2017 SUSTAINABLE AG EXPO - Vineyard Team · 2017. 11. 29. · Adenovirus Influenza. November 13-15,...

www.sustainableagexpo.orgNovember 13-15, 2017 | San Luis Obispo, CA

2017 SUSTAINABLE AG

EXPO


Viruses: Biology, Ecology and Management

Marc Fuchs

Cornell University

Department of Plant Pathology

[email protected]


Viruses

• Biology

• Ecology

• Management



Viruses are:

• Small infectious agent

• Differently shaped

• Nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) in a protein coat

• Obligate intracellular parasites

• Cellular pirates


Viruses: Different Shapes

Bacteriophage

HIV Hepatitis B Ebola

InfluenzaAdenovirus



FanleafLeafroll

Stem grooving



FanleafLeafroll

Stem grooving

100nm

100nm

10nm


Viruses: Nucleic Acid (DNA or RNA) in a Protein Coat


Viruses: Nucleic Acid (DNA or RNA) in a Protein Coat


Viruses: Obligate Intracellular Parasites

Plant Cell Structure


Nucleus



Nucleus



Translation = Viral protein production

Nucleus




Nucleus


Replication



Nucleus


Accumulation ARN (+)

Replication



Nucleus



Replication


Virus entry Virus exit

RdRP

Replication

EncapsidationCell to cell

movement


Transmission

Key steps of the virus infectious cycle

Translation

Decapsidation

1

2

3

4

5

6

7


Golgi

Endoplasmic reticulum

Nucleus

Cell wall

Fanleaf particle

2BMP

PDLP

Myosine XI (K/2)

Actin filaments

Microtubule


Golgi


Nucleus

Cell wall

Fanleaf particle

2BMP

PDLP

Myosine XI (K/2)

Actin filaments

Microtubule


Golgi


Nucleus

Cell wall

Fanleaf particle

2BMP

PDLP

Myosine XI (K/2)

Actin filaments

Microtubule



RdRP

Replication


movement

Systemic

movement


Transmission


Translation

Decapsidation

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8


Hip

per

et

al. 2

01

3



RdRP

Replication


movement

Systemic

movement


TransmissionDisease symptoms


Translation

Decapsidation

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9



RdRP

Replication


movement

Systemic

movement


TransmissionDisease symptoms


Translation

Decapsidation

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9


Viruses: Disease Symptoms

Red BlotchLeafroll



Red Blotch

Leafroll




Bla

nco-

Ula

teet

al. (

20

17)


Red Blotch Impact

• Lower vigor• Lower yield• Lower soluble solids• Increased fructose• Increased glucose• Increased favonoids• Increased amino acids

• Induction of primary early ripening metabolic pathways

• Inhibition of ripening-associated pathways

Leaves

Blanco-Ulate et al. (2017); Wallis and Sudarshana (2016)

Berries



Leafroll


SymptomaticAsymptomatic

Red blotch- Pinot noirViruses: Disease Symptoms

Red Blotch


Viruses

• Biology

• Ecology

• Management



Whitfield et al. 2015



Whitfield et al. 2015


Mealybugs & Soft Scales

Dagger nematodes

Three cornered alfalfa treehopper

Erineum mite


Viruses

• Biology

• Ecology

• Management



Roossinck 2016


Viruses: Principles (1/3)

• Vitis sp. is the only major host

• No mechanical transmission in vineyards

• No cure in infected vineyards

• Infection is often latent in rootstocks


• Disseminated through vegetative propagation

• Graft-transmissible / Top working

• Careful selection of the planting material

• Certification programs limit the presence and

dissemination of viruses in propagation material



• Vector-transmissible

• Economic impact

Leafroll: $485-$3,660/acre/year

Red blotch: $610-$1,110/acre/year



Viruses: Mitigation & Management

Mitigation

• Manage crop load

• Nutrient supplements (foliar fertilizers)

• Bio-stimulants

• Scout and selectively pick diseased vineyards

• Selectively pick healthy/diseased vines



Management:

• Scout and rogue (<30%)

• Scout and eliminate the entire vineyard (>30%)



Yield reduction Penalty level10% None

30% reduction≤25% infection rogue rogue>25% infection replace vineyard replace vineyard

<30% reduction≤25% infection rogue rogue>25% infection replace vineyard do not control

50% reduction≤25% infection rogue rogue>25% infection replace vineyard replace vineyard



Management:

• Scout and rogue (<30%)

• Scout and eliminate the entire vineyard (>30%)

• Application of agrochemicals – good stewards of the land

• Carefully select the planting material





Thank you


Thank you

CA Grape Rootstock Research Foundation

CA Grape Rootstock Improvement Commission

Date post:	20-Aug-2020
Category:	Documents
Upload:	others
View:	0 times
Download:	0 times

2017 SUSTAINABLE AG EXPO - Vineyard Team · 2017. 11. 29. · Adenovirus Influenza. November 13-15,...

Documents