Beyond UCR’s Sustainable Integrated Grid Initiative: Energy Management Projects in
Southern California
October 7, 2016
University of California, Riverside
Southern California Research Initiative for Solar Energy (SC-RISE)
www.scrise.ucr.edu
Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CERT)
www.cert.ucr.edu
Presented by:
Alfredo A. Martinez-Morales, Ph.D.
2016 UC Solar Research Symposium
CE-CERT Laboratories
Emissions and Fuels
Solar Energy
Intelligent Transportation
Systems
Atmospheric Processes
Sustainable Energy
Systems
Energy Storage
Emissions and Fuels
Intelligent Transportation
Systems
Sustainable Energy
Systems
Atmospheric Processes
2
3
Energy and Environmental Goals Drive Change
In California, energy and environmental policy initiatives are
driving electric grid changes. Key initiatives include the
following:
• 50 percent of retail electricity from renewable power by
2030;
• greenhouse gas emissions reduction goal to 1990 levels by
2020;
• codes ensuring that new and existing buildings achieve
energy efficiency and preserve environmental quality;
• policies to increase distributed generation; and
• an executive order for 1.5 million zero emission vehicles by
2025.
Solar Characteristics
4
What is a Microgrid?
• Definition
“A Microgrid is a group of interconnected loads and
distributed energy resources within clearly defined
electrical boundaries that acts as a single controllable
entity with respect to the grid. A Microgrid can connect
and disconnect from the grid to enable it to operate in
both grid-connected or island-mode.” (U.S. Department
of Energy Microgrid Exchange Group)
• 3 Key Factors Energy generation
Energy storage
Controlled devices 5
Sustainable Integrated Grid Initiative
(SIGI)
6
• Load Management
– reduces risk of grid failure/blackout (due to decreased peaks)
– increases predictability of demand (flattens peak demand)
• Outage Prevention
– relieves stress on grid
• Outage Support
– battery dedicated to critical/essential loads
• DER Support
– Microgrids support distributed solar systems .
SIGI Research Facilities
UCR
3.5
MW
UCR
12 MW
Palm Desert
3.5 MW CE-CERT 0.5 MWh
EV
EV
EV
BCOE
WCH
1 MWh
CE-CERT
1 MW
TES 10 MW
CE-CERT 0.5 MWh
7
What Should We Know Before
Optimization? • The Rate Schedule Time-of-Use (TOU) for Large General
and Industrial Service
• How to Design the Algorithm?
• Charge the battery bank during Off-Peak rate period; discharge during On-Peak rate period
• Time interval period is chosen to be 5 minutes
• kW optimization and kWh optimization
Rate Period Summer Winter
June to August September to May
Off-Peak 11 PM—8 AM 9 PM—8 AM
Mid-Peak 8 AM—12 PM
6 PM—11 PM 8 AM—5 PM
On-Peak 12PM—6 PM 5 PM—9 PM
8
Performance Simulation
16:45 17:45 19:00 19:45 20:45 21:1520
30
40
50
60Battery Operation
Active P
ow
er
[kW
]
16:45 17:45 18:45 19:45 20:4540
60
80
100
SO
C (
%)
Battery Storage
MPC Operation
Schedule Operation
MPC Operation
Schedule Operation
Time of the Day
Time of the Day
Time of the Day
9
Real-time Performance
16:45 17:45 19:00 19:45 20:4510
20
30
40
50
60Battery Operation
Act
ive
Po
we
r [k
W]
MPC Operation
Schedule Operation
16:45 17:45 18:45 19:45 20:4540
50
60
70
80
90
SO
C (
%)
Battery Storage
MPC Operation
Schedule Operation
Time of the Day Time of the Day
Time of the Day
10
One-Day Experiment with Three Different
Time Periods Control Algorithms
Off-Peak Mid-Peak On-Peak Mid-Peak
11
Cost Analysis: Comparison Between Different
System Architectures
System Comparison Energy kWh
Savings($)
Load Demand Savings($) Total
($) On-Peak Mid-Peak Off-Peak
Real vs. Schedule 209.65 105.92 17.24 6.19 339.00
Real vs. No Battery 104.38 381.12 17.24 -33.10 469.64
Real vs. No PV or Battery 1182.82 584.56 126.26 -27.21 1866.43
June 2015 Electricity Cost Comparison for Different System Architectures
Different Situation Energy kWh
Savings($)
Load Demand Savings($) Total
($) On-Peak Mid-Peak Off-Peak
Real vs. Schedule 84.26 59.5 0 14.6 158.36
Real vs. No Battery 97.44 472.3 24.84 -24.7 594.58
Real vs. No PV or Battery 953.7 585.65 115.44 -24.7 1630.09
May 2015 Electricity Cost Comparison for Different System Architectures
Real refers to real-time control algorithm 12
13
Demand Reduction, Economic Benefits Analysis, and Micro-grid Demonstration of a Optimization-based Control
Strategy, at City Hall in Rancho Cucamonga, CA
Project Summary:
• Deployment and demonstration of a microgrid system at City Hall in
Rancho Cucamonga, CA.
• Microgrid system composed of 100 kW solar carport PV system,
87kWh/100kW Li-ion battery energy storage system (BESS), data server
and control system.
• Objective is to demonstrate the potential for minimizing the costs
associated with demand charges by optimizing the utilization of microgrid
resources (solar PV and battery).
• Microgrid optomization is achieved by a predictive control framework .
14
Partners
• American Public Power Association
(http://www.publicpower.org) – Funding
Agency
• Rancho Cucamonga Municipal Utility
(http://www.cityofrc.us/cityhall/engineering/rc
mu/default.asp) – Demonstration Site
• Pacific Energy (http://pacificenergyinc.com) –
battery energy storage system
• MD Energy, Inc. (http://mdenergyinc.com) –
PV system
Project Site
PV System
Battery Energy Storage
System/Charger-Inverter
100 kW Inverter
Conduit 15
16
Energy Charge -
$/kWh
Summer Season -
On-Peak 0.148
Mid-Peak 0.093
Off-Peak 0.056
Winter Season -
Mid-Peak 0.082
Off-Peak 0.055
Demand Charge -
$/kW
Facilities 13.82
Summer - On-Peak 16.5
Sumer - Mid-Peak 4.5
On-Peak: Noon to 6:00 p.m. summer weekdays except holidays. Mid-Peak: 8:00 a.m. to noon and 6:00 p.m. to 11:00 p.m. summer weekdays except holidays; 8:00 a.m. to 9:00 p.m. winter weekdays except holidays. Off-Peak: All other hours.
The Summer Season shall commence at 12:00 a.m. on June 1st and continue until 12:00 a.m. on October 1st of each year. The Winter Season shall commence at 12:00 a.m. on October 1st of each year and continue until 12:00 a.m. on June 1st of the following year.
For summer rate schedule, if we can reduce 20 kW during on-peak time, the demand charge saving is 13.82*20+16.5*20=$606.4; For winter rate schedule, if we can reduce 20 kW during mid-peak time, the demand charge saving is 13.82*20=$276.4
Rate Schedule
17
City Hall Load Profile - Summer
Mon, 08/18, 14, 15:45, 1004.4Mon, 08/04, 14, 10:00,
909.72
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
0:00 3:00 6:00 9:00 12:00 15:00 18:00 21:00 0:00
PO
WER
(K
W)
TIME
Mid-Peak On-Peak Mid-Peak OffOff-Peak
18
City Hall Load Profile - Winter Tue, 04/08, 14, 14:00,
740.16
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
0:00 3:00 6:00 9:00 12:00 15:00 18:00 21:00 0:00
PO
WER
(K
W)
TIME
Off-Peak Off-PeakMid-Peak
19
Month Date of
peak
Day
of
Peak
Time
of
Peak
Peak
Demand
(kW)
January 1/14 Wed 14:00 804.02
February 2/13 Wed 15:15 721.15
March 3/5 Thurs 17:45 711.79
April 4/8 Wed 14:00 740.16
May 5/15 Thurs 15:15 789.12
June 6/30 Mon 14:00 894.89
July 7/7 Mon 15:00 943.99
August 8/18 Mon 15:45 1004.4
September 9/16 Tue 16:00 1023.34
October 10/6 Tue 14:00 828.58
November 11/6 Thurs 14:45 736.42
December 12/23 Wed 14:45 692.50
During Winter rate schedule, most peak occurs between 13:00 – 17:00. Due to the limited battery storage system, the smart control only operates during this time period.
City Hall Load Characteristics
Battery Operation Under Adjust Demand Threshold Model Predictive Control (ADT-
MPC) Algorithm - Summer
20
21
Battery Operation Under Adjust Demand Threshold Model Predictive Control (ADT-
MPC) Algorithm - Winter
22
Battery Capacity (BC) =
50 kWh (Using 80% of
BC)
The demand decreases
by 51.42 kW (including
PV); 32.6 kW is reduced
by battery.
Battery Capacity (BC) =
75 kWh (Using 80% of
BC).
The demand decreases
68.49 kW (including
PV); 49.72 kW is
reduced by battery.
Battery Capacity (BC) =
87 kWh (Using 80% of
BC).
The demand decreases
78.83 kW (including
PV); 56.96 kW is
reduced by battery.
Peak Shaving Potential Analysis
22
23
Battery Management
Month Original Peak Demand (kW)
Microgrid System Peak
Demand (kW)
Dollar Savings ($)
Jan 804.02 734.95 954.60
Feb 721.15 671.21 690.20
Mar 711.79 664.91 647.91
Apr 740.16 659.5 1114.72
May 789.12 725.01 886.00
Jun 894.89 823.62 2160.85
Jul 943.99 863.49 2440.82
Aug 1004.4 926.63 2357.99
Sep 1023.34 966.18 1732.97
Oct 828.576 782.79 632.76
Nov 736.42 700.97 489.86
Dec 692.50 632.95 822.93
$14,932 potential savings over a year
24
Chemehuevi Microgrid
• Objective: Manage energy use profiles and providing
uninterruptable power at the Chemehuevi Community Center
(emergency response center for the community)
• Location: Chemehuevi Indian Tribe, Havasu Lake, CA 92363
• Microgrid system composed of 90 kW solar PV system,
60kWh/30kW flow battery energy storage system, data
historian, advanced control system, and energy management
strategies.
• Energy management strategies include: 1) Peak Reduction,
2) Load Shifting, 3) Demand Response, and 4) Storage to
Grid activities.
25
Background
• Remote communities with a single transmission line
connection to the grid are extremely vulnerable to power
outages and downtime maintenance.
• Microgrids are ideal for providing resiliency to critical facilities
within remote communities.
• There is need for the successful demonstrations and pilot
projects that demonstrate and document energy, economic
and societal benefits of community-based microgrids.
• To achieve greater grid resiliency new solutions and
technologies will be required for microgrids to provide reliable
and cost-effective electricity.
26
Project Benefits
Projected benefits to the CCC (over 20 years)
• Lower energy costs (i.e. demand charge reduction)
• Improved data and energy management
• Increased grid stability, robustness, and reliability
• Support increased renewables and market-ready
technologies
• Decreased GHGs emissions
• Workforce development & best practices
27
Chemehuevi Project—Industry Partners
• SunPower (http://us.sunpower.com) –
90 kW solar carport PV system
• Primus Power (http://www.primuspower.com) –
30 kW/60 kWh flow battery energy storage system
• EnSync (http://www.ensync.com/) –
Matrix Energy Management Platform
• OSIsoft (http://www.osisoft.com) – EMS
monitoring and control software
• Pacific Energy (http://pacificenergyinc.com) –
electrical engineer & contractor
• GRID Alternatives
(http://www.gridalternatives.org) – workforce
development
30 kW SunPower Carport
PV System (Bifacial)
Conduit
30 kW SunPower Carport
PV System (Monofacial)
Matrix Energy Platform
(x2)
30 kW SunPower Carport
PV System (P17-340W)
30 kW/60 kWh Primus
Power Flow Battery
Project Site (Option 2)
28
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0:0
00
:45
1:3
02
:15
3:0
03
:45
4:3
05
:15
6:0
06
:45
7:3
08
:15
9:0
09
:45
10
:30
11
:15
12
:00
12
:45
13
:30
14
:15
15
:00
15
:45
16
:30
17
:15
18
:00
18
:45
19
:30
20
:15
21
:00
21
:45
22
:30
23
:15
Po
we
r(kW
)
Time of Day (Hours)
Chemehuevi Community Center (Summer Rate Schedule)
June 15 - July 14, 2015
Off-Peak On-Peak Mid-PeakMid-Peak
Thurs, Jun 1816:30, 60.8 kW
Mon Jun 29 18:00, 62.4 kW
Sat, Jun 2715:30, 56 kW
29
Off-Peak Mid-Peak
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0:0
0
1:0
0
2:0
0
3:0
0
4:0
0
5:0
0
6:0
0
7:0
0
8:0
0
9:0
0
10
:00
11
:00
12
:00
13
:00
14
:00
15
:00
16
:00
17
:00
18
:00
19
:00
20
:00
21
:00
22
:00
23
:00
Po
we
r(kW
)
Time of Day (Hours)
Chemehuevi Community Center (Winter Rate Schedule)
Apr 15 - May 13 2015
Thurs Apr 30 15:30, 43.2 kW
Sat May 215:30, 38.4 kW
30
Thank you
