20150811061943_District Climate and Energy Plan- Sunsari

8/19/2019 20150811061943_District Climate and Energy Plan- Sunsari

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DECEMBER 2014

Government of NepalMinistry of Science, Technology and Environment

Alternative Energy Promotion Centre

District Development CommitteeSunsari

DISTRICT CLIMATE AND ENERGY PLAN(SUNSARI)


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Final Report

District Climate and Energy Plan- Sunsari, 2014

Prepared by: NEEDS Page 2

SUMMARY

District Climate and Energy Plan (DCEP) will be the most effective tool to withstand as well as

mitigate the climate change impact through renewable energy technologies intervention. The

general goal of the District Climate and Energy Plan (DCEP) is to create an implementation plan thatraises appropriate Rural Energy Technologies (RETS) dissemination and construction in Sunsari

district. Moreover, it will also add to national and local climate change mitigation and adaptationplans of Nepal. The DCEP may play a systematic roadmap that assists as a periodic rolling plan of

the districts in the area of clean renewable energy/low carbon technologies development andpreparation for climate change strategy in Nepal. Strategies for development and dissemination of

the Renewable Energy Technologies (RETs) in the district were mapped out and climate adaptationand mitigation and gender equality and social inclusion (GESI) linkages were also explored. In this

regard, Nepal Energy and Environment Development Services (NEEDS) has helped manage thisproject as well as provided the proper guidance, coordination, and technical support to DDCs andVDCs as well as maintained the gap between DDC and AEPC/NRREP and helped in successful

completion of project for Sunsari district.

The overall objective of the task was to prepare a district climate change adaptive, de centralised

renewable energy plan that presents a detailed implementation plan which contributes to climatechange mitigation as well as adaptation and addresses the mainstreaming of Gender Equality and

Social Inclusion. Some of the specific objectives of the DCEPs formulation are: to outline energy

needs of the respective district; to carry out the assessment of available resource, technology andinstitutions working in climate change and renewable energy/energy sector; to carry out

situational assessments of climate change, gender equality and social inclusion in the chosen

districts; to assess the institutional arrangements of the district, identify the gap and recommend

for necessary improvements; to conduct capacity need assessment and identify the actions toimplement the proposed District Climate and Energy Plan (DCEP); to outline implementation of the

plan with identification of roles and responsibilities of different stakeholders; and to recommend

interventions of appropriate renewable energy technologies incorporating the influencing factors

of climate change and GESI that contribute to climate change adaptation and mitigation and GESImainstreaming.

The consultant (NEEDS) has followed three main stages, which are further categorized forpreparation of DCEP. The stages are: i) Executive planning phase, ii) Planning workshop, field study

and action phase, and iii) Review, design and reporting phase. The consultant adopted the same

approach as it has proposed in the proposal. It has been according to the Norms and Standards of

MoSTE and AEPC and the issues mentioned in the project proposal as stated in the Terms ofReference (ToR). The consultant has conducted the task applying participatory tools and

techniques simultaneously in order to obtain reliable information besides of secondary sources asprimarily indicated in the ToR. The DCEP preparation methodology is based upon the DCEP

guideline which is availed from AEPC/NRREP. The defined methodological background provides

the local level coordination, stakeholder consultation along with the collection of local data baseand the generation of the primary data work was carried out and provided by Sunsari district. The

team of consultants provided the tools, technique along with the necessary technical supports

systems for the project which is undertaken. The desk study was made on the following: climate

change policy and program in the international and in the national context were assessed andreviewed; the available District Energy situation reports, district plans, annual reports, district

overview documents from the respective district were assessed and reviewed; the information of

Gender equity and social inclusion for each VDC of the Sunsari district was also assembled through

a thorough study; institutional assessment and review was made to find out the institution capacitygap; and, appropriate scale of desk study was conducted to assess and review the relevant

documents on policy, programs and related theme. The team of consultants proceeded to carry out

the detail field study in the project district. The main objective of the field study was to collectinformation and data from the project area to achieve the objectives of the project. Followingactivities were applied for the successful accomplishment of the project work; field visit; visit to

stakeholders, organizations, meetings, interactions/ discussions; mapping; SWOT analysis; semi-


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structured questionnaire, checklist; and collection of documents (publications, audio visuals,

statute, guidelines, manuals, brochures, handbooks, minutes etc.).

The data that were collected from the field as well as secondary published sources were used to

develop the business as usual scenario (BAU), where current trends of energy use and technologyintervention were assumed to continue. All the up-to-date RETs intervention levels were

incorporated into the data so as to provide the current up-date information. Following this, twofurther scenarios such as medium adaptation scenario (MAS) and a climate resilient scenario (CRS)

were developed. The later scenarios were developed on the basis of desirable future based on theinterpretation of the scenarios after assessment of climate change and energy status considering

gender equity and social inclusion and institutional status. The intervention level required forvarious technologies was then calculated for both medium adaptation scenario (MAS) and climate

resilient scenario (CRS), which has been translated into the detailed implementation plan for five

years for Sunsari. The project was mainly based on both the primary as well as secondary data

collected from various sources. Collection of necessary data was discussed carefully with relevantorganizations from Sunsari district. These information collections were mostly based on the

process outlined in the DCEP guideline. The data collection looked to collate the 4 different

components of DCEP (i.e. energy, resource, institutional and technology assessment). Moreover,

information were collected to incorporate the cross cutting issues like gender, social inclusion,climate change and institutional capacity.

The data thus collected were analyzed, compared and interpreted with statistical tool/package likeMs Excel, LEAP, etc. Additionally, some data were generated through simple

statistical/mathematical calculation. Beside the existing data, missing data were assumed

scientifically on the basis of the trend or nature of the graph and also from calculation. The

collected was processed and incisively analyzed, and reflected the status of energy, climate change,GESI and institutional in Sunsari district. The latest and updated information was then used to

design BAU, MAS and CRS scenario. The Long-Range Energy Alternative Planning Model (LEAP)software as developed by the Stockholm Environment Institute is used. The

commercial/institutional and industrial sector energy demand of the district was adapted from theprimary data of NEEDS during field study as well as the published sources from various related

authorities including DESR and DDC Sunsari. Starting from the year-2014, the BAU scenario’sprojection trends were forecasted for 5 years (up to 2019) assuming the current trend of energy

use, projected population growth, and same technological intervention. From the BAU scenario,MAS and CRS were developed in compliance with the DCEP guideline.

The total energy consumption of Sunsari district is 5730.13 thousand GJ. The residential sector is

the largest consumer of energy in the district with a demand of 2550.30 thousand GJ in 2014. It

amounts for around 44% of the total energy consumption of the district. Total energy consumptionin the institution/commercial sector in 2014 is 731.74 thousand GJ. Major institution/commercial

consumers include restaurants, hotels, schools, colleges, hospitals, etc. The industrial sector energy

demand in Sunsari is 1043.34 thousand GJ. The transport sector energy demand in Sunsari is1404.78 thousand GJ. Sunsari district is one of the main industrial districts in Nepal, with a largeindustrial estate as well as a many medium sized industries located throughout the district.

The annual consumption of fuel wood is 1.04 MT/GESI household, which contribute to overall 43%

GESI household. The average market price of the fuel wood which they purchase is NPR 12.22/Kg.Similarly, the annual consumption of agriculture residue is 1.56 MT/GESI household, and this

contribute to overall 5% GESI household. Apart from having their own resources, they also buy for

NPR 8.47/Kg in average. Moreover, the annual consumption of cattle dung is 1.71 MT/GESIhousehold, which contribute to overall 15% GESI household, and they purchase this resource for

NPR 9.52/Kg in average. The annual consumption of SKO/Kerosene is 0.07 KL/GESI household, and

this resource contributes to 22% GESI household. The market price rate in average is NPR101.77/Litre. The annual consumption of LPG is 0.02 MT/GESI household, and this resourcecontributes overall 5% of GESI household. The market price of LPG is NPR 103.46/Kg in average.


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Lastly, the electricity consumption per year is 368.52 kWh/GESI household and that contribute

overall 10% of GESI household. The electricity price in average is NPR 9.69/kWh.

Sunsari district is experiencing a decline in annual rainfall and almost same temperature. The focus

group discussion and perception study of all VDCs reveals the fact that the energy consumptionpattern is most likely to increase due to the increase growth rate/population, increase

accessories/facilities, and urbanization. In summer, to cope against the increased temperature tosome places, people are adopting technologies for cooling and refrigeration purposes. This is

resulting in increased demand of energy in the residential, institutional, commercial, institutionaland industrial sectors in the district. Similarly, in winter to cope against the cold climate, people are

adopting technologies for warming or heating purposes and this is also increasing the demand ofenergy in the district. The other reason for increase in demand of energy is that with the time,

people are shifting towards the latest innovative technologies/facilities, which requires more

energy to operate it. If future projection is made considering the present energy demand and

situation, the energy demand is most likely to increase.

Summary sheet of climate change assessment for energy resources and RETsSummary sheet of climate change assessment for energy resources and RETs

Climatic variability Yearly trend Negative impact Positive impact Neutral

Rainfall Decreased

Decline on agriculture may

happen which are

bioenergy resource

potential

Solar potential may

increase because of

availability of more

sunshine hours

Hydropower

supply line may

remain constant

as this is an

external source

TemperatureAlmost

Constant

Increase susceptible to

household fires

Positive impact on

paddy production

may happen (up to

couple of years)

which are bioenergy

resource potential

Increase susceptible toforest fires, which can

demand more fuel wood

for the district from

external source

Positive impact onmaize production

may happen (up to

couple of years)

which are bioenergy

resource potential

Positive impact on

wheat production

may happen (up to up

to couple of years)

which are bioenergy

resource potential

Positive impact on

potato productionmay happen (up to

couple of years)

which are bioenergy

resource potential

Positive impact on

sugarcane production

may happen (up to

couple of years)

which are bioenergy

resource potential

Increase susceptibility to

human, livestock and

forest disease which can

hamper the resource

potential

Biogas production

may increase due to

fast and more

degradation of

organic waste as well


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as increase in the

number of livestock

Relative humidity IncreasedNot have significant

impact on RETs

Sunshine hoursAlmost

constant

Solar potential may

increase because of

availability of more

sunshine hours

Landslides

risk/exposureVery low

Not have significant

impact on RETs

It can affect

property/assets and life of

GESI communities

Flood risk/exposure High

Impact on agriculture may

happen which are

bioenergy resource

potential

It can affect

property/assets and life of

GESI communitiesMay have significant

impact on RETs

Drought risk/exposure Low

Impact on agriculture

production may happen

which are bioenergy

resource potential

Hailstorm Increased

Impact on agriculture

production may happen

which are bioenergy

resource potential

It can damage/destroy the

solar home system

The capacity assessment of few key organizations/institutions of the district that was carried outusing SWOT tools revealed that institutions needed a backed up support as well as capacity

building.

Various donors like Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (NORAD), Ministry of Foreign

Affairs of the Netherlands (DGIS), and DANIDA are found to be involved in the district. They provide

funds to AEPC which in turn runs its program through district energy and environment unit of DDCSunsari, regional service center (NCDC) and other service providers. AEPC and national NGOs like

BSP are involved in the district in providing capacity development services to other local NGO,

private sector and RET companies. The Biogas Support Program (BSP) is started in July 1992 withfunding from the DGIS of the Netherlands government through SNV/N. Government of Nepal (GoN)

and the KfW also started funding the BSP from the phase-III, which was started in March 1997. TheBSP, Phase-IV (July 2003-June 2009) was being implemented after then. SNV/ DGIS have another

program as Improved Water Mills (IWMP).

Energy Sector Assistance Program (ESAP) is a program funded by Denmark and Norway whichprovide support in Micro- hydro, SHS and Improved Cooking Stove (ICS). Rural Energy

Development Program (REDP), a UNDP and World Bank initiated program support in micro-hydroand Decentralized Energy Planning in districts. Similarly, European Union (EU) has its separate

program as Institutional Solar System.

Other key NGOs working in climate and energy as prior identified in districts are: World VisionNepal; Plan Nepal; SEAM-N; The United Mission to Nepal; Multipurpose Development Service(MDMS); Human Resource Development and Public Concern Centre; UCHEP NEPAL; Human


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Development and Environment Conservation Forum; Samyak Sikshya Samuha; Gramin Batabaran Jana Samudaya Centre; Coordination Nepal; Sunflower Youth Club; Informal Rural AwarenessSociety Nepal; Save the Earth; Community Development Efforts etc.

BAU Scenario

Business as Usual Scenario (BAU) is developed based on current trends, and assuming the variables

as such: present energy consumption demand; population growth; and interventions of the district.The output also reflects the emission status from the present resource type consumption as well as

technologies. The baseline information of BAU scenario is used for derivation of MAS and CRSscenarios. The detail findings from BAU scenario is presented in the below:

Energy Demand for four major Sectors

,000 GJ 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Residential 2550.302 2667.745 2791.205 2921.04 3057.636 3201.407

Commercial/Institutinal 731.745 777.5782 826.6041 879.0746 935.2642 995.4722

Industrial 1043.34 1122.666 1209.195 1303.672 1406.925 1519.874

Transportation 1404.748 1479.44 1562.289 1649.777 1742.165 1839.726

Total 5730.135 6047.429 6389.292 6753.564 7141.99 7556.479

The emission of different pollutants and GHGs including CO 2 biogenic is shown in the table below.The diagram indicate that the value of total emission for base year is 1256.4 thousand metric

tonnes and expected to reach over 1554.3 thousand metric tonnes by 2019. The highest emission isof Carbon dioxide non-biogenic followed by carbon dioxide biogenic, carbon monoxide, Nitrogen

Oxides, Non Methane volatile organic compounds, Sulphur Dioxide, and Methane.

Value of Different Emission

Units: Thousand Metric Tonnes 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Carbon Dioxide Biogenic 376.0 392.0 408.7 426.0 444.1 463.0

Carbon Dioxide Non Biogenic 832.1 875.8 912.5 950.6 990.4 1,031.8

Carbon Monoxide 32.3 33.6 35.0 36.5 38.0 39.6

Methane 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.0

Non Methane Volatile Organic Compounds 5.2 5.4 5.6 5.9 6.1 6.4

Nitrogen Oxides 7.5 7.8 8.1 8.5 8.8 9.2

Nitrous Oxide 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total Suspended Particulates 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Sulfur Dioxide 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3.1 3.2 Total 1,256.4 1,318.3 1,373.7 1,431.4 1,491.6 1,554.3

In the residential sector, of the total energy demand for cooking and heating which is about 3015.32

thousand GJ for 2019, fuel wood has to be supplied as a major energy resources/fuel for cooking inthe district. The total supply in 2019 will be of about 1726.94 thousand GJ by fuel wood followed by

LPG (642.33 thousand GJ), dung cake (461.41 thousand GJ), SKO/Kerosene (98.41 thousand GJ),Biogas (70.23 GJ), agricultural residue (15.65 thousand GJ), and electricity (0.31thousand GJ).

Similarly, of the total energy demand for lighting which is about 186.08 thousand GJ for 2019,

electricity- grid has to be supplied as a major energy resource for lighting. The total supply in 2019

will be of about 126.78 thousand GJ followed by SKO/Kerosene (45.49 thousand GJ), Biogas (13.12thousand GJ), and Solar PV (0.68 thousand GJ). If the energy supplied is made for bothcooking/heating and lighting for residential sector for 2019 to fulfil the above demand, the total

GHGs emitted will be 52.2 thousand metric tonnes CO2 equivalent.


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In the Commercial/institutional sector, of the total energy demand for cooking and heating which isabout 995.47 thousand GJ for 2019, LPG has to be supplied as a major energy resources/fuel forcooking. The total supply in 2019 will be of about 637.24 thousand GJ followed by SKO/Kerosene

(127.51thousand GJ), fuel wood (66.73 thousand GJ), and agricultural residue (22.58 thousand GJ). Similarly, of the total energy demand for lighting which is 127.10 thousand GJ for 2019, electricity-grid has to be supplied as a major energy resource for lighting. The total supply in 2019 will be of

about 127.10 thousand GJ. If the energy supplied is made for both cooking/heating and lighting forcommercial/institutional sector for 2019 to fulfil the above demand, the total GHGs emitted will be

33.1 thousand metric tonnes CO2 equivalent.

In the industrial sector, of the total energy demand for industries, which is about 1519.87 thousandGJ for 2019, the highest energy supply has to be by electricity (662.38 thousand GJ), followed by

SKO/Kerosene (551.23 thousand GJ), agricultural residue (236.1 thousand GJ), coal (40.81

thousand GJ), fuel wood (10.89 thousand GJ), and dung cake (1.44 thousand GJ). If the energy

supplied is made for industrial sector for 2019 to fulfil the above demand, the total GHGs emittedwill be 169 thousand metric tonnes CO2 equivalent.

In the transport sector, of the total energy demand for transport which is about 1839.72 thousand

GJ for 2019, the highest energy supply has to be for diesel amounting about 1407.76 thousand GJfollowed by gasoline (431.96 thousand GJ). If the energy supplied is made for transport sector for

2019 to fulfil the above demand, the total GHGs emitted will be 777.6 thousand metric tonnes CO 2

equivalent.

MAS Scenario

MAS can meet the energy demand through mixture of renewable and fossil fuel based energy. The

MAS is developed considering cutting off the fossil fuel based energy and switching to more cleanand renewable energy considering the extent of climatic adaptation needed in this stage. Switching

to more renewable option, the investment cost may increase because RETs being expensive in theinitial stage; however, its benefit will be over environment. Energy consumption of the Sunsari

district is expected to decrease than the BAU scenario, because of the more efficient technologies.

The other opportunity is that by implementing cleaner technologies, people can receive subsidy

from AEPC/NRREP. The detail findings from MAS scenario is presented in the below:

000 GJ Residential ,000 GJ Commercial ,000 GJ Industrial ,000 GJ Transportation ,000 GJ Total ,000GJ

2014 2550.3 731.45 1043.34 1404.75 5729.84

2015 2561.087509 734.5439591 1047.753222 1410.69195 5754.07664

2016 2614.695473 749.9192266 1069.684498 1440.220157 5874.519354

2017 2715.740848 778.8999894 1111.022647 1495.877722 6101.541206

2018 2871.134364 823.4683097 1174.594882 1581.471198 6450.668754

2019 3090.674585 886.4345078 1264.409843 1702.397805 6943.916741

Although ICS will be implemented to reduce the energy consumption, fuel wood supply will slightlyincrease for each consecutive year for up to 2019. It has to be supplied 1618.15 thousand GJ for

2019. For 2019, electricity will be highest energy contributor (1789.86 thousand GJ) followed byfuel wood (1618.15 thousand GJ), LPG (1578.49 thousand GJ), diesel (835.04 thousand GJ), Biogas

(314.42 thousand GJ), SKO/Kerosene (240.35 thousand GJ), Cattle dung (233.97 thousand GJ),Gasoline (214.57 thousand GJ), agricultural residue (100.98 thousand GJ), coal (15.61 thousand GJ),

and Solar PV (2.43 thousand GJ).


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CRS Scenario

Most of the energy demand will be met by climate smart technologies. The RETs that will be applied

here will be of very efficient. The RETs can contribute highest level of climate change mitigation and

adaptation and benefiting to poor, vulnerable and DAGs groups through process access of specialsubsidy by AEPC/NRREP, DDC, VDCs and donor organizations. Although the cost of the technology

will be higher in the initial stage, it will have very short return period. Also, because the technologyhas high efficiency, the energy demand will fall more than MAS and BAU scenarios. Moreover, Clean

Development Mechanism (CDM) seems the highest opportunities, which are the potential sourcesfor revenue/income generation. The other benefits are that: it will protect environment, protect

from resources over exploitation, and benefit public health. The detail findings from CRS scenario ispresented in the below:

000 GJ Residential ,000 GJ Commercial ,000 GJ Industrial ,000 GJ Transportation ,000 GJ Total ,000GJ

2014 2550.3 731.45 1043.34 1404.75 5729.84

2015 2328.405251 667.8085012 952.5617905 1282.526478 5231.30202

2016 2262.947228 649.0345254 925.7825986 1246.47105 5084.2354

2017 2327.177036 667.4562378 952.0593221 1281.849956 5228.54255

2018 2512.310527 720.5542622 1027.798324 1383.824731 5644.48784

2019 2824.309116 810.0383887 1155.438447 1555.67903 6345.46498

Because ICS will be implemented larger number to reduce the energy consumption, fuel woodsupply will decrease for each consecutive year for up to 2019. It has to be supplied 1380.63thousand GJ for 2019. For 2019, electricity supply will stand the highest energy contributor

(2335.82 thousand GJ) followed by LPG (1727.30 thousand GJ), fuel wood (1380.63 thousand GJ),Biogas (363.45 thousand GJ), cattle dung (173.27 thousand GJ), diesel (156.90 thousand GJ),

agricultural residue (99.80 thousand GJ), SKO/Kerosene (54.75 thousand GJ), gasoline (43.95

thousand GJ), coal (6.06 thousand GJ), and solar PV (3.48 thousand GJ).


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Final Report District Climate and Energy Plan- Sunsari, 2014


Detail Implementation Plan for MAS and CRS

Detail Implementation plan for MAS and CRS

RETs ScenarioYear

Proposed activity How to deliver serviceSite ofimplementation

By whomMajor Risk/

Assumption2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Solar

Home

System

(SHS)

units

MAS

(KW) 18 25 32 44 60

Installation of SHSIncreased number of solar

companies

All VDCs, which do

not have fully

access to NEA-

gridline

Landslide/river

cutting VDCs

Flooding prone

VDC/areas

Drought prone

VDCs

Solar companies

As already

mentioned in the

climaticvulnerability

section that there

is no such major

risk associated

with the

installation,

promotion and

performance of

this technology

except few

variability effects

such as wind,

thunderstorm,

and hailstorm.

Therefore,

keeping in mind

only above

mentioned

limited risks have

been assumed

during the

implementation

phase of DCEP.

CRS

(KW)38 72 33 47 69

Providing access to subsidy

provision from

AEPC/NRREP, DDC and

VDC

Subsidy provision from

AEPC/NRREP and DDC

Targets VDCs are

in the compliance

with AEPC subsidy

provision

AEPC/NRREP

Increasing awareness

program and promotion of

SHS

Receiving financial support

from DDC and VDC and various

donor agencies

All over districts

AEPC/NRREP, DDC, VDCs,

municipalities, NGOs and private

firms.


program and promotion on

safe disposal of lead acid

battery and solar panel

Designing/developing a

disposal manual. Establishing a

battery recycling centre at

Inarwa/Itahari/Dharan.

All over the district AEPC/NRREP

Increasing SHS sales serviceIncreased number of solar

companies

Urban and Solar

deprived areaSolar companies

Repairing, maintenance and

operation of SHSCapacity building training Sites of installation Solar companies

Field based

operational/functional

monitoring and research

and study

Hiring consulting services, and

by DEECCC/energy units from

DDC as well as AEPC/NRREP

All over DDC AEPC/NRREP, DDC, VDCs, etc.

ICS: MAS4200 4592 4600 4800 5000

Installation of ICSIncreased number of ICS

companies

All VDCsICS companies

As already

mentioned in the


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Rice

husk

gasifier,

wood,

charcoal,

briquette

CRS

8020 10040 10900 12920 16100

Landslide/river

cutting VDCs

Flooding prone

VDC/areas

Drought prone

VDCs

climatic

vulnerability

section that there

is no such major

risk associated

with the

installation,

promotion and

performance of

this technology

except few

variability effects

such as wind,

thunderstorm,

hailstorm.

Therefore,

keeping in mind

theaforementioned

limited risks have

been assumed

during the

implementation

phase of DCEP.

The other risks

are adoption of

this technology

rather than LPG;

however, due to

shortage of fuel

and high energy

demand for

cooking and

heating, and

through proper

awareness

activities, it is

assumed that ICS

technologies may

be highlyimplemented


provision from

AEPC/NRREP, DDC and

VDC


AEPC/NRREP

All targets VDCs

are not in the

compliance with

AEPC subsidy

provision;

therefore, subsidy

provision for terai

district is crucial.

AEPC/NRREP


program and promotion ofICS


from DDC and VDC and variousdonor agencies

All over DDC.


municipalities, NGOs and privatefirms.

Increasing ICS sales serviceIncreased number of ICS

companies

Urban and ICS

deprived areaICS companies


operation of ICSCapacity building training Sites of installation ICS companies

Field based



and study





Training to ICS promoters

Hiring consulting services, by

DEECCC/energy units from DDC

as well as AEPC/NRREP


Biogas

MAS

(in CUM) 5546 12075.9 4346.9 5912.5 8040.9

Installation of Biogas Increased number of Biogas

companies

All over DDC

Landslide/river

cutting VDCs

Flooding prone

Biogas companies

As already

mentioned in the

climatic

vulnerability

section that there

is no such major

CRS

(in CUM)6267.7 12796.6 5117.8 7166.5 10032.9


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VDC/areas

Drought prone

VDCs

risk associated

with the

installation,

promotion and

performance of

this technology

except few

variability effects

such as wind,

thunderstorm,

hailstorm.

Therefore,

keeping in mind

the

aforementioned

limited risks have

been assumed

during theimplementation

phase of DCEP.

The other risks

are adoption of

this technology

rather than LPG;

however, due to

shortage of fuel

and high energy

demand for

cooking and

heating, through

proper awareness

activities, it is

assumed that

Biogas

technologies may

be highly

implemented


provision from

AEPC/NRREP, DDC and

VDC


AEPC/NRREP

Targets VDCs are

in the compliance

with AEPC subsidy

provision;

however, little

subsidy can be

arranged from DDC

AEPC/NRREP


program and promotion of

Biogas


from DDC and VDC and various

donor agencies

All over DDC


municipalities, NGOs and private

firms.

Increasing Biogas sales

service

Increased number of Biogas

companies

Urban and Biogas

deprived areaBiogas companies


operation of Biogas Capacity building training Sites of installation Biogas companies

Field based



and study




All over DDC AEPC/NRREP, DDC, VDCs, etc

Capacity

building

training

1

Training about financial

access and utilization forRETs

Aware people about finance

access and possible donor firms

for RETs development by DDC,VDCs and AEPC/NRREP DDC, Sunsari

DDC

(DEECCC/energy/environmentalunit), VDCs, AEPC/NRREP

1 1 1 1 1

Training to RETs

implementing stakeholders,

DDC, VDCs on climate

change issues and

management

DEECCC/energy unit from DDC

and AEPC/NRREP to conduct

training on climate change

adaptation, mitigation, coping

mechanism, emergency

preparedness and implications

of RETs DDC, Sunsari

DDC

(DEECCC/energy/environmental

unit), VDCs, AEPC/NRREP


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1

Training to RETs

companies, NGOs, CBOs,

private firm, cooperative,

banks, clubs, etc. on RETs

entrepreneurship/business

development and

promotion

DEECCC/energy/environmental

unit from DDC and

AEPC/NRREP to conduct

training on

entrepreneurship/business

development and planning. DDC, Sunsari

DDC



1 1 1 1 1Training on energy

resource conservation


unit to conduct training on

conservation for various energy

resources DDC, Sunsari

DDC



1 1 1 1 1

Training on operation,

maintenance and

management of RETs to the

VDCs representative

DEECCC/energy unit to conduct

training on proper use of RETs

and management DDC, Sunsari

DDC



Support

Climate

change/vulnerability

assessment for VDCs

GIS, environmental and

geological mapping VDCs

DDC



Monitoring and evaluation

of DCEP implementation

activities at prioritized

areas



DDC as well as AEPC/NRREP VDCs Consultant

Developing knowledge

management centre for

RETs and climate change at

least at DDC level

Through initiation from DDC

and coordination with

AEPC/NRREP DDC, Sunsari

DDC



Data/information collection

based on renewable energy,

climate change considering

GESI issues, research and

development

Hiring consulting services by

DEECCC/energy units from DDC VDCs Consultant

Coping/emergency/hazards

preparedness program in

line with NAPA, LAPA and

CAPA


unit from DDC and with support

from related ministries and

AEPC/NRREP VDCs

DDC




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Summary of financial planning for MAS

Summary of financial planning for MAS (in NPR)

Year Total

Activities 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 5 Years

Solar Home System (SHS) 14525000 20162500 25800000 35450000 48310000 144247500

Improved Cooking Stove 31995000 34984400 35065000 36600000 38135000 176779400

Biogas 60941708.6 132644267 47818481.62 65024994.96 88409695.39 394839147.6

Capacity building training 1000000 600000 600000 600000 600000 3400000

Support 2500000 1200000 1700000 1200000 1700000 8300000

Total (in NPR) 110961709 189591167 110983482 138874995 177154695 727566048

Total investment share for MAS

AEPC/NRREP- Subsidy (42% of the total

cost) 46938900 80872935 47063085 58693125 74140185 307708230

DDC and VDC- 20% 22192342 37918233 22196696 27774999 35430939 145513210

Private invested/Micro-entrepreneurship-

10% 11096171 18959117 11098348 13887499 17715470 72756605

NGOs/INGOs/FECOFUN/Donors/AEPC and

other development agencies- 10% 11096171 18959117 11098348 13887499 17715470 72756605

Bank Loan (Micro-finance, Co-operatives,

Banks, etc.)- 18% 19638125 32881765 19527004 24631872 32152632 128831399

Total (in NPR) 110961709 189591167 110983482 138874995 177154695 727566048


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Summary of financial planning for CRS

Summary of financial planning for CRS (in NPR)

Year Total

Activities 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 5 Years

Solar Home System (SHS) 30575000 58281250 26361750 37937750 55452250 208608000

Improved Cooking Stove 60931500 76253000 82787500 98109000 122217500 440298500

Biogas 68864234.6 140555815.4 56281104.98 78790891.57 110277052.7 454769099.2

Capacity building training 1000000 600000 600000 600000 600000 3400000

Support 2500000 1200000 1700000 1200000 1700000 8300000Total (in NPR) 163870735 276890065 167730355 216637642 290246803 1115375599

Total investment share for CRS

AEPC/NRREP- Subsidy (44% of the total

cost) 70619805 118904190 74482770 95904225 127697985 487608975

DDC and VDC- 20% 32774147 55378013 33546071 43327528 58049361 223075120

Private invested/Micro-entrepreneurship-

10% 16387073 27689007 16773035 21663764 29024680 111537560

NGOs/INGOs/FECOFUN/Donors/AEPC and

other development agencies- 10% 16387073 27689007 16773035 21663764 29024680 111537560

Bank Loan (Micro-finance, Co-operatives,

Banks, etc.)- 16% 27702636 47229849 26155443 34078360 46450097 181616385

Total (in NPR) 163870735 276890065 167730355 216637642 290246803 1115375599


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Monitoring and Evaluation Plan for MAS and CRSMonitoring and evaluation plan for MAS and CRS

RETsTarget Year

Proposed activity Verifiable indicatorsMeans ofverification

Informationcollectionfrequency

Verificationresponsibility

Support2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

SolarHomeSystem(SHS) units

MAS

Installation of SHSTotal SHS installed eachyear and are functional

Yearly wise

monitoring andevaluation report of

DEECC/AEPC

YearlyDEECCC, Hiredconsultant

SHScompanies

18 KW 25 KW 32 KW 44 KW 60 KW


provision fromAEPC/NRREP, DDC and VDC

The total SHS installed each

year are in the line withprequalified companies and

whether installer get the

subsidy according to thesubsidy provision/policy

Subsidy document

from AEPCAny time DEECCC

AEPC/NRREP,

SHScompanies

CRS


program and promotion ofSHS

Financial arrangement

reflected d in DDC annualplan and is spent according

to the implementation plan

especially in the prioritizedarea of DDC.

DDC progress annual

reportYearly

DEECCC, Hired

consultant

SHS

companies

38 72 33 47 69


program and promotion onsafe disposal of lead acid

battery and solar panel

Brochures/pamphlets,posters/magazines, etc. At

least one battery recyclingand disposal centre

established in Inarwua,

Dharan, Itahari.

DDC progress annualreport

Yearly DEECCC

AEPC/NRREP,

private firms,

NGOs

Increasing SHS sales service

At least 90% of the total

Installed household aresatisfied from the sales

service

DDC progress annualreport/monitoring

and evaluationreport, SHS users

survey

YearlyDEECCC, HiredConsultant

AEPC/NRREP,

SHScompanies

Repairing, maintenance andoperation of SHS

At least one member of

installed household have

received the capacitybuilding training on properoperation and maintenance

of SHS

DDC progress annual

report/monitoring

and evaluationreport, SHS users

survey

Yearly DEECCC, HiredConsultant

AEPC/NRREP,

SHScompanies

Field basedoperational/functional

monitoring and researchand study

A yearly monitoring and

evaluation report on scaleand quality of intervention,

research and study reportson SHS

Monitoring andevaluation report on

SHS

YearlyDEECCC, Hiredconsultant,

AEPC/NRREP

SHS

companies

ICS (Rice MAS Installation of ICS Total ICS installed each Yearly wise Yearly DEECCC, Hired ICS


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huskgasifier,wood,charcoal,briquette)

year and are functional monitoring and

evaluation report ofDEECC/AEPC

consultant companies

4200 4592 4600 4800 5000

Increasing awarenessprogram and promotion of

ICS

Financial arrangement

reflected d in DDC annualplan and is spent accordingto the implementation plan

especially in the prioritized

area of DDC.

DDC progress annualreport


ICScompanies

CRS

Increasing ICS sales service



service


and evaluationreport, ICS users

survey


AEPC/NRREP,

ICScompanies

8020 10040 10900 12920 16100


operation of ICS


installed household havereceived the capacity

building training on proper

operation and maintenanceof ICS


and evaluationreport, ICS users

survey

YearlyDEECCC, Hired

Consultant

AEPC/NRREP,

ICScompanies


monitoring and researchand study

A yearly monitoring and

evaluation report on scaleand quality of intervention,

research and study reports

on ICS

Monitoring andevaluation report on

ICS

YearlyDEECCC, Hiredconsultant,

AEPC/NRREP

ICS

companies

Biogas

MAS Installation of BiogasTotal Biogas installed each

year and are functional

Yearly wisemonitoring and

evaluation report ofDEECC/AEPC

YearlyDEECCC, Hired

consultant

Biogas

companies

5546

CUM

12075.9

CUM

4346.9

CUM

5912.5

CUM

8040.9

CUM

Providing access to subsidyprovision from

AEPC/NRREP, DDC and VDC

The total SHS installed eachyear are in the line withprequalified companies and

whether installer get thesubsidy according to the

subsidy provision/policy

Subsidy document

from AEPCAny time DEECCC

AEPC/NRREP,Biogas

companies

CRS


program and promotion ofBiogas

Financial arrangementreflected d in DDC annual

plan and is spent according

to the implementation planespecially in the prioritized

area of DDC.

DDC progress annual

reportYearly

DEECCC, Hired

consultant

Biogas

companies

6267.7 12796.6 5117.8 7166.5 10032.9Increasing Biogas sales

service



DDC progress annual

report/monitoringand evaluation

YearlyDEECCC, Hired

Consultant

AEPC/NRREP,

Biogascompanies


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service report, Biogas userssurvey

Repairing, maintenance andoperation of Biogas


installed household havereceived the capacitybuilding training on proper

operation and maintenanceof Biogas


and evaluation

report, Biogas userssurvey


AEPC/NRREP,

Biogas

companies



and study

A yearly monitoring andevaluation report on scale

and quality of intervention,research and study reports

on Biogas

Monitoring and

evaluation report onBiogas

Yearly

DEECCC, Hired

consultant,AEPC/NRREP

Biogas

companies

Capacitybuildingtraining(MAS/CRS)

1 Training about financialaccess and utilization forRETs

At least DEECC staffs and

SHS, ICS and Biogas

companies receive thetraining of financial accessand utilization for RETs

DDC progress annualreport Yearly DEECCC,AEPC/NRREP Associatedprivate firms

1 1 1 1 1Training to RETsimplementing stakeholders,

DDC, VDCs on climate

change issues andmanagement

At least each VDCrepresentative, one

participant from all relatedinstitutions and technicalstaff of DEECC receive

capacity building training

on climate changeadaptation/mitigation

A district widetraining is held

through which atleast 75

persons from 30organisationsare imparted

knowledge on

climate changeissues.

Yearly DEECCCAEPC/NRREP,private firms,

NGOs

1

Training to RETs

companies, NGOs, CBOs,private firm, cooperatives,

banks, clubs, etc. on RETsentrepreneurship/business

development and

promotion

At least 100 persons

representing RETscompanies, NGOs, CBOs,

private firm, cooperatives,

banks, clubs, and all otherrelated firm receive

training on RETsentrepreneurship/business

development and

promotion

DDC progress annual

report, trainingreport

Once DEECCC

AEPC/NRREP,RETs

companies,

NGOs, CBOs,private firm,

cooperatives,banks, clubs,

etc.

1 1 1 1 1Training on energy

conservation andmanagement

At least each VDCrepresentative, 5

municipalityrepresentative, 5 DDCrepresentative, 25 main

commercial agency, 25main institutional agencies,

DDC progress annualreport, trainingreport

Yearly DEECCC

AEPC/NRREP,RETs

companies,NGOs, CBOs,private firm,

cooperatives,banks, clubs,


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25 main industrialagencies, 25

transportation agencies,

etc. receive capacitybuilding training on energy

conservation andmanagement

etc.

1 1 1 1 1Training on operation,maintenance and

management of RETs to theVDCs representative


installed household have

received the capacitybuilding training on proper

operation and maintenanceof RETs


and evaluationreport, RETs users

survey


AEPC/NRREP,

RETscompanies

Support(MAS/CRS)

Climate

change/vulnerabilityassessment for VDCs

Climatechange/vulnerability

assessment reportpublished by DEECCC/DDC

DDC report ofclimate

change/vulnerabilityassessment

Once

DEECCC,

AEPC/NRREP

Hired

consultant

Monitoring and evaluation

of DCEP implementation

activities at prioritizedareas

A monitoring andevaluation report on scale

and quality of intervention

M and E report

published by DDCTwo times

DEECCC,

AEPC/NRREP

Hired

consultant

Developing knowledge

management centre forRETs and climate change atleast at DDC level

At least one district climate

and energy knowledgemanagement centredeveloped at DDC level.

M and E reportpublished by DDC

YearlyDEECCC,AEPC/NRREP

AEPC/NRREP

Data/information collectionbased on renewable energy,

climate change consideringGESI issues, research and

development

Once after the

implementation of the plan

Once after theimplementation of

the plan

YearlyDEECCC, Hired

consultantAEPC/NRREP

Coping/emergency/hazards

preparedness program inline with NAPA, LAPA and

CAPA

At least one program to beconducted during the

implementation level

DDC report ofclimate change


AEPC/NRREP,

Hiredconsultant


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This final report is the result of the hard work and commitment of a number of people from

respective organizations, all of whom deserve sincerely our appreciation and recognition. First of all,I would like to thanks to the hired project team of experts especially Prof Dr Rhiddibir Singh, Team

Leader; Mr Mahesh K. Marita; Mr Subash C. Ghimire and Mr Bala Ram Mayalu to contribute theirvaluable time to successful accomplishment of the DCEP project. Prof Singh deserves recognition for

his valuable inputs, suggestions as well as providing technical information into this project.

Secondly, I would like to express hearty gratitude to whole DCEP team from AEPC/NRREP, and

especially Mr Raju Laudari, who is an Assistant Director/Program Manager, Productive Energy Useand Climate & Carbon; Mr Rudra Prasad Khanal, who is a Out Reach Head, DCEP; Mr Prem Kumar

Pokhrel, who is a Program Officer, DCEP/Climate and Carbon Unit; Rajan Rijal, Out ReachManagement; Mr Bibek Raj Kandel, DCEP-1 coordination as well as Laxman Punjali and Krishna

Chandra Poudel, DCEP coordination, and under whose guidance this project has been completed

successfully.

Furthermore, outsource suggestion and guidance was made by Mr Rajendra Dev Pandey (Ex LDO,

Sunsari); and Mr Yuvraj Adhikari (LDO, Sunsari), therefore I highly acknowledge them. My sincere

thanks go to Mr Bimal Narayan Chaudhary (Environment, Energy and climate change officer) for his

valuable support, management and providing important information without which it would have

been very difficult.

Department of hydrology and meteorology (DHM); Department of Forest, Babrmahal/Sunsari

district; Department of Agriculture (DOA), Sunsari; Ministry of Home Affairs (MOHA); Ministry of

Agriculture Developemnt (MOAD), Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment (MoSTE);Department of Water Induced Diasasters and Prevention (DWIDP); Various local NGOs/INGOs;

Private Firms; Political Parties; Media and FM, and so forth have also provided/shared the valuableinformation during the necessity; therefore, I would like to thanks to them immensely.

Moreover, I would like to extend my deep gratitude to AEPC/NRREP for providing NEEDS financial

resources, access, anticipating in meetings and seminars for knowledge sharing about the facts and

figures from the varieties of expertise related to our subject matter.

Lastly, I am most obliged to AEPC/NRREP and DDC Sunsari and its whole family to be verycooperative, helpful and diligence and without whom we would not have completed our project

successfully. Finally, I am pleased to all those who have directly and directly contributed in ourproject.

……………….........

Mr Bhupendra Das

Chairperson, NEEDS

Climate Change Expert/Deputy TL, DCEP-1


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ACRONYM

AEPC: Alternative energy Promotion Centre

ADB: Asian Development Bank

BSP: Biogas Support ProgrammeBAS: Business As Usual Scenario

BS: Central Bureau of StatisticsCBO: Community Based Organization

CC: Climate ChangeCDM: Clean Development Mechanism

CRS: Climate Resilient Scenario

DCEP: District Climate and Energy PlanDESR: District Energy Situation Reports

DEECCC: District Energy, Environment and Climate Change CommitteeDEEU: District Energy and Environment Unit

DHM: Department of Hydrology and Meteorology

DDC: District Development Committee

ESAP: Energy Sector Assistance ProgramFGD: Focus Group Discussion

GHG: Green House GasesGIS: Geographic Information System

GON: Government of NepalGESI: Gender Equity and Social Inclusion

GDP: Gross Domestic ProductGLOF: Glacial Lake Outburst Flood

GoN: Government of NepalGESI: Gender Equality and Social Inclusion

IPCC: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

ICS: Improved Cooking Stove

INGO: International Non-Governmental OrganizationIPCC: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

KII: Key Informant Interviews

LAPA: Local Adaptation Plan of ActionLDO: Local Development Officer

LEAP: Long Range Energy Alternative Planning

LPG: Liquefied Petroleum Gas

MAS: Medium Adaptation ScenarioMoA: Ministry of Agriculture

MoAC: Ministry of Agriculture and CooperativeMoAD: Ministry of Agriculture Development

MoHA: Ministry of Home AffairsMoSTE: Ministry of Science, Technology and EnvironmentNAPA: National Adaptation Plans of Action

NEEDS Nepal Energy and Environment Development Services

NRREP: National Rural and Renewable Energy Programme

NAPA: National Adaptation Program of ActionNEA: Nepal Electricity Authority

NGO: Non-Governmental Organization

NPC: National Planning Commission

NTFP: Non Timber Forest ProductPAC: Practical Action Consulting

PPCR: Pilot Program on Climate Resilience

PRA: Participatory Rural AppraisalRET: Renewable Energy TechnologiesRE: Renewable Energy


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RETs: Renewable Energy TechnologiesSHS: Solar Home SystemSREP: Scaling Up Renewable Energy Programs

SWERA: Solar and Wind Energy Resource Assessment in Nepal

SWOT: Strength Weakness Opportunities Threat

TCS: Traditional Cooking Stove

UNDP: United Nations Development ProgrammeVDC: Village Development Committee

WECS: Water and Energy Commission Secretariat

Units of Measurement

0C Degree Celsius

GJ Giga JouleHa Hectare (1 Ha = 10,000m2)

Kg Kilo Gram

kJ Kilo JolulekW Kilo Watt

kWh Kilo Watt-HourMJ Mega Joule

mm MillimeterMT Metric Ton

MW Mega Watt

MWh Mega Watt-Hour


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TABLE OF CONTENT

PAGE

Chapter 1: Introduction 1-4

1.1 General Background 11.2 Rationale 21.3 Objective of DCEP 21.4 Scope of DCEP 31.5 Limitations of DCEP process 4

Chapter 2: Overview of Sunsari District 5-22

2.1 Geographic Profile 5

2.2 Demographic Structure 9

2.2.1 Population 92.2.2 Education Status 10

2.2.3 Religious Status of the District 112.2.4 Caste/Ethnic Composition 12

2.2.5 Dias-advantage Group 12

2.2.6 VDC/Municipality wise Details 12

2.2.7 Economic Activity from GESI Perspectives 132.2.8 Land Ownership and Tenure System from GESI perspectives 13 2.2.9 Household Income Expenditure from GESI Perspectives 142.2.10 Physical Assets from GESI perspective 16

2.2.11 Gender Roles and Responsibilities from GESI Perspectives 172.2.12 Poverty Status in the District 18

2.3 Institutional Status 20

Chapter 3: DCEP Process and Methodology 23-37

3.1 DCEP Process 23

3.1.1 Executive Planning Phase 233.1.2 Planning Workshop, Field Study and Action Phase 23

3.1.3 Review, Design and Reporting Phase 24

3.2 Approach 263.2.1 General Approach 263.2.2 General Management Approach 26

3.2.3 Approach to Field Works 26

3.2.4 Project Management Tools and Systematic Monitoring 27

3.2.5 Quality Assurance System 273.2.6 Identification of Project Risks, Assessment, Analysis and Management 28

3.3 Methodology 29

3.3.1 District Climate Change 29

3.3.2 Alternative Energy Resources/Renewable Energy Resources 29

3.3.3 Gender Equality and Social Inclusion (GESI) 303.3.4 Organizational Assessment Component 30

3.3.5 Funding Requirement for RETs 31


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3.3.6 District Climate and Energy Strategy 31

3.3.7 Business as Usual Scenario (BAU), Medium Adaptation Scenario (MAS),

Climate Resilient Scenario (CRS) 32

3.3.8 Data Collection and Working Procedure 32

Chapter 4: District Climate Change and Energy Situation 38-96

4.1 Climate Change Assessment 38 4.1.1 Rainfall 384.1.2 Temperature 39

4.1.3 Relative Humidity 41

4.2 Energy Consumption/Demand Assessment 424.2.1 Residential sector 42

4.2.2 Institutional/commercial sector 444.2.3 Industrial sector 46

4.2.4 Transportation 464.2.5 Gender Equity and Social Inclusion (GESI)

Energy Consumption/Demand Assessment 47

4.3 Implication on Energy Consumption due to Climate Change 47

4.4 Energy Resource/ Supply Assessment 48

4.4.1 Traditional (Biomass) 48

4.4.2 Commercial 51

4.4.3 Renewable Energy 54

4.5 Vulnerability and stresses to energy resources in the context of climate change 56

4.5.1 Impact of Climate Change on Human Beings 564.5.2 Impact of Climate Change on Assets/Property 574.5.3 Impact of Climate Change on Agriculture 59

4.5.4 Impact of Climate Change on Forest Resources 62

4.5.5 Impact of Climate Change on Hydropower 63

4.5.6 Impact of Climate Change on Solar Power 644.5.7 Impact of Climate Change on Wind Power 644.5.8 Impact of Climate Change on Livestock/Biogas Resource Potential 65

4.5.9 Impact of Climate Change on Biogas Production 66

4.6 Technology Assessment 684.6.1 Overview 68

4.6.2 RETs Status/Trends 68

4.6.3 Ownership of Systems by Gender 71

4.6.4 Adaptation Potential 714.6.5 Climate Change Vulnerability Mapping for Sunsari District 76

4.6.6 Climate Proofing Technologies 82

4.6.7 Mitigation Potential from RETs 82

4.6.8 Technology Assessment Parameters 83

4.7 Renewable Energy Technologies Linkages with Climate Change and GESI Issues 85

4.8 Institutional Assessment 86

4.8.1 Overview 864.8.2 Identification of Stakeholder and their Role 87

4.8.3 Interrelationship and Interdependence of Stakeholder 89


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4.8.4 Capacity and potential assessment 894.8.5 Funding institutions 92

Chapter 5: District Energy Scenario Development/Demand Projection 97-116

5.1 Introduction 97

5.2 Scenarios Development 97

5.2.1 Business as Usual Scenario (BAU) 975.2.1.1 Total Energy Demand and GHGs emission 97

5.2.1.2 Energy Supply and GHGs emission 106

5.2.2 Medium Adaptation Scenario (MAS) 1075.2.2.1 Total Energy Demand 107

5.2.2.2 Energy Supply 110

5.2.3 Climate Resilient Scenarios (CRS) 1105.2.3.1 Total Energy Demand 111

5.2.3.2 Energy Supply 114

5.2.4 Comparison between total Energy Consumption Demand and GHGs

Emission for BAU, MAS and CRS 114

Chapter 6: DCEP Implementation Plan 117- 135

6.1 Existing Policies to Implement Proposed Plan 117

6.2 Detail Implementation Plan 1176.3 Financing Plan 122

6.3.1 Financing Requirement for MAS 123

6.3.2 Financing Requirement for CRS 127

6.4 Monitoring and Evaluation Plan 131

Chapter 7: Recommendation 136-137

7.1 Climate Change 1367.2 Renewable Energy Technologies (RETs) 1367.3 Gender and Social Inclusion 136

7.4 Institutional 1377.5 Strategic Management 137

REFERENCES 138-140

ANNEX 141- 188


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SECTION 2: MAIN CONTENT


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Final Report



Chapter 1Introduction

1.1 General Background

Climate change is the burning issues of the 21st century. Its severe impacts may still be eluded ifefforts are made to transform current energy systems. If renewable energy technologies are

implemented properly, it can contribute to social and economic development, secure a sustainable

energy supply, and reduce negative impacts of energy provision on the environment and humanhealth. Because the demand for energy is increasing, national use of fossil fuel (coal, oil, and gas) has

increased to dominate energy supply, resulting to a rapid growth in carbon dioxide emissions. Sunsaridistrict can adopt simple, innovative and feasible alternative energy solutions to aid in energy supply

and to mitigate climate change. Although there is rise in technological innovation, the success ofrenewable energy is still not so satisfactory. This is because of the lack of information sharing and

dissemination as well as less research and development. Therefore, it reveals the imminent need toidentify and modify sustainable and affordable alternative energy sources, if fuel supply is to meet the

ever-increasing demand as well as increase the livelihood of people in Sunsari district.

The importance of renewable energy technologies have been realized to address the climate changeissues as well as support the vulnerable and disadvantageous groups of communities of rural area

there by enhancing the livelihood and increase income generation considering gender and socialinclusion. However, the biggest barriers are lack of ensuring to successful launch of the renewable

energy technologies to the expected destination. The experience of the past reveals that this barriercould be only overcome through local level participation in the planning process. Therefore, the local

level development bodies; for instance, District Development Committees (DDCs) and Village

Development Committees (VDCs) can be involved and contribute in successful implementation ofRenewable Energy programmes. Although different actors of local and district levels are responsible to

improve the livelihood and income generation through renewable energy promotion, the lack of

proper networking and effective coordination is impending the development process. Moreover, themajority of districts in Nepal have no long term visionary plan for mainstreaming gender and socialinclusion especially in renewable energy and climate change issues. Low carbon technologies play a

crucial role to fulfil the energy demand as well as reduce carbon dioxide emission. Hence, clean

renewable environmentally sound technologies must be used in order to stabilize the concentration of

greenhouse gases and to favour sustainable development.

It is necessary to create conducive environment that will self-motivate and mobilise local institutions,

rural energy users groups, non-government organisations, cooperatives and private sector

organisation for the development and expansion of rural energy resources. Effective management ofnational energy sector and energy development and expansion in rural areas will contribute directly in

the improvement of the overall rural population’s living standard through maintaining ecological

balance, save time in collection of fuel wood, generate additional employment opportunities, improvehealth and increase access to education to rural children. This climate and energy plan (DCEP) is

formulated as it is felt that there is an absence of the overall rural energy plan and policy, although theTenth Plan, Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper, Millenium Development Goal, etc. provides general

guideline for the rural energy development. The main goal of the District Climate and Energy Plan

(DCEP) is to create planning process through integration of renewable energy technologies at district

level and contributing to local as well as national development plans. The District Climate and EnergyPlan (DCEP) is designed to address the climate change mitigation as well adaptation and to support

the urban, rural, and disadvantaged people through enhancing their livelihoods and ensuring

betterment of health, reducing the expenses incurred through fossil fuel based resources, increase

income generation, and availing opportunities for gender and social inclusion groups. In this regard,

District Climate and Energy Plan (DCEP) for Sunsari district were prepared considering allaforementioned issues.


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1.2 Rationale

This climate and energy plan is formulated because it is felt that there is an absence of the overall rural

energy plan and policy, although the Tenth Plan, Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper, Millenium

Development Goal, etc. provides general guideline for the rural energy development. This DCEP will

become a good source to the government of Nepal in development process; help strategically

determine where investment are needed in the short, medium and long term to adapt to currentclimate variability and future climate change, and identify where mitigation opportunities can be

achieved; identify where capacity development is required, where institutional framework is needed

to strengthen and where further studies and research are needed; and, increase the access to climatefinance and technological support. Nepal being an immensely climate vulnerability country, and

primarily relying on energy, agriculture and water (hydropower) sectors, reducing risks andvulnerabilities, and optimizing opportunities by framing a right policies, plans and programs and its

implementation at local, regional and national levels are realized the most at present.

Due to the present energy shortage in Nepal, people are relying on burning of loose agro-residues andcow dung for the domestic purpose such as heating, lighting and other requirements. Therefore, it

reveals the imminent need to identify and modify sustainable and affordable alternative energy

sources, if fuel supply is to meet the ever-increasing demand as well as increase the livelihood ofpeople in Sunsari district. Energy crisis and climate change is the burning issues in the present context.

It is the mean time to address these issues through sustainable use of renewable energy technologies.Although there is rise in technological innovation, the success of renewable energy is still not so

satisfactory. This is because of the lack of information sharing and dissemination as well as lessresearch and development, and inadequate budget. This project has compiled all the achievements and

experiences gained from the local of Sunsari district, which has ultimately helped in designing the

DCEP to meet the goal of climate change adaptation and mitigation considering gender equality and

social inclusion.

District Climate and Energy Plan (DCEP) will be the most effective tool to withstand as well as mitigate

the climate change impact through renewable energy technologies intervention. The general goal ofthe District Climate and Energy Plan (DCEP) is to create an implementation plan that raisesappropriate Rural Energy Technologies (RETS) dissemination and construction in Sunsari district.

Moreover, it will also add to national and local climate change mitigation and adaptation plans of

Nepal. The DCEP may play a systematic roadmap that assists as a periodic rolling plan of the districtsin the area of clean renewable energy/low carbon technologies development and preparation for

climate change strategy in Nepal. Strategies for development and dissemination of the RenewableEnergy Technologies (RETs) in the district were mapped out and climate adaptation and mitigation

and gender equality and social inclusion (GESI) linkages were also explored. In this regard, NepalEnergy and Environment Development Services (NEEDS) has helped manage this project as well as

provided the proper guidance, coordination, and technical support to DDCs and VDCs as well asmaintained the gap between DDC and AEPC/NRREP and helped in successful completion of project for

Sunsari district.

1.3 Objective of DCEP

The overall objective of the task was to prepare a district climate change adaptive, de centralised

renewable energy plan that presents a detailed implementation plan which contributes to climatechange mitigation as well as adaptation and addresses the mainstreaming of Gender Equality and

Social Inclusion.

Specific ObjectivesSome of the specific objectives of the DCEPs formulation are:

1. To outline energy needs of the respective district.2. To carry out the assessment of available resource, technology and institutions working in climatechange and renewable energy/energy sector.


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3. To carry out situational assessments of climate change, gender equality and social inclusion in thechosen districts.

4. To assess the institutional arrangements of the district, identify the gap and recommend fornecessary improvements.

5. To conduct capacity need assessment and identify the actions to implement the proposed DistrictClimate and Energy Plan (DCEPs).

6. To outline implementation of the plan with identification of roles and responsibilities of differentstakeholders.

7. To recommend interventions of appropriate renewable energy technologies incorporating theinfluencing factors of climate change and GESI that contribute to climate change adaptation and

mitigation and GESI mainstreaming.

1.4 Scope of DCEP

NEEDs has provided the technical support to DDC to prepare DCEP. Local level coordination,stakeholder consultation and local/primary data collection work was done by Sunsari DDC; however,

NEEDS provided necessary technical support for these works.

The scope of work included at least the following: Reviewed and assessed climate change policy, program in both international and national context.

Reviewed and assessed the available District Energy Situation reports, district plans, annual

reports, district overview documents from respective districts.

Defined the methodology; finalized scope (activities) and basis for subsequent work.

Conducted desk study to review the relevant document, program, policies etc.

Prepared and presented all findings of the desk study at the inception workshop.

Prepared inception report incorporating all comments received from inception workshop.

Assessed and analysed energy supply and consumption patterns in the selected district based on

technology with GESI perspective – identified weaknesses and limitations. Analysed vulnerable groups in the context of climate and GESI.

Identified the potential of all alternative energy resources e.g. micro hydro, solar, improved watermills, peltric sets, wind, biomass/biogas, etc. Targets and recommendations were identified

appropriate technology based on climatic condition, geographical variations and GESIperspectives.

Prepared a broad climate change assessment of the district – (based on existing data) Identified all current and potential stakeholders in the RE (and interlinking) sectors, analysed

strengths and weaknesses in terms of ability to implement RE strategy.

Prepared integrated rural/renewable energy development and management plan includingdivisions of responsibility and specific activities of stakeholders.

Integrated a district climate and energy strategy addressing potential for mitigation andadaptation activities.

Provided tentative financial requirements for identified/proposed RETs and suggesting fundingmechanisms and possible sources of funding (subsidies through AEPC, DDCs/VDCs commitments,Contribution from users, other sources of funds like: micro finance, other distribute agencies in the

districts)

Ensured that gender equality and social inclusion incorporated in planning and processes aremainstreamed into the DCEP.

Recommended appropriate strategies to implement GESI responsive DCEP implementation.

Provided a monitoring and evaluation plan, mechanism for disaggregated data base for theimplementation of DCEPs.

Produced draft report (both in Nepali and English) and prepare simple and user-friendly analysistools/software for updating the data annually for each district and oriented the DDC to keep and

update the data, present at stakeholders’ workshop.

Prepared final report (both in Nepali and English) along with simple and user-friendly analysistools/software for updating the data annually after incorporating inputs from the workshops.


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1.5 Limitations of DCEP process`

The following were the limitations of this project.

i. Time constraint- Very limited time is allocated for Sunsari district. Also all VDCs of Sunsari districtdid not have equal access, which consumed more time than expected.

ii. Limited budget- Very limited budget was allocated to cover entire aspects of the elements forSunsari district.

iii. The lack of comprehensive data base on district of energy resources, harvest and supply of theresources, end use appliances, technology and net energy efficiency etc. actually induced the majorproblems to make the district climate and energy plan.

iv. The quality of secondary data largely questionable and do vary from citation to citation.v. Because of the unavailability of DSER, the consultant could not refer the District Energy and

Situation Report (DESR) of Sunsari district, instead used all the relevant sources of the district.vi. DHM data provides only for temperature, rainfall and humidity; however, other data such as

sunshine hours, wind speed, etc. are also mandatory for climate change study. Thus, aanalysis oflong term climate data was really very difficult.

vii. There exists lack of appropriate and adequate information on climate change in district level.Therefore, the information was insufficient for the DCEP. viii. There have been no any evidence of the wind power study at Sunsari district, therefore, potential

of wind power could not be deeply explored.


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Chapter 2Overview of Sunsari District

2.1 Geographic Profile

2.1.1 PhysicalSunsari district lies in the Koshi Zone of the Eastern Development Region of Nepal. The district is

situated on southern west part of Koshi zone. The district is named by the River Sunsari originated by

charkoshe jhadi of Bharaul VDC. Spatially it is located between 26°25’ and 26°55’ North latitude, andbetween 87°5’ to 87°16’ East longitude. It lies at the altitude of 500 ft to 3000 ft. The district lies interai covering an area of 1,257 Sq Km. The district is bordered by Morang in East, Saptari and

Udayapur (Koshi river) in West, India (Bihar state) in South, Dhankuta (Bhadetar) in the North (VDC &demographic profile, 2064). Altogether there are 6 Electoral Constituencies in Sunsari, 15 Ilakas, 49

VDCs and 3 municipalities. Inaruwa bazaar at the centremost is the district headquarters.

2.1.2 Land Use

According to (DDC, Sunsari, 068/69), the major land use pattern of Sunsari district are as follows:

Agricultural land- 64% (82026.5 Ha); Agriculture land in use- 90.97% (74541 Ha); Forest land- 24865

Ha (19.1 Ha); Koshi Tappu Wild Life Reserve- 10689.4 Ha (5.2%), Water covering area- 17614.5 Ha

(5.8%), and Others- 4896.2 Ha (3.6%).

2.1.3 Rivers and Lake

Sapta Koshi River (52 Km in Sunsari), which is the largest river of Nepal, lies in western border of

Sunsari district. Other minor rivers includes: Sunsari Khola (53 Km), Sardu Khola (18 Km), Tengra

Khola (46 Km), Seuti Khola (20 Km), Sera Khola (25 Km), Budi Khola (26 Km), Gadan Khola (29 Km),

Pikhuwa Khola, Sarda Khola, etc. In the northern part of the Sunsari district (Chimdi VDC) lies a Barju

Taal which covers an area of about 160 Bighas (DADO, 069/70).

2.1.4 Climate

Sunsari district has various types of climate. During summer time, there is extremely hot in the Terai

region and extremely cold during the winter time; however, hilly region has cold climate at both

summer and winter time. According to the DHM data of 2012, the maximum temperature of Sunsari

was 34.40C, in the month of May and minimum 8.50C, in the month of January. The maximum rainfall

occurs from June to September, July is the peak rainfall time. According to DHM data of 2012, the

highest rainfall was 394 mm in July, and the total annual rainfall was 1526.2 mm. The record showsthat November to March has the lowest rainfall. Also, the rainfall pattern is different due to altitudinal

variations as well as climate change.


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Figure 1: Map of Sunsari District Covering all VDCS of the DCEP

Sourec: MoFLD (http://www.lgcdp.gov.np/home/districtmap/06Sunsari/Admin.jpg)


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Figure 2: Land Utilization- Sunsari

Source: http://www.mofald.gov.np/districtmap/06Sunsari/Land_Use.jpg


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Figure 3: River System- Sunsari

Source: http://www.mofald.gov.np/districtmap/06Sunsari/River.jpg


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2.1.5 Existing Irrigation System

Table 1: Existing Irrigation System

S.N. Irrigation Type Land Area ( Ha )

1 Irrigation (12 month) 41900

2 Weather Irrigation 16600

Source: DDC Sunsari, 2014

2.1.6 Forest

The total forest area of Sunsari district is 24865.5 Ha (19.1%). Of it, the total productive forest area

is 6668 Ha, community forest is 1495.5 Ha, conservation forest area is 11503.8 Ha, religious forestis 19.18 Ha, public private forest area is 72 Ha, and wild life reserve is 10698.5 Ha (DDC, Sunsari,2070).

2.1.7 AgricultureAccording to (DDC, Sunsari, 2070), the total agriculture potential land of Sunsari is 64.48%

(81944 Ha) and agriculture land in use is 90.97% (74541 Ha). The main crops cultivated in Sunsariare: sugarcane, paddy, maize, wheat, millet, oil crops, vegetables, and potatoes. According to the

data from MoAD, 2011/12, the total sugarcane production of Sunsari is 175455 Ha followed bypaddy (166000 Mt), wheat (45500 Mt), potato (40673 Ha), maize (21966 Mt), millet (744 Mt), and

buckwheat (372 Mt).

2.2 Demographic Structure

2.2.1 PopulationThe Table below shows the population status of Sunsari. According to CBS (2011), the totalpopulation of Sunsari was 763487 in 2011 with an annual population growth rate of -0.99% (2001

to 2011). Using the growth rate, the projected population in the district in 2014 is likely to reacharound 741035.

Table 2: Population of Sunsari

Population 2011 Census 2014 Projection*

Total Population 763,487 741035

Male : 371,229 360312

Female 392,258 380723

Total Households 162,407

Average Household Size : 4.70 4.56

Population Density/Sq.km. 607.39 590

Population Growth Rate : -0.99

Sex Ratio 94.84 94.64

Source: CBS, 2011


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Table 3: Population projection of Sunsari

Population of Sunsari

Population 2011

Census

2012

Projection

2013

Projection

2014

Projection

2015

Projection

2016

Projection

2017

Projection

2018

Projection

2019

Projection

Total Population 763,487 755,928 748,445 741,035 733,699 726,435 719,244 712,123 705,073

Male : 371,229 367,554 363,915 360,312 356,745 353,213 349,717 346,254 342,826

Female 392,258 388,375 384,530 380,723 376,954 373,222 369,527 365,869 362,247

Total Households 162,407 162,407 162,407 162,407 162,407 162,407 162,407 162,407 162,407

Average Household Size : 4.7 4.65 4.61 4.56 4.52 4.47 4.43 4.38 4.34

Population Density/Sq.km. 607.39 601.85 595.90 590.00 584.16 578.37 572.65 566.98 561.36

Population Growth Rate : -0.99 -0.99 -0.99 -0.99 -0.99 -0.99 -0.99 -0.99 -0.99

Sex Ratio 94.64 94.64 94.64 94.64 94.64 94.64 94.64 94.64 94.64

2.2.2 Education Status

Table 4: Education StatusSunsari

Total 599,191 % 170,397 % 100,007 %

Illiterate 196,929 33 53,168 31 55,614 56

Can't read and write 188,910 32 50,908 30 53,978 54

Can read only 8,019 1 2,260 1 1,635 2

Literate 402,077 67 117,206 69 44,352 44

Beginner 1,713 0 455 0 222 0

Primary(1-5) 117,168 20 30,244 18 11,484 11

Lower secondary(6-8) 93,919 16 24,610 14 8,066 8

Secondary(9-10) 62,668 10 17,936 11 7,229 7

SLC & equiv. 65,969 11 20,644 12 8,038 8

Intermediate & equiv. 27,316 5 8,641 5 3,118 3

Graduate & equiv. 11,031 2 5,316 3 1,312 1

Post graduate, equiv. & above 2,999 1 1,779 1 509 1

Others 137 0 48 0 17 0

Non-formal edu. 17,861 3 7,059 4 4,146 4

Level not stated 1,297 0 473 0 211 0

Literacy not stated 185 0 23 0 42 0

Source: CBS, 2011

Overall literacy rate (for population aged 5 years and above) has increased from 54.1 percent in

2001 to 65.9 percent in 2011. Male literacy rate is 75.1% compared to female literacy rate of 57.4%.


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Figure 4: Education Status

Source: CBS, 2011

2.2.3 Religious Status of the District

The majority of the communities of the study districts are found Hinduism following Buddhist than

Islam and Kirat.

Figure 5: Religious Status of the Districts

Source: CBS, 2011


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2.2.4 Caste/Ethnic Composition

Sunsari district has diverse ethnic distribution. There are more than 107 cast ethnic groups. It has a

predominant ethnic Tharu 11.98%, Muslim 11.55%, Chhetri 9.36%, Bramhen 7.99%, Rai 6.62% and

Yadav 4.2%% population, making up about 51.74% of the total population. After this there are

Kurmi/Kuswaha, Newar, Mushar, Limbu, Jhangad/ Dhagar, Tamang, Teli, Kurmi, Magar, Dhanuk,

Bantar/Sardar, Chamar/Harijan/Ram, Holuwi, Gurung and others who makes 49.26 predominantlyinhabit the district.

2.2.5 Dis-advantage Group

In this district the dis-advantage group (DAG) including more than 68 cast i.e. Tharu,

Koiri/Kushwah

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