2020 Industry Report:CoffeeNovember 2020
Market Intelligence Team
Written by
Executive Summary 2
• COVID-19hashitglobalcoffeeindustrieswithstringentregulationsandrestrictionsongoodsandlaboracrossborders.Brazil,however,hasperformedrelativelywell incomparisonto itscompetitors.Thecountryhasmaintaineditscoffeeexport levelsduringthepandemicandexpandeditsreachtodifferentmarketswhilecompetingcountriesstruggledwith lowharvests and logistical setbacks.However,it remains tobeseenwhether thecountrycouldkeepastrongperformanceaswithdecreasingdemandfromtheUS.
• InVietnam,coffeeproductionhadaregressiveyearin2020duetoadrystartoftherainyseasonandinadequaterainfalllevelsthroughoutthemajorityofcoffeegrowingareasinthecountry.Majorproducingregions inVietnamsuchasDakLak,DakNong,andKonTum,allexperiencedlowrainfall.
• PremiumqualityblendswithhighArabicacontentaretypicallyservedincoffeeshopsandotherout-of-homeestablishments,whilethein-homechoiceisthelowerqualitypackagedcoffee,containingahigherquantityofRobusta.COVID-19haspropelledsignificantchanges inthecoffeeconsumermarket,withconsumptionpatternsleaningmoretowardsin-homeconsumption.
Worldwide Exports of HS Code 090111 Coffee (excluding roasted and decaffeinated)
Chart 1.Source:ITCTradeMap.
3
Executive Summary
Worldwide Exports of HS Code 090112 Decaffeinated Coffee (excluding roasted)
Chart 2.Source:ITCTradeMap.
Contents
Part I - Product Information ················································································ 6
1.1 Varieties
1.2 General vs Specialty Coffee
1.3 Grades
1.4 Global Coffee Supply Chain
Part II - Global Market Dynamics ······································································· 12
2.1 Brazil
2.2 Colombia
2.3 Vietnam
Part III - Sources ····································································································· 21
Part I
Product Information
1.1 Varieties
1.2 General vs Specialty coffee
1.3 Grades
1.4 Global Coffee Supply Chain
Coffeebeansareofvarioussubspeciesobtainedthroughselectivebreedingornaturalselection.Thus,whiletherearealotofvarietiesbothintermsofwildandcultivatedcoffeebeans,thereareonlyafewthatarecommerciallyusefulduetofactorssuchasresistanceto illnessesandyield.
ThetwomainvarietiesofcoffeebeansareArabicaandRobusta.GrownthroughoutLatinAmerica,CentralandEastAfrica,India,andIndonesia,Arabicacoffeeaccountsforapproximatelythree-quartersofthecoffeecultivatedworldwide.SomesubspeciesofArabicacoffeeareBourbon,Caturra,andTimor.RobustacoffeeisgrowninWestandCentralAfrica,SoutheastAsia,andtosomeextentinBrazil.WhilethereisathirdvarietycalledLiberica,itrepresentslessthan1%oftheglobalcoffeeproductionduetoitsbittertaste.
Specialtycoffee is thehighestcoffeegradeavailable. It is thoughttobemainstream incountriessuchasAustraliaandNewZealand.Consumptionofspecialtycoffeehasconsistentlybeenon the rise,becomingEurope’sfastest-growingmajorrestaurantcategory in2016.Asia,inparticular,ispoisedtoholdthebiggestconsumptionshareinthespecialtycoffeemarket.AllspecialtycoffeesareoftheArabicavariety.
Grade Description
1 Specialty Grade Coffee Beans: no primary defects, 0-3 full de-fects, sorted with a maximum of 5% above and 5% below speci-fied screen size or range of screen size, and exhibiting a distinct attribute in one or more of the following areas: taste, acidity, body, or aroma. Also must be free of cup faults and taints. Zero quakers allowed. Moisture content between 9-13%.
2 Premium Grade Coffee Beans: Same as Grade 1 except a maxi-mum of 3 quakers. 0-8 full defects.
Part. I 6
Product Information
Varieties
General vs Specialty Coffee
Grades
Part. I
7
Product Information
Global Coffee Supply Chain
Grade Description
3 Exchange Grade Coffee Beans: 50% above screen 15 and less than 5% below screen 15. Max of 5 quakers. Must be free from faults. 9-23 full defects.
4 Standard Grade Coffee Beans: 24-86 full defects.
5 Off Grade Coffee Beans: More than 86 full defects.Table 1.Source:CoffeeResearchInstitute
Chart 3. Source: InternationalCoffeeAssociation– ICO(2018),USDA(2018)eUNCTAD(2011)
CoffeePlantations Roasters
DomesticImporters
InternationalAuctions
InternationalImportingCompanies
Seed
Sand
Irrigation
Fertilizer
Labor
Machinery
INPUTS
PRODUCTION (DEVELOPING CONTRIES)BRAZIL, VIETNAM, ETHIOPIA, ETC.
CONSUMERS (DEVELOPED CONTRIES)U.S, ITALY, GERMANY, SWITZERLAND, ETC.
Harvesting
Processing (wet or method)
Parchment coffee
Exporters Branded manufacture / blends
Facilitate Trade
International Trade
Marketing Board
Roasting
Grinding
Blending
Brewing
Supermarket
Food Services
Coffee Shops
GRWOING/PROCESSING
MEDIATORS ROASTERS RETAIL
Part. I
8
Product Information
InputsAgriculturalinputsareakeypartofthecoffeevaluechain,assistingintheproductionofqualitycrops.Theseinputsareprovidedbythesupportingindustry throughplayerssuchascoffeeseedlingproviders, fertilizersellers,andplantsellers.
Growing/ProcessingThegrowersareresponsibleforthecultivationandprocessingofcoffee.Over70%ofcoffeeproducers in theworldaresmall farmers fromdevelopingcountriessuchasBrazil,Vietnam,andEthiopia.Asaresult,manyofthesefarmerstendnottobefullysystemized, lackingmarketinformationandbargainingpower,andthushavevery littlesay inthepriceofcoffee.Forcoffeebeans,thetreestake4to7yearstoyieldcropsfitforharvestandtheharvestingprocessisverylabor-intensive.Afterharvesting,thebeansarethendriedandpackagedintolargesacksreadyforexport.
MediatorsEach regionhasspecificchannels inwhich trade ispermittedandfacilitated,withnouniversaltradingsystem.
AuctionsAuctionsareheldby importersandcoffeeorganizationseitheron-siteorviatheinternet.Thisisoftenconductedasameansforproducerstopromotetheirfarmsandgetbetterprices.
On-siteauctions typically takeplaceateventshostedby industrystakeholderssuchasexporters.Theprocessallowsthesupplierandbuyerto interactwitheachother,sometimesinvolvingon-sitevisitstofarms.Whilethesekindsofauctionscanpromotelongtermrelationshipsbetweensuppliersandbuyers, itcanbecostly for theproducers toparticipate.
Onlineauctionsofferproducersandbuyerseasieraccesstothecoffeemarket.Afterthecoffeehasbeenjudgedandscored,buyersacrosstheworldbidontheproductsononlinemarkets.Roasterscanalsoreceivesamplesthatassisttheirdecisionmaking.Onlineauctions,however,canalsobelesspersonalthantheiron-sitecounterparts.
Part. I
9
Product Information
RoastersLarge industrial transnationalcompaniesareresponsiblefor roasting,blending, and selling the finishedcoffeeproduct.Most of thesecompaniesare located indevelopedcountries,suchas theUSandEurope.Thismarket isheavilyconcentrated,with itscompetitivenessgearedtowardsbrandpower.
RetailRetailoutletsreceivethefinishedcoffeeproductfromroastersandsellittotheendconsumers.Theseoutletsincludesupermarkets,coffeeshops,andavarietyoffoodservices.
VietnamVietnamiscurrentlytheworld'ssecond-largestproducerandexporterofcoffee.Coffeeproduction in thecountry ismostlydonebysmallfamily-ownedplantations,with95%ofthetotalgrowingareainVietnamdominatedby thesesmall private farms.Mostof these farmsaresignificantlysmallinsize,with85%ofthembeinglessthanonehectare.Uponcompletionoftheharvest,collectorsvisitthefarmers’warehousestopurchasethecoffeebeans.Thecollectorsmayalsochoosetodryandgradethebeanstoensurestandardmoisturecontentandsize.Thesecollectorsareresponsibleforsellingtheproducttolargerprocessorsandexporters.Thecountrycurrentlyhasapproximately150registeredcoffeeprocessorsandexporters.60-65%oftheseprocessorsandexportersareengagedinjointventureswithinternationalpartners.TheleadingplayersinthemarketareVinacafe,Nestle,andTrungNguyen.
PeruPeruisoneofthelargestproducersandexportersofcoffeeintheworld,withmorethan110Kcoffeegrowersinthecountry.Mostofthesefarmersaresmall-scalefarmers,withlandthat isonaverage2to3hectaresinsize.Followingharvest, thesefarmerscarrytheripecherriestohandpulpersandwoodenfermentationtanks,aspartofthemicro-wet-millingoperation,whichispopularinthecountry.Afterthisprocessingoperation,thefarmerstransportthebeansthemselvestotheplazabythenearesttown.Thisplazaactsasabuyingandsellingstationforall thecoffeefarmerswithintheregion.Exportersthenpurchasethecoffeebeansdirectlyfromthefarmersthentransporttheproducttothecoastwhereitisdry-milledandreadiedforexport.
Part. I
10
Product Information
ThepastdecadehasseentheriseofsmallholdercooperativesinPeru.Thesecooperativeshaveassisted thecoffee farmers inbecomingorganizedanditisestimatedthat15-25%ofthecountry’scoffeefarmersnowbelongtotheseorganizations.ThesecooperativeshavepartneredwithentitiessuchasEqualExchangeandworkwith InternationalFairTrade,becoming thesecond-largestsuppliersofFairTradecoffee.Throughthischannel,farmersreceivehigherpricepremiums.
IndiaThecoffeesupplychaininIndiaismadeupoffourmajorplayers:planters,exporters,whocontractwithinternationaltradinghousesandroasters,domestic roasterswhosupplycoffee for thedomesticmarket,andintermediarieslikeagentsandbrokers.Liberalizationofthecoffeemarketoccurredin1995andisthusnowprivatizedwiththeCoffeeBoard,whichhadpreviouslyregulatedcoffee,nowactingasanadvisoryandresearchorganization.
Part II
Global Market Dynamics
2.1 Brazil
2.2 Colombia
2.3 Vietnam
Export-ers
Value export-ed in 2019 (USD thou-sand)
Trade balance in 2019 (USD thou-sand)
Quantity exported in 2019
Quantity Unit
Unit value (USD/unit)
Annual growth in value between 2015-2019 (%)
Annual growth in quantity between 2015-2019 (%)
Annual growth in value between 2018-2019 (%)
Share inWorld Exports (%)
World 1752215 -1152049 7598969 Tons 2306 -2 1 -6 100
Brazil 4543771 4543766 2214595 Tons 2052 -5 2 4 25.9
Co-
lombia
2272874 2202100 750843 Tons 3027 -3 1 0 13
Viet
Nam
2135113 2070904 1388466 Tons 1538 -2 -5 -24 12.2
Hon-
duras
954728 954689 411802 Tons 2318 3 11 -14 5.4
Indo-
nesia
872355 816626 355766 Tons 2452 -8 -10 8 5
Ethio-
pia
817886 817796 236548 Tons 3458 2 7 -2 4.7
Guate-
mala
662546 662490 216168 Tons 3065 0 5 -3 3.8
Import-ers
Value export-ed in 2019 (USD thou-sand)
Trade balance 2019 (USD thou-sand)
Share in Brazil’s exports (%)
Quantity export-ed in 2019
Quantity unit
Unit val-ue (USD/unit)
Growth in exported value between 2015-2019 (%, p.a.)
Growth in exported value between 2018-2019 (%, p.a.)
coun-tries in world imports (%)
World 4543771 4543766 100 2214595 Tons 2052 -5 4 100
USA 903459 903459 19.9 437396 Tons 2066 -7 17 23.5
Ger-
many
790829 790829 17.4 382456 Tons 2068 -8 6 13.6
Italy 466859 466859 10.3 213930 Tons 2182 -4 1 7.3
Japan 340384 340384 7.5 146280 Tons 2327 -7 5 6.1
Bel-
gium
302648 302648 6.7 149091 Tons 2030 -7 0 3.9
Turkey 135225 135225 3 68365 Tons 1978 4 1 0.8
Cana-
da
109350 109350 2.4 47993 Tons 2278 -6 -4 3.2
United
King-
dom
104779 104779 2.3 50275 Tons 2084 -3 -24 2.6
Part. II 12
Global Market Dynamics
Brazil
Table 2.ITCTradeMapHSCode090111Coffee(excludingroastedanddecaffeinated)
Table 3.Source:ITCTradeMapBrazilianExportsofHSCode090111Coffee(excludingroastedanddecaffeinated)
Part. II
13
Chart 4.Source:USDA
Global Market Dynamics
one-thirdof theglobalsupply.Thecountrygrowscoffeeacross12differentstatesonapproximately300Kcoffeeplantationsownedbymostlysmall-scalefarmers.ThetwomainvarietiesgrowninthecountryareArabicaandRobusta.CoffeetradeinBrazilisfacilitatedandregulatedthroughtheBrazilianCoffeeExportersCouncil(Cecafé),anentitycreatedtorepresenttheBraziliancoffeeexport industry.Thecoffee industrycontributessignificantlytothecountry'sGDPandforeignexchange.
As theWHOdeclaredCOVID-19aglobalpandemic inMarch2020,itwasexpected that theglobal coffee industrywouldwitnessanunprecedentedsupplyanddemandshock.Mostcountriesworldwidewerepressedtoimposestringentregulationsandrestrictionsonlaborers'physicalmovementsandtradetomitigatethespreadofthevirus.Therehavebeennumerousdeliveryandshippingconstraints,alongwithalackofdemandforcoffee.Manycoffeeshops,whicharesignificantbuyersfortheproduct,remainedclosedaroundtheworld.
Brazilwasnoexceptionfromtheaftermathsofthepandemic,havingfacedlockdowns, lackofcontainers,andbottlenecksatshippingports.However,thecountry'scoffeeindustrymanagedtosustainitselfduringthepandemic; itscoffeeshipmentswererelativelystablewhileworldfiguresplummeted,evenhittinga2-yearrecordinMay2020,whenthevirusstartedtoexacerbate.ThestrongperformanceofBraziliancoffeemainlystemsfrom1)StockpilingDemand2)AlternativeDemand3)Afavorableexchangerate.
Part. II
14
Global Market Dynamics
Chart 5.Source:Tridge
AccordingtotheBrazilianCoffeeExportersCouncil(CECAFE),Braziliancoffeeexportsescalatedduetotheuncertaintyaboutthe intensityoflockdownsacrosstheworld.Coffeeimportersfromsomeofthelargestcoffeeconsumingcountrieswerestockpiling,bringingforwardordersbyuptoamonthtoavoidshortagesinthefuture.Thesebuyerswereconcernedaboutanyfurtherdisruptionsinthesupplychainduetothestrictnationwidelockdownsresultinginadditionallockdowns.
Vietnam'slowcoffeeharvestmarginallyhelpedBraziliancoffeeexportsduetolow-rainfallcomplimentedbyhigher-than-averagetemperatures.Brazil'sRobustacoffeevariety,a lower-qualitycropthantheArabica,filledthegapintheglobalcoffeemarketduetoreducedimportsfromVietnam.
Part. II
15
Global Market Dynamics
Chart 6.Source:Tridge
Brazil'sweakcurrencyfurtherinflatedexports.TheBrazilianRealhashadoneoftheworstaveragedollarexchangeratesinthepastfewmonthsastheBRL/USDratedecreasedbyapproximately30%YTD.ThisgavecoffeegrowersandtradersanattractiveexchangerateforglobalsalesinUSdollarsandencouragedthemtoengage inmoreexportswithcompetitivelypricedproducts.
As such,Brazil's coffee industry hasbeen supportedby severalexogenousfactors,andalthoughamarginalfallinexportswasrecordedduetothepandemic,theindustryhasperformedrelativelywellcomparedtotheglobalindustry.Brazilmanagedtotrumpanyexportopportunitiesandexpandeditsmarketsascompetitorcountrieswitnessedlowcropandlockdowns.
However,thecountry isfacingsignificantchallengesinsustainingthisstreak inthe long-term.Oneofthe industry'sprimaryconcerns istheUS,whichaccountsformorethan20%oftheBrazilian importmarketshare.HighnumbersofCOVID-19cases,coupledwiththeunemployment
Part. II
16
Global Market Dynamics
Chart 7.Source:Tridge
Table 4.Source:ITCTradeMapColombianExportsofHSCode090111Coffee(excludingroastedanddecaffeinated)
rate,havereducedthedemandforcoffeedrasticallyinthecountryanddecreasedBrazilian importsdespitecompetitiveprices. It remainstobeseenwhethertheUSwouldkeepdownsizingitscoffeeimports,andwhetherBrazilwouldbeabletodiversifyitsbuyerpoolcouldbethekeytomaintainingthepositiveexporttrendamidstanextendeddurationofthepandemic.
Import-ers
Value export-ed in 2019 (USD thou-sand)
Trade balance 2019 (USD thou-sand)
Share in Colom-bia’s exports (%)
Quantity export-ed in 2019
Quantity unit
Unit val-ue (USD/unit)
Growth in exported value between 2015-2019 (%, p.a.)
Growth in exported value between 2018-2019 (%, p.a.)
Shareof Exports(%)
World 2272874 2202100 100 750843 Tons 3027 -3 0 100
USA 987726 987726 43.5 326561 Tons 3025 -1 -2 23.5
Ger-
many
192619 192619 8.5 65209 Tons 2954 -3 6 13.6
Japan 183928 183928 8.1 62438 Tons 2946 -10 -6 6.1
Cana-
da
174700 174700 7.7 59991 Tons 2912 1 -3 3.2
Bel-
gium
120954 120954 5.3 36908 Tons 3277 -12 -3 3.9
Korea,
Re-
public
of
85622 85622 3.8 28233 Tons 3033 3 2 2.3
Italy 58844 58844 2.6 19789 Tons 2974 -7 2 7.3
Colombia
Part. II
17
Global Market Dynamics
Table 5.Source:ITCTradeMapVietnameseExportsofHSCode090111Coffee(excludingroastedanddecaffeinated)
Colombia,theworld's largestproducerofmildwashedArabicacoffee,experiencedadecentproductionyear.The last 12monthssawtheproductionof14.2millionbags,anincreaseof3%fromthepreviousyearwherein13.8millionbagswereproduced.FromOctober2019toAugust2020theproductionofcoffeeexceeded13.1millionbags,an increaseof3%fromthe12.8millionbagsthatwereproducedduringthesameperiodayearbefore.Previousproductionestimateshadprojectedthat14.3millionbagswouldbeproducedduringthemarketingyear2019/20,however,disruptionstothesupplychainduetoCOVID-19has ledtoprojectionsbeingreviseddownto13.8millionbags.
Colombia’slargestexportmarketsforcoffeearetheUSandEuropeandexportsforthisyearhavebeenforecastedtoreach12.9millionbags,anincreaseof900Kbagscomparedtothepreviousforecastthatestimatedthatexportlevelswouldreach12millionbags.Thisforecastedincreasehasbeenpropelledbyrisingconsumptionlevelsinkeymarketstowardstheendoftheseason.ThisincreaseisapositivedevelopmentgiventheturbulencecausedinthemarketduefromCOVID-19.
Colombia’s coffee exports from 2017/18 to 2020/21(estimated)
(Unit: million 60-kg bags)
Grade Description
2017/18 12.7
2018/19 13.7
2019/20 12.9
2020/21 13.5
Part. II
18
Global Market Dynamics
Table 6.Source:ITCTradeMap
Table 7.Source:USDA,ForeignAgriculturalServices
Import-ers
Quantity unit
Trade balance 2019 (USD thou-sand)
Share in Viet Nam’s exports (%
Quantity export-ed in 2019
Quantity unit
Unit val-ue (USD/unit)
Growth in exported value between 2015-2019 (%, p.a.)
Growth in exported value between 2018-2019 (%, p.a.)
coun-tries in world imports (%)
World 2135113 2070904 100 1388466 Tons 1538 -2 -24 100
Ger-
many
345468 345423 16.2 228905 Tons 1509 -1 -20 13.6
Italy 218624 218624 10.2 139269 Tons 1570 2 -9 7.3
USA 208509 206303 9.8 133620 Tons 1560 -8 -30 23.5
Spain 188384 188382 8.8 124372 Tons 1515 -1 -4 3
Japan 144509 144509 6.8 92835 Tons 1557 -1 -18 6.1
Rus-
sian
Feder-
ation
119350 119350 5.6 78384 Tons 1523 13 -18 2.2
Bel-
gium
115267 115198 5.4 72877 Tons 1582 -2 -12 3.9
Theproductionofcoffeehadaregressiveyear in2020duetoadrystartoftherainyseasonandinadequaterainfall levelsthroughoutthemajorityofcoffeegrowingareasinthecountry.MajorgrowingregionsinVietnamsuchasDakLak,DakNong,andKonTum,allexperiencedlowrainfall.BasedontheinformationprovidedbytheVietnamMeteorologyandHydrologyAdministration,theCentralHighlandsexperiencedabove-averagetemperatures,whileexperiencinglowerthanaveragecumulativerainfallduringthefirst5monthsof2020.Asaresult,coffeeproductioninthecountrywasforecastat30.2millionbags,adecreaseof1.1millionbagsfromthepreviousyear’sharvest.Therewerealsonoincreasesincultivatedareas,whichisforecasttoremainthesameastheyearbefore.95%ofthecountry’stotaloutputconsistsoftheRobustavariety.
Vietnam Production Forecast (Unit: Million 60 kg bags)
Grade Description
2019/20 31.3
2020/21 30.2
Vietnam
Part. II
19
Global Market Dynamics
Chart 8.Source:ITCTradeMap
AlargenumberofVietnamesecoffeegrowersoptednottoincurirrigationcostsduringthedrymonths,runningfromFebruarytoMay,duetolowcoffeepriceswhichservedasadisincentive.This ledtoareductioninyieldsformanygrowers.Asameanstomaintainandmanageproductionareasinthecountry,theMinistryofAgricultureandRuralDevelopmentstatedthattheyaimtomaintaingrowingareasatapproximately600Khectaresandforareasthatexperienceunfavorableconditionsforcoffeecultivation,theMinistryaimstoencouragefarmerstoswitchtoproducingothercropssuchasdurians,mangoes,avocados,andpassionfruit.
COVID-19has leftanundesirablemark in thecoffeeexportmarket,affectingdemandandcausing logisticshiccupsfollowingwidespreadlockdowns innumerouscountriesaroundtheglobe.Asa result, themarketingyear2019/20experienceda6to7percentdeclineincoffeeexportscomparedtothepreviousyear,with12.8millionbagsexportedthisyear. It isexpectedthatglobalconsumption levelsareset forarevivaloncesocialdistancingprotocolsare loosenedalthoughglobaldemandmaytake longertoreturntopre-pandemic levels.Thetop3importmarketswereGermany,theUS,andItaly,asimilarscenariotothepreviousyear.
BeforeCOVID-19,premiumqualityblendswithhighArabicacontentwereserved incoffeeshopsandotherout-of-homeestablishments,whilethein-homechoicewasthelowerqualitypackagedcoffee,containingahigherquantityofRobusta.COVID-19haspropelledsignificantchangesinthecoffeeconsumermarket,withconsumptionpatternsleaningmoretowardsin-homeconsumption.ThishasledtoArabicaexportslosingitsmarketsharetoRobustaintheshorttomid-term.Asaresult,greenbean
Part. II
20
Global Market Dynamics
Arabicaexportsdeclinedby7%duringthefirstsixmonthsofMY2019/20,comparedtothepreviousyear,reaching11.9millionbags.Projectionsforthemarketingyear2020/21,however,showaslightreboundofgreenbeancoffeeexportsat24millionbags,withconsumptionlevelsexpectedtograduallyreturntonormalfollowingtheeasingoflockdownrestrictions.
Part. III 21
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USDA,ForeignAgriculturalService.“Coffee:WorldMarketsandTrade.”
SustainabilityConsortium.“CoffeeSupplyChainDiagram.”
EuromonitorInternational.“CoffeeShopsAroundtheWorld:ThreeKeyInsightsfor2016.”
Unleashed.“SupplyChainObstaclesofCoffee.”
Unleashed.“TheRemarkableSupplyChainoftheCoffeeBean.”
Esri.“BrazilianCoffeeProductionandTrade.”
Cecafe.“Exportation.”
Ipsos.“Vietnam’sCoffeeIndustry.”
EqualExchange.“HISTORYOFCOFFEEINPERU.”
Ipsos.“Vietnam’sCoffeeIndustry.”
EqualExchange.“HISTORYOFCOFFEEINPERU.”
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Quaffee.“Coffeesizingandgrading–anexplanation.”
CoffeeResearchInstitute.“GradingCoffeeBeans.”
InternationalCommunicaffe.“UsdaseescoffeeproductioninVietnamdownby3.5%to30.2millionbagsin2020/21.”
Davies,Shaun(2016-06-01)."'Hipstercoffee'getsAustraliahotandfrothing".
Slurp.“ArabicaandRobusta.”
PerfectDailyGrind.“AGuidetoGreenCoffeeAuctions.”
Statista.“CoffeeexportsfromColombiafrommarketingyear2017/18to2020/21.”
ResearchGate.“TheCoffeeMarketinBrazil:challengesandpolicyguidelines.”