 319,715 - 376,028 (Industrial use)- 62,222 - 1,247,204 (Greater temperature range and wa value)- 62,361 - 3,118,095 (Solar absorp on refrigerator)



INDOORRETURN AIR

EXHAUSTED AIR

OUTSIDEAIR

SUPPLY AIR

COOLING COIL HEATING COIL

DAMPER DAMPER

FILTER

FILTER HUMIDIFIER SUPPLY AIR FANFAN

SILENCER

AIR HANDLING UNIT (AHU)- part of the returning air combines with outside

air and pass into the AHU

- dampers on fans : control air flow rate- fans : powered by AC electric motor - filter : dust-free air - cooling coil : cool down air through heat exchange

(water may be used in larger ones)- heating coil : heat up air through heat exchange

(heat pump is used in smaller ones)- humidifier : alter humidity of air,

moists air after overheat it in winter evaporates away excess water inhumid days in summer

- silencers : reduce noise before entering room

- certain indoor air would be exhausted to keepcirculation fresher

HOW IT WORKS ?

LANDSCAPE & ARCHITECTURE DESIGNS

3 types of AHU and respective installing waysregarding to architectural designs:

i. terminal unit :- smaller AHU- for local use only- usually installed in indoor

ii. make-up air unit (MAU) :- larger AHU- conditions outside air only but no returning air - installed indoor or outdoor such as roof

iii. rooftop unit (RTU):- larger AHU- designed for outdoor use- usually installed on roof

AHU installed on roof topAHU installed in indoor area

Chan Tsz Ling Samantha



HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT

- AHU is part of air conditioning system, so it was developed from ancient air conditioning history

- there are 2 major phrases of development :i. mechanical cooling

- 200 AC Han Dynasty : rotary fan

- 700 AC Tang Dynasty : water-powered fan- 1000 AC Song Dynasty : developed rotary fan- 1800s James Horrison : ice-making machine- 1800s John Gorrie : ice-cool room

ii. electromechanical cooling- 1900s Willis Carrier : evaporative cooling- 1950s Robert Sherman : portable, in-window air conditioner

DO’S & DON’TSdo’s : - operate electrical heater with ventilation

- use lithium base grease suitable for all temperatures to relubricate the larger fans if needed- always open the steam supply control valve slowly to prevent possible coil damage- flow condensate freely from coil always to prevent physical coil damage from unequal thermal stresses,freezing or corrosion

- drain the system or add antifreeze to prevent coil from freezing when temperature is below 0 °C- provide support or level plinth to system to prevent doors jamming and air leaks from casing- ensure a more even weigh distribution if stepping on the system is unavoidable

don’ts : - lift the units by coil connections or other protrusions- lift the units without balance-test as the center of gravity varies per unit- use untreated or improperly treated water in unit coils as it may cause scaling, corrosion, or other equipment damages

- overlubricate bearings as it may cause excessive pressure to displace bearing grease seals or overheat the bearing, resulting in premature bearing failure.- use steam or hot water to cleanrefrigerant coil as dangerous pressures may be built up- install in a machinery shop or kitchen where vapour from oil flows into the units

SUPPLIERS & BRANDS

- Carrier - DAIKIN- camfil- SILEX INTERNATIONAL- Frick

- systemair - DELTA NEU- Wesper - Trousten- Hidria- Trane- NEVADA- Danvent DV- Metadec- SAVIO

- airtecnics- DUEX - tecnoclima- COL-MET- CIAT- VERTA- Sodistra- AESYS- DOSPEL- automax - LENNOX

AVERAGE C OST IN RMB- ranges from RMB$ 3000 - 10000,depending on models and brands

Chan Tsz Ling Samantha3035017260



HEPA FilterHigh Efficiency Particulate Air filter

1940 First HEPA lter designed for Manha an ProjectDeclassied a er World War 2

1950 The lter was commercialisedthe original term became a registered tradename

Types of HEPA lters:1. Open face lter no restric on over the ends or faces of the unit

2. Radial ow lter Air ow perpendicularly through a con nous bre lteroutward from centreline

3. Enclosed lter completely enclosed at all sides

Works in three mechanisms:1. Intercep on Par cles adhere to bre with air ow

2. Impac on Larger par cles collide with bre and directly embedded in it

3. Diffusion Smaller par cles collide with air par cles and are delayed in theirpath through the lter

Hi s t or y

F un c t i on

Brian Che ng



HoneywellVor ceRheemRuudBeam

TROX technikGeneralAireHalton

Used widely in airborne par cles isolated areas in hospitalsApplied in air recirculated areas

avoid a ducted air systemenergy recovery ven lator connected to a HEPA lter

without an energy penaltywithout admi ng outdoor allergens

Choose according to pleats of ltering bers per inch

Do not use outdoorDo not use when combus ble gases or vapors are presentDo not expose to rain or near water

suzhoujb china 250RMB/ lter unitShanghai Booguan Technology Co., Ltd. 600RMB/unitXinxiang North Filter Co., Ltd. 480RMB/unitShanghai Zhanyun M&T Co., Ltd. 1000RMB/unit

U s e s

D o e s nD

on’ t

s

B r an d s

P r i c e



Components:- Consist of a at box housing a supplyair fan,- heating/cooling coil- lters(sometimes)

History:- Han Dynasty : rotary fan for air conditioning, manually powered- 18th Century: interested in rapidly cool an object, not cooling the environment- 1820: discovered that compressing and liquefying ammonia could chill air- 1851: rst mechanical ice-making machine- 19th century: theory on cooling patients' rooms, reduce their fevers- 1902: the rst modern electrical air conditioning unit invented- improvement on manufacturing process , temperture and humidity control- 1945: the portable, in-window air conditioner invented- FCU: primarily used in hotel. Widely used nowadays room air conditioning.

Mechanics:- Siphon o the air to be cooled or warmed- Pass over the coil which contains:cold water from central plant/ mechanical roomwith chiller/cooling waterhot water from boiler/ water heater

- blow the air back to the room

Types:

- Two pipe( 1 supply pipe; 1 return pipe)- Four pipe(2 supply pipe; 2 return pipe),1 for hot water, another for cold water

Disadvantage and byproducts:-dehumidify the entering air stream-produces condensate : drip trap with drainconnection or employing a condensate pump

FCUFan Coil Unit

WAI LOO

Fan coil unit as under oor unit Precision air-conditioning unitin container construction

Fan coil unit

Example of a FCU schematic



Brands(suppliers):- Carrier (Carrier Corporation)- TRANE (Trane Inc.)- PRICE ( Price Industries )- ENVIRO-TEC (Johnson Controls)- HUALI ( Shenzhen JinHuaLi RefrigerationPlant Co., Ltd.)

- Chunyi (Jingjiang Chunyi Air Conditioning &Refrigeration Equipment Co., Ltd.)

- Jetex-Lloyd's (JETEX-LLOYD'S MACHINERY(CHINA) LIMITED )

Do’s- The starting current of the unit ismore than its working current. Itshould be considered both the work-ing current and starting current whilechoosing the fuse.

- When fan coil unit with heater isrunning, ensure there are no obstruc-tions to air ow into /out of the unit

- The orientation of the unit installa-tion must be proper with respect toits design for proper operation andcondensate draining

- Switch shall be connected to thesupply terminals and shall have acontact separation of at least 3 mm ineach pole

Dont’s- The unit should not be positioned towindows or other openings along the direc-tion of sound wave propagation. Any wallsfacing the unit should be solid.

- If possible, the unit should not be placed inthe backyard, a ecting neighbour’s outdoorliving.

- The unit should not stay close to hard re ec-tive surfaces and especially near corners andmultiple re ecting walls.

Price range :RMB $855 - 45,000 or more/set

WAI LOO

Room related system for air conditioning system:





Chilled Ceiling Beams - Hydronic HVAC System- Two types: PASSIVE and ACTIVE

Dos and Don’ts

Do:

- Always keep water around optimum temperature

level- Need additional heating system- Clean the coils and surfaces every 3-5 years- Control the humidity

Don’t:

- Use alone in buildings with ceilings higherthan 2.7m

- Install in hospitals- Increase air circulation by enlarging ducts

Supplier and Brand

CostPassive:

- $24 /sq. ft.

Active:

- $80 / sq. ft.

Application in Architecture

- often used in places without largeamount of heat emitting

- school

- water pipe loop between rooms- quiet environment- lower air velocity minimize nuisnace- air re-circulation reduce fan installation

- 50 - 60% less than VAV system- No eletrical wire cost- Very low maintenance cost



Low velocity displacement ventilation

> Historical Development

• The idea of displacement ventilation has been used for over

hundreds of years • It was first used in Scandinavian countries • 1970s: Industrial applications; late 1980s: more commercial

premises

> How does it function

• Heat-balance-based design for thermal comfort• Shift-zone-based design for air quality•

Work based on 3 principles: Supply air, Buoyancy forces andStratification• Supply air : supply low velocity air with slightly lower temperature at

occupied zone-Airflow rate of typically horizontal air supply = rising convectiveflow-cold air by chilled water coil

• Buoyancy forces : Convection causing the warm air from heat sources(e.g. human, smoking) to rise up

• Stratification : Warm air with contaminant (warm and light) inoccupied zone are displaced by the cool clean air supply

• Extraction point is located near the ceiling level to extracted warmcontaminated air

CHAN Cheuk Man Alice



> Where is the cross reference to Landscape & Architecture Design

• Units can be integrated into the structure (wall-mounted, covered bydecorative panel or columns, floor diffusers etc.)

• Architectural requirement: certain wall area and space in the floor •

Space zoning maybe required for effective ventilation> What are the technical ‘does and donts’

Does

• Heating and cooling• Good IAQ• Energy saving: only treat air in occupied zone instead of whole indoor space (Ventilation efficiency = 0.5-0.8)• Allow layout flexibilities of the architectural design• High acoustic performance

Don’ts

• Fulfill high heating demand • Work for height of space less than 3 m

> Suppliers and brands in the industry

• Halton• Ravenscroft• Price HVAC

> Cost in RMB

• Around RMB135-150 per square feet (including cooling load, boiler, fan coiling units etc.)



Development in Using Heat Wheels

• Invented by Chrysler Group around 1965 and used in gas turbines• Technology and manufacturing processes making the system more affordable• Increased awareness of energy ef ciency and sustainability (both for environ -

mental and economic reasons)• Increased ventilation to prevent Sick Building Syndrome (SBS) and promote

healthy indoor environments

Operation of Heat Wheels

• Circular honeycomb matrix of heat-absorbing material• Rotated in the supply and exhaust air streams of an air handling system

• Heat is picked up from the exhaust air stream in one half of the rotation and given up to the fresh air stream in the other half of the rotation• The principle works in reverse• The heat exchange matrix is normally manufactured in aluminium but can

also be manufactured from plastics and synthetic bres• Ef ciencies much higher than other air-side heat recovery system• Ef ciencies of 85% can be expected• The energy exchange may comprise both sensible and latent heat transfer • Te ability to recover ‘latent’ heat can improve efciencies by 10% to 15%

Heat Wheel

Tsang Yin To Richard



DOs and DON’Ts

• Not suitable for use where total separation of supply and exhaust air streamsis required

• Care must be taken to properly lter the air streams on both exhaust and freshair sides of the wheel

• The supply air needs to be dried in regions with high humidity or buildingswith dry cooling systems

Suppliers, Brands and Costs

• Major brands include Flakt Woods, who took part in Norman Foster’s project,and some others are Kyoto Cooling, Durr, Enventus, etc.

• Various suppliers provides different kind of technique and material• A normal Heat Wheel costs 3000 to 60000 RMB

• A Wheel Heat Recover Unit costs 12000 to 300000 RMB• Some special Heat Wheel System can cost 3000000 RMB per unit• The additional costs of the second thermal wheel can be saved during the rst

6 months. Thereafter the energy saving is pure pro t in the years to come.

Cross Reference to Architecture Design

• Heavy ventilation or air changes requires the use of Heat Wheel, especially inthe case of Passive Houses

• Can be found in various projects nowadays, such as The Walbrook by Nor-man Foster, every unit incorporates a thermal wheel, with each only 500 mmin length, will recover up to 90 per cent of the energy in the extract air

Tsang Yin To Richard



Heat Recovery System

Historical Development

In 1965, European engeineer Healy proposed to use the waste heat produced by air conditioning system to make hot water.In the late 1970s, the rst regulation for heat recovery industry was promulgated in Europe.

In the 1990s, scientists studied the heat pump of the heat recovery system and made a breakthrough.After 2000, heat recovery system start to popularize gradually.

Function

Latent heat thermal energy storage systems can be used to recover the rejected heat from air conditioning systems,which can be used to generate low-temperature hot water. It decreases not only the consumption of primary energyfor heating domestic hot water but also the calefaction to the surroundings due to the rejection of heat from airconditioning systems. The work principle is shown in the picture.

Introduction

Heat Recovery Systems are building mechanical systems that capture waste heat from another system and use it toreplace the heat that would otherwise come from a primary energy source. This heat can be usedfor many purposes,including building heat, servicewater heating and process heat applications.Air-to-air heat-recovery systems for comfort-to-comfort applications can in general be categorized as•sensible heat (dry bulb only) systems: A sensible heat-recovery systems will transfer sensible (dry-bulb) heat fromthe exhaust air to the supply air entering the building. Rotary wheel heat exchangers and cross ow heat exchangersare some of the common designs used in typical comfort-to-comfort sensible heat-recovery applications.•total heat (wet bulb - sensible heat plus latent heat) systems

1. Schematics of the air conditioning system with thermalenergy recovery devices. 1. Compressor, 2. Three-way valve, 3.Higher temperature accumulator (accumulator 1), 4. Lowertemperature accumulator (accumulator 2), 5. Cooling tower, 6.Liquid storage tower, 7. Valve, 8. Evaporator, 9. Tap water tank,10. Water pump, 11. Tap water valve, 12. Auxiliary electricalwayer heater, 13. Temperature sensor.

Heat and work relationship in an air-conditioning system

JIANG CANRAN DAISY



Landscape & Architecture

The heat recovery system is widely used in the facilities that requires air-conditioning system and hot water system at the same time, such as hotel, restaurant,hospital, dormitory and gym.

Does and Donts

1. The sensible heat system cannot produce hot water in transition seasons.2. The total heat system can make small damage to the air-conditioning system.3. All kinds of heat recovery system has a high requirement to the electric circuit of the building.

Supplier & BrandRaydot Cokato, MN

Red Wave BoilerHeatec Chattanooga, TN

Cost (RMB)

JIANG CANRAN DAISY



HEAT PUMPA device which trnasfers heat from a heat source to a heat sink against temperature gradient.

Historical Development:

1748: William Cullen demonstrates arti cial refrigeration.

1834: Jacob Perkins builds a practical refrigerator with diethyl ether.1852: Lord Kelvin describes the theory underlying heat pump.1940: Robert C. Webber is credited as developing and building the rst groundheat pump

How it works:

For HEATING,A heat pump is a closed circuit system containing a refriegerant.

1. Evaporation:Refrigerant collects heat from the air, water or the ground Refrigerant evaporates. (Change of phy state: Liquid to gas)

2. Compression:compressor rapidly compresses the hotter and gaseous refrigerantcompression elevates potential heat of the coolant to approx. 80°C.

3. Condensation:Heat transferred from refrigerant to water circulating in radiators

-with a second heat exchanger.Refrigerant cools down and condenses (Change of phy state: Gas to liquid).Radiators distribute the heat provided into the heated areas.The chilled water in the heat loop then travels back into the heat exchanger,where it is heated again.

Lo Hoi Yan

Fig.1 How Heat Pumps works in heating.

4. Expansion:Refrigerant travels back to rst heat exchanger by passing through expansionvalve.

Cycle repeats.



What are the technical Dos and Donts?

At all times:

1. DO clean lters frequently. Dirty lters will lower performance andef ciency of your cooling.

2. DO let the thermostat determine when cooling is needed.

In COOLING season:

3. DO NOT turn the system off. If the system is closed in the morning, thehouse will soak up heat and be very dif cult to cool in the evening.

4. DO keep the air-con blower on. It lets the aircon unit cool more evenly.

In HEATING season:

5. DO NOT set the system to night setback.Heat pumps are not designed to raise space temperatures quickly.

6. DO NOT turn off system even when frost is accumulating on the outdoor coil.

Suppliers and brands in industry:Popular brands include Trane, Carrier, Bryant, Goodman, Amana and Rheem.

Cost in RMB:Air source heat pumps Geothermal heat pumpsLess stable (draws heat from air) More reliablefrom RMB$9343 to RMB$46715 from RMB$56058 and RMB$143260

Cross reference to Architecture and Landscape Design:

-HVAC systems-Combine cooling and heating (no need to install seperate systems)-Thermostat: Keeps indoor temperature stable and comfortable.

-refrigerators & water heaters-swimming pool temperature regulator unit.

Fig.2 Cross Reference to Architecture: Use in HVAC System.



FIRE DAMPER

type A type B type C


- Passive Fire Protection (PFP): slow down the spread of fire from the room of fire origin to other compartments required re resistance rating for walls, ceilings and oors- Since the invention of air-conditioning systems:

A/C ductings weaken the re resistance of walls/ceilings/ oors- Invention of re dampers: isolate the ventilation ductings in case of fire prevent spread of re inside ducts- Derivatives:

type A, type B, type C combination fire/smoke dampers static, dynamic, resettable

HOW DOES IT FUNCTION?

- used in heating, ventilation and air-conditioning ducts- activated by:

rise in temperature to certain degrees Fahrenheit electrical signals given out from a re alarm system/ smoke detectors- consists of at least one ap

which is movable between an open position and a closed position- movement of aps triggered by a motor through a fusible linkage - Normal circumstances:

open- Upon occurance of re: the fusible link melts

the ap switches to the closed position the re damper closes- Typical hourly re resistance ratings: 1.5 - 3hrs

the fusible link melts

damper bladesdrop closed and the re is blocked

re passing thro’an HVAC duct

SO KIU YIN



CROSS REFERENCE TO LANDSCAPE & ARCHITECTURE DESIGN

- an integral and essential part of a building’s passive re protection system- contributes to the overall re safety of the building- save lives and property

THE T ECHNICAL “DOs” and “DONTs”

- Use vertical re dampers for wall installation (horizontal ducts) should sit on the wall to allow an expansion gap at the top- Use horizontal dampers for oor installation (vertical ducts) should be centrally postioned to allow expansion gaps on both sides- must be mounted in a steel sleeve which is held in place in walls/ oors- must be installed as per manufacturer’s instructions- regular maintenence and inspection

SUPPLI ERS AND BRANDS IN THE I NDUSTRY

- Nailor Industries Inc.- MRi (Mechanical Reps. Inc.)- Advanced Air - Greenairsys (Foshan Greenairsys HVAC Equipment Co., Ltd)- HAS (HOTCHKISS Air Supply)

COST

- ¥300 to ¥2,500- factors affecting: types, horizontal /vertical, hour rating, fire rating, dimension

re damper inre separation

heating/ ventilationductwork

re-resistant barrier

wired glass

re-resistantdoor

SO KIU YIN



Historical Development

The basics of cooling towers were from the condensers of 19th century steam engines.

These early towers were found on rooftops and had relied on natural air ow.

A hyperboloid cooling tower was patented by the Dutch engineers Frederik van Iterson and Gerard Kuypers in 1918.

The size of these towers vary between a tank on a roof to a 200 metres+ tower; the size re ects the volume and the amount of cooling it is required toprocess.

The world’s tallest cooling tower is the 202 metres tall cooling tower in India.

How does it function?

Generation of air ow: Natural draf, Mechanical draf and Fan assisted natural draf

Air to water ow: Cross ow and counter ow

Cooling Tower

JAMES Llywelyn Wai-LoongCross ow Counter ow

Source: Wikipedia



Relation to Landscape & Architecture Design

Hyperbolic structures curves inward (AKA Gaussian curvature)

Design:Stable towards forces but low space ef ciencyIdeal to support large massesWide bottom openingNarrow tube structure accelerates owTop widens out to enhance turbulence

Ferrybridge power station in 1965, building codes were changed:Improved structural supportWind tunnel tests were introduced

What are the precautions?

Use of biocides in cooling towers - Legionnaires’ disease evaporation due to inhalation

Automatic re sprinkler systeminstallation to prevent re breakout

Cold climates causes malfunction which includes a reduction in heat load and formation of ice in tower.Reduce air ow to maintain water temperature above freezing point.Remote sensors and alarms may be installed to monitor tower conditions.Reduce air ow to maintain water temperature above freezing point.Do not operate the tower without a heat load.

Brands and Suppliers

EVAPCO, USAPaltech, IndiaLiang Chi Cooling Tower, Taiwan

Price Range

Freestanding cooling tower entry level CN¥ 70,000.00 ($10,000)Concrete cooling tower approx. CN¥ 1,280,000,000.00 ($205,000,000)



Ice Storage

1. Historical Development

2. How it functions

Figure 1 : Typical Ice Storage Coil Figure 2 : Air Piping Schematic

Figure 3: External Melt 24,640 kW Flow Schematic

Figure 4: External Melt Profle Figure 5: External Melt Method Figure 7: Internal Melt Profle Figure 8: Internal Melt Profle

Wang Weihang 2011810735

Figure 6: Internal Melt 10,500 kW Flow Schematic

a) External Melt b) Internal Melt

Use cheaper electricity at night to freeze water into ice, then use thecool of the ice in the afternoon to reduce the electricity needed tohandle air conditioning demands.

- In the 1930’s, dairy farmers began using thermal ice storage to cool thedaily batches of fresh milk.- In the late 1970’s, a few creative engineers began to use thermal ice

storage for air conditioning applications.- During the 1980’s, progressive electric utility companies looked atthermal energy storage as a means to balance their generating load anddelay the need for additional peaking power plants.



3. Cross Reference to Architectural Design

4. The Technical “does and donts“

5. Suppliers and brands in the industry

6. Cost in RMB40,000 to 80,000 RMB

Suppliers: Fujian Snowman Co., Ltd.; Chongqing Zongxue Machinery Manufacturing Co., Ltd.

- Make sure the availability of a clean uncontaminated water supply- Never stop the power for the refrigeration equipment- Find a convenient site for the installation of the plant before the building construction- Ice storage containers may be constructed of any material that can be waterproofed and support the weight of the coilsand water. (Common construction materials are reinforced concrete and steel.)- The steel piping that supplies low temperature glycol to the coils should not be insulatedwithin the container.

Brands: Focusun; Koller

Figure 9: The Solar Ice Storage (Below grade)

Figure 10: The Ice Storage (Above grade)



E



Water-Wave-Electricity Generator• 19 th-20 th century: rst devices created to power mainly navigation lights on coastline• 1940s: Yoshio Masuda conducts extensive experiments on different prototypes• 1970s: Oil-crisis prompts investment and research into this technology• Recent: Wave energy regarded as sustainable source of energy, many different types developed and

mass-produced as wave farms• Generated by interaction of wind on surface of water, different from tidal power• MAIN TYPES (ATTENTUATORS WILL BE FURTHER EXPLAINED):

Attenuator(surface or

underwater):Ride waves and

movement in jointsgenerates electricity

PointAbsorber(Buoy):

Buoy moves inmany directions,energy generated

and stored

Oscillating WaterColumn (OWC):

Large air column thatcompresses the air

inside as waves owin and out to movewind turbine on top



• Modules of energy generators and long tubesarranged into a “snake” whose hinged joints pumphydraulic uid to power electrical generator

• Electricity moved to land by cable• Length: 140m, Diameter: 3.5m (4 tubes + 3

generators), energy produced: 750kW• Energy produced: average of ~1.7 MW of power

across each metre of wave• Mostly used in western countries due to stronger

wind currents (England, Scotland, USA west coast)• MAJOR BRANDS/SUPPLIERS:

Pelamis Wave PowerOcean Power TechnologiesOceanlinxAquamarine Power

• Price Quote: £2m, or 19,658,140 RMB for one“snake” (Anaconda device by Checkmate Sea

Energy)

Top view

Wave direction

l ii

l i i l

Sway (vertical axis)hinged joint

Hydraulic ram

Motor generator set

High pressure accumulatorsManifold

Reservoir

Heave (horizontal axis)hinged joint

Side view

Wave direction

. . . .

,. , , , .

• Generator modules must be sealed off fromwater to avoid corrosion

•



WIND TURBINE

History

1887, the first wind turbine was built by aScottish academic to produce electricityfor charging accumulators to power hislights

The first automatically operated wind turbine was built by American inventor Charles F Brush for electricity productionin his home and laboratory

1930s, wind turbine were common on

farms in the United States where distribu-tion systems had not yet been installed

1931, A forerunner of modern horizon-tal-axis wind generators (100kW, connect-ed local 6.3kW distribution system) was inservice at in southern Ukraine.

1941, the first megawatt-class wind turbine was synchronized to a utility grid in Vermont but failed after 1100 hours for lack of maintenance

1951, the first public-used grid-connected wind turbine was operate in the UK was

built by John Brown & Company

Princeple of Work Does & Donts

Wind turbines can rotate about either a horizontal or avertical axis, the former being both older and morecommon

Wind turns large turbine blades ( f or horizontal axialturbine), and spins a generator shaft and produces DirectElectricity

Inverter converts electricity from DC to AC

Controller continuously measures the generator voltagecollaborted with battery bank to make sure the constancyof electricity

Transformer increases the voltage for connection to thehigh voltage electric power grid system.

Don't build wind turbines too close to thenearest abutters. Adequate buffers make surethe neighbors away from the disturbance of noise .

Don't surprise people and announce plans to build something without giving everyone inthe area a chance to say whether and how a

project should be built.

Do assess the wind resource (velocity,direction, volatility ...) and economic income

before building

Do conduct environmental assessments toidentify any impacts on landscape, plantsand wildlife, soil and water, land use or other activities

Do monitor and analyzeg the facility's

performance, conduct regular maintenanceand repairs on the turbines and other compo-nents of the facility

Zhang Jingqiu

ElectricityGrid

wind turbine

ChargeController

Battery Bank Inverter Transformer

DC Loads



Application Supplier and BrandsCost

Wind is the most cost-effective option at

this site with paybacks 35% shorter thanthe next best option.

According to 2012 Renewable EnergyOptimization Report , done by NationalLaboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency &Renewable Energy

For a utility scale wind turbine, rangefrom about 8 million to 13.7 millionRMB per MW

A 10 kilowatt machine (the size needed to power a large home) might have aninstalled cost of 300,000-480,000RMB, 18,000 to 48,000 RMB per kilowatt of capacity.

Commercial-scale turbines, 2 MW insize and cost roughly 18-24 millionRMB installed.

Oftentimes there are tax and other incentives that can dramatically reducethe cost of a wind project.

Zhang Jingqiu

Appliancesin building

wind turbine

ChargeController

Battery Bank Inverter Transformer

Danmark, thelargest in the

India

America

German

German

China

Spain

The largest in China

China

Turbos helical turbine(Fig.1) has relativelyquiet, vibration free system and suitable for omni-directional wind environments in

It can produce power to save energy and reduce building’s carbon footprint without

breaking the aesthetics of the architecture.(Fig. 2 Oklahoma Medical Research Foun-

Turbines on the roof

Fig .1 Fig .2



PHOTOVOLTAICHistory>Photoelectric EffectFirst discovered in 1839 by Edmund Becquerel.

>Sunlight+Selenium=Electricity1860s, Willoughby Smith was testing underwater telegraph lines with Selenium.>First PV CellEarly 1880s, Charles Fritts invented the first PV cellby placing a layer of selenium on a metal plate andcoating it with gold leaf.

KO Anthony Chun Ming

Function>Each solar cell has four layers, from which silicon, for example,is made up of only the positive or negative conducting layers of a semiconductor.These layers are also abbreviated as p-(positive) layers and n-(negative) layers.The semiconductor conducts either p (positively) or n (negatively) by specificallyincorporating small quantities from foreign atoms from other chemical main groups(dopant). Dopant for silicon, includes boron (positive) and phosphorous (negative), for example.

Photovoltaics refers to the direct conversion of sunlight in electricity using solar cells. Directconversion means that the sunlight is converted into

electricity by making direct use of the physical photoeffect and, for example, not by heating steam with adownstream steam turbine and generator.



KO Anthony Chun Ming

Cross Reference to Landscape and Architecture Design>Integrated into them>Mounted on them>Mounted nearby on the ground

Arrays are most often retrofitted into existing buildings,usually mounted on top of the existing roof structure or on the existing walls.

Alternatively, an array can belocated separately from the building but connected bycable to supply power for the building

Supplliers and Brands in the Industry>Suntech, Sunpower, Sharp>Suntech is Top in Solar Module and Solar Cells production>Most and the Largest manufacturer are based in China>China manufactures almost half of the world’s solar photovoltaic>China’s production is escalating since 2001>Japan decline from the largest manufacturer

Technical DO’S AND DON’TS>No Solar PV systems should extend beyond the edges of roof >Decent roof clearance to prevent loose cables and reduce heatgained on the panel

>Dissimilar metals inducing Galvanic corrsion

>Shading>Industrial knowledge is essential

Cost in RMB>Typical 3.5kW PV roof is around 190000 RMB



Cogeneration (Combined Heat and Power)the simultaneous production of electricity and heat

History

1900sadaptation of steam engine to cogenerateboth steam and electricity1940 to 1970centralized electric utility that deliveredpower to the surrounding areanowwidely used in Europe, USA; developing inAsia

Principle

- 90% e ciency- make use of the heat normally lostduring generation to generate space andwater heating energy- same amount of fuel but generate elec-tricity and heat energy at the same time

CHUNG Yun Ho



Application in architecture

- building heat- air conditioning (trigeneration)- domestic hot water provision- district heating system(NYC steam system)

- micro-CHP

Technical dos

- located near end user- connected to the central electrical network

Technical don’ts

- exposed under sunlight/rain- left turned on while not using

Suppliers

Cost

$15,000.00 (USD)$84,000.00 (RMB)







Transformer hisTorical developmenT• d b m f J h 1831• f ’ t

- How a magnetic eld will interact with an electric circuit to produce t t (emf)

• f t t t t b r . n c 1836• f t t , t , t

t t , t

• T k t. . t t t t t t :• a t t t t t

an changing magnetic eld in the transformer core• The changing magnetic eld in the core induces at t

• v t t b t t

• l t t t t :h t / s t

• h t:

l t / l t

• st - t : t t• st - t : t t• B q t :

how does iT funcTion

leung wing chi gigi



• s t b b t t b• Transformer stations can be housed in the basement or on the ground oor

t b b k t t b t t t t t t

• Publicdistributiontransformerscan bepainted to t in thenearbyarchitecturalt

cross reference To landscape & archiTecTure design

The does and donTs• Not 100% ef cient• r b :

l t t t / u t k / u t • c t t k t t t

rmB ¥4860 rmB ¥7600

• at T i t • c t p g i• c t i t t

• f t T • g b p s• i

suppliers and Brands in The indusTry

leung wing chi gigi



How does it function

- A semiconductor that change electric energy to light energy by electric eld.- Semiconducting material formed by two parts, p-side and n-side and create a

p-n junction.- P-side: electron hole, n-side: electron.- When an electron meets a hole, it releases energy in the form of a photon.- the brightness depends on the current.- the color emitted depends on the material of the p-n junction.

Historical development:

- 1907: The rst known report of a light-emitting solid-state diode was made by the British experimenter H. J. Round.- 1927: Russian Oleg Vladimirovich Losev reported creation of the rst LED- 1962: The rst practical visible-spectrum (red) LED was developed by Nick Holonyak, Jr., while working at GeneralElectric Company.- 1965: Monsanto and HP developed the rst commercial used red LED, with power of 0.1 lm/w.- 1968: orange, yellow LED are developed, with the power increased to 1 lm/w.- 1971: green LED are developed.- 1976: T. P. Pearsall created the rst high-brightness, high-ef ciency LEDs for optical ber telecommunications.- 1980: brightness of LED is increased to 10 lm/w.- 1990: brightness of LED is increased to 100 lm/w.- 1994: blue LED are invented.- 1996: white LED are invented by Japanese company Nichia.- 2010: the power of LED reaches more >150 lm/w.

LED technology (Light Emitting Diode)

YIP KA KI KINSEY



Does

1. Throw it probably

2. Ensure proper ventilation

Don’ts

1. Break it2. Look at it for too long

Supplier and brand

2011 Annual LED election:1. ASMPT2. Philips Lumileds3. OSRAM4. CREE

5.Nichia6.Seoul Semiconductor7. Epistar8. EVERLIGHT9. Intematix10. OPTILED

Cost in RMB

1968: RMB1500 per unit

LED bead: RMB0.5

3W LED bulb: RMB168W LED tube: RMB7050W LED tunnel projection light: RMB190180W LED street light: RMB380

Landscape and architecture design

- infrastructre:traf c signal, street light: long life, fast switching times, stability in differentweather condition- architectural lightings:color changes (16777216 colors) and high brightness. (>150 lm/W)- sustainable architecture:long lifespan and high ef ciency. (6W LED = 40W incandescent bulb,lifespan of 50,000 hours, 50times longer then incandescent bulb)- Illuminating Engineering:AmbiScence (Philips): design indoor lighting from the need of a speci cenvironment to create atmosphere and mood.Romantic lighting (Cosio): merge lighting and art, design the lighting fromthe need of human, to create the best feeling for users.



ZHANG Tianlu



ZHANG Tianlu



BMSBuilding Monitoring System

Chan Yin Ching

+ historical development

+ how does it function

- 1900s building services rst became aseparate discipline- 1940 subject of energy rst introduced intouniversity education of architects- 1940s-1960s research and pilot housing proj-ects in raising energy e ciency in buildings- 1967 addition of the term “air-conditioning”to the VDI “Building Services” study group- 1973 First oil crisis- 1992 realization of rst self-su cient build-

ing (Fraunhofer ISE research project)- a er then evolving concepts for buildingmonitoring system and automation for ordi-nary buildings

- composes of both so ware and hardware- con gured in hierarchical manner- centralized computer programs to localsubstations connecting to various buildingfacilities, mechanical and electrical equip-ments- control| monitor| optimize| report



+ cross-reference to Landscape & Architecture Design

+ technical ‘does and donts’ + suppliers and brands in the industry

+ cost in RMB

+ Does- designed by a trained systems engineer

+ Donts

- employed in smaller building projects or build-ings with moderate technical building systems - ¥ 12.5/ square feet

- American Auto-Matrix- CGC Solutions & Services- Cisco Systems- Energy Control Systems- Honeywell- Schneider Electric- Siemens Building Technologies

- BMS can be incorporated into building design process- energy-saving- reduce personnel requirements with addition of automation systems- perform preventive maintenance and facility management tasks

Current trends- creation of Smart Building - incorporation of building monitoring system with energy generationunits, such as solar panels- producing, storing, e ciently managing, and optimally controlling

energy in a holistic manner- enhance environmental and economic performance- make building management more e cient- curb energy consumption



UNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER SUPPLY

How does it function - three categories of modern UPS systems: on-line, line-interactive, of ine

Of ine:-protected equipment is connected directly to incoming utility power- when the incoming voltage falls below a predetermined level the SPS turns on its internal DC-ACinverter circuitry, which is powered from an inernal storage battery- SPS then mechanically switches the connected equipment on to its DC-AC inverter output- the switchover time can be as long as 25 milliseconds depending on the amount of time it takes thestandby UPS to detect the lost utlity voltage

Line-interactive:- operation is similar to a of ine UPS but with the addition of a multi-tap variable-voltage autotransform -

er, so as to change the output voltage.

Online:- have greater current AC-to-DC battery-charger/ recti er and riti er and inverter designed to run contin -uously with improved cooling systems- batteries are always connected to the inverter so that no power transfer switches are necessary- when power loss occurs, the recti er drops out of the circuit and the batteries keep the power steadyand unchanged.- when power is restored, the recti er resumes carrying most of the load and begins charging the bat -teries

Historical Development - rst uninterruptible power supply equipments were of rotary design, which appeared during the 1950s- invented and patended by John J. Hanley- market at that time was related to defence equipment such as communications and radar for militarypurposes- systems are developing alone the lines of achieving higher ef ciency, less space utilisation, ease ofinstallation, and user-friendly interfaces- Power recti ers: selenium or mercury in early development stage, then changed to use silicon andgermanium. Thyristor is used at the end to allow the development of static inversion equipment- during the mid 1970s, the use of a statically switched by-pass became possible, thus providing asmooth uninterrupted changeover to raw mains if a UPS fault occured.- the electromechanical relays of the early rotary systems were replaced by solid state logic systems- later designs of static systems tend to use pulse width modulated inverters with either transistor orthyristor switching



Suppliers and Brands in the industry - SUNSHINE- CyberPower- Controlled Power Company- Power Systems & Controls- Eaton- CAT

What are the technical ‘does anddonts’

Do’s- UPS should be given proper loads only

Don’ts- dont switch on the UPS when the loads are on.- dont switch off the UPS when the loads are on.

- never give more loads to UPS than its capacity- never leave the power-on switch in on condition when UPS is not in use- never overload the UPS if 1 UPS fails also due to some reason

Cost in RMB- 4000 RMB



P



PANG Tsun Man Emerich

How its Function? Historical Development - Be ore the dual- ush toilet was invented, people used to put a brick

inside the tank in order to reduce water intakes and ushing

- Te rst two buttons and ush volumes toilet was invented by Australian inventor Bruce Tompson in 1980

- In 1993, the ush system was redesigned and the ush volumeswere cut hal rom 11 litres and 5.5 litres to 6 litres and 3 litres

- Te later designs besically were di erent in the shapes and alsothe ‘bowl’ sizes

- oday, dual- ush toilets are commonly used around the globe,especially in countries with water shortage problem

Cross Reference to Architecture Design

MEP - Plumbing Engineering

Hal ushbutton

Full ushbutton

Volume Advancement - Te dual ush toilet provide two types o ushingsystems in order to save water usage

- One type is 3-litre or ushing uid waste; Anothertype is 6-litre or ushing solid waste

Flushing Function- Te dual ush toilet uses ‘washdown’ ush

unction instead o traditional siphon- ush toilet- Wash-down design unctions which waste are

pushed down to the drain directly instead o continuous suction air- water action

- Wash-down design has a larger trapway (10cm) tothe S bend which makes waste easier to exit thebowl and goes to the sewage pipes

- Tere are partial ush adjustment and ull ushadjustment at di erent water levels connected tothe buttons so the ush can carry according to thebutton used

- o strengthen the ush action, the bowl has a moresloped interior wall to give thewater greater momentum to ushaway the waste

- In the very rst stage o designing a housing unit,the location o the plumbing system should belocated

- For a toilet, it must be located next to a wal l suchthat it can be connected into the closest sewer pipesand then drainage system

- Also the toilet has to be placed above the ange,where the ange is located is di erent or di erenthouse, a certain design o toilet is needed or aspeci c dwelling

- Te location o toilet also needs to compromisewith the water inlet and outlet locations, otherwiseextra pipes might be needed and a ect theappearance



Cost ~ ¥520 to ¥840(Depends on brands)

Suppliers & Brands- Caroma ®- KOHLER ®

- American Standard- oto ®- Niagara Flapperless Inc.

Technical Dos & DontsDos:- It can save up to 67% o water usage- Te ush volumes are reduced by 68% in amily dwellings, 56% in ofce

washrooms and 52% in restaurant- Less water would ow into the sewer system and or sewage treatment and

thus less energy and time are needed

****************************************************************************

Donts:- Te buttons would jam together or being pressed simutaneously, thus water

used would be large- Since the bowl only contains little water and each ush does not have large

amount o water or waste drainage, single ushing might not be able to

drain all the waste at once- Since the ush water has a larger momentum and impact on the toilet,splashing may happen and as a result the waste water may split toeverywhere

Constructed Wetland Treatment System



Introduction•An arti cial wetland for improving water quality and wildlife habitat•Acts as a bio lter in removing pollutants and sedimentse.g. nitrogen removal ; heavy metals removal from water owing through lakes,streams and oceans•Use of natural processes such as wetland vegetation, soils, and the associatedmicrobial assemblages•Biologically productive and self-sustaining•Bene cial to both humans and wildlife•Two types of constructed wetlands : subsurface ow and free water surface ow

y

Historical Development•In 1904, Brian Mackney,from NSW, Australia came across a handwriting note con-cering the use of constructed wetlands•In 1953, Kathe Seidel at the Max Plank Institue discussed in a report•In 1967 , this large scale treatment systems, now known as the Lelystad Process,were developed by the Ijsselmeerpolders Development Authority in Holland•1st generation wetlands: empirical and intuitive in nature•2nd generations wetlands: characterize by civil engineering design, regarded as sim-ple’ rules of thumb’ of limited utility •3rd generations wetlands: characterize by chemical engineering design, regarded asa biochemical reactor•4th generations wetlands: make use of hydraulic or aeration equipment

How does it function•Water ows through a wetland , slowing down with suspended solids being

trapped by vegetation and settle out•Nutrients, like nitrogen and phosphorous ,are deposited into wetlands , whichabsorbed by the soils there and taken up by microorganisms and plants•Taking up the less soluble forms or inactive pollutants help provide surfaces andsuitable conditions for microbial growth and ltration•Organic nitrogen are converted into useable, inorganic forms (NO3 and NH4)by Wetland microbes, which are essential for plant growth and into gasses thatescape to the atmosphere

Pollutant Removal Mechanism

Components of a constructed Wetland

Newly planted constructed wetland Same constructed wetland, two years later.

PINKY IP WAI KEI

Cross reference to Landscape & Architecture Design



Cross reference to Landscape & Architecture Design•Wetland- described as the ‘kidneys of the landscape’•Provide aesthetic, ecological function which few other landforms canmatch•Simultaneous Wetland Design features related with the surrounding-landscape should be incorporated instead of imposing on•Decision should be made at the very beginning to determine how natural or arti cial the nal wetland look like•Operate with a minimum of maintenance and prevent reliance oncomplex technical systems

DOs

•Placed uplands and outside oodplains to prevent damage to natural wetlands•Consider various environmental factors, such as the soil suitability, hydrology, vegeta-tion and presence of endangered species, in choosing location of the Wetland Treat-ment system•Use of water control measures to allow exible changes in water quantity, quality,depth and ow •Long-term management plan with regular inspections, monitoring and maintenanceshould be set upDONTs

• Do not discharged residential greywater into streams, ponds, natural wetlands, or

shallow aquifers that the water might contain nutrients• Do not contain toxins or dangerous pollutants in a residential greywater system• Do not depend on simple backyard wetlands in treating the household hazardouswaste

Suppliers and brands in the industry

Cost•Construction cost of the wetland US$31500 around RMB 196371•Operation and maintenance cost US $520, around RMB 3241 per annum•Mainly rely on the site location and availability of materials•Inexpensive compared to traditional wastewater treatment options

Schematic representation of constructed wetland at private residence

Schematic representation of constructed wetland at Kathmandu University

Long section schematic representation of a typical constructed wetland system

PINKY IP WAI KEI



500 000 BC : Use o open re to provide interior heating.3rd Century BC, Ancient Rome : Hypocaust system was invented by ancient Romans.1 000 AD : Hypocaust system disappeared with the decline o the Roman Empire, however,central heating was not reintroduced until 1 500 years later13th Century, Europe : Chimney, which was rst a simple aperture in the centre o the roo ,later rose directly rom the replace600BC, China : Enclosed stoves were used and eventually spread through Russia into northernEurope and rom there to the Americas1744, America : Benjamin Franklin invented an improved design known as the Franklin stove19th century : Central heating was adopted or use again. Steam heating was used in colderareas, while hot water was used in warmer areas20th century : Central-heating systems generally use warm air or hot water or heat conveyance.

A heating system consists o :• A boiler (the heat source)• A cylinder (to store the hot water)• A pump (to push water around the system)• A timer (to turn the hot water and heating system on automatically)• Room thermostat (to measure and control the temperature of the house)• Cylinder thermostat (to control the hot water temperature)• Radiators (to heat the room)

1. A boiler is basical ly a tank in which water is heated to provide heat2. Te boiler has electronics that open the gas valve to allow gas, the uel, to the burnersor a period o time. During that short period o time, the ignitor sparks and l ights the gas.3. Te water in the boiler is heated to a proper temperature and pumped through pipes tothe radiators throughout the house to produce warmth.4. I the temperature alls below a preset limit, the thermostat signals the heating systemto provide additional heat.

Ha Win Ha Lilian



DOS#DO Flush the low-water cutof #DO Lower the steam pressure#DO Insulate the pipes#DO Check, and i necessary, change your air vents#DO Draught your house

DON’TS#DON’T Repairing radiators#DON’T Moving radiators:#DON’T Move Piping#DON’T Change steam traps

Tere are 3 diferent types o boiler:

- Combi boiler- Regular boiler- System boiler

Suppliers & Brands in the Industry Brand: Supplier:ICI CALDAIE IES (HK) Ltd.Viessmann Viessmann China Ltd.Ferroli Ferroli.LtdBaxi Baxi Heating UK LtdVaillant Vaillant Ltd

Costs: between 5 500RMB to 12 500RMBCosts including Installation:Gas-Fired Model: 15 500RMBOil-Fired Model: 34 000RMB

Ha Win Ha Lilian



KWOK Tin Long (Sunny)

STEAMGENERATOR

BASIC FUNCTION

- Uses a heat source to boil liquid water and turn itinto steam.- Often referred as Boiler.


- Early 17th century- Locomotives

- Late 18th century- Industrial plants- Railway- Steamboats

- Nowadays- Indoor humidity adjustment- Laundry- Electricity generation

TYPES OF HEAT SOURCE

- Fuel- Coal- Petroleum fuel oil- Natural gas- Municipal waste / biomass- Nuclear ssion reactor - Solar power

Water-tube Boiler Fire-tube Boiler

Coal- red Steam Generator

Stirling Water-tube Boiler

Heat Recovery Steam Generators

CROSS REFERENCE TO ARCHITECTURE TECHNICAL “DOES & DON’TS”



KWOK Tin Long (Sunny)

CROSS REFERENCE TO ARCHITECTURE

- Electricity generation

- A large steam generator in a power plant itself can be a big piece of architecture

Spittelau Thermal Plant, Vienna

Glenwood Waterfront Power Plant Project

Glenwood Waterfront Power Plant Project

Solar Power Station, Seville, Spain

TECHNICAL “DOES & DON’TS”

- Determine the ef ciency of the steam generationsystem

- Must be measured with accurate, well main-tained and calibrated ow measurement devicesand reconciled by a rigorous steam balance

- The steam balance should be done on a regular basis to con rm good ow measurements

- Ensure all condensate return piping, anges, andvalves are properly insulated

- Always check to avoid leakage

- Avoid low ef ciency and waste of energy

SUPPLIE RS & BRANDS IN INDUSTRY

& HITACHI, ALBA, UNIVERSAL, etc.

- Varies from small indoor generators to giant power plant steam generators

COST (in RMB)

- 5kW Generator: 400 - 2,000- 0.3ton Boiler: 80,000- 20ton Boiler: 1,000,000- Industrial size: “Contact Supplier :)”



1. - common thermal mass materials includestone, cement and water had been used tostore heat- the oculus at the top of the Pantheon. the useof solar heating for interior space- In the 1930s Seasonal thermal energy storage

(STES) was devised for year-round heating- Today solar heating can be divided into mainly2 ways :LIQUID-BASED ACTIVE SOLAR HEATINGVENTILATION PREHEATING.

SOLAR HEATING

Lam Ka Man Carmen



2.

LIGUID-BASED- uses the radiation from the sunto heat water in a panel oftensited on the roof - supply that heat as hot water orto a central heating system.

VENTILATION- clear panels admit sunlight, andan absorber suspended inside thecollector captures the sun’s heatenergy-The air around the absorberwarms, expands and rises, creat-

ing a convection current- dehumidifying e ect

Lam Ka Man Carmen

4



3.- panels should be sited on a south-facingpitched roof, free of shade- at an angle of between 20 and 50 de-grees, or may be mounted on an angled

frame on the ground or on a at roof - typical domestic installation requires 2 -5 square metres of roof area- need space to locate an additional watercylinder if required

4.Does- size and select proper system accordingto the local climate, the type and e -ciency of the collector

- use sensors, switches, and/or motors toto prevent freezing or extremely hightemperatures in the collectors- turn on a pump or fan to circulate wateror air through the collector to heat thestorage medium or the house- most economical to design an active

system to provide 40% to 80% of thehome's heating needs- Supplementary or back-up systems

Don’t- Exceeding roof load- Unlawful tampering with potable watersupplies- Obstructing side yards- Erecting unlawful protrusions on roofs- Siting the system too close to streets orlot boundaries.

Lam Ka Man Carmen

5 & 6



5 & 6.most notably SolarVenti , a UK Solar HeatingPanel SuppliersSolarVenti SV14 Slimline Aluminium with Wallkit & on/o switch

Regulator unit for operation of Solar Cell withon/o switch, regulator, pump control andthermostatRecommended for 140 m2

£980.00/ RMB16500

Celotexonline purchase on motherearthnew.comsolar collector,"Thermax TF-610," impregnated with glassbers for strength, faced on both sides withheavy aluminum foilUSD 32.18/ RMB 300

If the system has been sized correctly, it canprovide at least 40-60% of all your hot waterrequirements throughout the year. The averagedomestic system reduces carbon dioxide emissionsby around 400kg per year.

Lam Ka Man Carmen







Leung Ching Yee Cathy

Sprinkler system (Irrigation)

Historical development

2000BC: passive irrigation method, "surface" irrigation, in Egypt andMesopotamia. Water was diverted directly into fields to water cr ops and

to deposit nutrient-rich silt. The first use of sprinklers by farmers was some form of home and golf

course type sprinklers. They are with buried pipes and fixed sprinkler heads

1950s: a Portland firm developed a rolling pipe type irrigation system for farms that has become the most popular type for farmers irrigating largefields. With this system large wheels attached to large pipes withsprinkler heads move slowly across the field

Principle

Technology application in architecture

New Social and Cultural Centre Of “La Caixa ” Social And Cultural OutreachProjects

Vertical garden Plant as ornament for both interior and exterior Use automatic irrigation system Challenge:

o To control the spread of water o to prevent water leakage

The system consists:

Sprinkler system: ejecting the water Plumbing parts: providing pressureto push the water from the water sources Piping: transporting the water Control equipment: control systemcan be opened and closed; somesystem are fully automated and evencompensate for rain, runoff andevaporation



Leung Ching Yee Cathy

Sprinkler irrigation

Advantages

To cover a large area To admix with weed killer, fertilizer and pesticides To irrigate for other purpose: sprouting, frost protection or cooling during hot period Without on-going supervision

Disadvantage

High operation expenses due to large pumping energy required 20% additional water is needed because of high evaporation rate Unavoidable wetting foliage in field crops r esults in increased sensitivity todisease

Flush out of fertilizers and pesticides caused water and land pollution

Drip irrigation

Advantages

Less energy is required To avoid wetting the foliage reduce the incidence of diseases and pests To prevention evaporation losses

Disadvantage To be relatively expansive and require a certain level of professionalism Drippers are easy to be clogged, a protective filtration is r equired, whoseinstallation and maintenance fee are high

The system is not mobile and contain the design of landscape

Technology in Market

Price (RMB)

Product Name:Sprinkler Irrigation System, Garden LawnSprinkler

Supplier Name:Cixi Heshun Plastic Electric Co., Ltd.

10

Product Name:Ceter Pivot Sprinkle Irrigation Systems

Supplier Name :Hebei Hanson Drive Technology Co., Ltd.

640 -2,400

Product Name:Portable Sprinkling Irrigation Systems

Supplier Name:Henan Hwasong I/E Co., Ltd.

6,000 –

96,000

Product Name:Sprinkling Irrigation System

Supplier Name:Shandong H.T-Bauer Water AndAgricultural Machinery & EngineeringCo., Ltd.

96,301 -122,063

FM 200 FIRE SUPRESSION SYSTEMA BRIEF HISTORY WHAT IS IT?



A BRIEF HISTORY

• By 19th century, potential of gaseous and chemicalagents to extinguish res is discovered that causes lessdamage than water.

• During 1920’s and 30’s, the original ‘clean agents’were halogenated molecules such as Carbon tetra -chloride and Methyl Bromide but with very high toxitylevels and had to be replaced.

• Halon 1301 became the most widespread agent butwas banned by the Montreal Protocol of 1987 after itsimplication in the destruction of stratospheric ozone.

• After several more years of development, the FM200agent was the rst replacement for Halon 1301withleast potential for ozone depletion, contribution toclimate change and short atmospheric lifetime.

• First ever clean agent system was installed in 1991and today has become the most widespread agent forre suppression systems.

WHAT IS IT?

• Hepta uoropropane HFC-227 (FM200) is acolourless, odourless gaseous halocarbon.

• Stored as a lique ed compressed gas incylinders at room temperature.

• FM200 falls under Clean-agent system cat -egory of Fire Suppression systems. • The agent extinguishes re primarily byworking chemically to absorb heat at themolecular level that occurs as the agentchanges from a liquid to a vapour duringdischarge, until the re can no longer sus -tain itself.

• Can be used in occupied spaces as it iselectrically nonconductive, has low toxicityand chemical reactivity and leaves no resi -due or oily deposits on valuable equipmentafter discharge.

HOW IT FUNCTIONS?

• Operates without human interven -tion through means of detection,actuation and delivery sytems.

• Works on a total ooding principleby application of agent to an en -closed space to achieve adequateconcentration (6.25% and 9% de -pending on the hazard being pro -tected) to extinguish re.

• Detection: Extinguishing process istriggered by smoke detection sen -sors.Two detectors activate (to pre -vent false alarm), then a timer in thepanel is actuated that simultaneouslyemits an acoustic alarm indicatingthat premises must be evacuated. Insome cases the system is triggered byionization or thermal senester.

• Actuation: Panel will shut downessential services including the airmovement system and isolate powersupplies. After the timer ends, a sig -nal is given to the gas sylinder (sole -noid) to discharge.

• Extinguishing & Delivery: consistsof FM200 cylinders , a solenoid valve,piping and discharge nozzles. Oncesolenoid receives a signal, the explo -sive device ruptures the valve andreleases the agent. FM200 will owthrough the length of piping, chang -ing from a liquid to a vapor as it isreleased through the discharge noz -zle. Once adequate concentration isreached, re will extinguish.

OSAMA ARIF

FM 200 FIRE SUPRESSION SYSTEM



REFERENCE TO ARCHITECURAL DESIGN

• The room size is required to determine the amount of FM200 requiredfor re suppression.

• Room Integrity Testing must performed to check that rooms can main -tain a su cient extinguishing agent concentration for the required hold -ing time.

• Agent must be stored on-site so a designated room to hold the storagecylinders is required.

• Floor loading must be considered when selecting a cylinder locationroom.

• Cylinders should be located in clean, dry and vibration-free area. Alsoavoid high tra c areas where physical damage is likely.

TECHNICAL DO’S AND DONT’S

• Cylinders should not be mounted near corrosive chemicals, combustible mate -rials and harsh weather. Must not be dragged, rolled or lifted by the cap.

• Must be kept at temperature not exceeding 52°C as decomposition will gener -ate hazardous products like hydrogen uoride, carbon monoxide, carbon diox -ide.

• In case of accidental rapture, people must evacuate and the area must be thor-

oughly ventilated using self-contained breathing apparatus.

• Valve protection caps and valve cutlet threaded plugs must remain in place un -less container is secured with valve outlet piped to use point.

• Use a check valve or trap in the discharge line to prevent hazardous back owinto the cylinder.

• Use lined neoprene gloves and chemical splash goggles if handling liquid.Ensure piping is empty before doing maintenance work.

• Can be used for Electrical and Electronic Hazards, Telecommunications Facili -ties, Flammable liquids and gases, Museums, archives & data storage

• Not to be used for Chemicals that are capable of rapid oxidation, Reactivemetals and Metal hydrides and chemicals capable of undergoing auto-thermaldecomposition.

SUPPLIERS

• Dupont

• Shanghai Waysmos

• Kidde Fire Systems

• Fenwal Protection Systems

• Tyco Fire Suppression & Building Products

• Fike

COST

• 12-24 RMB per cubic footOSAMA ARIF



others

Function - Defination• The Sinhalese kings Sri Lanka Thousands of years agoHistory

Lightning Protection System



DOes

• Air Terminal Network placed at roof cornersor vantage points

• Low-impedance conductors

• Down conductor route kept shortand any curves have a large radius

Don’ts

• ATN inverval no larger than 10m×10mor 12m x 8m

• Downleads not fewer than two

• Downleads invertals no larger than 18m

A lightning protection system (LPS) isdesigned to protect a structure from damagedue to lightning strikes by:

• Intercepting such strikes• Providing a low-impedance path for their

extremely high currents• Lessening the heating effect of currents

flowing through flammable structuralmaterials

• Safely passing currents to ground

A lightning protection system (LPS) includes:

• A network of air terminals- Lightning rods or strike terminationdevices

• Bonding conductors - Down conductors or downleads

• Low self-inductance connectors• Ground electrodes

- Ground or earthing rods, plates,or mesh

• Faraday Cage System- Conventional system

• Early Streamer Emmitter (ESE)• Charge transfer systems (CTS)

Function - Components

Function - Types

Does & Don’ts

Major Suppliers & Brands

• The Sinhalese kings, Sri Lanka, Thousands of years agoSilver or copper building tip

• Leaning Tower of Nevyansk, Russia, 1725Lightning Conductor

• Benjamin Franklin, the Americas, 1749Lightning rod

• Christian churches, Europe, 1750s• National & International Lightning Protection Standards, Today• China : Official manufacturers, 1980s

National standards, 2000s

Cost

• ABB Ltd. (Switzerland)• Alltec Corporation (USA)• Cirprotec (Spain)• Bonded Lightning Protection Systems Ltd. (USA)• Control & Application Emirates (UAE)• Dehn + Söhne GmbH + Co., KG (Germany)• Delta Technology (France)• ERICO International Corporation (USA)• Shanghai LERDN Lightning Protection Co., Ltd.

(China)• Surgetek (South Africa)• Syfer Technology Ltd. (UK)• Toshiba Corporation (Japan)

Research and Markets: Lightning Protection Technologies (LPT)Global Strategic Business Report

• General Average (USA)-Approximat e ly 90RMB/m2- Simple: 1800RMB for 2-storey house- Advanced : 15000RMB for 2-storey house- Surge Arrestor: 900RMB

• Local construction prices (China)-Installation charges (Structure)-Labor costs-Material expenses (RMB/m)

Wang Tianmeng

Landscape & ArchitectureLightning Protection System



Point 1 - Capturethe lightningstrike

Point 2 - Conveythis energy toground

Point 3 - Dissipate energy intothe grounding system

Point 4 - Bond allground points together

Point 6 - Protect low voltagedata/ telecommunicationscircuits

LIGHTNING PROTECTION

SURGE PROTECTIONGROUNDING & BONDING

MISUNDERSTANDING• Do not attract lightning• Do not eliminate risk • Do not dissipate charge• Do not provide full protection

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