20140217 Explorator Manica Project EIA Combined1

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Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for the

Proposed Manica Gold Project

Explorator Limitada

Project No.: 710.05024.00004

Report No.: 2

MICOA reference number: 176 /GM/MICOA/12

February 2014


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Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for the

Proposed Manica Gold Project

Explorator Limitada

Project No.: 710.05024.00004

Report No.: 2

MICOA reference number: 176 /GM/MICOA/12

January 2014


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DOCUMENT INFORMATION

Title Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for the ProposedManica Gold Project

Project Manager Jose Jeronimo/Linda Munro

Project Manager e-mail [email protected]/[email protected]

Author Linda MunroReviewer B Stobart (internal)Client Explorator Limitada

Date last printed 27/02/2014 08:56:00 AM

Date last saved 27/02/2014 08:56:00 AMComments

Keywords Gold mine, Mozambique, Explorator, Auroch, Greenbelt

Project Number 710.05024.00004Report Number 2

Status Draft

Issue Date February 2014
mailto:[email protected]/mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]/


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ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR THEPROPOSED MANICA GOLD PROJECT

CONTENTS

NON-TECHNICAL SUMMARY.................................................................................................................. 1-3

1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................ 1-1

1.1 INTRODUCTION TO THE PROPOSED PROJECT.................................................................................... 1-1

1.2 PROJECT MOTIVATION (NEED AND DESIRABILITY) ............................................................................. 1-2

1.3 INTRODUCTION TO THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT......................................................... 1-21.3.1 EIAAPPROACH AND PROCESS............................................................................................................ ........ 1-6

1.3.2 EIATEAM......................................... .............................................................. ......................................... 1-6

1.3.3 CONTACT DETAILS FOR RESPONSIBLE EXPLORATOR PARTIES............ ............................................................ 1-7

2 LEGAL FRAMEWORK....................................................................................................................... 2-1

2.1 NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION....................................................................................... 2-12.1.1 THE CONSTITUTION OF THE REPLBLIC OF MOZAMBIQUE................................................................................ 2-12.1.2 THE ENVIRONMENTAL LEGAL FRAMEWORK.................................................................................................. 2-3

2.1.3 REGULATION ON THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT EVALUATION PROCESS................. ......................................... 2-32.1.4 AMENDMENTS TO THE REGULATION OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT EVALUATION PROCESS........................... 2-4

2.1.5 GENERAL DIRECTIVE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STUDIES..................................................... ................... 2-4

2.1.6 GENERAL DIRECTIVE FOR THE PUBLIC PARTICIPATION PROCESS IN THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT EVALUATIONPROCESS................................................................ .............................................................. ................... 2-5

2.1.7 REGULATION REGARDING THE ENVIRONMENTALAUDITING PROCESS..................................................... ........ 2-52.1.8 REGULATION AND STANDARDS ON ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY AND EFFLUENT EMISSIONS................................ 2-5

2.1.9 REGULATION ON THE MANAGEMENT OF RESIDUES........................... ............................................................ 2-6

2.1.10 REGULATION ON ENVIRONMENTAL INSPECTIONS................................................. ......................................... 2-6

2.2 NATIONAL LEGISLATION RELATING TO MININGACTIVITIES AND THE ENVIRONMENT............................ 2-62.2.1 THE MINING LAW..................................................................................... ................................................. 2-62.2.2 REGULATION OF THE MINESACT....................................................................... ......................................... 2-72.2.3 ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATION FOR MININGACTIVITIES.................... ............................................................ 2-72.2.4 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT BASIC STANDARDS FOR MININGACTIVITIES......... ......................................... 2-82.2.5 REGULATION ON TECHNICAL AND HEALTH SAFETY FOR GEOLOGICAL AND MINERALACTIVITIES........................ 2-8

2.3 OTHER LEGISLATION RELEVANT TO THE PROJECT........................................................................... 2-82.3.1 TERRITORIALADMINISTRATION................................................................................................ ................... 2-8

2.3.2 LAND OWNERSHIP AND USE............................................................................................................... ........ 2-92.3.3 FORESTS AND WILDLIFE................................................................ .......................................................... 2-10

2.3.4 WATER................................................................................................ .................................................. 2-10

2.3.5 CULTURE..................................................................................... .......................................................... 2-11

2.3.6 LABOUR.......................................................................................................... ....................................... 2-11

2.4 CONVENTIONS AND REGULATIONS................................................................................................ 2-11

2.5 BEST INTERNAITONAL PRACTICE................................................................................................... 2-122.5.1 THE EQUATOR PRINCIPLES.......................................................................................... ............................ 2-122.5.2 INTERNATIONAL FINANCE CORPORATION PERFORMANCE STANDARDS 2012 ................................................. 2-13

3 STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT ...................................................................................................... 3-1

3.1 EDPAPHASE................................................................................................................................ 3-1

3.2 EIAPHASE.................................................................................................................................... 3-1

4 DESCRIPTION OF THE CURRENT ENVIRONMENT ....................................................................... 4-1

4.1 GEOLOGY BASELINE....................................................................................................................... 4-1

4.1.1 INTRODUCTION AND LINK TO IMPACTS....................................................................................... ................... 4-1


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4.1.2 DATA COLLECTION............................................................. ............................................................... ........ 4-14.1.3 RESULTS..................................................... .............................................................. .............................. 4-2

4.1.4 CONCLUSION........................................................... .............................................................. ................... 4-2

4.2 CLIMATE BASELINE......................................................................................................................... 4-3

4.2.1 INTRODUCTION AND LINK TO IMPACTS....................................................................................... ................... 4-34.2.2 DATA COLLECTION............................................................. ............................................................... ........ 4-34.2.3 RESULTS..................................................... .............................................................. .............................. 4-4

4.2.4 CONCLUSION........................................................... .............................................................. ................... 4-9

4.3 TOPOGRAPHY BASELINE................................................................................................................. 4-9

4.3.1 INTRODUCTION AND LINK TO IMPACTS....................................................................................... ................... 4-94.3.2 DATA COLLECTION............................................................. ............................................................... ........ 4-94.3.3 RESULTS..................................................... .............................................................. .............................. 4-9

4.3.4 CONCLUSION........................................................... .............................................................. ................. 4-10

4.4 SOIL BASELINE............................................................................................................................. 4-104.4.1 INTRODUCTION AND LINK TO IMPACTS....................................................................................... ................. 4-104.4.2 DATA COLLECTION............................................................. ............................................................... ...... 4-10

4.4.3 RESULTS..................................................... .............................................................. ............................ 4-104.4.4 CONCLUSION........................................................... .............................................................. ................. 4-13

4.5 LAND CAPABILITY BASELINE.......................................................................................................... 4-134.5.1 INTRODUCTION AND LINK TO IMPACTS....................................................................................... ................. 4-134.5.2 DATA COLLECTION............................................................. ............................................................... ...... 4-13

4.5.3 RESULTS..................................................... .............................................................. ............................ 4-14

4.5.4 CONCLUSION........................................................... .............................................................. ................. 4-14

4.6 BIODIVERSITY BASELINE............................................................................................................... 4-164.6.1 INTRODUCTION AND LINK TO IMPACTS....................................................................................... ................. 4-164.6.2 DATA COLLECTION............................................................. ............................................................... ...... 4-16

4.6.3 RESULTS..................................................... .............................................................. ............................ 4-18

4.6.4 CONCLUSION........................................................... .............................................................. ................. 4-274.7 SURFACE WATER BASELINE.......................................................................................................... 4-30

4.7.1 INTRODUCTION AND LINK TO IMPACTS....................................................................................... ................. 4-304.7.2 DATA COLLECTION............................................................. ............................................................... ...... 4-30


4.8 GROUNDWATER BASELINE............................................................................................................ 4-374.8.1 INTRODUCTION AND LINK TO IMPACTS....................................................................................... ................. 4-374.8.2 DATA COLLECTION............................................................. ............................................................... ...... 4-37


4.9 AIR QUALITY BASELINE................................................................................................................. 4-444.9.1 INTRODUCTION AND LINK TO IMPACTS....................................................................................... ................. 4-44

4.9.2 DATA COLLECTION............................................................. ............................................................... ...... 4-44


4.10 NOISE BASELINE.......................................................................................................................... 4-464.10.1 INTRODUCTION AND LINK TO IMPACTS....................................................................................... ................. 4-46

4.10.2 DATA COLLECTION............................................................. ............................................................... ...... 4-464.10.3 RESULTS..................................................... .............................................................. ............................ 4-464.10.4 CONCLUSION........................................................... .............................................................. ................. 4-47

4.11 HERITAGE BASELINE..................................................................................................................... 4-494.11.1 INTRODUCTION AND LINK TO IMPACTS....................................................................................... ................. 4-49

4.11.2 DATA COLLECTION............................................................. ............................................................... ...... 4-49


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4.12 LAND USE.................................................................................................................................... 4-554.12.1 INTRODUCTION AND LINK TO IMPACTS....................................................................................... ................. 4-55


4.13 VISUAL BASELINE......................................................................................................................... 4-614.13.1 INTRODUCTION AND LINK TO IMPACTS....................................................................................... ................. 4-61


4.14 SOCIO-ECONOMIC STRUCTURE/PROFILE...................................................................................... 4-624.14.1 INTRODUCTION AND LINK TO IMPACTS....................................................................................... ................. 4-62

4.14.2 DATA COLLECTION............................................................. ............................................................... ...... 4-634.14.3 RESULTS..................................................... .............................................................. ............................ 4-63

4.14.4 CONCLUSION........................................................... .............................................................. ................. 4-69

5 ALTERNATIVES CONSIDERED ....................................................................................................... 5-1

5.1 THE NO PROJECTOPTION LINKED TO NEED AND DESIRABILITY........................................................ 5-1

5.2 PROJECT ALTERNATIVES................................................................................................................ 5-1

6 PROJECT DESCRIPTION ................................................................................................................. 6-1

6.1 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................... 6-1

6.2 CONSTRUCTION PHASE.................................................................................................................. 6-36.2.1 SITE FACILITIES FOR CONSTRUCTION........................................................................................................... 6-3

6.2.2 CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES.......................................................................................... .............................. 6-4

6.2.3 CONSTRUCTION TRANSPORT........................................................................................ .............................. 6-4

6.2.4 EMPLOYMENT AND HOUSING.................................... ............................................................... ................. 6-116.2.5 WATER SUPPLY FOR CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES........ ............................................................... ................. 6-11

6.2.6 POWER SUPPLY FOR CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES.............................. .......................................................... 6-116.2.7 SANITATION FOR CONSTRUCTION....................................................................................................... ....... 6-11

6.2.8 WASTE MANAGEMENT FOR CONSTRUCTION................................................................................................ 6-12

6.2.9 CONCURRENT MINING OPERATIONS............................................................ ............................................... 6-136.2.10 TIME TABLE............................................................................................. ............................................... 6-13

6.3 OPERATIONAL PHASE................................................................................................................... 6-146.3.1 SITE FACILITIES FOR OPERATION........................................................................................................ ....... 6-14

6.3.2 OPERATION PHASE ACTIVITIES............................................................................................................ ...... 6-156.3.3 EMPLOYMENT AND HOUSING.................................... ............................................................... ................. 6-266.3.4 OPERATIONAL TRANSPORT...................................... ............................................................... ................. 6-26

6.3.5 WATER SUPPLY FOR OPERATIONS................................................................................ ............................ 6-276.3.6 OTHER SURFACE WATER MANAGEMENT FACILITIES................................... .................................................. 6-276.3.7 ABLUTIONS AND SANITATION FOR THE OPERATION PHASE................................................ ............................ 6-28

6.3.8 POWER SUPPLY FOR OPERATION ACTIVITIES.................................... .......................................................... 6-286.3.9 NON-MINERALISED WASTE MANAGEMENT FOR THE OPERATION PHASE........ .................................................. 6-286.3.10 ADDITIONAL SITE FACILITIES.............................................................................. ....................................... 6-29

6.3.11 WATER BALANCE................................................................................................................... ................. 6-346.3.12 TIME TABLE............................................................................................. ............................................... 6-41

6.4 DECOMMISSIONING AND CLOSURE PHASE...................................................................................... 6-416.4.1 CLOSURE OBJECTIVES........................................................ ............................................................... ...... 6-41

6.4.2 DECOMMISSIONING ACTIVITIES....................................................... .......................................................... 6-42

6.4.3 CLOSURE ACTIVITIES................................................................................................... ............................ 6-44

7 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT .................................................................................... 7-1


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7.1 TOPOGRAPHY................................................................................................................................ 7-47.1.1 ISSUE:HAZARDOUS EXCAVATIONS AND INFRASTRUCTURE/SURFACE SUBSIDENCE........................................... 7-4

7.2 SOILS AND LAND CAPABILITY........................................................................................................... 7-77.2.1 ISSUE:LOSS OF SOIL RESOURCES FROM POLLUTION......................... ............................................................ 7-7

7.2.2 ISSUE:LOSS OF SOILS RESOURCE AND RELATED CAPABILITY THROUGH PHYSICAL DISTURBANCE....................... 7-97.3 BIODIVERSITY.............................................................................................................................. 7-10

7.3.1 INTRODUCTION.................................................................. .............................................................. ....... 7-10

7.3.2 ISSUE:PHYSICAL DESTRUCTION OF TERRESTRIAL BIODIVERSITY AND HABITAT............................................... 7-117.3.3 ISSUE:GENERAL DISTURBANCE OF BIODIVERSITY........................................................................................ 7-127.3.4 ISSUE:IMPACTS ONAQUATIC BIODIVERSITY................................................................... ............................ 7-15

7.4 SURFACE WATER......................................................................................................................... 7-17

7.4.1 ISSUE:ALTERING DRAINAGE PATTERNS....................................................... ............................................... 7-177.4.2 ISSUE:POLLUTION OF SURFACE WATER...................................................... ............................................... 7-19

7.5 GROUNDWATER........................................................................................................................... 7-22

7.5.1 ISSUE:DEWATERING........................................................... ............................................................... ...... 7-22

7.5.2 ISSUE:ISSUE:CONTAMINATION OF GROUNDWATER......................................................... ............................ 7-247.6 AIR.............................................................................................................................................. 7-267.6.1 ISSUE:AIR POLLUTION.................................................................. .......................................................... 7-26

7.7 NOISE......................................................................................................................................... 7-297.7.1 ISSUE:NOISE POLLUTION................................................................................................................... ...... 7-29

7.8 BLASTING..................................................................................................................................... 7-337.8.1 ISSUE:BLASTING DAMAGE............................................................................................ ............................ 7-33

7.9 HERITAGE.................................................................................................................................... 7-357.9.1 ISSUE:DAMAGE TO HERITAGE SITES.................................... ............................................................. ........ 7-35

7.10 VISUAL........................................................................................................................................ 7-407.10.1 ISSUE:VISUAL IMPACT........................................................ ............................................................... ...... 7-40

7.11 TRAFFIC AND ROAD SAFETY......................................................................................................... 7-437.11.1 INTRODUCTION............................................. .............................................................. ............................ 7-43

7.11.2 ISSUE:INCREASE IN ROAD TRAFFIC AND RELATED SAFETY RISKS..... .......................................................... 7-43

7.12 SOCIO-ECONOMIC........................................................................................................................ 7-457.12.1 INTRODUCTION............................................. .............................................................. ............................ 7-457.12.2 ISSUE:ECONOMIC (INCOME AND EMPLOYMENT)IMPACT....................................... ....................................... 7-45

7.12.3 ISSUE:INWARD MIGRATION................................................................................................................. ...... 7-477.12.4 ISSUE:COMMUNITY DISPLACEMENT.................................................................................................. ........ 7-487.12.5 ISSUE:LOSS OF CURRENT LAND USES................................................................ ...................................... 7-50

8 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLANS .................................................................................... 8-1

8.1 OVERALL MANAGEMENT OBJECTIVES FOR THE PROJECT................................................................... 8-1

8.2 SPECIFIC MANAGEMENT PLANS....................................................................................................... 8-28.3 INDUCTION AND ENVIRONMENTALAWARENESS TRAINING................................................................. 8-1

8.3.1 ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY.................................................... ............................................................... ........ 8-18.3.2 STEPS TOACHIEVE THE ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OBJECTIVES............................... ...................................... 8-28.3.3 TRAINING OBJECTIVES OF THE ENVIRONMENTALAWARENESS PLAN.. ............................................................ 8-3

8.4 PROCEDURES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL EMERGENCIES AND REMEDIATION............................................. 8-5

8.4.1 GENERAL EMERGENCY PROCEDURE.......................................................... ................................................. 8-58.4.2 IDENTIFICATION OF EMERGENCY SITUATIONS............................................................................................... 8-5

8.4.3 TECHNICAL,MANAGEMENT AND FINANCIAL OPTIONS...................................................................................... 8-6

9 MONITORING AND AUDITING ......................................................................................................... 9-1

9.1 BASELINE MONITORING.................................................................................................................. 9-1

9.2 CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATIONAL PHASE MONITORING................................................................. 9-4


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9.2.1 WATER RESOURCES........................................................... ............................................................... ........ 9-49.2.2 MINE EFFLUENT QUALITY AND QUANTITY................................................... ................................................. 9-5

9.2.3 WATER BALANCE............................................................... ............................................................... ........ 9-5

9.2.4 AIR QUALITY........................................................... .............................................................. ................... 9-59.2.5 BIODIVERSITY.......................................................... .............................................................. ................... 9-69.2.6 BLASTING DISTURBANCE......................................................................................................... ................... 9-7

9.2.7 NOISE LEVELS................................................................... ............................................................. .......... 9-79.2.8 MINERALISED WASTE FACILITIES AND WATER DAMS....................................................................................... 9-8

9.3 AUDITING AND PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENTS.................................................................................. 9-8

9.4 REPORTING................................................................................................................................... 9-8

10 KEY ASSUMPTIONS, UNCERTAINTIES AND LIMITATIONS ....................................................... 10-1

10.1 ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT LIMIT............................................................................................. 10-1

10.2 PREDICTIVE MODELS IN GENERAL.................................................................................................. 10-1

10.3 GEOCHEMISTRY........................................................................................................................... 10-1

10.4 SURFACE WATER.......................................................................................................................... 10-2

10.5 GROUNDWATER........................................................................................................................... 10-2

10.6 AIR.............................................................................................................................................. 10-4

10.7 ARCHAEOLOGY............................................................................................................................. 10-4

10.8 NOISE.......................................................................................................................................... 10-4

10.9 BLASTING..................................................................................................................................... 10-4

10.10 VISUAL......................................................................................................................................... 10-5

10.11 TRAFFIC...................................................................................................................................... 10-5

10.12 SOCIO-ECONOMIC........................................................................................................................ 10-5

11 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT AND CONCLUSION .................................................. 11-1

12 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................. 12-1

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE 1-1: REGIONAL SETTING .................................................................................. ........................................ 1-4

FIGURE 1-2: LOCAL SETTING .................................................................................................... ................................ V

FIGURE 4-1: REGIONAL GEOLOGY (SLR, 2013) ............................................................... ..................................... 4-1

FIGURE 4-2: MONTHLY TEMPERATURE PROFILE (SLR, 2013) ................................... ........................................ 4-6

FIGURE 4-3: MONTHLY RAINFALL (SLR, 2013)................................................................ ...................................... 4-7

FIGURE 4-4: WINDROSE (ANNUAL) (SLR, 2013) ............................................................... ..................................... 4-7

FIGURE 4-5: WINDROSE (QUARTERLY) (SLR, 2013) .......................................................................... .................. 4-8

FIGURE 4-6: SOILS MAP (TERRA-AFRICA, 2013) ............................ ............................................................... ..... 4-12

FIGURE 4-7: LAND CAPABILITY (TERRA-AFRICA, 2013) .............................................. ...................................... 4-15

FIGURE 4-8: HABITAT UNITS IN THE CONCESSION AREA (SAS, 2013) ....................................................... ..... 4-21

FIGURE 4-9: AQUATIC ECOLOGY ASSESSMENT POINTS (SAS, 2013) ........................................................ ..... 4-24

FIGURE 4-10: WETLANDS IDENTIFIED IN THE CONCESSION AREA (SAS, 2013) ............................................ 4-28

FIGURE 4-11: SENSITIVITY MAP (SAS, 2013) ........................ .............................................................. ................ 4-29

FIGURE 4-12: SURFACE DRAINAGE AND TOPOGRAPHY (HIGHLANDS HYDROLOGY, 2013) ........................ 4-31

FIGURE 4-13: FLOODLINES (HIGHLANDS HYDROLOGY, 2013) ......................................................... ................ 4-36

FIGURE 4-14: REGIONAL AQUIFER CLASSIFICATION (SLR, 2013) ................................ ................................... 4-40

FIGURE 4-15: HYDROCENSUS POINTS (SLR, 2013) ........................................................ ................................... 4-43

FIGURE 4-16: NOISE MONITORING LOCATIONS AND AMBIENT LEVELS ....................................................... 4-48


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FIGURE 4-17: HERITAGE SITES IDENTIFIED IN THE CONCESSION AREA (PGS, 2013) .................................. 4-54

FIGURE 4-18: COMMUNITY STRUCTURES WITHIN THE CONCESSION AREA ................................................ 4-57

FIGURE 4-19: NEIGHBOURING PROSECTING AND MINING RIGHTS (FLEXICADASTRE MOZAMBIQUE, 2013) 4-59

FIGURE 4-20: LAND USE IN THE CONCESSION AREA (TERRA-AFRICA, 2013) ............................................... 4-60FIGURE 5-1: TSF ALTERNATIVE SITES ....................................................... ........................................................... 5-6

FIGURE 6-1: ACCESS TO SITE FROM MANICA TOWN ................................................. ........................................ 6-4

FIGURE 6-2 - NARROW BRIDGE NORTH OF MANICA .............................................................. ............................. 6-5

FIGURE 6-3 - ALTERNATIVE ACCESS TO SITE ..................................................... ................................................ 6-6

FIGURE 6-4 - BLOCK FLOW DIAGRAM ........................................................ ......................................................... 6-20

FIGURE 6.5: DOTS LUCK PROCESS WATER BALANCE MODEL FOR AVERAGE WET SEASON (HIGHLANDSHYROLOGY, 2013) ............................................................ .............................................................. ................ 6-36

FIGURE 6.6: DOTS LUCK PROCESS WATER BALANCE MODEL FOR AVERAGE DRY SEASON (HIGHLANDSHYROLOGY, 2013) ............................................................ .............................................................. ................ 6-36

FIGURE 6.7: FAIR BRIDE PROCESS WATER BALANCE MODEL FOR AVERAGE WET SEASON (HIGHLANDSHYROLOGY, 2013) ............................................................ .............................................................. ................ 6-37

FIGURE 6.8: FAIR BRIDE PROCESS WATER BALANCE MODEL FOR AVERAGE DRY SEASON (HIGHLANDSHYROLOGY, 2013) ............................................................ .............................................................. ................ 6-37

FIGURE 6.9: GUY FAWKES PROCESS WATER BALANCE MODEL FOR AVERAGE WET SEASON (HIGHLANDSHYROLOGY, 2013) ............................................................ .............................................................. ................ 6-38

FIGURE 6.10: GUY FAWKES PROCESS WATER BALANCE MODEL FOR AVERAGE DRY SEASON (HIGHLANDSHYROLOGY, 2013) ............................................................ .............................................................. ................ 6-38

FIGURE 6-11: CENTRAL INFRASTRUCTURE PROCESS WATER BALANCE MODEL FOR AVERAGE WETSEASON (HIGHLANDS HYROLOGY, 2013) ................................................................ ................................... 6-39

FIGURE 6-12: CENTRAL INFRASTRUCTURE PROCESS WATER BALANCE MODEL FOR AVERAGE DRYSEASON (HIGHLANDS HYDROLOGY 2013) ................................................... .............................................. 6-40

FIGURE 6-13: PROPOSED SITE LAYOUT ............................................................... .............................................. 6-45

FIGURE 7-1: TSF FAILURE ZONE ................................................................. ........................................................... 7-6FIGURE 8-1: CONCEPTUAL STORMWATER MANAGEMENT PLAN (HIGHLANDS HYDROLOGY, 2013) ......... 8-17

FIGURE 9-1: BASELINE WATER MONITORING ................................................................ ...................................... 9-3

FIGURE 9-2: MONITORING POINTS FOR THE CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATIONAL PHASE ......................... 9-9

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE 1-1: EIA REPORT REQUIREMENTS ACCORDING TO DECREE 45/2004..................... ............................. 1-2

TABLE 1-2: EIA REPORT REQUIREMENTS FROM MICOA .................................................................................... 1-3

TABLE 1-3: EIA PROCESS ................................................................................................ ....................................... 1-6

TABLE 1-4: ENVIRONMENTAL PROJECT TEAM .................................................... ................................................ 1-6

TABLE 1-5: EXPLORATOR CONTACT DETAILS ................................................................ ..................................... 1-7TABLE 4-1: TEMPERATURE AND EVAPORATION (SLR, 2013) ........................................................... .................. 4-5

TABLE 4-2: SOILS TYPES IN THE CONCESSION AREA (TERRA-AFRICA, 2013) .............................................. 4-11

TABLE 4-3: HABITAT UNITS (SAS, 2013) .............................................................................................. ................ 4-20

TABLE 4-4: SUMMARY OF AQUATIC ECOLOGY ASSESSMENT FINDINGS (SAS, 2013) .................................. 4-25

TABLE 4-5: WATER QUALITY OF THE SAMPLES COLLECTED AT MANICA GOLD MINE (SLR, 2013) ............ 4-33

TABLE 4-6: RETURN PERIOD 24-HOUR STORM DEPTHS (HIGHLANDS HYDROLOGY, 2013) ........................ 4-34

TABLE 4-7: SUB-CATCHMENT CHARACTERISTICS AND PEAK FLOWS (HIGHLANDS HYDROLOGY, 2013) . 4-34

TABLE 4-8: SITE SIGNIFICANCE CLASSIFICATION STANDARDS USED (PGS, 2013) ...................................... 4-50

TABLE 4-9: HERITAGE SITES IDENTIFIED IN THE CONCESSION AREA (PGS, 2013) ...................................... 4-50

TABLE 4-10: NEIGHBOURING PROSPECTING AND MINING RIGHTS (FLEXICADASTRE MOZAMBIQUE, 2013) 4-

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TABLE 4-11: REGIONAL SETTING (SYNERGISTICS, 2013) ...................................................... ........................... 4-63

TABLE 5-1: TSF SITE SELECTION MATRIX ............................................................ ................................................ 5-2

TABLE 6-1: MAGNITUDE OF MINING OPERATIONS ......................................................... ..................................... 6-1

TABLE 6-2: CONSTRUCTION VEHICLES TO BE USED ON SITE .......................................................................... 6-7

TABLE 6-3: TABLE OF CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES ............................................................................................ 6-8TABLE 6-4: WATER SUPPLY FOR CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES BREAKDOWN .............................................. 6-11

TABLE 6-5: WASTE MANAGEMENT FOR CONSTRUCTION PHASE .............................................................. ..... 6-12

TABLE 6-6: DETAILS ON THE GUY FAWKES UNDERGROUND MINING OPERATIONS ................................... 6-16

TABLE 6-7: GROUNDWATER INFLOW RATES AT FULL DEVELOPMENT FOR MANICA GOLD MINE (SLR, 2013).......................................................... ................................................................. .............................................. 6-16

TABLE 6-8: MINERAL PROCESSING OPERATIONS AT THE PROCESS PLANT ................................................ 6-17

TABLE 6-9: PROCESS PLANT REAGENTS ............................................................. .............................................. 6-21

TABLE 6-10: CONCEPTUAL DESIGN OF THE WASTE ROCK DUMP ............................................................. ..... 6-22

TABLE 6-11: WASTE ROCK DUMP AND LOW GRADE ORE /STOCKPILE CLASSIFICATION............................ 6-22

TABLE 6-12: CONCEPTUAL DESIGN OF THE TAILINGS FACILITY AND RETURN WATER DAM ..................... 6-23

TABLE 6-13: TAILINGS FACILITY CLASSIFICATION CRITERIA........................................................................... 6-25

TABLE 6-14: VEHICLES AND EQUIPMENT TO BE USED ON SITE DURING OPERATIONS .............................. 6-27

TABLE 6-15: OPERATIONAL PHASE WATER REQUIREMENTS ......................................................................... 6-27

TABLE 6-16: NON-MINERALISED WASTE MANAGEMENT FOR OPERATIONS ................................................. 6-28

TABLE 7-1: CRITERIA FOR ASSESSING IMPACTS ........................................................... ..................................... 7-3

TABLE 7-2: HAZARDOUS EXCAVATIONS & INFRASTRUCTURE/SURFACE SUBSIDENCE - LINK MINE PHASES& ACTIVITIES ......................................................... .............................................................. ............................. 7-4

TABLE 7-3: SOIL POLLUTIONLINK TO MINE PHASE AND ACTIVITIES ............................................................ 7-7

TABLE 7-4: PHYSICAL DISTURBANCE OF SOILS AND REDUCED LAND CAPABILITYLINK TO MINE PHASEAND ACTIVITIES ............................................................... .............................................................. .................. 7-9

TABLE 7-5: PHYSICAL DESTRUCTION OF TERRESTRIAL BIODIVERSITY AND HABITAT - LINK TO MINEPHASES AND ACTIVITIES .................................................................... ......................................................... 7-11

TABLE 7-6: GENERAL DISTURBANCE OF TERRESTRIAL BIODIVERSITYLINK TO MINE PHASES ANDACTIVITIES..................................................................................................... ................................................. 7-13

TABLE 7-7: IMPACTS ON AQUATIC BIODIVERSITYLINK TO MINE PHASES AND ACTIVITIES .................... 7-15

TABLE 7-8: SURFACE WATER POLLUTION SOURCESLINK TO MINE PHASES AND ACTIVITIES ................ 7-19

TABLE 7-9: DEWATERINGLINK TO MINE PHASES AND ACTIVITIES ........................................................ ..... 7-22

TABLE 7-10: GROUNDWATER INFLOW RATES AT FULL DEVELOPMENT FOR MANICA GOLD MINE (SLR,2013) ............................................................ ................................................................. ................................... 7-22

TABLE 7-11: CONTAMINATION OF GROUNDWATERLINK TO MINE PHASES AND ACTIVITIES ................... 7-24

TABLE 7-12: AIR POLLUTIONLINK TO MINE PHASES AND ACTIVITIES ........................................................ 7-27

TABLE 7-13: NOISE POLLUTIONLINK TO MINE PHASES AND ACTIVITIES ................................................... 7-30

TABLE 7-14: PREDICTED INCREASE AMBIENT NOISE LEVELS (SLR, 2013) .................................................... 7-31

TABLE 7-15: BLASTING DAMAGELINK TO MINE PHASES AND ACTIVITIES ................................................. 7-33

TABLE 7-16: HERITAGE IMPACTSLINK TO MINE PHASES AND ACTIVITIES/INFRASTRUCTURE .............. 7-35

TABLE 7-17: HERITAGE SITES LIKELY TO BE IMPACTED UPON BY MINING INFRASTUCTURE .................... 7-37

TABLE 7-18: VISUAL IMPACTSLINK TO MINE PHASES AND ACTIVITIES/INFRASTRUCTURE .................... 7-41

TABLE 7-19: TRAFFIC AND ROAD SAFETY IMPACTSLINK TO MINE PHASES AND ACTIVITIES ................. 7-43

TABLE 7-20: SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACTSLINK TO MINE PHASES AND ACTIVITIES .................................. 7-45

TABLE 8-1: SUMMARY OF ISSUES IDENTIFIED IN THE EIA WITH RELEVANT MANAGEMENT PLANS ............ 8-2

TABLE 8-2: HAZARDOUS STRUCTURES AND EXCAVATIONS (INCLUDING SUBSIDENCE) MANAGEMENTPLAN (THIRD PARTY SAFETY AND SECURITY) ............................................................................................ 8-1

TABLE 8-3: BLAST MANAGEMENT PLAN ............................................................... ................................................ 8-3


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TABLE 8-4: OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY MANAGEMENT PLAN ........................................................ 8-6

TABLE 8-5: SOIL MANAGEMENT PLAN ................................................................ .................................................. 8-7

TABLE 8-6: TOPSOIL STRIPPING AND STOCKPILING ............................................................. ............................. 8-8

TABLE 8-7: BIODIVERSITY MANAGEMENT PLAN ............................................................. ................................... 8-10

TABLE 8-8: STORMWATER AND EFFLUENT MANAGEMENT PLAN ................................................................... 8-13TABLE 8-9: EFFLUENT DISCHARGE STANDARDS ........................................................... ................................... 8-18

TABLE 8-10: GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT PLAN .......................................................................................... 8-19

TABLE 8-11: DUST MANAGEMENT PLAN ............................................................... .............................................. 8-21

TABLE 8-12: GASEOUS EMISSIONS MANAGEMENT PLAN ................................................................................ 8-23

TABLE 8-13: STACK PARAMETERS AND EMISSION LIMITS FOR THE OPERATIONS ..................................... 8-24

TABLE 8-14: VISUAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ............................................................ .............................................. 8-25

TABLE 8-15: NOISE MANAGEMENT PLAN ..................................................................... ...................................... 8-26

TABLE 8-16: EMPLOYMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN ........................................................... ................................... 8-27

TABLE 8-17: ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN ....................................................................... 8-28

TABLE 8-18: ROAD USE MANAGEMENT PLAN .................................................................................................... 8-29TABLE 8-19: INWARD MIGRATION MANAGEMENT PLAN ................................................................................... 8-31

TABLE 8-20: SOCIAL LINK AND COMMUNITY MANAGEMENT PLAN ............................................................ ..... 8-32

TABLE 8-21: STAKEHOLDER MANAGEMENT PLAN ................................................................. ........................... 8-33

TABLE 8-22: HERITAGE (AND CULTURAL) RESOURCES MANAGEMENT PLAN .............................................. 8-34

TABLE 8-23: CONTRACTOR CAMP MANAGEMENT PLAN ....................................................... ........................... 8-35

TABLE 8-24: EMERGENCY RESPONSE PROCEDURES .................................... ................................................... 8-1

TABLE 9-1: MONITORING PARAMETERS FOR ANALYSIS (BASELINE WATER MONITORING) ......................... 9-2

TABLE 9-2: WATER MONITORING PARAMETERS FOR ANALYSIS (CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATIONS) ..... 9-4

TABLE 11-1: SUMMARY OF POTENTIAL CUMULATIVE IMPACTS ASSOCIATED WITH THE PROPOSEDMANICA PROJECT ................................................................................................... ...................................... 11-1

LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX ARESETTLEMENT PLAN ........................................................ .............................................................. A

APPENDIX BPUBLIC CONSULTATION RECORDS ........................................................ ........................................ B

APPENDIX CRECORD OF CORRESPONDENCE WITH RELEVANT AUTHORITIES ...........................................C

APPENDIX DGEOCHEMICAL DESK STUDY SPECIALIST REPORT ........................................................... ..........D

APPENDIX ESOIL AND LAND CAPABILITY SPECIALIST REPORT ............................................................ .......... E

APPENDIX FBIODIVERSITY SPECIALIST REPORTS ............................................................ ................................ F

APPENDIX GHYDROLOGY SPECIALIST REPORT ........................................................ ....................................... G

APPENDIX HGROUNDWATER SPECIALIST REPORT .......................................................... ................................H

APPENDIX IAIR QUALITY SPECIALIST REPORT .......................................................... ......................................... I

APPENDIX JNOISE SPECIALIST REPORT.......................................................... ................................................... J

APPENDIX KHERITAGE SPECIALIST REPORT ............................................................. ........................................ K

APPENDIX LSOCIAL SPECIALIST REPORT ................................................................................................ .......... L

APPENDIX MECONOMICS SPECIALIST REPORT ...................................................................................... ......... M

APPENDIX NBLASTING SPECIALIST REPORT ............................................................. ........................................N

APPENDIX OPROJECT TEAM CURRICULUM VITAE ............................................................ ............................... O

APPENDIX PCONCEPTUAL CLOSURE PLAN ................................................................ ........................................ P


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ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

Included below is a list of acronyms and abbreviations relevant to this report.

Acronyms Descriptiona Annum

ABA Acid Base Accounting

ADT Articulated dump truck

Al Aluminium

AMD/ARD Acid Mine/Rock Drainage

amsl above mean sea level

AP Acid Potential

dBA Decibels

C Degree centigrade

CO Carbon monoxide

CO2 Carbon dioxide

Cu Copper

d Day

dB Decibels

DEM Digital Elevation Model

DPM Diesel Particulate Matter

DU Domestic use

EIA Environmental Impact Assessment

EMP Environmental Management Plan

ESIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment

EVA Economic value addedmg/ Milligrams per litre

GDP Gross Domestic Product

GGP Gross Geographic Product

GIS Geographical Information Systems

h Hour

H2SO4 Sulphuric acid

HC Hydrocarbons

NO2 Nitrogen dioxide

IFC International Finance Corporation

k Kilo (a thousand)

kg Kilogramkm square kilometres

kV Kilo Volt

Litre

LA Local Authorities

LDV Light delivery vehicle

LM Local Municipality

LOM Life of Mine

m Metre

M Million

Mg Magnesium


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Acronyms Description

m/s metres per second

mamsl Metres above mean sea level

MAP Mean Annual Precipitation

MAR Mean Annual Run-offMICOA Ministry of Coordination of Environmental Affairs

mg Milligram

mg/ milligram/litre

min Minute

mm Millimetres

Mm million cubic metres

NGO Non-Governmental Organisation

O/C Outcrop

Pb chemical symbol for lead

PCD Pollution control damPM10 Particulate matter less than 10 microns in size

PCP Public Consultation Process

ROM Run Of Mine

RWD Return Water Dam

SA South Africa

SABS South African Bureau of Standards

SIA Social Impact Assessment

SO2 Sulphur dioxide

TLB Tractor-Loader-Backhoe

TOR Terms of Reference

TSP Total suspended particulatesW Watt

WHO World Health Organization

WRD Waste Rock Dump

Zn Chemical symbol for zinc

micro - one millionth


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NON-TECHNICAL SUMMARY

General introduction

Explorator Limitada (Explorator) is proposing to develop the Manica Gold Project in Mozambique.Explorator holds mining concession 3990C issued on 3 March 2011 for the concession area, which is

situated approximately 4km north of the town of Manica, which in turn, lies approximately 270km west-

northwest of the city of Beira. The concession area additionally lies close to the Mozambican border with

Zimbabwe, with the Zimbabwean town of Mutare situated about 5km from the Mozambican-Zimbabwean

border. The regional setting is presented in Figure 1-1, with the concession area shown in red, and the

local setting is presented in Figure 1-2.

Explorator was previously wholly owned by Pan African Resources Limited (PAR) until 17 thJanuary 2012

when it was wholly purchased by Australian Listed Company Auroch Mineral NL (Auroch). PAR

conducted several phases of exploratory work from 2001 to 2011 after mining operations conducted

during the 1950s. Auroch has continued this exploratory work and is in the progress of conducting a

definitive feasibility study.

The proposed project will include two open pits, a shallow underground mine area to be accessed via two

adits, a 60 kilo ton per month processing plant, with supporting infrastructure and residue facilities. This

project targets the non-refractory, relatively shallow ore. Life of mine is currently expected to be less than

ten years.

Mining concession 3990C requires that Explorator conducts an environmental impact assessment (EIA)

and submit an EIA report in order to obtain an environmental licence by 3 March 2014. EnviroSig Lda

(EnviroSig), a Mozambique environmental consultancy registered with the Ministry of Coordination of

Environmental Affairs (MICOA), and SLR Consulting Africa (Pty) (Ltd) (SLR) a South African based

environmental consultancy, have been appointed to conduct the EIA for the proposed Manica Gold

Project. It should however be noted that an independent environmental consultant, Mr. Dinis Napido

completed the Environmental Pre-feasibility Study and Scope Definition (EPDA) and Terms of Reference

(ToR) for the EIA report for this project. This report was accepted by MICOA on 18 December 2012.Explorator informed MICOA of the change to the environmental consultant in a letter dated (Ref:

102/EXP/2013) and this was accepted in writing by MICOA on 17 September 2013.

EnviroSig was responsible for project management, authority liaison, public consultation process, local

team co-ordination and was a key member of the social and resettlement specialist teams. SLR was

responsible for management of technical specialists and the compilation of the EIA report.


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Project motivation (need and desirability)

The proposed project has the potential to uplift the local communities by providing some employment

opportunities and downstream procurement goods and service opportunities. The proposed project also

represents a relatively large private sector investment and its success will have a significantly positiveimpact on the national and local economy in the short term. Potential impacts on the environment can be

managed to acceptable levels if the recommendations in section8 are successfully implemented.

Legal framework and environmental assessment process

Section written in Portuguese

Stakeholder engagement

Engagement with stakeholders was conducted during the EPDA (Scoping) Phase by Dinis Napido. This

included:

Informal and formal meetings that were held from June to September 2010 in the villages of

Cacrue and Chinhadombwe

A public and community hearing was held on 28th August 2012. This meeting was advertised in

the newspaper Dirio de Moambique. The meeting was attended by regulatory authorities,

traditional leadership and the general public.

EnviroSig is currently implementing a continuation of the stakeholder engagement process that includes:

Expansion of the stakeholder database

Community engagement through focussed meetings

Compilation of an Issues and Concerns Report

Public review of the draft EIR

Public hearings to give feedback on the findings of the EIA and obtain stakeholder feedback

Compilation of a final public engagement report to be submitted with the final EIA report to the

relevant authorities.

Environmental setting, potential impacts and mitigation

A summary of the environmental aspects that describe the pre-mining environment as informed by

specialist studies are listed below. Each section also summarises the potential impacts and the key

mitigation measures to manage the potential impacts to an acceptable level.

Geology

The Fair Bride and Dots Luck gold target zones are located in the eastern portion of the Manica

concession area associated with a 7 km BIF horizon. The Guy Fawkes gold target zone is located on the


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northern limb of the synclinal structure approximately 2 km north of Fair Bride. The results of a desktop

geochemical study showed that there is low risk of acid generation, however there is the potential for

some trace elements to be leached out of exposed rock.. Potential impacts related to geology are dealt

with in the groundwater section.

Climate

At approximately 19 degrees south of the Equator the concession area lies within the sub-equatorial

region which is drier than the inner humid tropical regions. Average temperature ranges between 15 to

24 degrees Celsius over the year. The interpolated annual average rainfall is 1,260mm per year, with the

rainy season occurring from November through to March. April and October are transitional months either

side of the dry season of May to September during which an average rainfall of 21.4mm occurs. From

January to March the prevailing wind is from the south east. From April to September winds are more

variable with winds tending to be south easterly or north easterly. October to December sees a transition

with north easterlies becoming more frequent before the south easterlies dominate once more. The

average wind speed is 2.6m/s. Climatic data has been used to inform the air quality, hydrology and water

balance studies.

Topography

The Manica area is located in an embayment within the East African Escarpment, with the topography

rising steeply to the west, north and south, to the Zimbabwean border, which is defined by the

escarpment. The concession area can be divided into two main topographical domains:

The broad flat flood plains, associated along the alluvial systems that lie between 680 m to 720 m

above mean sea level (amsl)

A mountainous domain, i.e. Vengo Mountains, north and south of the Manica Gold Mine

concession area peaking at approximately 1602 m above mean sea level.

The topography will be changed by the proposed infrastructure and excavations associated with

proposed mine. All excavations and infrastructure into which or off which people and animals can fall are

considered hazardous. If unmitigated, the potential negative impact is high because the hazardousexcavations and infrastructure may cause injury to people and animals. This potential impact can be

mitigated to an acceptable level through the following measures:

Access control through barriers, warning signs and security check points

Education and training of workers and the public

Design, construction and implementation of infrastructure stability and safety design measures

Dots Luck open pit will be backfilled

Fair Bride open pit will be made safe from both a stability and access perspective.


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Soil and Land Capability

Three soils types were identified in the concession area, namely Lixisols, Leptosols (associated with

steep areas) and Gleysols (associated with wetlands). Lixisols are widespread and dominate the site.

Soil analysis shows that topsoil is more fertile than subsoil and therefore it is important to conserve thisvaluable resource. Red Lixisols cover the Gleysols in many areas due to sedimentation caused by

artisanal mining.

Land capability in the concession area (3,037ha) is comprised of approximately 67% arable land, 26%

grazing land and 7% wetland.

Soils and land capability can be lost through pollution and physical disturbance. The physical loss of

soils and/or the loss of soil functionality are important issues because as an ecological driver, soil is the

medium in which most vegetation grows and in which a significant range of vertebrates and invertebrates

exist. In the context of mining, it is even more of an issue if one considers that mining is a temporary land

use where-after rehabilitation is the key to re-establishing post closure land capability that will support

conservation and ecotourism type land uses. Soil is a key part of this rehabilitation.

In the unmitigated scenario, there are a number of activities that will disturb and potentially damage the

soils through physical disturbance and/or pollution. Key management and mitigation measures include

the following:

Limiting the disturbance footprint of the project

Stripping, storing and maintaining soils in accordance with the soil management plan

Reusing stored soil during the rehabilitation and restoration process

Pollution prevention through infrastructure design, and education and training of workers

Implementation of procedures to enable fast reaction to contain and remediate spills

Post rehabilitation auditing to determine the success of the rehabilitation.

Biodiversity (fauna and flora)

The study area falls within the Central Zambesian Miombo Woodland (AT0704) ecoregion (SAS, 2013).

The Central Zambezian Miombo Woodland is one of the largest ecoregions in Africa. While much of the

ecoregion has been transformed by urban development, bush clearing, agriculture and mining, the

southern occurrences of the ecoregion, especially in the southern DRC, remain largely intact. The

ecoregion is listed as vulnerable.

The concession area can be divided into three broad habitat units, namely ridges, riparian and wetland

areas, and communal (mostly transformed agricultural) areas. Terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems have

been significantly impact upon by anthropogenic activities (activities conducted by humans) such as


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agriculture and artisanal mining. The wetlands have also been impacted upon; however they are still

valuable in terms of providing ecosystem and socio-cultural services. The majority of the concession

area can be considered to have low or moderate ecological sensitivity; however there are some areas of

higher sensitivity.

Biodiversity can be lost through physical destruction or general disturbance of terrestrial and aquatic

habitat and species. In the broadest sense, biodiversity provides value for ecosystem functionality,

aesthetic, spiritual, cultural, and recreational reasons. The known ecosystem related value includes: soil

formation and fertility maintenance, primary production through photosynthesis as the supportive

foundation for all life, provision of food and fuel, provision of shelter and building materials, regulation of

water flows and water quality, regulation and purification of atmospheric gases, moderation of climate

and weather, control of pests and diseases, and maintenance of genetic resources.

The surface infrastructure layout has been developed to avoid areas of higher sensitivity as far as

practically possible. In addition, the following mitigation measures are key in managing potential impacts

to an acceptable level:

Limiting the disturbance footprint of the project

Rescue and relocate any protected species

The flow of water in streams will not be impeded

Off-road driving will not be permitted Prevent access to water containing dams

Minimise disturbing activities such as noise and lighting

Manage alien invasive plant species

Ensuring proper management of waste

Education of mine workers on the value of biodiversity and how to minimise impacts

Proper rehabilitation of the site.

Surface water

Streams within the concession area drain towards the Revue River, which flows in an easterly direction

across the site. The Revue River then flows in a south-easterly direction into Chicamba Dam

approximately 20km downstream.

Surface water is used by local communities for domestic and agricultural use, as well as for washing of

ore obtained through artisanal mining. The Revue River valley has also been subjected to alluvial gold

mining through the use of pontoon mounted dredgers floating on lagoons. Although the streams appear

highly turbid, baseline monitoring showed only elevated levels of arsenic and aluminium.


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Surface water could be impacted upon by altering the natural drainage pattern and pollution. However,

the alteration of drainage patterns is not expected to be significant because runoff (rainfall) from only

eight percent of the total concession area will need to be contained to prevent surface water pollution.

Surface water could also be impacted upon by pollution through accidental spills and leaks, and throughthe discharge of excess mine water. Pollution impacts can be managed to an acceptable level with the

implementation of the following key management measures:

Implement a stormwater management plan that will divert clean runoff away from the site and

contain contaminated runoff

Dirty water containment facilities must be properly designed and cater for the 1:50 year flood

event and maintain adequate freeboard

Avoid activities within stream floodlines as far as practically possible. In this regard it should be

noted that the infrastructure layout was developed in a manner to avoid watercourses where

possible

Proper management of potentially polluting substances

Ensure that mine effluent discharge is treated to a suitable standard so as not to negatively affect

downstream users.

Groundwater

The concession area is underlain by shallow weathered (in the mountainous areas) and deeper

weathered (in the low-laying plains) associated greenstone rocks classified as intergranular fracturedaquifer. The greenstones provide primary porosity and storage capacity with limited groundwater

movement and secondary features like the dominant east-west oriented and northeast-southwest shear

zones enhancing potential groundwater flow. Groundwater is expected to predominantly flow in the

weathered zone and brecciated shear zone.

The greenstones are overlain by an unconfined alluvial (i.e. primary aquifer) sand aquifer along river and

drainage courses which typically exhibits much higher hydraulic conductivities and storativity. Storativity

is the capacity of an aquifer to store and releasegroundwater. The alluvial aquifers are also in direct

contact with the surface water. Once surface water run-off recedes in the dry season, groundwater acts

as the main contribution to these alluvial aquifers. This is evidenced by the main rivers, such as the

Revue River, which flow thought the dry season.

Groundwater is used for domestic and agricultural use. Baseline monitoring showed some cases of

elevated chromium, lead and nitrate concentrations. These are believed to be caused by anthropogenic

activities.

Groundwater availability can be compromised by dewatering activities at the mine sites. The drawdown

from dewatering at Dots Luck and Fair Bride is likely to impact on the boreholes F4 and F5, which are
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquiferhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundwaterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundwaterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquifer


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owned by Explorator. No third party boreholes were found to occur within the cones of depression for the

open pits or Guy Fawkes. The drawdown from dewatering at Guy Fawkes is expected to reduce the

amount of water discharge from natural fountains in the area. Dewatering in the open pits and

underground mine will also reduce the groundwater contribution to base flow in the Revue andMukurumanzi Rivers. These impacts are however estimated to be moderate. If monitoring indicates a

mine-related decrease in groundwater supply to third parties (through either changes in quantity or

quality), appropriate measures will be taken to prevent the decrease from occurring, and/or to provide the

affected third parties with an alternative water supply.

Groundwater could also be impacted upon through pollution, mainly from seepage from residue facilities.

In this respect it has been predicted that in the unmitigated scenario, seepage from the residue facilities

would reach the Revue River within 25 years. These impacts can be mitigated to an acceptable level

with the implementation of the following key measures:

The residue facilities will be equipped with liner and runoff collection systems

If monitoring shows that groundwater quality is deteriorating downstream of the residue facilities,

additional measures will be put in place to capture seepage. This could include seepage cut-off

trenches and/or scavenger wells

Should groundwater pollution problems persist upon closure, the residue facilities will be capped

with an impermeable layer

Implementation of a groundwater monitoring programme to monitor potential pollution and takecorrective action should unexpected pollution plumes be identified.

Air quality

Air quality is considered to be typical of a non-industrialised urbanised area in Manica. In the non-

populated areas around Manica and the proposed mine site (away from roads) the main influences on air

quality are likely to be regional pollution and small scale agricultural practices (e.g. intermittent burning or

dust from brush clearing).

The main project related contaminants include: inhalable particulate matter less than 10 microns in size(PM10), larger total suspended particulates (TSP), and gas emissions including sulphur dioxide (SO2),

nitrogen dioxide (NO2), cadmium, arsenic, hydrogen fluoride (HF) and carbon monoxide (CO). At certain

concentrations, each of these contaminants can have health and/or nuisance impacts. However

dispersion modelling predicts that these contaminants will stay well below relevant air quality standards.

Air quality management measures will include effective dust suppression, and ensuring that the

processing plant and waste incinerator emissions remain within relevant air quality standards with the use

of effective technology.


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Noise

Baseline noise monitoring determined that ambient noise levels are generally low and represent a rural

type environment, with the exception of Cacarue which has a suburban noise environment.

Noise pollution will have different impacts on different receptors because some are very sensitive to noise

and others are not. For example, workers do not expect a noise free work environment and so they will

be less sensitive to environmental noise pollution at work. Local residents are likely to be sensitive to

unnatural noises and so any change to ambient noise levels because of mine related noise will have a

negative impact on them. The concession area has numerous scattered dwellings, as well as schools in

various locations, and these represent potential sensitive receptors.

Noise modelling shows a potentially significant increase in noise levels could be experienced by various

receptors. However, the majority of these receptors will need to be relocated for safety reasons

associated with blasting. Other key mitigation measures will be the monitoring of noise levels once the

mine is operational to determine if there are unacceptable increases in noise at sensitive receptors, and

implementing additional corrective action if required.

Heritage

Numerous heritage sites have been identified in the concession area. These included archaeological

sites, cemeteries, sacred sites and architectural structures, as well as Fort Macequece, a registered

national monument. All of these sites are legally protected.

Numerous heritage sites are likely to be impacted upon by the proposed mining activities. The impacts

can me managed to an acceptable level by implementing the following management measures:

Where graves, archaeological sites and heritage structures lie within the proposed mine fence

lines but not within actual infrastructure footprints, these will be demarcated with a 50m buffer

and protected for the duration of the operations

Adjusting the fence lines to exclude heritage sites where practical

Adjusting the surface layout to avoid heritage sites where practical Where archaeological sites will be disturbed and/or destroyed the mine will follow legal

procedures and apply for the necessary permits

Where graves will be disturbed and/or destroyed the mine will follow legal procedures and apply

for the necessary permits.

Visual

The landscape has been significantly impacted upon by anthropogenic activities, particularly in the flatter

areas. Steeper areas are often uninhabited and unsuitable for agricultural activities and therefore have a

higher scenic value. Overall, the scenic value is rated as moderate.


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The proposed mine infrastructure will impact on the visual environment. The proposed mine

infrastructure will be clearly visible from numerous points in the communities, such as the road to

Phenyahlonga, the road to Fort Macquecue, numerous smaller community roads as well as from thescattered dwellings, schools and community facilities throughout the concession area. Therefore visual

exposure would be high.

Sensitivity of receptors relates to the way in which people will view the visual intrusion. In this regard, it is

anticipated that residential receptors will be sensitive but mine related receptors may not be sensitive. It

should also be noted that community members may not consider the presence of mine infrastructure to

be a deterioration in their environment, instead they may view the mine as an opportunity for employment

and upliftment of the community overall.

Taken together, the unmitigated severity for all phases is moderate to high. However, many of the

sensitive receptors fall within the proposed mine fenced areas or the blasting buffer zones around the

open pits and will therefore need to be relocated. In this way, the severity at those receptors that may be

most impacted upon may be reduced to moderate. Other mitigation measures include:

Limit land disturbance

Final shaping and colouring of infrastructure will attempt to avoid harsh angular shapes and care

will be taken to integrate structures into the surrounding landscape

Night lights will be used sparingly to illuminate specific areas only. The use of high pole flood

lights will be avoided where possible

Littering will be prevented

Dust will be effectively supressed.

Socio-economic

Mozambique has a growing economy with much potential for development particularly within the mining

sector. The Dots Luck and Guy Fawkes areas fall under the district municipality and are administered at

the Machipanda Administrative Posts in the town of Maridza. The Fair Bride mining section isadministered by the local Municipality of Manica, which is located in Manica Town. Communities are

engaged in subsistence agriculture and illegal artisanal mining, and there are commercial fruit and a

chicken farms within the concession area. Education and employment are relatively low with associated

poverty levels, while there is a lack of housing, community infrastructure and access to basic services in

the local and regional area. There are numerous Zimbabwean Nationals who are in Mozambique illegally

and engaging in illegal artisanal mining in the mince concession area.

The socio-economic environment could be impacted upon in the following ways:


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Positive economic impact through employment and opportunities created

Inward migration whereby people move into the area in search of employment or other

opportunities

Community displacement in areas proposed for mine infrastructure Loss of current land use.

These are discussed briefly below.

A positive economic impact is expected on both a local and broader scale, for the life of the project.

During operations, positive economic impacts could be enhanced by employing and procuring locally

where possible and ensuring corporate social responsibility investment. However, it is noted that the

project life span is relatively short, therefore it is important to ensure that economic considerations into

closure planning, for example re-skilling of employees and engaging with local structures and business to

discuss strategies for limiting economic impact of mine closure.

A potential negative social impact is the inward migration of people in search of employment and other

opportunities. It should be noted that the proposed mine will be mechanised and represent a relatively

small employment opportunity, with only 639 construction and 451 operational job opportunities

expected. The mine plans to employ local people where possible and comply with Mozambique

employment regulations as a minumum. This means that there should not be a significant amount of

workers who need to find accommodation in the area. However, there could still be an influx of peopleinto the Manica area in search of work and mine related opportunities. While it is not possible to

establish a defendable direct causal link between the proposed project and the regional phenomena of

inward migration, it is reasonable to assume that inward migration will occur both directly and/or indirectly

from regional economic development in general, and that proposed mine will play a significant role in this

development. Key mitigation measures include:

Establish a transparent employment procedure

Broadly disseminate information on the actual number of skilled and unskilled positions available

during all project phases in an effort to manage expectations. This issue will also be addressed

during th

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20140217 Explorator Manica Project EIA Combined1

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