KAUST and the US National Science Foundation (NSF) jointly organized the KAUST-NSF Conference on Electronic Materials, Devices, and Systems for a Sustainable Future, which was held on the University campus from February 8-10. The program was sponsored by the NSF, the KAUST Office of Competitive Research Funds (OCRF), the KAUST Industrial Collaboration Program (KICP), and the University’s Computer, Electrical, and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering (CEMSE) and Physical Sciences and Engineering (PSE ) Divisions. The conference featured three days of interactive talks, presentations, and networking sessions, and a poster presentation session by current KAUST PhD students and postdoctoral fellows. Researchers from top-tier universities from all over the world, including Princeton University (US), UCLA (US), UT Austin (US), King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM, Saudi Arabia), Umm Al-Qura University (Saudi Arabia), Meijo University (Japan), and École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EFPL, Switzerland), attended the event and gave presentations. In addition to the speakers from academia, speakers from Saudi Aramco, the Saudi Basic Industries Corporation (SABIC), Intel, and NASA gave presentations at the event. Six young “Bright Minds” scholars from different world- leading universities also spoke at the conference. “We assembled the world’s leading researchers and creative young scholars from academia and industry to exchange ideas and foster a collaborative framework for fundamental and applied research in this area,” said event program chair Dr. Muhammad Mustafa Hussain, KAUST Associate Professor of Electrical Engineering. During his opening remarks for the conference, KAUST President Jean-Lou Chameau noted that presentations given during the event covered “very important topics as to how we can use materials, processes, and systems to do better when it comes to the very important issues that the world faces. I am very excited about what you are doing here, and believe that meetings like this with people from all over the world help advance King Abdullah’s vision for this university.” King Abdullah University of Science and Technology at Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia www.kaust.edu.sa B EACON the نـار ا ةFebruary - March 2014 / Rabi Al-Thani - Jumada Al-Awwal 1435 Volume 4, Issue No. 6 HIDDEN FISH | Continued on p3 KAUST-NSF | Continued on p2 ا نتوقع.ما كن أكثر ملعالمت ا محيطاسماك فيك العديد من ا هنا قد يكونر ايريغوين ، مديرة الدكتور اكزابييوليين بقيادحثين الدلبا فريق من ا قامم والتقنية،لعلو لملك عبد امعة الحمر في جاث البحر ا مركز أبحاته البحرية رحلل الصوتية خبطة من القراءات المستنلبياناتستخدام ا باك التيسماد اقديرات القديمة لعددة النظر في التعالعالم حول االبحاري منطقة تعرف ب م، ف1000 و200 تراوح بينحت عمق ي تعيش تتوسطة العمق. م تعيشك التيسمات الحالية لكمياقديرات ائج إلى أن التلنتاذه ا وأشارت هلمحيطات النظم البيئية ل ، وأنق مختلفة جداتوسطة العملبحار م في منطقة اات في المغذية تدوير ونقل ناحيساحلية منطق اللمناة مثل اتوحة فعال المفسماكور جديداجات من إضافة دستنتذه اة الغذائية. ومكنت هسلسل اللعالم.ة الكربون في اسطة العمق في دورلبحار متو ا ترمز الىنها ،" الشفقسم "نطاقتوسطة العمق البحار م على منطقة ا يطلق البحر السحيقةلشمس إلى أعماقءة بنور المضاه السطحية الميال من انتقا ا بعمليةلقيامع القات في النباتا يمكن للشمس وبالتالي تصل أشعة ا حيث منطقةائج أثبت أن النت أنها، إ من عتامة مياهى الرغمئي. وعل الضوتمثيل الت الحية.لكائنا العديد من اوسطة العمق تحويلبحار مت البياناترب اب تضابئة قد تكون سبك المختسما ا هناك الموجودة إلى أنلحاليةقديرات اشير الت إيريجوين "ت الدكتور يقولتوسطة العمق"،لبحار مك في منطقة اسما طن من ا مليون1000 حواليلعالمت ا محيطاسماك فيجموع كتلة ا نصف مد يقارب من وهذا العدية على بياناتقديرات مبنذه الت. وأضاف "لكن ه ما كان يعتقد سابقا حسبرقة بحثية بواسطة في واسة نشرت مؤخرات درالشباك فقط". وأظهر الصيد بملك عبدامعة اللبحار في جاذ علوم ا، أستافيدتاين كارت الدكتور شتلبحار متوسطةش في ا تعيك التيسما ، أن ا إيريجوينء الدكتور وأحد زم على دقةر كثيرا يؤث بالتاليك الصيد، وهذا من شباعة في الهروبلعمق بار اسماك.اد استخدم لتحديد أعدي تك التالشبات الصيد ب بياناوا بجمعلفكرة، حيث قامذه ا الفريق ه إليهاي توصلئج التلنتا ودعمت استخدام تسعة أشهر با في فترةمختلفةلم اللعات ااق محيطان أعم بيانات ملموقع بالصدى.ة تحديد ا تقنيتلة أسماكا عليها أن كي تحصلن الترح القراءاتقت إيريجوين "ت الدكتور يقولا نعتقد سابقاتجاوز ما كنرض قد تمق على كوكب ار متوسطة العلبحا ا بعشرة أضعاف". المفتوحةلمحيطاتعلية ا مدى فا-قة والغذاءلطا المحيطاتة في ا النظم البيئيلبحار هو أن علوم اسائد في مجالد العتقا انتقالحية ا ناساحلية منطق اللمناعلية من اة هي أقل فاحة والعميق المفتوولية منها ات البحرية سواءلكائنا انتجهاي تقة التلطااد الغذائية وا المو2 تمه صفحة تختبئةك اا ا الشفق"حيطات "نطاق اHIDDEN FISH IN THE OCEAN’S “TWILIGHT ZONE” THERE may be a lot more fish in the world’s oceans than we thought. An international team of researchers led by Dr. Xabier Irigoien, Director of KAUST’s Red Sea Research Center, used acoustic readings taken during an around-the-world voyage to revisit old estimates of fish populations living between 200 and 1000 meters depth—a region known as the mesopelagic zone. Their results suggest that current estimates of mesopelagic fish quantities are off by an order of magnitude, and that open-ocean ecosystems are as efficient as coastal regions in cycling nutrients up the food chain. Together, these conclusions may assign mesopelagic fish a previously unrecognized role in the world’s carbon cycle. Sometimes referred to as the ocean’s “twilight zone,” the mesopelagic marks the transition from sunlit surface waters to the black abyss below. Not enough light reaches mesopelagic depths to allow for photosynthesis. But although it’s dim, it’s anything but empty. SNEAKY FISH MAY SKEW DATA “Up to now it was estimated that there were about 1000 million tonnes of mesopelagic fish,” said Prof. Irigoien, a number corresponding to roughly half of the total mass of fish previously thought to inhabit the world’s oceans. “But this estimation was based on fishing with nets—trawling,” he said. A recent paper by Prof. Irigoien’s colleague Dr. Stein Kaartvedt, Professor of Marine Sciences at KAUST, demonstrated that mesopelagic fish are adept at dodging nets, and thus deep sea trawling efforts could drastically underestimate true fish populations. The team’s findings support this idea. Using a kind of echo-location to estimate the density of biomass at different depths, they gathered nine months of data from across the world’s oceans. “We found that to have just 1000 million tonnes was almost impossible,” Prof. Irigoien said. “There must be about ten times more mesopelagic fish on the planet than we previously thought.” ENERGY- AND NUTRIENT-EFFICIENT OPEN OCEANS Conventional wisdom in marine science suggests that deep, open ocean ecosystems are less efficient than coastal regions at moving nutrients and energy generated by primary producers—in this case phytoplankton—up to its mid and top-tier predators. But using a computer model paired with the acoustic results, the team’s findings suggest the opposite. INSIDE: Research 6-7 Community 8 News 1-3 WEP 4-5
Transcript
KAUST and the US National Science Foundation
(NSF) jointly organized the KAUST-NSF
Conference on Electronic Materials, Devices, and
Systems for a Sustainable Future, which was held
on the University campus from February 8-10.
The program was sponsored by the NSF, the
KAUST Office of Competitive Research Funds
(OCRF), the KAUST Industrial Collaboration
Program (KICP), and the University’s Computer,
Electrical, and Mathematical Sciences and
Engineering (CEMSE) and Physical Sciences and
Engineering (PSE ) Divisions.
The conference featured three days of
interactive talks, presentations, and networking
sessions, and a poster presentation session by
current KAUST PhD students and postdoctoral
fellows. Researchers from top-tier universities
from all over the world, including Princeton
University (US), UCLA (US), UT Austin (US),
King Fahd University of Petroleum and
Minerals (KFUPM, Saudi Arabia), Umm Al-Qura
University (Saudi Arabia), Meijo University
(Japan), and École Polytechnique Fédérale de
Lausanne (EFPL, Switzerland), attended the
event and gave presentations.
In addition to the speakers from academia,
speakers from Saudi Aramco, the Saudi Basic
Industries Corporation (SABIC), Intel, and NASA
gave presentations at the event. Six young
“Bright Minds” scholars from different world-
leading universities also spoke at the conference.
“We assembled the world’s leading researchers
and creative young scholars from academia
and industry to exchange ideas and foster a
collaborative framework for fundamental and
applied research in this area,” said event program
chair Dr. Muhammad Mustafa Hussain, KAUST
Associate Professor of Electrical Engineering.
During his opening remarks for the conference,
KAUST President Jean-Lou Chameau noted that
presentations given during the event covered
“very important topics as to how we can use
materials, processes, and systems to do better
when it comes to the very important issues that
the world faces. I am very excited about what you
are doing here, and believe that meetings like this
with people from all over the world help advance
King Abdullah’s vision for this university.”
King Abdullah University of Science and technology at thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
www.kaust.edu.sa
BEACONthe ة املنـار
February - March 2014 / Rabi Al-thani - Jumada Al-Awwal 1435 volume 4, Issue No. 6
HiDDen FisH | Continued on p3Kaust-nsF | Continued on p2
قد يكون هناك العديد من األسماك في محيطات العالم أكثر مما كنا نتوقع. مدير ، ايريغوين اكزابيير الدكتور بقيادة الدوليين الباحثين من فريق قام والتقنية، للعلوم اهلل عبد الملك جامعة في األحمر البحر أبحاث مركز البحرية رحلته الصوتية خالل القراءات من المستنبطة البيانات باستخدام التي األسماك لعدد القديمة التقديرات في النظر إلعادة العالم حول بالبحار تعرف منطقة في م، و1000 200 بين يتراوح عمق تحت تعيش
متوسطة العمق. وأشارت هذه النتائج إلى أن التقديرات الحالية لكميات األسماك التي تعيش في منطقة البحار متوسطة العمق مختلفة جدًا، وأن النظم البيئية للمحيطات المفتوحة فعالة مثل المناطق الساحلية من ناحية تدوير ونقل المغذيات في السلسلة الغذائية. ومكنت هذه االستنتاجات من إضافة دور جديد ألسماك
البحار متوسطة العمق في دورة الكربون في العالم. يطلق على منطقة البحار متوسطة العمق اسم "نطاق الشفق"، ألنها ترمز الى االنتقال من المياه السطحية المضاءة بنور الشمس إلى أعماق البحر السحيقة حيث ال تصل أشعة الشمس وبالتالي ال يمكن للنباتات في القاع القيام بعملية التمثيل الضوئي. وعلى الرغم من عتامة مياهها، إال أن النتائج أثبت أن منطقة
البحار متوسطة العمق تحوي العديد من الكائنات الحية.
األسماك المختبئة قد تكون سبب تضارب البيانات هناك أن إلى الموجودة الحالية التقديرات "تشير إيريجوين الدكتور يقول العمق"، البحار متوسطة في منطقة األسماك مليون طن من حوالي 1000 العالم محيطات في األسماك كتلة مجموع نصف من يقارب العدد وهذا حسب ما كان يعتقد سابقًا. وأضاف "لكن هذه التقديرات مبنية على بيانات الصيد بالشباك فقط". وأظهرت دراسة نشرت مؤخرًا في ورقة بحثية بواسطة عبداهلل الملك جامعة في البحار علوم أستاذ كارتفيدت، شتاين الدكتور وأحد زمالء الدكتور إيريجوين ، أن األسماك التي تعيش في البحار متوسطة العمق بارعة في الهروب من شباك الصيد، وهذا بالتالي يؤثر كثيرًا على دقة
بيانات الصيد بالشباك التي تستخدم لتحديد أعداد األسماك. بجمع قاموا حيث الفكرة، هذه الفريق إليها توصل التي النتائج ودعمت بيانات من أعماق محيطات العالم المختلفة في فترة تسعة أشهر باستخدام
تقنية تحديد الموقع بالصدى. يقول الدكتور إيريجوين "تقترح القراءات التي تحصلنا عليها أن كتلة أسماك نعتقد سابقًا كنا ما تتجاوز قد األرض على كوكب العمق متوسطة البحار
بعشرة أضعاف".
الطاقة والغذاء- مدى فاعلية المحيطات المفتوحة المحيطات في البيئية النظم أن هو البحار علوم مجال في السائد االعتقاد انتقال ناحية من الساحلية المناطق من فاعلية أقل هي والعميقة المفتوحة منها األولية سواًء البحرية الكائنات تنتجها التي والطاقة الغذائية المواد
تتمه صفحة 2
األمساك املختبئة يف املحيطات "نطاق الشفق"
HIddEN FISH IN tHE OCEAN’S “tWIlIgHt ZONE”
THERE may be a lot more fish in the world’s oceans than we thought.
An international team of researchers led by Dr. Xabier Irigoien, Director
of KAUST’s Red Sea Research Center, used acoustic readings taken during
an around-the-world voyage to revisit old estimates of fish populations
living between 200 and 1000 meters depth—a region known as the
mesopelagic zone.
Their results suggest that current estimates of mesopelagic fish quantities
are off by an order of magnitude, and that open-ocean ecosystems are
as efficient as coastal regions in cycling nutrients up the food chain.
Together, these conclusions may assign mesopelagic fish a previously
unrecognized role in the world’s carbon cycle.
Sometimes referred to as the ocean’s “twilight zone,” the mesopelagic
marks the transition from sunlit surface waters to the black abyss below.
Not enough light reaches mesopelagic depths to allow for photosynthesis.
But although it’s dim, it’s anything but empty.
SnEaky FiSh May SkEW daTa
“Up to now it was estimated that there were about 1000 million tonnes
of mesopelagic fish,” said Prof. Irigoien, a number corresponding to roughly
half of the total mass of fish previously thought to inhabit the world’s oceans.
“But this estimation was based on fishing with nets—trawling,” he said.
A recent paper by Prof. Irigoien’s colleague Dr. Stein Kaartvedt, Professor
of Marine Sciences at KAUST, demonstrated that mesopelagic fish are
adept at dodging nets, and thus deep sea trawling efforts could drastically
underestimate true fish populations.
The team’s findings support this idea. Using a kind of echo-location
to estimate the density of biomass at different depths, they gathered nine
months of data from across the world’s oceans.
“We found that to have just 1000 million tonnes was almost impossible,”
Prof. Irigoien said. “There must be about ten times more mesopelagic fish
on the planet than we previously thought.”
EnErGy- and nuTriEnT-EFFiciEnT OPEn OcEanS
Conventional wisdom in marine science suggests that deep, open ocean
ecosystems are less efficient than coastal regions at moving nutrients and
energy generated by primary producers—in this case phytoplankton—up to
its mid and top-tier predators. But using a computer model paired with the
acoustic results, the team’s findings suggest the opposite.
INSIdE: Research 6-7 Community 8News 1-3 WEP 4-5
KAUSt SPE StUdENt CHAPtER vISItS MARJAN OIlFIEld
ON JANUARY 28, six students from the KAUST student chapter of the Society of Petroleum Engineers
(SPE) visited the Saudi Aramco-operated offshore Marjan oilfield for a tour of Aramco’s facilities there.
The Marjan facilities, which are located in the Arabian Gulf, were completed in 1993. Once
complete, Marjan’s facilities became some of the largest in the world, and include two 250,000
barrels per day (BPD) gas-oil separation plants (GOSPs) and an offshore gas-compression plant.
The SPE chapter traveled from Jeddah to Tanajib, and then from Tanajib by helicopter to the
Marjan-3 platform. There they were briefed about safety procedures at the facility and watched a
presentation about the platform’s operations. Later they visited the ARB-3 repair barge, one of the
largest in the Gulf, also located at Marjan-3.
“For all of the SPE students, this trip was a memorable event and an unforgettable learning
experience,” said SPE member Klemens Katterbauer, a PhD student in Earth Science and Engineering.
“It was a wonderful opportunity for us, especially considering the close links between KAUST and
Saudi Aramco.”
glOBAl COllABORAtIvE RESEARCH SyMPOSIUM
KAUST is celebrating the major accomplishments of the Global Collaborative Research (GCR) programs by
hosting a two-day symposium from March 26-27, 2014.
The GCR programs were launched in 2008, engaging over 30 world-class institutions from Asia,
Europe, and North America. These programs were instrumental in the institutional development of
KAUST during its start-up period, and the symposium will highlight key science and innovation
accomplishments produced in partnership with KAUST. It will also be an occasion for GCR partners
to engage with the wider research and academic community on-campus, seeing first-hand how
KAUST has evolved during its first few years. All members of the KAUST research and academic
community are invited to attend the symposium.
FISHINg ECONOMICS 101
FOLLOWING a week-long course on
basic economics such as supply and
demand, pricing, and marketing, several
students from The KAUST Schools (TKS)
showcased their newly learned skills at
a community fish auction on February
18. Emad Al-Sharif, Payroll & Off
Cycle Team Lead in the KAUST Finance
Department and president of the Thuwal-
based Anglers Club, shares, “This idea
came from wanting to teach students about local fishing culture, basic business principals, and
building self-confidence in a fun activity that the community could enjoy.”
Along with fellow Anglers Club members Maaz Khawaji, Nehal Nassar, and Shereen Bawazeer,
Al-Sharif relied heavily on the support of TKS Assistant Principal of the Secondary Schools Cabby
Tennis, who ensured the course aligned with the TKS curriculum and, the students were well
prepared for the auction. The short course, which also included a field trip to the daily Thuwal
fish auction, culminated with KAUST’s first fish auction at Discovery Square, where hundreds of
kilograms of fish were auctioned by the students to community members. Coastline and Recreation
teams were on hand at the event to clean and grill fish upon request so buyers could enjoy their
fresh fish on site.
CAllINg All ARtIStS OF KAUSt
THE KAUST community is invited to submit their original works of visual art for display as part of the
annual Artists of KAUST exhibit in the University Library. ZZZZZEntries must be submitted by March 19.
All forms of art media are welcome, including paintings, photographs, textiles, jewelry, sculpture,
and ceramics, and you may submit more than one piece. Work shown in previous Artists of KAUST
exhibits is ineligible for inclusion.
To submit your work, please visit http://libguides.kaust.edu.sa/artexhibit. Note that submissions
must be ready to hang or display (the library cannot arrange printing or framing). A committee
made up of community members will review all exhibition material. Final acceptance for the
exhibit is contingent upon the review of the committee.
The art exhibition will open with a reception on April 20 from 5:00 – 7:00 p.m. and will run
until April 30.
News2 February - March 2014 The Beacon
THE PAST month brought many exciting events and achievements to the KAUST community
and the University. From discoveries made in the world’s oceans and in the Red Sea by scientists
from the Red Sea Research Center, to a fish auction in Discovery Square, to the publishing
of innovative and collaborative research from the Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials
Research Center, the University has been abuzz with activity.
Successful collaborations with high-profile organizations, including the US National Science
Foundation (NSF) and the University of California, Berkeley, resulted in two achievements for
the University: the first KAUST-NSF Conference on Electronic Materials, Devices, and Systems
for a Sustainable Future, and the completion of the 2014 edition of the KAUST/UC Berkeley
Entrepreneurship Program.
On page 4, join us in our coverage of the wrap up of the 2014 Winter Enrichment
Program, as the Office of Enrichment Programs announces its plans to offer similar, shorter
programs throughout the year. These will bring even more vibrancy to our already busy
NEW dIRECtOR OF tECHNOlOgy tRANSFER ANd INNOvAtION
SCIENCE OF StARtUPS: UClA’S dR. AydOgAN OZCAN USES CEll PHONES AS OPtICAl MICROSCOPES
كالعوالق النباتية أو الكائنات البحرية المفترسة. ولكن معالجة طريق عن الفريق إليها توصل التي النتائج عكس أثبتت الكمبيوتر بواسطة الصوتية البيانات "المحيطات ذلك إيريجوين الدكتور ويوضح ذلك. المفتوحة مثل البحار الساحلية أو قد تزيد عنها من
حيث كفاءة سلسلتها الغذائية".
اكتشاف دورات الكربون في األعماق تعد المياه متوسطة العمق موطنا لنوع من األسماك الشفافة تسمى cyclothone، التي يبلغ طولها بصورة أن إال ورغم صغرها بضعة سنتيمترات. عامة مجرد عددها كبير جدًا. حتى أن التقديرات المبدئية تؤكد cyclothone في منطقة أن الكتلة الحيوية ألسماك البحار متوسطة العمق تجعلها أكثر الفقاريات عددًا
على األرض. من مجموعات تصعد الصغيرة، األعماق كوحوش لتصطاد ليلة كل العمق متوسطة البحار أسماك المحيطات أسطح على الطافية الحيوانية العوالق المفتوحة. ثم تعود إلى األعماق خالل الفجر وبطونها ممتلئة بالمواد العضوية – خصوصًا الكربون - تحت
إيريجوين الدكتور ويقول أكثر. أو متر 500 عمق أكسيد ثاني ضخ سرعة في تساهم الهجرة "هذه في الحيوية الكتلة لتقديرات وبالنظر الكربون". البحار متوسطة العمق السابق ذكرها يتبين أن هذه الهجرة تساهم بشكل كبير في الدورات البيولوجية الكيميائية في العالم وهي مسألة تحتاج إلى المزيد من الدراسة. ويوضح إيريجوين ذلك "مع التقديرات الجديدة يتبين لنا أن أسماك البحار متوسطة العمق لدورة األولي الناتج من %10 الى 1 تساهم بمعدل
الكربون على السطح". تعني ال األسماك هذه وفرة فإن الحظ، ولسوء فهذه لإلنسان. غذائي كمصدر وفرتها بالضرورة األسماك في عمومها كائنات صغيرة ودهنية، وتعيش في أعماق سحيقة جدًا ومتناثرة عبر محيطات العالم وال تجذب أي اهتمام تجاري. ومع ذلك، تعتبر جزءًا مهمًا من النظام الغذائي لسمك التونة الذي نتناوله. مجلة في الفريق إليها توصل التي النتائج ونشرت nature communications 2014 فبراير 7 بتاريخ "Large Mesopelagic Fishes Biomass and Trophic
Efficiency in the Open Ocean"
“The open ocean is as efficient, if not more, than
the coastal seas in terms of its trophic chain,” Prof.
Irigoien said.
diScOvErinG carBOn cycLES OF ThE dEEP
The mesopelagic zone is home to a genus of
translucent fish called Cyclothone, which measure
just a few centimeters in length. But what they
lack in size they make up for in number. Even the
early, low estimates of mesopelagic biomass make
Cyclothone the most abundant vertebrate on Earth.
Like tiny monsters of the deep, legions of
mesopelagic fish ascend through the darkness
each night to hunt zooplankton drifting in the
surface waters of the open ocean. At dawn
they descend again to wait out the day, carrying
bellies full of organic material—essentially
carbon—some 500 meters or more down from
the surface.
“By doing that migration,” Irigoien said, “they
are accelerating the CO2 pump.” Given previous
mesopelagic biomass estimates, this contribution
to global biogeochemical cycles was deemed
insignificant, but this thinking may have to be
revised. “With the new estimate, we calculate that
mesopelagic fish are respiring between one and ten
percent of the primary production produced at the
surface,” he said.
Unfortunately, this abundance of fish doesn’t
translate directly to an abundance of food for
humans. Mesopelagic fish are generally small,
fatty, and too deep and dispersed through the
world’s oceans to be of commercial interest. They
are, however, an important part of the diet of the
tuna we eat.
The team’s findings were published in Nature
Communications on February ("Large Mesopelagic
Fishes Biomass and Trophic Efficiency in the Open
Ocean” doi: 10.1038/ncomms4271)
تتمة الصفحة األولى:
timothy Paul, solar Pioneers Project manager, mesia with georg eitelhuber, founder and ceo of nomaDD
sohail malik
THE 2014 WINTER Enrichment Program (WEP) celebrated all its
successes with a Closing Ceremony and Gala Dinner on January
29. WEP 2014 Chair William Roberts, Professor of Mechanical
Engineering at KAUST, took the occasion to offer warm thanks to
this year’s sponsors: The King Abdulaziz Center for World Culture,
the Yanbu Aramco Sinopec Refining (YASREF) Company, the Saudi
Arabian Basic Industries Corporation (SABIC), the Construction
Products Holding Company (CPC), and the National Water Company,
as well as Lufthansa, WEP’s official airline sponsor.
“In addition to the corporate sponsors, WEP’s success wouldn’t have
been possible without the tireless efforts and support of the hundreds
of individuals from across the University and community,” shared
Marie-Laure Boulot, Enrichment Program Manager. At the closing
ceremony, awards were handed out to winners of the Science Fun Fair,
the Poster Competition, and the various WEP 2014 sporting events.
The 2014 program was the fifth edition of WEP and included over
200 lectures, courses, events, and workshops led by international
experts, in-Kingdom leaders, and KAUST speakers. Looking into the
future the WEP team plans to provide even more opportunities for the
KAUST community to expand its horizons, by offering smaller, similar
programs throughout the year. Look for forthcoming details from the
Office of Enrichment Programs in the coming months.
2014 WEP POStER COMPEtItIONS
February - March 2014 The BeaconWEP4
FOR THE THIRD year, WEP held an Alumni Lecture Series to
showcase the achievements of a select group, giving them the
opportunity to share their stories of their continuing journeys
- whether at KAUST or elsewhere. In addition to the lecture
series, this year’s speakers - Luca Passone, Felipe Villa, and
Matthew Debont, also spoke at an alumni reception for local
and regional alumni.
Having joined KAUST as a founding student in Computer
Science in 2009, Luca Passone earned an MS in High Performance
Computing, and is now completing a PhD in Earth Sciences. He
told the luncheon audience that he considers KAUST to be his
extended family. Matching his love for flying mini-copters and
photography, he joined efforts with a computational archaeologist
at KAUST to launch a company to conduct imaging and
conservation work on archaeological sites and other structures.
Felipe Villa, a master’s graduate in Marine Science, has
launched his own sustainability and green infrastructure
company in his native Columbia. Having studied the negative
effects of human impacts on coral reefs while at KAUST, he
felt inspired by current world conditions to take concrete and
practical steps to promote environmental sustainability.
Matthew Debont said that he immediately had the sense,
even before coming to KAUST, that this was a place where
there was almost no limit to what he could do. A master’s
graduate in Computer Science, he now works in the UK in
nature conservation.
2014 ANNUAl AlUMNI lUNCHEON
WEP 2014 A SUCCESS
kaust alumni luca Passone, matthew Debont, and felipe Villa.
THE RESEARCH Poster Competitions are an ideal opportunity for
students and postdocs to share the results of their hard work and
present their research to visitors and the community at KAUST. Each
year two competitions take place during WEP: the International
Undergraduate Poster Competition and the KAUST Graduate Student
and Postdoc Poster Competition.
Every year hundreds of international undergraduates from world
renowned universities submit abstracts for their research. From
these entries, 50 students are selected and invited to come to KAUST
to present in the competition. For WEP 2014, the undergraduate
competition received over 600 submissions. Selected students spend
a week at KAUST taking part in WEP activities, visiting the labs,
and meeting with faculty members. They also take part in recreation
activities, including snorkeling and a field trip to the historical region
of Jeddah, Al-Balad.
The KAUST Graduate Student and Postdoc competition is also
a competitive research poster event, allowing KAUST students to
showcase their ideas and highlight the research that is taking place
at KAUST. This year’s poster competition was organized by WEP
Co-Chair Prof. Enzo Di Fabrizio.
A single judging committee for both competitions is carefully
selected from professors and faculty members of different research
centers. Judging is based on quality, completeness, and impact of the
work, as well as on the visual clarity of the posters.
A prestigious Award Ceremony is held for both competitions, where
trophies and prize money are awarded to the winners and runners-up.
KAUST President Jean-Lou Chameau and James Calvin, VP for
Academic Affairs, presented the awards.
Prof. Calvin thanked the students for their commitment in presenting
their posters and revealed that he had "undeniably spent the best six
and half hours of the year so far" looking at them. President Chameau
also addressed the gathering of students, encouraging them to go on
and accomplish something of importance. "Don't let your life run
you, run your life, do exciting things and do them with passion. Good
luck," he said.
the Winners for 2014 Were:
inTErnaTiOnaL undErGraduaTE WinnErS:
First Place: Tara Sowrirajan, Inverse Opal Hydrogel Sensors for the
Detection of Endospore Viability, California Institute of Technology
Second Place: Hussah Albehaijan, Well-Defined Polymers for
Virotherapy, The University of Nottingham
Joint Third Place: Jarvis Li, Nanoelectromechanical Membrane
Mass Sensing Using Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization,
California Institute of Technology
LiJuan Wang, Mobile Imaging System for Early Diagnosis of Skin
Cancer, Singapore University of Technology and Design
GraduaTE and Phd WinnErS:
First Place: Karmen AbuZineh, BESE, Toward Super-Resolution
Fluorescence Imaging of Nanoscale Architecture of Membrane
Proteins and Their Ligands
Second Place: Ahmed Ben Slimane, EMSE, Selective Electro-Chemical
Etching Process for Flexible Solid State Light Emitting Devices
Third Place: Furrukh Sana, EMSE, Low-Cost UWB Sensor for Non-
Contact Monitoring of Respiratory Movements
POSTdOcTOraL WinnErS:
First Place: Stefano Castruccio, EMSE, A Distributed Computing
Approach to Model 1 Billion data points
Second Place: Ahmed Elwardani, PSE, Unimolecular Decomposition
of Formic and Acetic Acids Using Shock Tube and Laser Diagnostics
Third Place: Jun Pan, PSE, Photovoltaic-Quality Colloidal PbS
Quantum Dots Using Separate Nucleation and Growth Stages
Flow System.
5WEP February - March 2014
the 2014 kaust-uc berkeley entrepreneurship program participants, instructors, and new Ventures team.
www.kaust.edu.sa
THE KAUST/UC Berkeley Entrepreneurship program offered during
WEP recently recognized its 2014 edition participants at a gala
concluding the annual ten-day fast track course as part of WEP
2014. The diverse group of KAUST master’s and PhD students,
researchers, and staff learned about the entrepreneurship journey
through a hands-on and customer-focused methodology. Some of
program's participants were also from Effat University, PepsiCo,
SEDCO, Abdul Latif Jameel Company, and JGC Corporation in
Japan. The co-branded program was led by two experienced Silicon
Valley serial entrepreneurs: Andre Marquis, Executive Director of
the Lester Center for Entrepreneurship at UC Berkeley; and Mark
Searle, a technology startup senior executive.
“We’ve been very impressed by the students,” said Marquis. The
UC Berkeley program, which normally runs for seven weeks, was
adapted to fit the ten-day version of the program at KAUST. During
the regular program, students are required to go out and interview
100 customers. But during the recent KAUST/ UC Berkeley program,
Marquis was pleased to report that the KAUST teams had already
interviewed “over 40 people in the first week of the program.”
The Silicon Valley entrepreneurs were equally impressed
with KAUST’s New Ventures group’s “level of organization and
commitment to entrepreneurship.” Searle said that much like MIT in
the United States, KAUST stands out in Saudi Arabia and the region
as a leading institution successfully marrying the focus on science
and technology research and entrepreneurship.
Defining this nexus between scientific innovation and
entrepreneurship present at KAUST, Searle added: “When we teach
entrepreneurship at engineering schools, we always have the concern
that the teams will be all engineers and scientists and that they won’t
have an affinity for, understanding of, or even an appreciation for
business and human factor considerations. But we’ve been really
surprised by the balance and the attitudes of the teams at KAUST.”
ThE cuSTOMEr diScOvEry PrOcESS
“The number one reason why startups fail is because they don’t
have enough paying customers. So there really must be a match
between an entrepreneur's vision and what customers really
want,” said Marquis. This could be manifested in the form of a
novel technology offered, a new business opportunity created
by changes in regulations, or changes in existing technology.
So the program is about learning the process of seeking out and
identifying those needs and opportunities. “A common mistake
that startups make is that they take a lot of time and energy
building a product that nobody wants,” Searle warned.
The framework for the class comes from Steve Blank’s Lean
LaunchPad methodology, which he developed at UC/Berkeley.
The teams were also taught to use Alexander Osterwalder’s
Business Model Canvas approach. These combined business
start-up practices place a strong emphasis on what’s called the
customer discovery process. The basic idea is to actively learn
about customers and their problems, and find feasible ways to
respond to those key needs. It’s a process of inquiry and discovery.
Tariq Malas, a KAUST PhD student, said: “After talking to
customers we made a lot of changes. Had we gone to customers
at the end, we would have made a big mistake. However, meeting
customers at the beginning really helped us modify the product as
much as possible to meet customer demand.” His teammate Othman
Soufan, also a KAUST PhD student, concurred saying: “A product
that doesn't answer customers’ needs is actually a waste of time.”
Kinda Dahlan, one of the program’s participants and a member of
KAUST’s IT Department, said that her team enjoyed going through the
program because the customer discovery process opened their eyes to
the fact their business idea did not fit with the market. Equipped with
this knowledge and the experience gained from attempting to launch
the product, she is now convinced their future entrepreneurship
endeavors promise to start on a stronger footing.
Marquis believes that KAUST students, faculty,
and staff are particularly well suited for
the process of discovery approach: “Being
at KAUST, which after all is an institution
around science and technology, and is also
an institution of discovery and learning, I think
explains why they take so well to the process.
It’s much like the scientific process so they’re
comfortable at the bottom level
with how this works. We’re just
teaching them how to do that
with customers.”
AS PART of WEP 2014, a weeklong short course on Chebfun (http://www.
chebfun.org) was offered. Chebfun is an extension of the pervasive engineering
and scientific computational toolkit MATLAB to continuous functions. It extends
familiar methods of numerical computation involving numbers and vectors to
continuous or piecewise-continuous functions. It also implements continuous
analogs of linear algebra notions like the QR decomposition and the SVD, and
it solves ordinary differential equations.
“Chebfun is great for pedagogy, but also for so much more,” says Dr. David
Keyes, KAUST Professor of Applied Mathematics and Computational Science. “It
offers guaranteed accuracy solutions to a variety of operator equation problems
posed on finite intervals or in tensor product domains. All KAUST researchers
have access to Chebfun on top of the site-wide support of MATLAB.”
“Chebfun’s history overlaps with the history of KAUST,” Prof. Keyes explains.
“The first WEP weeklong short course in January 2010 was also the first Chebfun
weeklong short course. It was given by Professor Nick Trefethen from the University
of Oxford (UK), Chebfun’s proponent at Oxford, where the first version of the
software was created, and then-Oxford PhD candidate Nick Hale to a large number
of KAUST students from several disciplines.”
The 2014 WEP course was offered by Dr. Nick Hale, who is now a postdoctoral
scientist at the Oxford Centre for Collaborative Applied Mathematics (OCCAM), and
Alex Townsend, an Oxford PhD student at the university’s Mathematics Institute.
OCCAM is linked with KAUST through its KAUST Visiting Fellows Scheme (KVF),
which has allowed Dr. Hale to carry out three extended visits to KAUST.
Both Dr. Hale and Townsend have worked on developing updated versions
of Chebfun. In developing Chebfun’s performance and its functionality,
Dr. Hale and Townsend have obtained breakthroughs in algorithms for
orthogonal polynomials, including a new algorithm that enables
Chebfun to compute a million Gauss quadrature nodes and weights
to machine precision in seconds, and algorithms for converting
between Legendre and Chebyshev expansions.
lEARNINg tHE ROAdMAP tO BUSINESS SUCCESS
CHEBFUN 2014
KAUST postdoctoral fellow Dr. Yihan Zhu and Associate Professor of Chemical Science Yu Han from
the Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Research Center and a team of researchers from other
international universities recently published a paper in the Journal of the American Chemical Society
examining the synthesis of mesoporous aluminosilicate zeolite Beta from a commercial cationic polymer
(http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja411117y).
Zeolites are microporous crystalline solids that contain silicon, aluminum, and oxygen in their
framework structure. Within their pores, they contain cations, water, and other molecules. Some zeolites
are synthetic, and others occur naturally as minerals. Because of their porous nature, they have many
different uses in industry, and are widely used for various applications.
“Zeolites have special size and shape selectivity, but their small pore size of less than 1 nanometer
restricts their catalytic application to the conversion of small molecules, and also diminishes their long-
term catalytic activity,” says Dr. Zhu. “Integrating mesopores with a diameter of 2-50 nanometers into
microporous zeolites would circumvent the limitations imposed by their small pore sizes, and would make
them applicable to catalysis involving large molecules. Mesopores would also allow for the support of
additional catalytic active sites to produce multi-functional catalysts.”
However, Dr. Zhu notes, it has proven challenging to synthesize highly mesoporous zeolites. In their
paper, he and the research team developed an efficient synthetic process to fabricate a mesoporous zeolite.
Additionally, they characterized its microscopic structure and evaluated its catalytic performance for
several different reactions.
“The novelty of our method lies in the use of a cationic polymer that acts as a dual-function template
to generate zeolitic micropores and mesopores simultaneously,” explains Dr. Zhu. His and the team’s
work is “the first demonstration of a single non-surfactant polymer acting as such a template,” he says.
The mesoporous zeolite produced by the team’s work has a large pore volume and higher catalytic
activities than conventional bulk zeolite in several model reactions they examined. “More interestingly,”
says Dr. Zhu, “despite being highly mesoporous, the material is single crystalline, which in turn brings
excellent hydrothermal stability that is an important criterion for catalysts with potential uses in
petrochemical applications.”
The team’s work shows that high-quality mesoporous zeolites can be easily synthesized from low-
cost processes, which will enable their large-scale production. “By a proper design of the synthesis, it is
possible to integrate micropores and mesopores into one material in the form of a single crystal,” notes
Dr. Zhu. “Using a non-surfactant polymer as a dual-function template is essential to producing such a
material. We also hope our study shows that advanced electron microscopy techniques are powerful for
characterizing complicated 3D structures at the scale of the nanometer and below,” he adds.
Research6 The BeaconFebruary - March 2014
AdvANCEd MEMBRANES ANd POROUS MAtERIAlS tEAM SyNtHESIZES HIgHly MESOPOROUS ZEOlItES
PROF. HAdJICHRIStIdIS NAMEd POly FEllOW
HAMIdOU tEMBINE RECEIvES IEEE COMSOC EMEA REgIONAl yOUNg RESEARCHER OF tHE yEAR AWARd
PROF. PEtER MARKOWICH AWARdEd MEdAl By PARIS FOUNdAtION OF MAtHEMAtICS
accolaDe
PROF. NIKTOS Hadjichristidis was recently selected as a
2014 POLY Fellow. This award was established in 2009 by
the Polymer Chemistry Division of the American Chemical
Society (ACS) and recognizes excellence in advancing
the field of polymer science, either through scientific
accomplishments, service to the profession, or both. The
2014 awardees will be honored during a ceremony at the
Spring ACS Meeting in Texas, US.
Prof. Hadjichristidis, Professor of Chemical Science
in the KAUST Catalysis Center, has previously been
awarded the ACS PMSE A. K. Doolittle Award (2003), the
International Award of the Society of Polymer Science,
Japan (2007), the ACS PMSE Cooperative Research
Award (2010), and the Chemistry of Thermoplastic
Elastomers Award of ACS, Rubber Division, US (2011).
He was elected as a PMSE Fellow for 2004 and was the
“Ralph Milkovich” Memorial Lecturer for 2006 at the
University of Akron.
DR. HAMIDOU Tembine, KAUST Senior Research Scientist
from the SRI Center for Uncertainty Quantification, won
the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
Communications Society (ComSoc) Europe, Middle East,
and Africa region (EMEA) Young Researcher of the Year
award for his innovative research activities.
The IEEE Young Researcher of the Year Award is
sponsored by the IEEE EMEA region. The award honors
researchers under 35 who have been active in the IEEE
through ComSoc publication and conference activities
over the past three years.
Dr. Tembine graduated with highest honors in Applied
Mathematics from École Polytechnique (Palaiseau,
France) in 2006 and received his PhD degree with highest
honors in Computer Science from the French Institute
for Research in Computer Science and Automation
(INRIA) and the University of Avignon (France) in 2009.
Dr. Tembine’s main research interests are evolutionary
games, mean field stochastic games, distributed strategic
learning, and the applications of these areas. He has
received five best paper awards for his research in the
applications of game theory, and has published over 130
journal and conference papers.
“I am extremely honored to receive this award,
and the credit also goes to all those on our research
team, including our collaborators and co-authors,”
said Dr. Tembine.
THE PARIS Foundation of Mathematics recently honored KAUST Professor of Applied
Mathematics Peter A. Markowich, with the presentation of a medal in recognition of
his life’s work. The event, held on January 24 in Paris, also marked the closure of Prof.
Markowich’s top-level designation as Chair of the institution.
The task of the foundation is to interlink Paris mathematicians with the rest of
the world. “Paris is one of the international top centers of mathematics,” said Prof.
Markowich. “Probably no other place in the world has the same combination of
high density and high quality of mathematics going on as in Paris” . The award also
recognizes Prof. Markowich’s contribution and long-established collaborations with
French and Parisian mathematics in particular.
“If I count my collaborators and divide them by geography, certainly the Paris area
would take probably 50% of my in international collaborations. It’s an incredible
center of mathematics and particularly of partial differential equations, which is
my research area. I’ve been working with French mathematicians
throughout my career from very early on. My top ten papers
were probably joint with Paris-area mathematicians,” Prof.
Markowich further details.
The event took the form of a workshop featuring five
lecturers (including one from KAUST, Dr. Marie-Therese
Wolfram) and focusing on partial differential equations
in the social sciences. As Prof. Markowich explained,
specific applications in the social sciences include
human crowd motion modeling and control, which
is of particular interest to Saudi Arabia in relation to
the large number of pilgrims visiting Makkah and the
confined spaces there.
kaust postdoctoral fellow yihan Zhu works in the lab to examine the properties of the research team’s synthesized highly mesoporous zeolite.
MARINE scientists from KAUST’s Red Sea Research Center (RSRC)
have operated the first measurements of deep-sea coral from the
Red Sea. The continuing research, which was first reported in the
October 2013 edition of Nature Scientific Reports (DOI: 10. 1038/
srep02802), represents a major shift in the current understanding
of temperature and salinity resilience of deep-sea corals.
The existing body of knowledge around deep-sea corals focuses
almost exclusively on cold-water environments. Deep-sea corals
look different from the shallow water corals found in colorful
reefs typically explored during snorkeling or diving trips. Deep-
sea corals grow at a slower rate. Because corals need nutrients
to develop, distinct ecosystems and environmental changes
determine their attributes.
In colder temperatures, the food corals need to survive decays at
a slower rate, while warm water accelerates turnover. As the Red
Sea is very warm, it has long been a question as to whether or not
deep-sea corals were present.
As Prof. Christian Voolstra from RSRC explains, the last known
study of deep-sea corals in the Red Sea dates back to about a
hundred years ago. A study was first published by Austrian
researcher E. Marenzeller, but biological measurements were not
available at that time. “So we basically followed the discovery a
hundred years later with new instruments,” Prof. Voolstra said.
In December 2011, a team from KAUST set out on a ship for
seven days to find deep-sea corals in the Red Sea. After generating
a topographic map of the seabed, they employed an underwater
robot to monitor promising locations and were successful in
retrieving specimens from three different species at depths of 300-
750 meters and at temperatures exceeding 20 ºc.
“This discovery basically extends known ecosystem boundaries
for deep-sea corals, and we can no longer use the term ‘deep-
water corals’ as synonymous to cold-water corals,” explained
Prof. Voolstra. When the KAUST group presented these findings
at a conference in the Netherlands in April 2012, people were
excited about the results because they came from outside where
it’s believed that corals can live.
“We learn that nature always finds its way,” said Prof. Voolstra.
“According to theoretical expectations, these corals are not allowed
to exist, yet you find them.”
Research 7www.kaust.edu.sa
KAUSt MARINE SCIENtIStS MEASURE FIRSt REd SEA dEEP-SEA CORAlS
February - March 2014
At the annual WEP (Winter Enrichment Program) Science Fun Fair, KAUST scientists
bring experiments out of their labs to share with the KAUST community and local schools.
Elementary and Secondary school students from The KAUST Schools also share science
projects, resulting in a showcase of experiments and demonstrations spanning different
age groups. This year there were a total of 90 different exhibits and experiments in the
categories of physics, chemistry, biology, and “All About the Mind.”
WEP 2014 SciEncE Fun Fair WinnErS:GradES 3-5
First Prize: Seeing DNA by Uzayr Abusamah, Umairah Abusamah, and Barbie Inocencio
Second Prize: Hydraulic Power by Hussien Abdelhadi
Third Prize: Hydrophobic Sand by Victoria Ketcheson and Elena Ketcheson
GradES 6-9
First Prize: Music and the Brain/Body Electric by Gladys Douglass-Usov and Malak Fayad
Second Prize: Can-Crush by Andrew Norseth, Nic Johnstone, and AbdulMalek Alsalim
Third Prize: How to Detect a Lie by Cara Black
OvEr 18
First Prize: Homemade Radar by Seif Allah Jardak
Second Prize: How to Clean Water by Mohanned Al-Ghamdi, Mohammed Namazi,
Abdullah Dahwah, and Khaled Bin Bandar
Third Prize: High-Speed Camera by Jiaming Zhang and Mohamad Alchalabi
February - March 2014 Community8 The Beacon
Janet DubielBefore moving to KAUST in
2009 as one of the University’s
Founders, Harbor Elementary
School English Language
teacher Janet Dubiel had
already worked as a teacher in Curitiba, Parana,
Brazil, and Budapest, Hungary.
“I decided I wanted to travel,” Janet explains. “I
was born in Racine, Wisconsin, US, and lived in the
same house for 17 years. Then I taught in Arizona
for 15 years, but teachers in the US rarely make
enough money to get to experience the world, so I
decided to teach internationally.”
Janet arrived at KAUST with her dog, Pepper,
who also accompanied her to Brazil and Hungary.
“I was attracted to KAUST because of the idea of
being part of a team that would start a brand new
school with King Abdullah’s vision in mind,” she
says. She began by teaching in the school’s girls-
only section, moved to English Language Support,
and now spends her days teaching in the classroom.
Describing her KAUST experience as “fabulous,”
Janet says she has enjoyed meeting and socializing
with the many international members of the
University’s community. “It has been interesting
to learn about new cultures and different ways
of thinking about the same things,” she notes.
She has also enjoyed Saudi Arabia’s warm
weather, as in Brazil, her house had no central
heating – something she doesn’t have to worry
about in Thuwal!
Yaarub HasHimYou may not personally
know Yaarub Hashim, but
you may have seen his work
around campus. As the Head
of Marketing Services, he’s
responsible for branding, visits
and protocol, in the university's Communication
Department corporate giveaways, and the campus
gift shop, Matjar.
Yaarub joined KAUST a few months ago, in
November 2013. “Coming to KAUST was a big
change and I wasn’t really planning on leaving the
advertising industry or leaving DDB in particular,”
said Yaarub.
For ten years, Yaarub worked in Jeddah at DDB,
the largest advertising agency in the world. He
says what matters most to him is the right work
environment. “I need to be in an environment where
I feel comfortable and can produce,” he said.
Coming from the dynamic industry of advertising,
Yaarub was worried the change wouldn’t suit him.
But within two weeks, he realized that with his 13
years of experience, there was a lot he could offer
the University. Plus the environment was unbeatable.
“You have a president who came from Caltech,
the best university in the world, you are exposed
to scientists and world-class facilities, and KAUST
is a dream of a king,” said Yaarub.
Three months later, Yaarub is glad he made the
leap from advertising.
“When a king dreams, he dreams big. I have
known about KAUST since 2009 and thought
this was just a motto. But after being here, I
feel KAUST is a true expression of what the
king envisioned,” he said.
WEP SCIENCE FUN FAIR
My UNIvERSIty
Painting WorkshoP by the art self DirecteD grouP (sDg)
Thirty people attended the first weekly acrylic painting workshop organized by the Art SDG in the
multipurpose room in Discovery Square on February 12. The enthusiastic and talented beginners and
advanced painters first sketched the King Abdullah Mosque, and then came inside to complete their
drawings, in readiness to produce a painting on canvas. Instruction on how to sketch and paint was
given by KAUST's very own artists, Tamara Jones and Lucy Ashdown.
The Art SDG aims to create a community hub for art related events, classes, and workshops.
Activities include painting, drawing, mosaics, textiles, jewelry making, and ceramics. If you
are interested in the weekly art workshop or would like to know more about the Art SDG,
