CBSS

GEOGRAPHY UNIT

ALL ABOUT

GEOGRAPHY SEC TWO

CHAPTER 1 :

HOW AND WHERE DO PEOPLE LIVE?

HUMAN

ENVIRONMENT

• A place.

• Surroundings changed by

people.

• Includes settlements and

economic activities.

• Natural environment is

unaltered by people.

RURAL ENVIRONMENT

• Less developed.

• Primary industries

• Mining, Farming, Logging, etc.

URBAN

ENVIRONMENT

• More developed.

• Built-up area.

• Town, city.

• Secondary or Tertiary

Industries.

• Factories, Service industry.

LETS TRY THIS OUT

FOR EACH PHOTO, TRY TO SEE

IF IT’S A NATURAL OR HUMAN

ENVIRONMENT.

IF IT’S A HUMAN

ENVIRONMENT, DECIDE IF ITS

URBAN OR RURAL.

HUMAN SOCIETY

DEVELOPMENT

3 main stages

1. Hunter-gatherer society

2. Agrarian society

3. Industrial society

HUNTER-GATHERER

SOCIETY

• Nomadic

• Move around in search for food.

• No permenant shelters.

• Small groups of 20-40 persons.

• Hunt wild animals (fish, deer, horses,

primates)

• Gather wild plants, fruits and nuts.

• !Kung bushmen (Kalahari Desert)

• Efe people (DRC)

AGRARIAN SOCIETY

• Communities with crops and livestock.

• Non dependent on hunting and

gathering.

• Stable food source.

• Use of technology (simple inventions)

• Increase crop output

• Sale of crops for profit / traded

AGRARIAN SOCIETY

‘CONT

• Increased stable food leads to

development

• Culture/ technology/ education/ war

• Early major civilisation centres

developed with agrarian societies.

• Xi’an / Lisbon / Cairo / etc.

INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY

• Mainly manufacturing of goods.

• Food / clothing / building materials / etc.

• Use of technology and machinery.

• Important to be near good transport routes

• Rivers/ Deep sea harbours/ Air routes/ Railway stations

• Near raw materials to lower transport costs

UNIT 1 EX 1

Complete the entire

exercise

Take it as a review of the

unit

WHERE DO PEOPLE

LIVE TODAY?

Where would you prefer to live in?

* Discuss with your partner which location you would prefer

to live in. (tell each other 2 things that are better at your

choice location.)

A B

URBANISATION

• Living in a built up

area

• Modern amenities

and facilities

• Over 52% of global

population lives in

urban areas

CHART READING

EXERCISE

1. Turn to Pg 10 of your textbook

2. Look at the line graph

3. Answer the questions on pg 11.

4. Check with your partner if you have the same answers

TIPS ON LINE GRAPHS

• Estimate!

• Measure and divide for

readings that are not

there!

• Look at the different

sections!

ANSWERS

1.Increase of 21%

2.South America (41%)

3.Asia (9%)

FEATURES OF CITIES

• Large population size

• High population density

• Cosmopolitan population

• Built-up area

POPULATION

INDICATORS

• Natural increase

• Increase in population due to natural causes

• Birth rate – Death rate

• Migration

• Change of residence in a voluntary/forced manner

• Rural-Urban / Urban-Rural

Let’s try

Ex 2

FACTORS THAT LEAD TO

INCREASE IN BIRTH RATE

EARLY MARRIAGE

As early as 15 years old.

Women who marry young

more likely to have more

children.

•Longer potential fertility period

CHILDREN SEEN AS

WEALTH

Children viewed as assets.

Free labour on farms.

Tradition of filial piety.

•Children will look after their parents

•Bring in additional income

HIGH NUMBER OF

CHILD DEATHS

Lack of basic health care services.

Bad water and food hygiene.

Easy spread of diseases.

Children die easily of common ailments

Additional children seen as security / insurance.

LACK OF BIRTH

CONTROL KNOWLEDGE

People ignorant of birth control methods.

•Illiterate

•Not well-informed

•Lacking in available information

Birth Control might not be readily available

PREFERENCE FOR A

MALE CHILD

Asian (Patriarchal ) societies prefer male children.

•Carry on the family name

•Inherit the family business

People keep giving birth if they don’t have male offspring.

OTHER CAUSES FOR

POPULATION CHANGE

RURAL-URBAN

MIGRATION

Pull Factors

• More job opportunities

• Better amenities

• Salary

• Better living standards

• Better education opportunities

RURAL-URBAN

MIGRATION

Push Factors

• Low/ no salary

• No job opportunities

• Few amenities

• Low standard of living

• Lesser education opportunities

POPULATION DENSITY

• Amount of people living in a unit

of land area.

• Number of people / area they

occupy.

• Larger number = more crowded

environment

• Used to look at Cities /

Countries

DENSELY POPULATED

CITIES

Tokyo

Hongkong

Mongkok

Mumbai

New York

COSMOPOLITAN

POPULATION

• Multicultural society

• People from diverse cultural

backgrounds

• Open to different ideas and

comfortable interacting

• New York

BUILT-UP AREA

Area covered by buildings and

roads

Dense transport networks

Tall buildings (commercial –

offices / residential – homes)

SUMMARY

• How did ancient man live?

• How did we evolve over the past million

years?

• How does modern man live?

• What are the factors that affect

population size?

• Are there benefits to living a

cosmopolitan life?