20.3 Diversity of Flowering Plants TEKS 7B, 7D, 8B The student is expected to: 7B analyze and evaluate scientific explanations concerning any data of sudden appearance, stasis, and sequential nature of groups in the fossil record; 7D analyze and evaluate how the elements of natural selection, including inherited variation, the potential of a population to produce more offspring than can survive, and a finite supply of environmental resources, result in differential reproductive success;
Transcript
20.3 Diversity of Flowering Plants TEKS 7B, 7D, 8B
The student is expected to:
7B analyze and evaluate scientific explanations concerning any data of sudden appearance,
stasis, and sequential nature of groups in the fossil record;
7D analyze and evaluate how the elements of natural selection, including inherited variation, the potential of a population to produce more offspring than can survive, and a finite supply of
environmental resources, result in differential reproductive success;
21.1 Plant Cells and Tissues TEKS 5B, 10B, 10C
The student is expected to:
5B examine specialized cells, including roots, stems, and leaves of plants...; 10B describe the interactions that occur among systems that perform the functions of transport, reproduction, and response in plants; 10C analyze the levels of organization in biological systems and relate the levels to each other and to the whole system
20.3 Diversity of Flowering Plants TEKS 7B, 7D, 8B
Continued:
8B categorize organisms using a hierarchical classification system based on similarities and
differences shared among groups
20.3 Diversity of Flowering Plants TEKS 7B, 7D, 8B
KEY CONCEPT The largest phylum in the plant kingdom is the flowering plants.
20.3 Diversity of Flowering Plants TEKS 7B, 7D, 8B
Flowering plants have unique adaptations that allow them to dominate in today’s world. • Flowers allow for efficient pollination.
– animals feed on pollen or nectar – pollen is spread from plant to plant in process
20.3 Diversity of Flowering Plants TEKS 7B, 7D, 8B
• Fruit allows for efficient seed dispersal. – Fruit is flower’s ripened ovary– Surrounds and protects seed(s) – Many forms, each function in seed dispersal
20.3 Diversity of Flowering Plants TEKS 7B, 7D, 8B
Botanists classify flowering plants into two groups based on seed type. • A cotyledon is an embryonic “seed leaf.” • Monocots have a single seed leaf.
– leaf veins usually parallel– flower parts usually in multiples of 3 – bundles of vascular tissue scattered in stem
20.3 Diversity of Flowering Plants TEKS 7B, 7D, 8B
• Dicots have two seed leaves.
– leaf veins usually netlike – flower parts usually in multiples of 4 or 5 – bundles of vascular tissue in rings in stem
20.3 Diversity of Flowering Plants TEKS 7B, 7D, 8B
Flowering plants are also categorized by stem type and lifespan.
• Stem type can be woody or herbaceous. – Wood is a fibrous
material made up ofdead cells.
– Wood has highconcentrations oflignin and cellulose.
– Woody stemsare stiff.
Oak
20.3 Diversity of Flowering Plants TEKS 7B, 7D, 8B
Flowering plants are also categorized by stem type and lifespan.
• Stem type can be woody or herbaceous. – Wood is a fibrous
material made up ofdead cells.
– Wood has highconcentrations oflignin and cellulose.
– Woody stemsare stiff.
– Herbaceous plants do not produce wood.
Iris
20.3 Diversity of Flowering Plants TEKS 7B, 7D, 8B
• There are three types of plant life spans. – Annuals mature from seed,
flower, and die in one year.
Wheat
20.3 Diversity of Flowering Plants TEKS 7B, 7D, 8B
– Biennials take two years to compete life cycle.
• There are three types of plant life spans. – Annuals mature from seed,
flower, and die in one year.
Foxglove
20.3 Diversity of Flowering Plants TEKS 7B, 7D, 8B
– Annuals mature from seed, flower, and die in one year.• There are three types of plant life spans.
– Perennials live more than two years.
Big bluestem
– Biennials take two years to compete life cycle.
21.1 Plant Cells and Tissues TEKS 5B, 10B, 10C
KEY CONCEPT Plants have specialized cells and tissue systems.
21.1 Plant Cells and Tissues TEKS 5B, 10B, 10C
Plant tissues are made of three basic cell types.
• Parenchyma cells are the most common plant cell type. – store starch, oils and
water– help heal wounds to
the plant – have thin flexible walls
21.1 Plant Cells and Tissues TEKS 5B, 10B, 10C
– they are strong and flexible.– celery strings are strands of collenchyma.– they have unevenly thick cell walls.
• Collenchyma cells provide support to a growing plant.
21.1 Plant Cells and Tissues TEKS 5B, 10B, 10C
– second cell wall hardened by lignin– die when they reach maturity – used by humans to make linen and rope
• Sclerenchyma cells are the strongest plant cell type.
21.1 Plant Cells and Tissues TEKS 5B, 10B, 10C
Plant organs are made of three tissue systems.
• Dermal tissue covers the outside of a plant. – protects the plant – secretes cuticle of leaves – forms outer bark of trees
21.1 Plant Cells and Tissues TEKS 5B, 10B, 10C
– provides support – stores materials in roots and stems – most commonly made of parenchyma
• Ground tissue is found inside a plant.
21.1 Plant Cells and Tissues TEKS 5B, 10B, 10C
stem
leaf
root
– two networks of hollow tubes
– xylem transports water and minerals
– phloem transports photosynthetic products
• Vascular tissue transports water, minerals and organic compounds.
21.3 Roots and Stems TEKS 4B, 5B, 10B, 10C
The student is expected to:
4B investigate and explain cellular processes, including homeostasis, energy conversions, transport of molecules, andsynthesis of new molecules;5B examine specialized cells, including roots, stems, and leaves of plants...; 10B describe the interactions that occur among systems that perform the functionsof transport, reproduction, and response in plants; 10C analyze the levels of organization in biological systems and relate the levels to each other and to the whole system
21.3 Roots and Stems TEKS 4B, 5B, 10B, 10C
KEY CONCEPT Roots and stems form the support system of vascular plants.
21.3 Roots and Stems TEKS 4B, 5B, 10B, 10C
Roots anchor plants and absorb mineral nutrients from soil.
• Roots provide many functions.– support the plant– absorb, transport,
and store nutrients – root hairs help
absorption
21.3 Roots and Stems TEKS 4B, 5B, 10B, 10C
root cap
– root cap covers the tip
• There are several parts of a root.
21.3 Roots and Stems TEKS 4B, 5B, 10B, 10C
apical meristem
– root cap covers the tip
• There are several parts of a root.
– apical meristem is an area of growth
21.3 Roots and Stems TEKS 4B, 5B, 10B, 10C
– vascular cylinder contains xylem and phloem
vascular cylinder
– root cap covers the tip
• There are several parts of a root.
– apical meristem is an area of growth
21.3 Roots and Stems TEKS 4B, 5B, 10B, 10C
– Fibrous root systems have fine branches.
Fibrous root Taproot
• There are two main types of roots.
– Taproot systems have one main root.
21.3 Roots and Stems TEKS 4B, 5B, 10B, 10C
Stems support plants, transport materials, and provide storage.
• Stems have many functions. – support leaves and flowers – house most of the vascular system – store water
Baobab trees Cactus
21.3 Roots and Stems TEKS 4B, 5B, 10B, 10C
– grow underground for storage
Ginger rhizomes Potato tubers
Stems support plants, transport materials, and provide storage.
• Stems have many functions. – support leaves and flowers – house most of the vascular system – store water
21.3 Roots and Stems TEKS 4B, 5B, 10B, 10C
– grow underground for storage
Stems support plants, transport materials, and provide storage.
• Stems have many functions. – support leaves and flowers – house most of the vascular system – store water
– form new plants
Strawberry stolons
21.3 Roots and Stems TEKS 4B, 5B, 10B, 10C
• Some stems are herbaceous and conduct photosynthesis.
21.3 Roots and Stems TEKS 4B, 5B, 10B, 10C
• Some stems can be woody, and form protective bark.
21.3 Roots and Stems TEKS 4B, 5B, 10B, 10C
• Secondary growth increases a plant’s width.
• Primary growth increases a plant’s length.
21.3 Roots and Stems TEKS 4B, 5B, 10B, 10C
• Tree rings help determine the age of a tree.
heartwood
bands bark
one year of growth
sapwood
21.4 Leaves TEKS 4B, 5B, 10B, 10C
The student is expected to:
4B investigate and explain cellular processes, including homeostasis, energy conversions, transport of molecules, andsynthesis of new molecules;5B examine specialized cells, including roots, stems, and leaves of plants...; 10B describe the interactions that occur among systems that perform the functionsof transport, reproduction, and response in plants; 10C analyze the levels of organization in biological systems and relate the levels to each other and to the whole system
21.4 Leaves TEKS 4B, 5B, 10B, 10C
KEY CONCEPT Leaves absorb light and carry out photosynthesis.
21.4 Leaves TEKS 4B, 5B, 10B, 10C
Most leaves share some similar structures.
• The blade is usually broad and flat. – collects sunlight for
photosynthesis– connects to the stem by a
petiole
blade
petiole
21.4 Leaves TEKS 4B, 5B, 10B, 10C
• Mesophyll is between the leaf’s dermal tissue layers.
cuticle
upperepidermis
palisademesophyll
spongymesophyll
lowerepidermis
21.4 Leaves TEKS 4B, 5B, 10B, 10C
– Stomata open and close when guard cells change shape.
– When stomata are open, water evaporates and gas exchanges.
– Stomata close at night and when plant loses too much water.
guard cells stoma
• Guard cells surround each stoma.
21.4 Leaves TEKS 4B, 5B, 10B, 10C
• Leaves may be simple, compound, or double compound.
Simple leaf Compound leaf Double compound leaf
21.4 Leaves TEKS 4B, 5B, 10B, 10C
• Leaf veins may be parallel or pinnate.
Pinnate veinsParallel veins
21.4 Leaves TEKS 4B, 5B, 10B, 10C
• Leaf margins may be toothed, entire, or lobed.
Toothed margin Entire margin Lobed margin
21.4 Leaves TEKS 4B, 5B, 10B, 10C
Most leaves are specialized systems for photosynthesis.
• There are two types of mesophyll cells. – both types contain chloroplasts – palisade mesophyll absorbs sunlight – spongy mesophyll connects to stomata
xylem
phloem
cuticle
upperepidermis
palisademesophyll
spongymesophyll
stomata
lowerepidermis
21.4 Leaves TEKS 4B, 5B, 10B, 10C
– for extreme temperatures, ex: pine needles
• Leaves have many adaptations.
21.4 Leaves TEKS 4B, 5B, 10B, 10C
• Leaves have many adaptations.
– for extreme temperatures, ex: pine needles
– for water loss,ex: cactus spines
21.4 Leaves TEKS 4B, 5B, 10B, 10C
– for aquatic environments, ex: water lily
• Leaves have many adaptations.
– for extreme temperatures, ex: pine needles
– for water loss,ex: cactus spines
21.4 Leaves TEKS 4B, 5B, 10B, 10C
– for aquatic environments, ex: water lily
– for getting food,ex: Venus’ flytrap
• Leaves have many adaptations.
– for extreme temperatures, ex: pine needles
– for water loss,ex: cactus spines
22.2 Reproduction in Flowering Plants TEKS 6G, 10B
The student is expected to:
6G recognize the significance of meiosis to sexual reproduction
and
10B describe the
interactions that occur among
systems that perform the functions
of transport, reproduction, and
response in plants
22.2 Reproduction in Flowering Plants TEKS 6G, 10B
KEY CONCEPT Reproduction of flowering plants takes place within flowers.
22.2 Reproduction in Flowering Plants TEKS 6G, 10B
sepal
Flowers contain reproductive organs protected by specialized leaves.
• Sepals and petals are modified leaves.– Sepals are outermost
layer that protectsdeveloping flower
22.2 Reproduction in Flowering Plants TEKS 6G, 10B
– Petals can help to attract animal pollinators
petal
22.2 Reproduction in Flowering Plants TEKS 6G, 10B
• A stamen is the male structure of the flower.
– anther produces pollen grains – filament supports the anther
stamen
filament anther
22.2 Reproduction in Flowering Plants TEKS 6G, 10B
carpel style
stigma
ovary
• The innermost layer of a flower is the female carpel.
– stigma is sticky tip – style is tube leading from stigma to ovary – ovary produces female gametophyte
22.2 Reproduction in Flowering Plants TEKS 6G, 10B
Flowering plants can be pollinated by wind or animals.
• Flowering plants pollinated when pollen grains land on stigma.
• Wind pollinated flowers have small flowers and large amounts of pollen.
22.2 Reproduction in Flowering Plants TEKS 6G, 10B
• Animal pollinated flowers have larger flowers and less pollen.
pollen grains
– many flowering plants pollinated by animal pollinators
– pollination occurs as animal feeds from flower to flower– animal pollination more efficient than wind pollination
22.2 Reproduction in Flowering Plants TEKS 6G, 10B
Fertilization takes place within the flower.
• Male gametophytes, or pollen grains, are produced in the anthers. – male spores produced in
anthers by meiosis– each spore divides by
mitosis to form twohaploid cells
– two cells form asingle pollen grain pollen grain
22.2 Reproduction in Flowering Plants TEKS 6G, 10B
– four female spores produced in ovule by meiosis – one spore develops into female gametophyte – female gametophyte contains seven cells – one cell has two nuclei, or polar nuclei – one cell will develop into an egg
• One female gametophyte can form in each ovule of a flower’s ovary.
22.2 Reproduction in Flowering Plants TEKS 6G, 10B
• Pollination occurs when a pollen grain lands on a stigma.
pollen tubepollen tube
spermsperm
stigmastigma
– one cell from pollen grain forms pollen tube– other cell forms two sperm that travel down tube
22.2 Reproduction in Flowering Plants TEKS 6G, 10B
• Flowering plants go through the process of double fertilization.
femalegametophyte
ovule
egg
sperm
polar nuclei
22.2 Reproduction in Flowering Plants TEKS 6G, 10B
endosperm
seed coat
embryo
– one sperm fertilizes the egg
– other sperm unites with polar nuclei, forming endosperm
– endosperm provides food supply for embryo
• Flowering plants go through the process of double fertilization.
22.2 Reproduction in Flowering Plants TEKS 6G, 10B
• Each ovule becomes a seed.• The surrounding ovary grows into a fruit.
22.5 Plant Hormones and Responses TEKS 10B
The student is expected to:
10B describe the interactions that occur among systems that perform the functions of transport, reproduction, and response in plants
22.5 Plant Hormones and Responses TEKS 10B
KEY CONCEPT Plant hormones guide plant growth and development.
22.5 Plant Hormones and Responses TEKS 10B
Plant hormones regulate plant functions.
• Hormones are chemical messengers.– produced in one part of an organism – stimulates or suppresses activity in another part
22.5 Plant Hormones and Responses TEKS 10B
– ending seed dormancy – rapid growth of young
seedlings – rapid growth of some
flower stalks
• Gibberellins are plant hormones that produce dramatic increases in size.
22.5 Plant Hormones and Responses TEKS 10B
– some fruits picked before they are ripe
– sprayed with ethylene to ripen when reach destination
• Ethylene causes the ripening of fruits.
22.5 Plant Hormones and Responses TEKS 10B
– final stage in cell division – produced in growing roots, seeds, and fruits – involved in growth of side branches
• Cytokinins stimulate cytokinesis.
22.5 Plant Hormones and Responses TEKS 10B
• Auxins lengthen plant cells in the growing tip. – stimulates growth of
primary stem – controls some forms of
tropism• A tropism is the movement of plant in response to an environmental stimulus.
22.5 Plant Hormones and Responses TEKS 10B
Plants can respond to light, touch, gravity, and seasonal changes.
• Phototropism is the tendency of a plant to grow toward light. – auxins build up on
shaded side of stem– cells on shaded
side lengthen – causes stem to
bend toward light
22.5 Plant Hormones and Responses TEKS 10B
– climbing plants and vines– plants that grow in direction of constant wind
• Thigmotropism is a plant’s response to touchlike stimuli.
22.5 Plant Hormones and Responses TEKS 10B
– positive gravitropism is downward growth (roots) – negative gravitropism is upward growth (shoots)
• Gravitropism is a plant’s response to Earth’s gravitational pull.
22.5 Plant Hormones and Responses TEKS 10B
– Some responses protect plants from predators.
– Some responses allow plants to capture food.
• Some plants have rapid responses not involving growth.
22.5 Plant Hormones and Responses TEKS 10B
– triggers some plants to flower– triggers fall colors/winter dormancy of deciduous trees
• Photoperiodism is a response to the changing lengths of day and night.
