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Solutions from ISEA Expert
Con fined Space Safety
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What is ISEA?
ISEA is the association for personal protective equ
and technologies
ISEA is a standards developer
ISEA is the industrys eyes, ears and voice in W ISEA is a source of market insight and intellige
ISEA is a trusted source of information about PP
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Standards development ANSI/ISEA standards
Gas detector tubes, passive monitors Chemical protective apparel classification, sizing and labeling of limited u
thermal protective apparel
Emergency eyewash and shower, decon showers
Eye and face protection
First aid kits
Glove selection
Head protection
High-visibility apparel and public safety vests
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ISEA product coverage
Emergency eyewash andshower
Eye and face protection
Fall protection
First aid
Hand protection
Head protection
Hearing protectio High-visibility sa
apparel
Instruments
Protective appare
Respiratory prote
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Confined Space Safety
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Todays experts
Instrumentation/Monitoring:Atmospheric MonitoringConfined Spaces
Bob Vigdor, Scott Safety
Respiratory Protection:Reliable Use of Self-Containe
Breathing Apparatus in Extremely High H2S Concent Paul Hatala, Draeger
Fall Protection in Confined Space Safety
Brad May, Sellstrom/ RTC Fall Protection
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Atmospheric Monitoring in Confined SpacesBob Vigdor
Director of Sales, Gas DetectionScott Safety
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Why is gas detection importa
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By Mike Martindale
News Staff Writer
MENOMENEE, Mich.Bill Hofer was the f irst to collapse in
the dark manure pit.Inhaling a combination of toxic gases,
he quickly lost consciousness andslipped down into the pool of murky liquidin the bottom of the 12-foot hole.
Then one after another, the four men
at the top of the pit scrambled in, tryingfirst to save Hofer, and then each other,from the deadly fumes.
Within five minutes all were dead ordying in what is believed to be the worstfarm accident in Michigan history.
Killed yesterday along with the 63-year-old
Hofer were his uncle, Carl Theuerkauf, Sr.,the 65-year old patriarch of the centennialfarm; two of Theuerkaufs sons, 37-year oldCarl Jr. and 28-year old Tom; and Carl Jr.s
15-year old son, Daniel.Im sure that when one person slipped
or fell, out of love and for help, one afteranother went in, said Richard Breyer with
the county farm extension service inMenominee.
Dorothy Theuerkauf, who lost a husband,two sons, and a grandson in the tragedysaid:
I cant believe something like this could
happen. It will probably take me a couple ofweeks before it actually sinks in.
On Thursday, inves
men were using a pucovered, 12-foot deeand were almost finisclogged.
Hofer descendedclear the block.
Its unknown wh
but eventually they arest, said Menomine
Deputy Booth WhippCounty Medical E
Haupt estimates it tofor each of the men tinvisible cloud of gasof methane and hydr
5 died trying to save each other
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The firefighters went to the home of NeMonday to pump out her well. She hathe odor and suspected that an anima
died.
The volunteers used the pump on theisuccess and returned Tuesday afternopump, state police said.
Lane and Larry Traxler of Hustontown with the pump and took it about halfwawide shaft. Traxler became dizzy and surface, but Lane was overcome.
Traxler went back for him but lost consHersey and Traxlers father, Clair, 41, w
was overcome. Others on the surface
additional help.
Methane in well kills three firefighters
Pittsburgh Post-Gazette - Thursday, May 3, 1990
HUSTONTOWN, PA (AP)Residents were mourningyesterday for three volunteer firefighters who died
while helping a neighbor to clean out a 38-foot well andwere overcome by gas.
The deaths were the first in the 25-year history of the170-member volunteer company in South CentralFulton County said Assistant Chief Robert Cover.
James F. Chestnut, Jr., 20, and Richard L. Hersey, 40,
both of Hustontown, and Thomas L. Lane, 39, ofMcConnellsburg, died Tuesday, apparently of Methanegas that had built up in the well.
About two dozen other people were treated, includingat least six men who inhaled some of the gas.
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65% of fatalities due to atmospheric hazard
Ref. # Accident Type Events Injur
1 Atmospheric condition in CS 80 72 Explosion or fire in CS 15 43 Explosion or fire at point of entry 23 24 Electrical shock or electrocution 11 5 Caught in / crushed by machinery 10 6 Engulfment 16 7 Struck by falling objects 15 1
8 Falls inside Confined Space 27 29 Ingress / egress 33 310 Insufficient maneuverability 15 111 Eye injury 10 112 Other 21
-------------------------Total 276 23
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Regulatory Requirements
OSHA 1910.146 Permit-required confined spac
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Characteristics of Confined Spaces
Large enough for worker to enter
Are not designed for continuous worker occupan
Limited openings for entry and exit
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Permit-Required Confined Spaces
One or more of the following: Hazardous atmosphere (known or potential)
Material with the potential for engulfment
Inwardly sloping walls or dangerously sloping f
or
Contains any other serious safety hazard
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Large Enough to Enter
Confined Space
Not Confined Sp
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Meeting Basic CS Criteria
Limited means of
entry and exit
Not designed forcontinuousoccupancy
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Typical Confined Spaces
Storage tanks
Ship compartments
Process vessels
Boilers
Sewers
Tunnels Underground utility vaults
Pipelines
Storm drains
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Some Confined Spaces are Open-Topped
Pits Degreasers
Open-topped water tanks
Ship holds
Excavations
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Most confined space accidare caused by failure torecognize the hazards!
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Stratification
Atmospherichazards in confinedspaces form layers
OSHA requires
testing theConfined Spaceatmosphere every4 feet
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Three Basic Kinds of Atmospheric Hazards
Oxygen (deficiency and enrichment)
Flammable gases and vapors
Toxic contaminants
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A llconfined spaces arepermit-required until
proven otherwise.
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General RequirementsEmployers must:
Identify confined spaces Identify potential hazards
Inform employees by posting signs where feasible
Prevent entry by unauthorized persons
Ensure procedures and equipment necessary for rescue
Protect entrants from external hazards
Enforce established procedures Establish procedures and practices to allow safe entry (permit system)
Control hazards where possible through engineering or work practices
Train employees
Provide required equipment
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General RequirementsEmployers must provide required equipment:
Testing and monitoring Respiratory
Ventilation
Communications
Lighting Barriers
Other personal protective equipment
Any required rescue and emergency equipment
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Composition of Fresh Air
78.1% Nitrogen
20.9% Oxygen
0.9% Argon
0.1% All other gases
Water vapor
CO2
Other trace gases
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Oxygen Deficiency
Most widely accepted definition:Air is oxygen deficient wheneverconcentration is less than 19.5%
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Causes of Oxygen Deficiency
Displacement
Microbial action
Oxidation
Combustion
Absorption
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Oxygen Displacement in a Fully Enclosed V
O 2O2O 2
O 2
O 2 O 2
N 2N2 N 2N 2
N 2
N 2N 2
N2N 2
N 2
N 2
N 2O2
N 2 Nitrogen
Purge
N 2N 2N 2
N 2
N 2 N 2
N 2N2 N 2N 2
N 2
N 2N 2
N2N 2
N 2
N 2
N 2N 2
N 2
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Oxygen Displacement in an Open Topped Confi
Argon
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Symptomsof Oxygen Deficiency
20.9 %19.5 % - 12 %
12 % - 10 %
10 % - 6 %
6 % - 0 %
Oxygen content in fresh airImpaired judgment, increased pulse andrespiration, fatigue, loss of coordination
Disturbed respiration, poor circulation,worsening fatigue and loss of critical facusymptoms within seconds to minutes
Nausea, vomiting, inability to move, loss oconsciousness, and death
Convulsions, gasping respiration, cessatiobreathing, cardiac arrest, symptoms immedeath within minutes
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Explosive or Flammable Atmosphe
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Fire Tetrahedron
Oxygen
Chain reac
Fuel
Source of ignition
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Oxygen Enrichment
Proportionallyincreases the rate ofmany chemicalreactions
Can cause ordinarycombustible materialsto become flammableor explosive
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29 CFR 1910.146 specifies 23.5% is oxygen enriched
Other codes are more stringent
Most conservative approach is to use 22% astake action point
Oxygen Enrichment
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Upper Explosive Limit (U.E.L.)
Most but not all combustible gases have anupper explosive limit
Maximum concentration in air that willsupport combustion
Concentrations that are above the U.E.L.are too rich to burn
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FlammabilityRange
The range between the L.E.L. and the U.E.L. of a combust
gas or liquid
Concentrations within the flammable range will burn or expa source of ignition is present
LEL
Gas Concentrat ionFlammability
Range
UEL
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Combustible Gas/Vapor InstrumentsRead in Percent LEL
0 100% LEL
Gas ConcentrationFlammability
Range
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Solutions from ISEA Expert
Con fined Space Safety
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Reliable Use of Self-ContaineBreathing Apparatus in Extrem
High H2S Concentrations
Presented by Paul Hatala
Marketing Manager, Respiratory Solutions
DrgerSeptember 16, 2014
Agenda
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g
H2S Hazards
Protection Factor
Customer Requests
Empirical Test Methods
Whats Next
H2S Hazards
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2
Concentrations (ppm), effects
Insert photo
0.00011 - 0.00033
Typicalbackgroundconcentrations
Insert photo
50100
Slight conjunctivitis("gas eye") andrespiratory tractirritation after 1hour.
May causedigestive upset andloss of appetite.
Insert photo
700-1000
Rapidunconsciousness,"knockdown" orimmediate collapsewithin 1 to 2 breaths
Breathing stops
Death within minutes
Insert photo
10002000
Nearly instantdeath
45,
H2S Hazards
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2
Exposure Limits
Source Exposure Type
NIOSH Recommended Exposure Limit (REL), 10-min ceiling
OSHA Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL), Construction 8-hour Limit
OSHA PEL, Shipyard 8-hour Limit
OSHA PEL, General Industry Ceiling Limit
OSHAPEL, General Industry Peak Limit
(up to 10 minutes, if no other exposure during shift)
NIOSH Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health (IDHL)
Protection factor
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The protection level expected by a certain class of respirators, orthe specific level of protection that a specific wearer may achieve
The difference between wearing a specific respirator type and
wearing no respirator at all.
Concentration Outside
Concentration Inside
Protection factor
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Varies globally
Nominal Protection Factor (NPF)If you follow EN regulations and your country does not s
Assigned Protection Factor (APFEN)If you follow EN regulations and your country does spec
Assigned Protection Factor (APFOSHA)If you follow OSHA regulations
Workplace Protection Factor (WPF)If a company performed its own workplace studies in theatmosphere
Protection factor
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OSHA
OSHA Respiratory Protection standard (29 CFR 1920.134)
Maximum Use Concentration
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(MUC)
The maximum atmospheric concentration of a hazardous substawhich an employee can be expected to be protected when wearin
protection.
MUC = APF x PEL = 100,000 ppm
For PEL = 10 ppm and SCBA face mask w ith APF = 10,000
Customer requests for protection
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CustomerRequested Max. Use
Concentration of H2SExposure with Mask
APF = 10,000
A 10,000 ppm 1 ppm
B 25,000 ppm 2.5 ppm
C 37,000 ppm 3.7 ppm
D 180,000 ppm 18 ppm
E, F, G 250,000 ppm 25 ppm
H 470,000 ppm 47 ppm
Empirical Testing
Si l ti
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Simulation
Simulated Working Protection Factor (SWFP)
Cannot reasonably test WPF in anH2S environment
Use a simulated pollutant instead
Conduct testing under actual work
activity
The simulated pollutant should mimicthe chemical behavior of the hazardous
pollutant
Empirical Testing
A l
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Aerosol
Independent testing using aerosols yields fantastic r
Drger SCBA masks testedSWPF = 1,000,000
But Aerosol particles are muchbigger than H2S gas molecules andhave different chemical behavior
Results cannot provide an authoritativeforecast of protection from H2S gas
Empirical Testing
Gas
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Gas
Sulfur Hexafluoride (SF6) may be to measure gaseou
contaminant protection factor
SF6behaves similarly to H2S, providing a realistic simulatiodangers occurring on acidic oil fields
Total Inward Leakage (TIL) tests, in accordance with EN 13mask), were carried out as part of a certification exam
Empirical Testing
Gas
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Gas
Certified* NPF = 33,000
Recorded values for both DrgerPanorama Novaand FPS7000,in positive pressure mode
Much higher protection factorsthan required by standards
(APF = 10,000)
* Institute for Occupational Safety and Health of the German Social Accident Insurance
Customer Requests for Protection
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CustomerRequestedMUC of H2S
Exposure with MaskAPF = 10,000
Exposure with MaNPF = 33,000
A 10,000 ppm 1 ppm 0.3 ppm
B 25,000 ppm 2.5 ppm 0.76 ppm
C 37,000 ppm 3.7 ppm 1.1 ppm
D 180,000 ppm 18 ppm 5.5 ppm
E, F, G 250,000 ppm 25 ppm 7.6 ppm
H 470,000 ppm 47 ppm 14 ppm
Whats next
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Expand testing to ISO* efforts relating protection tohuman factors
Focus on anthropometrics (variety of head forms)
related to protection factors
Expand number of test subjects and number oftest exercises
Understand how seal geometry protects aspecific individual
Summary
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Nationally assigned protection factors and exposure limits vary
Customers require equipment with protection factors in excess ostandards
Where appropriate, consider certified test results that simulate hconditions
Work in oil fields with extremely high H2S concentrations necessitate breprotection with a protection factor that exceeds normal requirements. A ttest verifies Drger self-contained breathing apparatus to have a protectsuitable for environments well in excess of that which would be consider
Thank you
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PaulHatala
Marketing Manager
Respiratory Solutions
Phone: +1 412 788 5508
Email: [email protected]
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Solutions from ISEA ExpertCon fined Space Safety
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Fall Protectionin Confined Space Safety
Bradley S. May, National Distribution Sales Manager
Sellstrom Manufacturing
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Equipment Components
Tripod Davit Arm
Extricator/3-way
Equipment Winch
Attendant SRL
Full Body harnesses
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Tripods
Standard heights range from 7 to 10 Most are aluminum, some older models steel
Multi-positional legs for uneven surfaces
Provide 5,000 lb. anchorage point per OSHA Must Meet OSHA 1926 subpart M, 1910.66 a
C, and ANSI Z359.1 Standards
Tripod anchorage points
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Tripod anchorage points
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Tripod Innovations
No leg chains necessary---locking plate Third anchorage point for attendant
Riveted and cabled leg pins
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Extricator or 3-way
Performs 3 functions---raise or lower thworker and provide fall protection
Cable lengths up to 140
Galvanized steel or jacketed Kevlar
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Extricator or 3-way
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Equipment winch
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Davit Arm Systems
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Attendant SRL
Reflective Harness for Conf
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Reflective Harness for Conf
Space
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Bradley S. May
National Distribution Sales ManagerSellstrom Manufacturing
(317)372-9461 mobile
(800)323-7402 office
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Information on PPE
www.safetyequipment.org Online buyers guide
Use & selection guides
2012 Confined Space Roundtable - A
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Questions
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Thank You!!!
www.safetyequipment.org
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Solutions from ISEA ExpertCon fined Space Safety