20320140501004

International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308

(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 5, Issue 1, January (2014), © IAEME

35

STUDY OF THE QUALITATIVE ASSESSMENT THE EUPHRATES RIVER

(SHATT AL-HILLA) FOR CIVIL PURPOSES AND AGRICULTURAL

Udai Adnain Jahad

Assistant lecturer, Engineering College /University of Babylon

ABSTRACT

This research has been prepared to assess the quality of water of the Euphrates River (Shatt

Al- Hillah) for civilian use (drinking water) and agricultural (irrigation water). Models collected on a

monthly basis for a period of two years 2010 - 2011 of four stations on the Euphrates River in the

province of Babylon, stations are Hindia barrage, Musayyib, Hilla and Al- Hashemeyeh. Samples

taken by repeat each month and adopted average. The results showed that the quality of water of the

Euphrates River (Shatt Al- Hillah) for civilian use meets the requirements of standard specification

by the Iraqi high and the requirements of WHO, with the exception of sulfates, while failing to

achieve the requirements of the Environmental Protection Agency and the U.S. EPA. As for the

quality of water for agricultural purposes, the study has shown that there is problem salinity by

different classifications, while there is no problem regarding the risk of danger sodium chlorine, the

water is considered mild -to-moderate damage.

Keywords: Water Quality, Drinking Water, Irrigation Water, Water Standards, Water Pollution.

INTRODUCTION

With the beginnings of the century atheist century became the subject of water from strategic

matters crucial in most regions of the world including the Middle East In Iraq, there are a significant

reduction in the discharge of the Tigris and Euphrates due to climatic changes of the lack of rain and

high temperatures on the rates in addition to the policies of the neighboring countries of the

establishment dams and reservoirs on the headwaters of rivers and not to give Iraq its share of water

has been accompanied by adequate water scarcity this problem of declining water quality where the

marked increase in the percentage of salinity on the rates , which greatly affect the public " on the

possibility of water use for different purpose. The specifications of the river water are changing in

general, depending on "for the period of time that conducted the study and the amount of runoff into

the river and the nature of the contaminants from the drains, sewage, industrial waste, and others.

Has conducted several studies on the Euphrates River , including the Shatt al- Hilla (Jalut, 1998) and

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ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print)

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(Najah et. al., 1999) as well as on the Shatt al- Kufa ( Abdul-Abbas , 2009 ) and ( Abdul-Abbas and

2012 ) and on the Shatt al- Diwaniya ( Al- Yassin , 2009) and on the Tigris River (Al-Khafaji, 1985)

and (Al-Mesri, 1986 ) and (Mohammed, 1988) has concluded that those studies to determine

significant increases in the concentrations of different variables from study to another according to

the " period of the study and the nature of the flow in that period .

Comes this research to determine the quality of water in the Euphrates River (Shatt Al- Hillah)

through the study of physical and chemical properties of river water on a monthly basis for the

period from 2010 to 2011 and from four stations are Hindia barrage, Musayyib, Hilla and Al-

Hashemeyeh and then compared those characteristics with the standard specifications for domestic

use as well as classifications water quality for the irrigation uses.

THE CASE STUDY

Focus group study of qualitative variables that govern the quality of water for domestic use

and the irrigation in the Euphrates River (Shatt Al Hillah) and compare it with the standard

specifications of different to see how they conform to those specifications.

SAMPLING AND MEASUREMENT METHODS

The samples were collected from four stations within the province of Babylon stations are

Musayyib E8, Hindia barrage E9, Hilla EH1 and Al- Hashemeyeh EH2 as shown in Figure (1). The

samples were collected on a monthly basis for a period of two years (2010-2011) at the rate of two

samples per month taken the rate of their findings have included tests of physical and chemical both

the pH and electrical conductivity Ec and dissolved salts TDS and brackish TH as CaCO3, calcium,

Ca, Mg, Cl, sulfate So4, nitrate NO3 Na, sodium, potassium K and turbidity. Used a Multi parameter

(YSI 556M) in the measurement of both the pH and electrical conductivity Ec and dissolved salts

TDS was measured brackish manner burette using EDTA solution and guide Erchrome black T was

measured calcium Ca way burette using EDTA solution and guide Muroxide used method

calculations in measuring magnesium Mg depending " on the concentration of each of the top ten

and calcium were measured chloride Cl way burette using a silver nitrate solution AgNO3 0.1 N and

guide Dichromate potassium were measured in each of the sulphates SO4 and Turbidity using the

method colorimetric device (WTW) was measured nitrate NO3 using a spectrum chromatography

(Spectrophoto meter) The sodium and potassium KNa have been measured spectrum to a flame

(Flamephoto meter).

APPROVED SPECIFICATIONS

First ": the quality of drinking water: Has been the adoption of three standard specifications to compare the values of qualitative

variables to the Shatt Al-Hilla is standard Iraqi No. 417 for the year 2009 issued by the Central

Agency for Standardization and Quality Control and Specification by WHO and updated up to 2006,

in addition to the specification and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency EPA and updated up

to 2008.

Second ": the quality of irrigation water: The criteria adopted for assessing the quality of irrigation water should identify the variables

that have the ability to cause adverse changes in soil properties or detrimental effect on the growth of

the crop has been dependable in this study on the three indicators to assess the quality of irrigation

International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976

(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 5, Issue 1,

water is the risk of salinity (Salinity Ha

the risk of chlorine (Chloride Hazard).

Figure (1) study sites stations on the Shatt Al

1- The risk of salinity (Salinity Hazard The effect of salinity due mainly to the effo

salinity associated with a concentration of total dissolved salts (TDS) rather than to the components

of these salts. In this study, adopted a set of classifications are classified laboratory salinity American

who is one of the more classifications prevalent in the world and is made up of four grades as well as

the classification (1972, Taylor & Ashcroft), which consists of four grades as well as well to

classification (Todd 1980) and (2003, Fipps) and two coinci

2-The risk of sodium (Sodicity Hazard)

Affect sodium in the soil making them tend to be distractions for the crust coherent when

drought leading to difficulty penetrating seedling Earth's surface and reduce the gro

(Ismail, Laith Khalil, 1988). The account is the effect of sodium in irrigation water through the

sodium adsorption ratio (Sodium Adsorption Ratio) (SAR), which is calculated according to the

following equation:

SAR = Na / √ ((Ca + Mg) / 2(

There are many international rankings of irrigation water on the basis of the proportion of the

adsorption of sodium in this study adopted classification laboratory salinity U.S. which classifies

irrigation water to four degrees on the

the class one by the value of conductivity electrical Ec was such a classification scheme of the U.S.

salinity Laboratory (Figure 2 ), which is used extensively worldwide to determine the qualit

irrigation water . In addition, it has adopted rating (Todd, 1980) , which divides the irrigation water

into five sections according to the value of the proportion of adsorption of sodium SAR as well as the

classification (Fipps, 2003) , which divides

value of SAR.


6316(Online) Volume 5, Issue 1, January (2014), © IAEME

37

water is the risk of salinity (Salinity Hazard) and the risk of sodium (Sodicity Hazard) in addition to

the risk of chlorine (Chloride Hazard).

study sites stations on the Shatt Al-Hilla

sk of salinity (Salinity Hazard) The effect of salinity due mainly to the effort osmosis and its impact on crop growth and



ho is one of the more classifications prevalent in the world and is made up of four grades as well as


classification (Todd 1980) and (2003, Fipps) and two coincide and consists of five degrees.

The risk of sodium (Sodicity Hazard)


drought leading to difficulty penetrating seedling Earth's surface and reduce the gro



………….. (1)



irrigation water to four degrees on the basis of the value of (SAR) which is different borders within


salinity Laboratory (Figure 2 ), which is used extensively worldwide to determine the qualit



classification (Fipps, 2003) , which divides the irrigation water into four categories according to the


January (2014), © IAEME

zard) and the risk of sodium (Sodicity Hazard) in addition to

rt osmosis and its impact on crop growth and



ho is one of the more classifications prevalent in the world and is made up of four grades as well as


de and consists of five degrees.


drought leading to difficulty penetrating seedling Earth's surface and reduce the growth of plants





basis of the value of (SAR) which is different borders within


salinity Laboratory (Figure 2 ), which is used extensively worldwide to determine the quality of



the irrigation water into four categories according to the



38

Figure (2) U.S. Salinity Laboratory scheme for the classification of irrigation water

3- The risk of chlorine Chloride Hazard There ion of chlorine in irrigation water with different concentrations of chlorine is evident

effect on the plant by burning the edges of the leaves and rainfall early this stock (Ismail, Laith

Khalil 0.1988). Classified as irrigation water for the level of chlorine into four categories according

to the classification (1972, Taylor & Ashcroft).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

1- The quality of drinking water Was to clarify the results of the analysis of samples which represent the Shatt al Hillah

through Figures (3 ) to ( 14) as illustrated in Figure (3) the level of the top ten overall during the

study period for the four plants is observed from the figure that the level of the top ten overall in the

Shatt al Hillah less than the maximum allowable in the specification of the Iraqi standard

specification and the World Health Organization with the exception of the month of September 2010

in Jordan Station , reaching the limit value of a (mg / l 500) recommended by the specifications . The

specification and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, which determines the maximum

allowable (mg / l 250), it is clear that the values of both brackish and stations and the entire study

period had exceeded that value. As Figure 4 shows the level of turbidity in the Shatt Al- Hillah and

notes from the figure that the level of turbidity and most months was higher than the maximum level

surveys by a (5 NTU) by three specifications adopted in this study. The reason for the high level of

turbidity is due to that the samples represent the raw water any specifications river natural affected

by the spread of drains and rainfall and the movement of sediments and other natural conditions to

those sewer Obviously, the low values of turbidity to become within the permissible limits through

water treatment plants filter before pumping it in water distribution networks.



Figure 5 shows the ion concentration of nitrates in the Shatt Al

figure that most of the values are confined between (0.5

values exceeded (1.5 mg / l), reaching a maximum value (2.14 mg / l) and this values

requirements of the specification in Iraq while not specify all of Specifications (EPA / WHO) limits

for nitrate concentration. The pH of the stations of diffe

the values of pH were within the permissible limits (05/06 to 05/08) according to the specification of

the Iraqi and American and (05/06 to 05/09) By Specification WHO for all stations and for the whole

study period. The importance of pH comes from the fact that many of the chemical reactions are

affected by this function, although the basal or high acidic unacceptably high due to problems with

corrosion in the pipe carrier and the potential difficulties in wat



39

Figure (3) Total hardness

Figure (4) Turbidity

Figure 5 shows the ion concentration of nitrates in the Shatt Al- Hilla and notes from the

are confined between (0.5 - 1.5 mg / l) with the exception of four

exceeded (1.5 mg / l), reaching a maximum value (2.14 mg / l) and this values


for nitrate concentration. The pH of the stations of different has been shown in Figure (6) notes that

of pH were within the permissible limits (05/06 to 05/08) according to the specification of


period. The importance of pH comes from the fact that many of the chemical reactions are


corrosion in the pipe carrier and the potential difficulties in water treatment (Tebbutt, 1998).



Hilla and notes from the

1.5 mg / l) with the exception of four

exceeded (1.5 mg / l), reaching a maximum value (2.14 mg / l) and this values meet the


rent has been shown in Figure (6) notes that

of pH were within the permissible limits (05/06 to 05/08) according to the specification of


period. The importance of pH comes from the fact that many of the chemical reactions are


er treatment (Tebbutt, 1998).



Figure 7 shows the values of conductivity electrical (Figure 8) shows the values

salts college to the Shatt al- Hilla and four plants and two major benefits are to estimate the salts in

two different ways the first electric and second grains did not specify the three specifications

approved limits for conductivity electrical while set values

focusing levels variable for most months the study and all four statio

with the exception of 30% of those values

dissolved salts has achieved the requirements of WHO fully and requirements Iraqi specification by

70 % while completely failed to achieve the requirements specification and the U.S. Environmental

Protection Agency. The figure shows (9) the values

specification Iraqi maximum allowed (350 mg / l), while identified WHO maximum allowa

mg / l) did not specify the EPA limits for this variable and note form, all sandwiched between the

values (120 -180 mg / l), and thus the specifications have been met in full.



40

Figure (5) Nitrates

Figure (6) PH

of conductivity electrical (Figure 8) shows the values

Hilla and four plants and two major benefits are to estimate the salts in

ays the first electric and second grains did not specify the three specifications

approved limits for conductivity electrical while set values for the salts dissolved notes Figure (8)

focusing levels variable for most months the study and all four stations between (800

with the exception of 30% of those values has exceeded the barrier (1000 mg / l) and thus be


chieve the requirements specification and the U.S. Environmental

The figure shows (9) the values of chloride Cl in the Shatt al Hillah has identified

specification Iraqi maximum allowed (350 mg / l), while identified WHO maximum allowa


180 mg / l), and thus the specifications have been met in full.



of conductivity electrical (Figure 8) shows the values of dissolved

Hilla and four plants and two major benefits are to estimate the salts in

ays the first electric and second grains did not specify the three specifications

for the salts dissolved notes Figure (8)

ns between (800-1000 mg / l)

has exceeded the barrier (1000 mg / l) and thus be


chieve the requirements specification and the U.S. Environmental

of chloride Cl in the Shatt al Hillah has identified

specification Iraqi maximum allowed (350 mg / l), while identified WHO maximum allowable (250




Figure (7)

Figure (8)



41

Figure (7) Electrical conductivity

Figure (8) Total dissolved salts

Figure (9) Chloride





Sulphates in the Shatt al Hillah illustrated in Figure (10) n

400 mg / l) for most months has exceeded the barrier (400 mg / l) 10% of the readings reaching the

highest value (448.9mg / l) in the station Hilla for the month of April 2010, and these values

specification (EPA / WHO) in unrealized all readings either specification Iraq has achieved

90%. Figure 11 shows the concentration of calcium in the Shatt al

variable values ranged between (80 -

Iraqi except station of Jordan for the month of August 2010 , reaching (159 mg / l) does not There

are limits in specification (EPA / WHO). Sodium values

concentration of sodium ranged between (80

maximum allowable (mg / l 200) specification by the Iraqi standard specification and the World

Health Organization. The values are set out in the form of potassium (13) ranged between

l) for most of the values which did not exceed the upper limit allowed by the specification of the

Iraqi standard (mg / l 10. (Finally, "the values

ranged between (20 - 60 mg / l) and has



42

Sulphates in the Shatt al Hillah illustrated in Figure (10) notes that the values confined between (300


highest value (448.9mg / l) in the station Hilla for the month of April 2010, and these values

on (EPA / WHO) in unrealized all readings either specification Iraq has achieved

Figure 11 shows the concentration of calcium in the Shatt al- Hilla and notes from Figure A ,

-140 mg / l) for all readings and these values check specification


are limits in specification (EPA / WHO). Sodium values shown in Figure (12) It is noted that the

ed between (80 -140 mg / l) for most values, which is lower than the


are set out in the form of potassium (13) ranged between

which did not exceed the upper limit allowed by the specification of the

Iraqi standard (mg / l 10. (Finally, "the values of magnesium has been clarified in the Figure (14)

60 mg / l) and has thus achieved specification Iraqi adult (100 mg / l)

Figure (10) Sulphates

Figure (11) Calcium



confined between (300-


highest value (448.9mg / l) in the station Hilla for the month of April 2010, and these values are

on (EPA / WHO) in unrealized all readings either specification Iraq has achieved

Hilla and notes from Figure A ,

check specification


shown in Figure (12) It is noted that the

, which is lower than the


are set out in the form of potassium (13) ranged between (4 - 6 mg /

which did not exceed the upper limit allowed by the specification of the

of magnesium has been clarified in the Figure (14)

thus achieved specification Iraqi adult (100 mg / l).





43

Figure (12) Sodium

Figure (13) Potassium

Figure (14) Magnesium





Figure (1

2- The quality of irrigation water The study of the quality of irrigation water will be in accordance with the standards of the

three that have been previously referred to "a risk of salinity an

1-Salinity Hazard To deduce the risk of salinity in the water are relying on all of conductivity electrical Ec

Figure (7) and dissolved salts TDS Figure (8) and through these two Figures indicates a rise in the

values of these two variables and the reason for this

upper regions of the river in addition to the processing of large quantities of water stored in the

reservoirs of the Haditha Dam , reservoir Tharthar and others to the river to make up the shortfall in

the rates of flow required It is well known that the water stored in the reservoirs increase the

concentrations of salts which are generally due to evaporation during storage and water ( Abdul

Abbas , Mohamed Abdel Majid ,2012(.

classifications global quality of irrigation water adopted in this research where found that the

classification of laboratory salinity U.S. based " on the values

dissolved salts TDS puts the Shatt al

put it depending "on the values of each of the electrical conductivity and total dissolved salts within

the third category (average water damage) .

conductivity and total content of dissolved salts agenda puts water Shatt Al

Class B and Class C damage severe damage.

2-Sodicity Hazard Is determined by the risk of sodium through adsorption ratio of sodium SA

observed him to SAR values ranged between (3

classifications that have been adopted in this study, found that the classification laboratory salinity

U.S. puts water Shatt Al- Hilla, within

laboratory salinity U.S. Figure (2) which is based in the classification on all the risk of

the risk of sodium, the Shatt al- Hilla, fall within the category (C3

The rating scale Todd then formulate the Shatt al Hillah within the first category (

as well as Phipps, which puts the Shatt al Hillah within the first category (



44

Figure (15) Sodium adsorption ratio

The study of the quality of irrigation water will be in accordance with the standards of the

three that have been previously referred to "a risk of salinity and the risk of sodium and chlorine risk:

To deduce the risk of salinity in the water are relying on all of conductivity electrical Ec


of these two variables and the reason for this rise to re- water drains into the river bed in the



he rates of flow required It is well known that the water stored in the reservoirs increase the

concentrations of salts which are generally due to evaporation during storage and water ( Abdul

Abbas , Mohamed Abdel Majid ,2012(. And determine the quality of the Shatt al


classification of laboratory salinity U.S. based " on the values of conductivity electrical Ec and

Shatt al- Hilla, within the third category brine The rating scale Taylor

of each of the electrical conductivity and total dissolved salts within

the third category (average water damage) . Each rating of Todd and Phipps by

conductivity and total content of dissolved salts agenda puts water Shatt Al -Hillah average between

Class B and Class C damage severe damage.

Is determined by the risk of sodium through adsorption ratio of sodium SAR Figure (15

ranged between (3 - 1.5) and comparing these values


Hilla, within the first category S1 ( little damage) and through the scheme

laboratory salinity U.S. Figure (2) which is based in the classification on all the risk of

Hilla, fall within the category (C3-S1) was too salty

The rating scale Todd then formulate the Shatt al Hillah within the first category (Excellent

Phipps, which puts the Shatt al Hillah within the first category (small damage)



The study of the quality of irrigation water will be in accordance with the standards of the

d the risk of sodium and chlorine risk:

To deduce the risk of salinity in the water are relying on all of conductivity electrical Ec


water drains into the river bed in the



he rates of flow required It is well known that the water stored in the reservoirs increase the

concentrations of salts which are generally due to evaporation during storage and water ( Abdul-

the Shatt al- Hilla through


of conductivity electrical Ec and

Hilla, within the third category brine The rating scale Taylor

of each of the electrical conductivity and total dissolved salts within

Each rating of Todd and Phipps by electrical

Hillah average between

R Figure (15), who

) and comparing these values with the


the first category S1 ( little damage) and through the scheme

laboratory salinity U.S. Figure (2) which is based in the classification on all the risk of salinity and

- a little damage.

Excellent) rating,

small damage).



45

3-Chloride Hazard The standard adopted in danger of chlorine is the concentration of the ion in the Shatt Al-

Hilla, shown in Figure (9), who observed him to the values of ion chloride ranged between mg / l

(180 -120) and by reference to the classification Taylor to the risk of chlorine, found that the waters

of the Shatt Al- Hilla, located between the product II (moderate damage) and class III (average

damage).

CONCLUSIONS

I-The quality of drinking water

1- Shatt Al- Hilla, Iraq has achieved the requirements of the specification for the drinking water of

the variables that have been studied in full with the exception of total dissolved salts check 70% of

the readings and sulfates by 90 % of the readings.

2- Shatt al- Hilla achieved the requirements of the World Health Organization of the variables that

have been studied in full except where sulfates failed 100% achieved.

3- Shatt al- Hilla failed to achieve the requirements of the U.S. Environmental Protection variables

that have been studied in full with the exception of the pH achieved 100%.

II - The quality of irrigation water

1- Salinity of the Shatt al- Hilla ranged by different classifications adopted in this study between the

brine and the average water damage and severe water damage.

2- Is the Shatt al- Hilla water is very safe, "based on" the risk of sodium.

3 - Shatt al- Hilla mild -to-moderate damage in terms of the risk of chlorine.

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ISSN Online: 0976 – 6316.

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