2073 final final final Magh - Public Service...

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i

ii

iii

k|zf;g tyf Joj:yfkg If]qsf ljleGg ljifox?df hfgsf/Ld"ns

n]vx? ;dfj]z u/L nf]s ;]jf cfof]ujf6 cw{jflif{s ?kdf k|sfzg

x'g] lghfdtL ;]jf klqsfsf] of] c° k|sfzg u/L kf7s;dIf Nofpg

kfPsf]df xfdL v';L 5f}+ . cfkm\gf cd"No n]v÷/rgfx? pknAw u/fO{

n]vsx?n] ug'{ePsf] ;xof]ujf6 g} of] ;+ej ePsf] xf] . o;sf nflu

ljåfg n]vsx? k|lt cfef/ JoQm ub{5f}+ .

k|:t't c+sdf ;dfj]z ePsf ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g, Joj:yfkg Pj+

ljsf;;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg n]vx? cWo]tf Pj+ cg';Gwfgstf{x?sf]

nflu pkof]uL x'g] g} 5g\ . ;fy} o; klqsfsf] ;DaGwdf

kf7sju{x?af6 k|fKt ;'emfj tyf k[i7kf]if0fx?nfO{ ;dfj]z u/L

ePsf sdL–sdhf]/LnfO{ ;'wf/ ub}{ n}hfg] k|lta4tf ;d]t JoQm

ub{5f}+ . klqsf k|sfzg sfo{df ;+nUg kbflwsf/L tyf sd{rf/Lx?df

xflb{s wGojfb lb+b} cfufdL lbgdf klg ;bf em}+ ;xof]u k|fKt x'g]

s'/fdf ;Dkfbs d08n ljZj:t /x]sf] 5 .

– ;Dkfbs d08n

;DkfbsLo

iv

v

ljifo ;"rL

qm=;+= n]vsf] zLif{s n]vs k]h g+=

1 ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf g}ltstf / ;bfrf/M l;4fGt / Jojxf/ /d]zs'df/ s]=;L= 1

2 cfjlws of]hgfsf] ljsf;qmddf rf}wf} of]hgf lzj/fd Gof}kfg] 12

3 lghfdtL ;]jfdf tflndsf] k|efjsfl/tf ?b|k|;fb e§ 30

4 kbk"lt{sf] qmddf z}lIfs of]Uotfsf] ljBdfg cj:yf uLtfs'df/L xf]d]ufO{ 38

5 j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf] cj:yf / ;'wf/sf If]q /d]z cof{n 52

6 cfly{s gLltsf] j:t'ut cfsf/ – g]kfnsf] ;d[l4sf] d"ne't cfwf/ ls;g l;+x a:g]t 60

7 ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] kbk"lt{ ch'{gdl0f cf= bLlIft 71

8 a]?h'sf] l:ytL, alu{s/0f / km5\of}{{6 ;+aGwL /0fgLlts k|of; hgs/fh uf}td 86

9 ljsf;df xl/t cy{tGq / n]vf°g 8Da/ axfb'/ sfsL{ 97

10 g]kfndf ;+3Lotf / sfof{Gjog kIf lblnk s'df/ >Ljf:tj 109

11 lbuf] ljsf; nIo / ;'rsx¿M g]kfnsf] k|ltj4tf tyf k|flKtsf r'gf}tLx¿ eljZj/ l3ld/] 115

12 k'gMlg{df{0fsf nflu u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf] e"ldsf k|sfz b]jsf]6f 123

13 ;+3Lotf sfof{Gjog / k|zf;g k'gM;+/rgfdf ;+j]bgzLntf h?/L ;fu/ kl08t 131

14 dfgj ljsf; / jftfj/0f s'nrGb| cof{n 136

15 blnt lzIffM ljutsf] Oltxf;, jt{dfg cj:yf / eljiosf] af6f] ;fu/ zfxL, kLPr=8L= 144

16 sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nof°g k|0ffnL dfwj s'df/ jfUn] 163

17 Public Service Commission Laxmi Bilas Koirala 176

18A Collaborative Perspective of International Peacekeeping: An Integrated Hybrid model of the UN and Regional Operations Yagya Puri 179

19 Level of Self-esteem among the Campus Students of Nepal Dr. Timothy Aryal 189

20Escalating CONFLICT, ongoing Black economyAnd shadow of Narco- market Shreewastav Suraj 196

21The New Public Governance: Third Generation of Public Administration Chet Nath Dahal 204

vi

1

;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf g}ltstf / ;bfrf/M l;4fGt / Jojxf/

— /d]zs'df/ s]=;L=*

;f/f+z

;dfh lgdf{0fsf] cfwf/ JolQm ePsfn] ;dfhdf JolQmsf] e"ldsf cxd\ x'G5 . JolQmsf afgL, Jojxf/, ;+:sf/hGo cEof;x? ck]lIft / lglZrt d"Noo'Qm x'g' kb{5 eGg] dfGotf jt{dfg ;dodf k|an ?kdf cfPsf] 5 . Psflt/ dfgj clwsf/ Pj+ df}lns jf sfg"gL clwsf/ dfkm{t dfgjLo dof{bfnfO{ a9fjf lbg] kxn ePsf 5g\ eg] csf{lt/ cfTd;+od / :jlgoGq0f eGg] ljifo sfg"gsf kfgfdf dfq n]v]/ x'Fb}g a? cGt/x[bob]lv k|:km'6g x'g' kb{5 eGg] cem alnof] cjwf/0ff cfTd;ft\ ug'{kg]{ b]lvPsf] 5 . bz{gzf:qsf] Pp6f k|d'v xfFufsf ?kdf g}ltszf:qnfO{ :jLsfl/Psf] / k"jL{o bz{gdf g}ltstfnfO{ wfld{s / ;f+:s[lts hLjgsf] cleGg c+u dflgPsf] 5 . g}ltstfdf cfa4 gful/s ;dfh g} ;d[l4sf] cfwf/ xf] / g}ltstfsf ljleGg cfofdx?sf] ljj]rgf u/L :j1fg xfl;n ug]{ jftfj/0fsf] lgdf{0f ug'{ klg cfhsf] cfjZostf xf] . ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] ;d"x, ;dfhsf] cu'jf, dfgs / cf}krfl/s ;d'bfo ePsfn] o;n] ug]{ Jojxf/ / gful/s cEof;sf] k|efj cg's/l0fo klg x'G5 . g]t[Tjdf /xg] cf}krfl/s ;d'bfodf g}ltstf / :j1fg ;jf{k]lIft 5 . o; cfn]vdf ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg ;}4flGts / Jojxfl/s kIfx?nfO{ s]nfpg] k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .

*;x;lrj, cy{ dGqfno .

k[i7e"ld

w]/}h;f] ;Gbe{df ;bfrf/, g}ltstf, dof{bf, cg'zf;g h:tf ljifonfO{ ;dfgfyL{ ?kdf k|of]u ul/Psf] kfO{G5 . cfr/0fnfO{ j}olQms Jojxf/, cfgLjfgL, k|j[lQ / cEof;sf ?kdf lrGg] ul/G5 . cfr/0fsf] cfbz{nfO{ g}ltstfsf] ;ldkdf /fVg ;lsG5 . gLltdf cfwfl/t Jojxf/ jf g}ltstf eg]sf] j}olQms d"No dfGotf, s] ug{ x'G5 jf x'Fb}g eGg] dfgs xf] . g}ltstf lnlvt eGbf clnlvt a9L k|rlnt x'G5 . Jojxf/ / sfo{z}nLnfO{ g}lts / Jojl:yt u/fpg] kIf g} cfr/0f xf] . o;n] k]zf lgi7f / ;brl/qtf Pj+ cfb{znfO{ Jojl:yt ub{5 . gful/s hLjgsf x/]s e"ldsfx?df ;bfrf/, g}ltstf / cg'zf;g

2

ck]lIft x'G5 . cg'zf;gnfO{ lgoGq0f / :jlgoGq0fsf] l:ylt klg dflgG5 . cfr/0f ;+u7gfTds lgod pNn+3g u/]df sf/afxL ug'{ / sfo{s'zntfdf sdL cfPdf ;'wf/ ug'{ ;Fu ;DalGwt x'G5 . ;fj{hlgs gLlt sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;fj{hlgs /fi6« ;]js, sd{rf/Lsf] b[li6 / Jojxf/ pRr g}ltstfo'Qm x'g'kg]{ ck]Iff ul/G5 . lghfdtL sd{rf/L ;dfhsf] cu'jf, k|lti7f, dfgs ePsfn] pRr cfr/0f sfod /fVg ck]lIft 5 .

bz{gzf:q / g}ltstf

bz{gzf:qsf k|d'v xfFufx?df g}ltstf -OlyS;_ klg Ps xf] . Oyf] cyf{t afgL, Jojxf/, u/fO{ h:tf s'/fsf] glhsaf6 OlyS; lgdf{0f ePsf] xf] . c;n jf unt cfrf/ jf Jojxf/sf af/]df g}ltstfn] ;xL dfu{ ;'emfpF5 ;fy} OlyS;df cfbz{ cEof;sf] ck]Iff ul/G5 . pRr jf lgDg dfgjLo d"No sfod u/L ;lx / unt afgL Jojxf/, cEof; ku]{Ng] s'/f g}ltszf:qsf kIfx? x'g / OlyS; cGtu{tsf] pkljwf zf}Gbo{zf:q -P:y]l6S;_ n] eg] d"No ;lxtsf] cl:tTjnfO{ :jLsfb{5 . k|To]s cl:tTjsf] d"No jf k|fyldstfsf cfwf/df Jojxf/ ul/g] s'/fnfO{ P:y]l6sn] ;d]6\5 . bz{gzf:qsf] bf]>f] ljwf k/fef}ltsL -d]6flkmlhS;_ xf] o;n] kbfy{sf] ljj]rgf ef}lts eGbf klg k/;Dd uP/ ug]{ ub{5, ;fy} o;n] jf:tljstfsf] k|s[ltaf]w ug]{ a|Xdf08 / cl:tTjsf] /rgf, pb\ej / ljsf;sf af/]df rrf{ ub{5 . d]6flkmlhS;df cef}lts cl:tTj / hLjgdf o;sf] k|efj lsg / s;/L kb{5 eGg] ljifo / cfTdf, O{Zj/, :ju{, gs{, a|Xdf08, ;To h:tf ljleGg kIfx?af6 cWoog ul/G5 . To:t} t]>f] ljwf 1fgzf:q -Olkl:6df]nf]hL_ xf], h;n] ;To, ljZjf;, cf:yf, cEofl;stf, cfbz{, cf}lrTo h:tf kIfx?sf] ljj]rgf ub{5 eg] bz{gzf:qsf] rf}yf] xfFufsf ?kdf ts{zf:qnfO{ lng] ul/G5 hxfF s'g} klg cl:tTjsf] cfwf/ / sf/0f jf ts{ x'G5 eGg] dfGotfsf] vf]hL ul/G5 . lsg -<_ / To;af6 s] -<_ eGg] k|Zgsf] hjfkm ts{zf:qsf] ljifo xf] . kfFrf} ljifo cl:tTjzf:q -cG6f]nf]hL_ xf] h;n] kbfy{sf] cl:tTj, juL{s/0f, kl/efiff, kbfy{sf] x'g' / To;sf] ;DaGwx?sf ljifodf rrf{ ub{5 .

g}ltstf / dgf]an, (Ethics and Morals )

g}ltstf / pRr dgf]an jf ;b\rl/qtfnfO{ ;dfgcly{ ?kdf klg a'em\g] ul/G5 . xf};nf, dgf]an, dgf]bzf To:tf l;4fGt x'g\ h;df JolQmsf] c;n / v/fj n]vfhf]vf cfwfl/t x'G5 ;fy} dgf]an a9L cd's, ljifout / JolQm s]Gb|Lt x'G5 . t/ g}ltstf eGgfn] c;n jf cfbz{ Jojxf/nfO{ hgfpF5 / of] a9L Jojxfl/stfdf cfwfl/t x'G5 . (Morals are the principles on which one's judgments of right and wrong are based. Ethics are principles of right conduct. So the two nouns are closely related and are often interchangeable. The main difference is that morals are more abstract, subjective, and often personal or religion-based, while ethics are more practical, conceived as shared principles promoting fairness in social and business interactions.)

3

g}ltstfsf lgwf{/sx?

g}ltstf lgwf{/0f ug]{ tTj s] s] x'g\ jf s'g kIfsf] ;antfn] g}ltstf ;an x'G5 eGg] s'/f klg dxTjk"0f{ 5 . ;fdfGotof g}ltstfsf lgwf{/sx?df klxnf] wd{, ;+:s[lt, dfGotf, jf ;gftg k/Dk/f k|d'v /x]sf] 5 h'g s'/fnfO{ dfG5]n] xtkt pNn+3g ub}{g . g}ltstf lgwf{/sdf csf]{ tTj cg'ejhlgt dfgjLo d"No xf] . dfgjLo d"Nox? h:tf], JolQmsf] cg'ej, kl/jfl/s k[i7e"ldsf] c;/, JolQmdf ;fyL ;d"xsf] c;/, JolQmsf] g}lts ljsf;sf] :t/ / JolQmn] cjnDag ug]{ ljz]if d"No dfGotfn] g}ltstfsf] :t/ lgwf{/0f ug{ ;S5g\ . g]t[Tjsf] cg';/0f / cfˆgf] ljz]if jf 3lgi6 ;DaGw tyf ;DaGw r]tgfn] klg g}ltstfdf c;/ kf/]sf] x'G5 . ;DaGwdf cfˆgf :jfy{, ju{, lxt};L, hGd:yfg jf hfthflt kg{ ;Sb5g\ . To:t} df}h"bf sfg"g, ;+lxtf tyf cf}krfl/s cfb]z lgb]{zgx? klg ;fj{hlgs g}ltstf lgwf{/0f ug]{ tTjx? x'g\ .

g}ltstfsf k|efj jf c;/

g}ltstfsf] c;/ JolQm, ;dfh, ;+u7g, pTkfbg, ljsf;, Ifdtf, dfgjLo dof{bf, zflGt jf åGå OToflbdf kg]{ ub{5 . g}ltstfsf] ;+u7gdf k|efj kg]{ k|d'v ljifo sfg"g jf gLltsf] kl/kfngf xf] . sfg"gsf] zflAbs tyf cf}lrTosf] ljrf/ u/L cjnDag ug]{ s'/fdf g}ltstfsf] 7"nf] e"ldsf /xG5 . sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{;Dkfbg / sd{rf/L cGt/;DaGw ;DaGwL ljifox?df klg g}ltstfn] tfTko{k"0f{ k|efj kf/]sf] x'G5 . To:t} g}ltstfsf] ;du| cEof;sf] d"NofÍg dfkm{t ;+u7gsf] ;fv jf pTs[i7tf lgdf{0f x'g hfG5 . g}ltstfn] ;+:yfdf u}/ lqmofsnfksf] lgoGq0f ug{df klg plQs} dxTj /fVb5 .

h/]dL a]Gydn] g}ltstfn] c;/ kfg]{ sfdsf] kl/0ffdsf k|d'v kfFrj6f ljifo If]q pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . k|To]s lqmofsnfksf c;/ c;n jf v/fa x'g ;Sb5g\ . g}ltstfaf6 xfd|f lqmofsnfksf sf/0fn] l;h{gf x'g] cfgGb / kL8fsf] dfqfdf c;/ kfb{5 . cfgGbsf] / kL8fsf] dfqf klg km/s km/s x'g ;Sb5 . pRr g}ltstf cjnDag x'Fbf hlt cfgGb dx;'; x'G5 unt 7flgPsf] cEof;n] TolQs} lk8f lbG5 . csf]{ g}ltstfsf] ;jfn s'g} sfo{snfkdf pkl:yt ePdf ;f] sfdsf] cjlw / lgZrotf jf clgZrotfdf klg k|efj kb{5 . o:t} g}ltstfn] pTkfbg Ifdtf / sfo{snfksf] uxgtfdf klg k|efj kfg]{ ub{5 . (Jeremy Bentham described the consequences based on the actions like, Intensity of pleasure or pain, The duration, The certainty or uncertainty and The Nearness or remoteness,

The fecundity and The extent of an action)

4

g}ltstfsf cfofdx?

g}ltstfnfO{ d'Vo ?kdf rf/ cfofddf x]g{ ;lsG5 .

• d]6f OlyS; -k/fg}ltstf_, • cKnfO{8 OlyS; -k|of]lus jf Jojxfl/s g}ltstf_, • gDof{l6e OlyS; -cfbz{tf_ / • l8l:qmlK6e OlyS; -JofVofTdstf_ .

klxnf] d]6f OlyS;n] g}ltstfsf] l;df eGbf klxn] / kl5 eGg] cy{ lbG5 . o; cGtu{t g}ltstfsf] pTklQ / ljsf;sf ;fy} dfgjLo dfGotf jf slGeS;g / ;To s] xf], g}ltstfsf] 1fg, ;xL / unt s] xf] < k|]d, :g]x O{Toflbsf ljifodf OlyS;nfO{ ku]{Ng] ul/G5 . d]6f OlyS;n] lsg g}ltstf < eGg] k|Zgsf af/]df rrf{ ub{5 . g}ltstfsf] bf]>f] cfofdsf ?kdf cKnfO{8 OlyS; -k|fof]lus g}ltstf_nfO{ lnO{G5 . lglZrt ljifodf k|fof]lus jf cEofl;s g}ltstf o;sf ;t{ / ;"rsx? cKnfO{8 OlyS;sf ljifox? x'g . cKnfO{8 OlyS;sf] cfofd cGtu{t rf/ k|d'v juL{s/0f 5g\ . klxnf] afof] OlyS; -k|f0fL clwsf/, Pjf];{g, o'ygfl;of, ;/f]u];L, h:tf ljjfbf:kb g}ltstfx?_ bf]>f] lalhg]z OlyS; -k]zf Joj;fo ;DaGwL, skf]{/]6 ;f]l;on /]:kf]lG;ljln6L, gfkmf / ;fdflhs bfloTj_ t]>f] ldln6/L OlyS; -o'4sf] lgod, xltof/, aGbL, ;DklQsf] ;+/If0f, cfb]z, cg'zf;g_ / rf}yf] kf]lnl6sn OlyS; -gLlt / k|s[of ;DaGwL_, / OGefo/f]Gd]G6n OlyS; O{TofbLnfO{ lng ;lsG5 .

g}ltstfsf] t]>f] cfofd gDof{l6e OlyS; xf] . o;df vf; lsl;dsf] g}lts Jojxf/sf] ;'emfj jf gD;{nfO{ s]nfpg] ul/G5 . s:tf] Jojxf/ ul/g' kb{5 eGg] dfGotf jf gD;{nfO{ gDof{l6e OlyS; elglG5 . gDof{l6e OlyS;n] lk|:s[lK6e jf ;'emfj l;kmfl/z, s] plrt xf] s] xf]O{g < elg x]g]{ ub{5 . gDof{l6e OlyS; cGtu{t er'{cn, sG;]Sj]G; / l8cG6f]nhL u/L tLg k|sf/n] juL{s/0f ul/Psf] 5 . er'{cn OlyS;n]] g}lts bz{gdf kfqsf] e"ldsf / kfqdf cGtlg{lxt ;bu'0fdf hf]8 lbG5 . er"[{cn OlyS; cGtu{t c/:t'sf] O{8fO{df]lgHd -;fdfGotof hLjgsf] nIo v'zLsf] k|fKtL_, dfO{s]n :nf]6sf] Ph]G6df cfwfl/t OlyS; / s]xL gf/LjfbL n]lvsfx?af6 k|]l/t :ofxf/, x]/larf/ jf s]ol/Ë ;DaGwL g}ltstf k|d'v 5g\ . sG;]Sj]lG;oflnHd cyf{t kl/0ftLdf x]l/g] g}ltstfn] pkof]uLtfjfb, g}lts O{uf]jfb, g}lts lgi7fjfb / x]l8cf]lgHd -hLjgsf] nIo cfgGb dfGg]_ nfO{ hf]8 lbG5 . To:t} l8cG6f]nf]lhsn OlyS;n] jt{dfg wf/ eGbf cnu lsl;dsf] g}ltstfdf hf]8 lbG5 . l8cG6f]nf]hLsn OlyS;sf tLg zfvf ufGwLjfb, lgisfd sd{ / sflG6oflgHd /x]sf 5g\ . ufGwLjfbn] clx+;f, ;Tofu|x, ;fbf hLjgdf hf]8 lbG5 . lgisfd sd{n] sfd st{JonfO{ glthf / k|flKt;Fu cfj4 gug]{ efujt\uLtfsf] efjgf ;d]6\5 / sflG6oflgHd h;nfO{ hd{g bfz{lgs ODofGo'cn sfG6sf] ;fdfGo eGbf leGg wf/0ff dflgG5, h;df dflg; efjgfTdstf jf nIo eGbf s'g} st{Jodf 3'ld/xg] x'G5 elgG5 . l8l:qmlK6e OlyS; -JofVofTds g}ltstf_ n] g}ltstfsf Jojxfl/s / t'ngfTds ljifox?nfO{ :ki6 kfg]{ ub{5 . JofVofTds g}ltstfn] dfG5]x? s] s'/f /fd|f] xf] eGg] ;f]R5g\ jf hgtfsf] ljZjf; s] df 5 eGg] JofVof ub{5 .

5

g}ltstfdf x|f;

;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf g}ltstfsf] sdL jf cgk]lIft g}ltstfo'Qm Jojxf/ b]lvg' cfhsf] ;d:of xf] . s]xL g}ltstfsf dfgsx? ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf lglDt cfjZos /xG5g\ . klxnf] g}ltstfsf ljifodf hfgsf/L jf bIftfaf6 dfq pRr Ifdtf / zLk ljsf; x'g ;Sb5 . bf]>f] dfgjLo dof{bf / dgf]jndf sdLn] ubf{ sfd k|ltsf] lgi7f, ;dk{0f / glthfdf gsf/fTdstf b]lvg ;Sb5 . To:t} t6:ytf / lgikIftfo'Qm Jojxf/ gx'g] cyf{t s'g} kIfx?df cfˆgf] :jfy{ / ;+nUgtf b]vfpg] cEof;n] g}ltstfdf x|f; cfPsf] 5 . ;fdflhs Gofo / ;dfgtf k|a4{g gx'g', ;Ddfgsf] efjgf jf ;x|fgf, dof{bf / k|z+;fsf] ;+:sf/ gx'g' / ;/ntf -hl6ntf / km/skgfsf] pkl:yltn] åGå l;h{gf x'g ;Sb5_ k|blz{t gul/g' klg g}ltstfsf] ljsf;df ;d:of /x]sf 5g\ . ;fj{hlgs lqmofsnfkdf k|lqmof eGbf nIo jf glthf pGd'v Jojxf/sf] k|bz{gL gx'g', sdhf]/ OdfGbfl/tf jf tf]lsPsf] nIo afx]s bfFofafFof Wofg lbg] dfgl;stf / JolQmut :jfy{sf sf/0f g}ltstf ;+s6df kg{ hfG5 kmntM ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|efjsf/L x'g klg ;Sb}g . To:t} k|lta4tfsf] sdL, s?0ff tyf bofefjsf] cefj, k/kL8stf, nfefyL{ lxt s]lGb|ttf h:tf cEof;x?n] ;fj{hlgs hLjgdf g}ltstfnfO{ sdhf]/ agfPsf 5g\ . g}ltstf k|a4{g x'g g;Sgfsf cGo sf/0fx?df ;fx;sf] sdL, j}olQms / sfg"gL ;Ddfgsf] cefj, ;TotfnfO{ 9fs5f]k ug]{ k|j[lQ, cJojxf/Lstf / cgfjZos b[9tf klg k|d'v /x]sf 5g\ .

;fj{hlgs hLjgsf l;4fGtx?

slxn]sfFxL hLjg Jojxf/df ;fj{hlgs hLjg / JolQmut hLjgnfO{ cnu ug'{ kg]{ cj:yf cfpF5 . JolQmut hLjg Jojxf/ eGbf ;fj{hlgs hLjg Jojxf/n] cfd ;d'bfodf c;/ kfg]{ ePsfn] s]xL lGflZrt d"No dfGotf / l;4fGt cjnDag ul/g' af~5gLo 5 . s] s:tf ;fj{hlgs hLjgsf l;4fGt cjnDag ug]{ eGg] s'/fnfO{ ljleGg tTjx?n] lgwf{/0f ub{5g\ . a]nfotL ;+;bsf] ;fj{hlgs hLjg dfkb08 ;ldltn] ;g\ !(($ df ;/sf/nfO{ g}ltstfsf dfgssf lglDt lbPsf ;'emfj jf lgwf{/0f u/]sf ;fj{hlgs hLjgsf ;ft l;4fGt xfd|f] kl/k|]Iodf klg TolQs} ;fGble{s b]lvG5g\ . tL l;4fGtx? :jfy{/lxttf, Pslgi7f, p2]ZofTdstf, hjfkmb]xLtf, v'nfkg, O{dfGbfl/tf / g]t[Tj (Selflessness, Integrity, Objectivity, Accountability, Openness, Honesty and Leadership) /x]sf 5g\ . sltko cj:yfdf j}olQms ljj]s, c?sf] ;Ddfg, sfg"gsf] kl/kfngf / xf]l;of/L (Personal judgment, Respect for others, Duty to uphold the law, Stewardship) h:tf yk u'0fx?nfO{ ;dfj]z u/L ;fj{hlgs hLjgsf bz l;4fGtx? klg pNn]v ePsf] kfO{G5 .

g}ltstfsf ;d:of tyf ;fj{hlgs ;]jf ljt/0fdf g}ltstf ;Da4 d'b\bfx?

;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf g}ltstf / cg'zf;g ;DaGwL s]xL ljifox? jt{dfg kof{j/0fLo sf/0fn] cf]em]ndf kg{ uPsf 5g\ . k|d'v ?kdf o:tf d'b\bfx?nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 .

6

g}ltstfsf ;d:ofM g}ltstfsf] h] hlt ljZn]if0f ul/P klg of] cfkm}df Ps hl6n ljifo xf] . g}lts cfbz{sf] :j?k lgwf{/0f ug'{, g}lts dfkb08sf] lgdf{0f ug'{ / ul0ftLo ;"rs tof/ ug'{ / g}ltstf / dfgjLo ;'vsf] klxrfg s] s;/L ug]{ eGg] ljifox? ;d:ofsf ?kdf /x]sf 5g\ . To:t} g}ltstfsf ;Gbe{df JolQm / ;dfhsf] ;DaGwsf] JofVof s;/L ug]{, b08sf] g}lts kIfnfO{ ;fy{s s;/L agfpg] / JolQmsf] clwsf/ / st{Jo af/] hfgsf/L u/fpg] Pj+ ;DaGw :yfkgf ug]{ ljifo klg sd hl6n 5}gg\ .

;dfh jftfj/0fsf x/]ssf ljifonfO{ /fhgLlts b[li6sf]0fn] x]l/g] k|rngn] g}ltstfdf klg x|f; cfPsf] 5 . /fhgLlts k|efj ;fdfGotof ;fj{hlgs gLlt lgdf{0f, ;/sf/sf] cl:y/tf jf ;/sf/ k|lt ljZjf;, 6«]8 o'lgogsf] babaf, cfˆgf] dfG5] k|j[lQsf ?kdf b]vf kg]{ u/]sf] 5 . To:t} Go"g Ifdtf ljsf; jf hfgsf/Lsf] sdLn] klg g}ltstfdf gsf/fTds c;/ kf/L/x]sf] x'G5 . ;fj{hlgs ;r]tgf, gful/s lzIff, >f]t pknAwtf, zf;lso k|efjsf/Ltf h:tf pkfox? Ifdtf ljsf;sf lglDt ;xof]uL x'g ;Sb5g\ . ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] ;d;fdlos ;'wf/ jf t6:ytf, k|ltj4tf jf hgd'vL k|zf;gsf] lgdf{0fn] / ;fdflhs Gofo, ;dfgtf jf ;dtfsf] k|Tofe"ltn] klg g}ltstf k|a4{g ug{df ;xof]u ub{5g\ . g}ltstfo'Qm ;dfh lgdf{0fdf ljsf;sf] cj:yf -lzIff, :jf:Yo, k"jf{wf/ ljsf;_, ;'zf;g / cfly{s ljsf;sf] e"ldsf klg cxd\ x'g] ub{5 . To:t} dfgj clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg Pj+ cGt/f{li6«o ;lGw ;Demf}tf tyf bfloTjsf] kl/kfngf h:tf cGo ljifox?n] klg g}ltstf k|j4{gdf ;xof]u k'of{p5g\ .

g]kfndf lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] cfr/0f

lglZrt lqmofsnfk ;Dkfbg ug]{ jf ;~rfng ug]{ tl/sf, cEof;, cfgLafgL, km]zg h:tf s'/fx? cfr/0f x'g\ . lghfdtL jf ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf /xg] sd{rf/L cGo gful/s ;d'bfosf] dfgs, sfg"gsf] /Ifs / cf}krfl/s ;+:yf ePsf sf/0f a9L hjfkmb]xL, pRr cfr/0fo'Qm / g}ltsjfg x'g' cfjZos 5 . g]kfndf ;/sf/L ;]jfsf] k|d'v k|ltlglw lghfdtL ;]jf P]gdf lghfdtL sd{rf/Ln] kfngf ug]{ cfr/0fsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . cfr/0fsf :ki6 ;"rs / j:t'uttf gePsf] elg cfnf]rgf x'g] ul/Ptf klg cfr/0f ;DaGwL k|fjwfgx?nfO{ b08 / k'/:sf/;Fu cfa4 ug]{ k|of; klg ul/Psf] 5 . lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$(, lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%), ;'zf;g P]g cg';f/ hf/L ePsf] lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] cfr/0f ;DaGwL lgodfjnL @)^%, e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)!& -rf}yf] ;+zf]wg @)$*_ / e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%(, clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg P]g, @)$*, ;'zf;g P]g, @)^$, ;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL P]g, @)^$, /fh:j r'xfj6 lgoGq0f P]g, @)%@, Gofo kl/ifb\ P]g, @)$*, cfly{s k|zf;g;Fu ;DalGwt P]g lgodx?, O{TofbL sfg"gx?df ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf /xg] /fi6«;]jsn] kfngf ug'{ kg]{ ljleGg cfr/0f, ;+od tyf lgoGq0ffTds Joj:yfx? pNn]v 5g\ .

o:tf cfr/0fx?nfO{ w]/} cfofdx?af6 x]g{ ;lsG5 . ljifoIf]qsf cfwf/df lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf cfr/0fx? ;DaGwL k|fjwfgnfO{ ljleGg k|s[ltx? cg';f/ juL{s/0f u/]/ x]g{ ;lsG5 . o; cGtu{t klxnf] k]zf;Fu ;DalGwt cfr/0fx? h:tf], cfkm"nfO{ v6fPsf] sfof{nodf hfg], ;/sf/sf] cfnf]rgf

7

gug]{, sfg"gn] tf]s]sf afx]ssf ljifo uf]Ko /fVg], Dofbleq} a/a'emf/y ug]{ Pj+ ;]jfu|fxL;Fu lzi6 / dof{lbt Jojxf/ ug]{ nufot 5g\ . bf]>f] /fhgLlts lqmofsnfk ;DaGwL cfr/0f cGtu{t /fhgLltdf efu lng gx'g], lgjf{rgdf efu lng gx'g], k|bz{gL, x8tfn, y'g5]s, 3]/fp / k|ltlglwTj ug{ gx'g], /fhgLlts k|efj kf/L kmfObf lng gx'g], /fli6«o Pstf / cv08tfdf c;/ kg]{ sfd ug{ gx'g] / 6«]8 o'lgogdf ;xeflutf / o;sf l;dfx? /x]sf 5g\ . To:t} cfly{s lqmofsnfk ;DaGwL cfr/0fn] bfg, pkxf/, rGbf glng], k"j{:jLs[tL a]u/ sDkgL ;~rfng / Jofkf/ gug]{, ;DklQ ljj/0f lbg'kg]{, crn ;DklQ vl/b u/]sf] hfgsf/L lbg'kg]{ ljifox? kb{5g\ eg] rf}yf] sd{rf/Lsf JolQmut ljifo ;DaGwL cfr/0fdf cfˆgf] st{Jo OdfGbf/L / tTk/tf;fy k'/f ug]{, ;]jf / kb cg';f/sf] cfr/0f ug'{kg]{ nufot 5g\ . kfFrf} sfof{no sfo{ljlw ;DaGwL cfr/0fn] ;dokfngf / lgoldttf, kl/rokq / kf]zfs nufpg], s'g} xflg gf]S;fgL gug]{ ljifox? ;d]6\b5 eg] 5}7f} k|s[ltsf] ;fdflhs cfr/0fn] oftgf glbg], of}g b'Jo{jxf/ gug]{ tyf ljjfx ;DaGwL ljifox?nfO{ ;+oldt agfpg vf]h]sf] b]lvG5 . ;ftf}+ lghfdtL sd{rf/Ln] kfngf ug'{kg]{ g}lts bfloTj ;DaGwL ljifox?df dfgjLo d"Nosf] ;Ddfg, ;]jf k|jfxdf lgikIftf, ;fdflhs P]Soj4tfdf hf]8 / ;fj{hlgs ;DklQsf] ;+/If0f ug]{ s'/fx? ;dfj]z 5g\ .

lghfdtL sd{rf/L jf ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf cfr/0fsf af/]df e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%(df klg s]xL s'/f pNn]v 5 . o; P]gsf] kl/efiff v08df g} e|i6frf/ eg]sf] s:tf] s;'/ xf], /fi6«;]js, nfesf] kb, ;fj{hlgs hjfkmb]xLsf] kb l/;jt -gubL, lhG;L, 3";_ ;fj{hlgs ;+:yf, h:tf ljifox? eGgfn] s'g s'g s'/fnfO{ dflgG5 elg kl/eflift ul/Psf] 5 . To:t} ;f] P]gdf e|i6frf/ eGgfn] l/;jt lng] lbg], lagf d"No jf sd d"No ;fdfg lng], bfg bftAo rGbf lng], sldzg lng], /fh:j r'xfj6 ug]{, u}/sfg"gL nfe xfgL k'¥ofpg], unt lnvt jf cg'jfb ug]{, ;/sf/L sfuh ;Rofpg], k|Zgkqsf] uf]klgotf e+u ug]{, u}/sfg"gL Jofkf/ Jofj;fo ug]{, gkfPsf] cf]xf]bf kfFP eGg], em'7f ljj/0f k]z ug]{, ;fj{hlgs ;DklQsf] xfgL gf]S;fgL ug]{, unt k|ltj]bg k]z ug]{ O{Toflb dWo] s'g} s;"/nfO{ dflgg] pNn]v 5 . ;f]xL P]gdf e|i6frf/hGo s;"/ u/]df ljleGg ;hfox? x'g ;Sg] ul/ sfg"gdf tf]lsPsf]n] To:tf lqmofsnfk jf cfr/0f ug'{ x'Fb}g eGg] dg;fo b]lvG5 .

To:t} clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u P]g, @)$* df klg ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf] JolQm, ;fj{hlgs ;+:yf, cg'lrt sfo{, e|i6frf/, clVtof/sf] b'?kof]u h:tf zAbfjnLx?sf] kl/efiff ul/Psf] 5 . pQm P]gdf clwsf/ O{Gsf/L jf cgflwsf/ :jLsf/L, sfo{ljlw kfngf gu/], cs}{ p2]Zodf clwsf/sf] k|of]u u/], thlahL clwsf/ :j]R5frf/L tj/n] k|of]u u/], afwf pTkGg u/], bfloTj kG5\ofP, cg'lrt bjfj jf k|nf]egdf kf/] cg'lrt sfo{ u/]sf] dflgg] :ki6 kfl/Psf] 5 . ;f] P]gn] e|i6frf/ eGgfn] e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f ;DaGwL sfg"g adf]lhd ;hfo x'g] s;'/, clVtof/sf] b'?kof]u eGgfn], cg'lrt sfo{ / e|i6frf/ ;DaGwL sfo{ / o:tf cg'lrt cfr/0f u/]df sfg"g cg';f/ sf/jfxL x'g] s'/f ;d]t pNn]v u/]sf] 5 .

cfr/0f / cg'zf;g ;DaGwL sfg"gL k|fjwfgx? Jojxf/df x'ax' nfu" ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . o;sf lglDt b]lvPsf s]xL ;d:ofx?df ;bfrf/ / g}ltstf ;DaGwdf pRr g]t[Tjdf Pj+ /fhg}lts / k|zf;lgs ;+oGqdf

8

k|lta4tf 5}g . /fhgLlts / k|zf;gsf] sfd / lhDd]jf/L :ki6 kfg]{ k|of; gePsfn] st} ;dGjosf] cefj 5 t st} cgfjZos / cf}lrToljxLgtf ljBdfg 5 . g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf g}ltstfsf] pbfx/0f lbg'kbf{ ;a{q sfg"gsf] alv{nfk :t"To 5 / b08lxgtfsf] ;+:s[lt Jofks ag]sf] 5 . o:t} ckof{Kt ;'ljwfn] u}/sfg"gL cfly{s pkfh{gsf] af6f] vf]Hg] k|j[lQ k|an ePsf] b]lvG5 . lgod kfngf eGbf lgod pNn+3g ug]{ lgotsf] k|wfGotf 5 . To:t} lgoGq0f ;+oGq / /vjf/L ;+:yf ;zQm ePgg\, u'gf;f] ;'Gg] ;+oGq k|efjsf/L 5}g / sltko cj:yfdf ;]jfsf] cToflws ;'/Iff klg 5 . k'/:sf/ b08 tyf cf; qf;sf] jftfj/0f gx'g'sf ;fy} zf;sLo / k|zf;g ;'wf/sf sfo{qmd sfof{Gjg x'g ;s]sf 5}gg\ .

cfr/0f ;DaGwL ;d:ofsf s]xL ;'emfjx? pNn]v ug'{kbf{, klxnf] ;dfhdf cu'jfsf ?kdf pbfx/0fLo rl/q -/f]n df]8]n_ rflxG5 . To:t} g]t[Tj, gLlt / sd{rf/Ldf :ki6 pQ/bfloTj x'g'kb{5 . g}ltstfsf] cEof; / cg'z/0fnfO{ k'/ftgkGyL / c;Eo dfGg] k/Dk/fsf] ljsf; x'Fb}5 of] sbflk plrt xf]O{g . ;/sf/L jf u}/;/sf/L k|To]s cf}krfl/s ;+:yf jf lgsfox?n] x/]s lbg ljxfg k|fy{gf, k|lta4tf / k|0ffofdsf lgodx? bf]xf]¥ofpFbf o;n] kSs} ;sf/fTds k|efj kfg]{ b]lvG5 . ljBfno kf7\oqmddf ;fy} ;fj{hlgs lgsfox?df g}lts lzIff / gful/s lzIffnfO{ cfTd;ft ug{ cfjZos 5 . cfr/0f ;DaGwL ;'wf/sf lglDt k|efjsf/L b08 k'/:sf/ k|0ffnL Pj+ pRrtd\ cEof;x? -a]:6 k|flS6;_ cjnDag ug]{, u'gf;f] ;'g'jfO{ / v'nfkgfdf hf]8 lbg], ;"rgfbftf ;+/If0f sfg"g -lJx:6n Anf]/ k|f]6]S;g_ Nofpg], glthfd"ns sfo{tflnsf agfpg] tyf k|efjsf/L cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg k|0ffnL cjnDag ug]{ h:tf pkfox? lz3| sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg' h?/L 5 .

cfly{s cg'zf;glxgtf

;dfhdf /fhgLlts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs, g}lts ljleGg cfofdaf6 cg'zf;g sfod ul/g' cfjZos 5 . k|zf;lgs / /fhgLlts ;Gbe{df cfly{s cg'zf;glxgtf k|d'v ;jfnsf ?kdf b]vf kb{5 . ;fdfGotof df}lb|s cg'zf;g kfngf gug'{ jf df}lb|s d"Nodf JolQmut nfe xflgdf ;+nUg x'g'nfO{ cfly{s cg'zf;gxLgtfsf ?kdf a'em\g] ul/G5 . cfly{s cg'zf;g lkm8\o';/L hf]lvdsf sf/0f klg a9\g

;Sg] x'Fbf hf]lvd 36fpg] /0fgLlt cjnDag ug{ cfjZos 5 . lkm8\o';/L l/:s (Fiduciary Risk) nfO{ lkm8\o'l;o/L -cfly{s n]gb]gsf] lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/ k|fKt JolQm_ n] nfeu|fxL jf u|fxssf] clwstd :jfy{df sfd ug{ g;Sg] ;Defjgfo'Qm hf]lvdsf ?kdf a'lemG5 .

lkm8\o';/L hf]lvdsf k|d'v If]qx?dfM ;fj{hlgs ljQ Joj:yfkg / ah]6 sfof{Gjog -;fj{hlgs /fh:j, /fh:j kl/rfng tyf Gofof]lrt ljQLo k|aGw, vr{ Joj:yfkg, cg'udg d"NofÍg_, ;fj{hlgs vl/b, n]vfk/LIf0f tyf k|ltj]bg, ljQLo sf/f]jf/ jf e|i6frf/hGo lqmofsnfk tyf ;+/rgfTds tyf Ifdtfut ;LldttfnfO{ ;d]t lng ;lsG5 .

9

g]kfndf o:tf] ljQLo hf]lvd Go"g ug]{ /0fgLltsf ?kdf PlzofnL ljsf; a}+s / dxfn]vf lgoGqs sfof{nosf] ;+o'Qm cfof]hgfdf ePsf] ;fj{hlgs vr{ / ljQLo hjfkmb]xLtf d"NofÍg (PEFA Assessment Result 2006) n] g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs ljQLo hf]lvdsf cj:yf ;'wfg'{ kg]{ ;'emfj lbPsf] 5 . d"NofÍgaf6 ah]6 glthf / ljZj;lgotf, Jofkstf / kf/bzL{tf, ah]6sf] gLltdf cfwfl/ttf, ah]6 sfof{Gjogdf lgoGq0f / k"jf{g'dfgof]Uotf, n]vfkfng tyf k|ltj]bg k|0ffnL, cfGtl/s tyf clGtd n]vfk/LIf0f / ljsf; ;fem]bf/sf cEof;x?sf If]qx?df ;du| ?kn] Go'g:t/sf] ljQLo hjfkmb]xLtf -P, la, l; / l8 dWo] clwsf+zdf l; :t/ /x]sf]_ b]vfOPsf] lyof] .

clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u / e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f

sfo{kflnsf;Fu cfly{s >f]t -/fh:j, vr{_ / an k|of]u ug]{ zlQm -;}lgs, k|x/L_ sf] clwsf/ ePsf]n] lg/+s'z aGg ;Sg] hf]lvd x'G5 h;sf sf/0f clwsf/sf] b'?kof]u x'g] ;Defjgf /xG5 . n8{ PS6gn] eg]em}+, k"0f{ clwsf/n] k"0f{ lg/+s'z agfpg] ;Defjgf /xG5 . "Power tends to corrupt, and absolute power corrupts absolutely. Great men are almost always bad men."- Lord Acton. o;y{ ;/sf/L lqmofsnfknfO{ :jtGq / :jfoQ lgsfoaf6 lgu/fgL ePdf a9L cf}lrTok"0f{ x'G5 elg lgu/fgL lgsfosf] Joj:yf ug{ :jtGq ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf ?kdf clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . ;'?df o;sf] :j?k leGg /x]sf] ePtf klg xfn o; ?kdf :yflkt ePsf] 5 . g]kfndf ;fljssf] clVtof/ b'?kof]u lgjf/0f cfof]unfO{ g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] sfof{Gjogkl5 clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]udf ?kfGt/0f e} e|i6frf/hGo lqmofsnfk lgoGq0f ug{ ;xof]u ul//x]sf] 5 . clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]un] cg'lrt sfo{ / e|i6frf/hGo lqmofsnfk u/]sf] ;DaGwdf cg';Gwfg u/L cbfntdf d'b\bf bfo/ ug]{ u/]sf]df g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg -@)&@_n] cg'lrt sfo{ ;DaGwL sfo{ cfof]usf] sfo{If]qaf6 x6fO{ e|i6frf/hGo sfo{ lgoGq0fsf] dfq lhDd]jf/L k|bfg u/]sf] 5 .

g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg -@)&@_ / clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]uM g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg -@)&@_ sf] wf/f -@#*_ clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]udf Ps k|d'v cfo'Qm / cGo rf/ hgf cfo'Qmx¿ /xg], dfGotfk|fKt ljZjljBfnoaf6 :gfts pkflw k|fKt u/]sf], lgo'lQm x'Fbfsf avt s'g} /fhgLlts bnsf] ;b:o g/x]sf], n]vf, /fh:j, Ol~hlgol/ª, sfg"g, ljsf; jf cg';Gwfgsf] If]qdf sDtLdf aL; jif{ sfd u/L cg'ej / Voflt k|fKt u/]sf], k}+tfln; jif{ pd]/ k"/f ePsf], / pRr g}lts rl/q ePsf] JolQm cWoIf jf ;b:o x'g ;Sg] Joj:yf pNn]v 5 . To:t} ;f]xL ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f -@#(_ df clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ pNn]v 5 . h;adf]lhd s'g} ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf] JolQmn] e|i6frf/ u/L clVtof/sf] b'?kof]u u/]sf] ;DaGwdf cfof]un] sfg"g adf]lhd cg';Gwfg ug{ jf u/fpg ;Sg]5 . t/ o; ;+ljwfgdf 5'§} Joj:yf ePsf] kbflwsf/L / cGo sfg"gn] 5'§} ljz]if Joj:yf u/]sf] kbflwsf/Lsf] xsdf of] pkwf/f nfu" x'g] 5}g . To:t} pkwf/f @ df ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !)! adf]lhd dxfleof]u k|:tfj kfl/t eO{ kbd'Qm x'g] JolQm,-GofofwLz / ;}lgs_ kbd'Qm eO;s]kl5 ;+3Lo sfg"g adf]lhd cg';Gwfg ug{ jf u/fpg ;lsg] / pkwf/f # df pk/f]St adf]lhd ePsf] cg';Gwfgaf6

10

;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf] s'g} JolQmn] sfg"g adf]lhd e|i6frf/ dflgg] s'g} sfd u/]sf] b]lvPdf cfof]un] To:tf] JolQm / ;f] ck/fwdf ;+nUg cGo JolQm pk/ sfg"g adf]lhd clwsf/ k|fKt cbfntdf d'2f bfo/ ug{ jf u/fpg ;Sg] Joj:yf 5 . To:t} pkwf/f $ df cg';Gwfgaf6 ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf] JolQmsf] sfd sf/afxL cGo clwsf/L jf lgsfosf] clwsf/If]q cGtu{t kg{] k|s[ltsf] b]lvPdf cfof]un] cfjZos sf/afxLsf nflu ;DalGwt clwsf/L jf lgsfo ;dIf n]vL k7fpg ;Sg] / pkwf/f % df cfof]un] cfˆgf]] s'g} sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ k|d'v cfo'Qm, s'g} cfo'Qm jf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] clws[t sd{rf/LnfO{ tf]lsPsf] ;t{sf] cwLgdf /xL k|of]u tyf kfng ug{] u/L k|Tofof]hg ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf 5 .

e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf] ljifonfO{ tLg tl/sfaf6 x]g'{ kb{5 . klxnf] x'g} glbg] -lk|e]G;g_ h; cGtu{t g}lts lzIff, ljBfno lzIff, k|rf/ k|;f/, sfg"gsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog kb{5g\ eg] bf]>f] cfofd eP kl5 /f]Sg] -So'/]l6e_ cy{ft sf/jfxL, d'2f bfo/, k|x/L kl/rfng ug]{ ljifox? kb{5g\ eg] t]>f] cfofddf k|a4{g ug]{ -k|f]df]zgn_ kb{5 h; cGtu{t /fli6«o, cGt/f{li6«o k|lta4tf, sfg"g tyf cfrf/;+lxtf kfngf ug]{ s'/fx?nfO{ a9fjf lbO{G5 .

xfn w]/} rf;f] / ljjfbsf] ljifosf ?kdf /x]sf e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fhGo s'/fx?nfO{ klxrfg u/L qmdzM ;'wf/ ub}{ hfg' cfjZos 5 . o; cGtu{t ph'/Lstf{nfO{ klg lhDd]jf/ agfpg], Ifdtf ljsf; -JolQmut tyf ;+/rgfTds_ ug]{, cfw'lgs k|ljlwsf] pkof]u / ;'zf;gnfO{ sfo{;Dkfbg;Fu cfj4 ug]{ ljifox? k|d'v ;'wf/sf ;'emfj x'g . To:t} sd{rf/L d"NofÍg k|0ffnLnfO{ j:t'ut agfpg], afgL Jojxf/df kl/jt{g ug]{ -;fdflhs, /fhgLlts, ;f+:s[lts ;'wf/_ / /fli6«o lgjf{rg k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/ / kf/blz{tf klg ;bfrf/ sfod ug{ cjnDag ug'{ kg]{ ljifox? x'g .

lgisif{

g]kfnsf] ;du| cj:yf x]bf{ ;fj{hlgs hLjgdf g}ltstf / cg'zf;gsf] cEof; ck]lIft ?kdf x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . g}ltstf / cg'zf;gnfO{ hLjg k4ltsf ?kdf cFufNg'kg]{df hLjg Jojxf/x? ljleGg :jfy{n] k|]l/t x'g k'u]sf 5g\ . g}ltstfnfO{ sfg"gL cfofdaf6 jf /fhgLlts b[li6sf]0faf6 dfq x]g]{ ul/of] eg] Ps klIfo x'g ;Sb5 . g}ltstfn] ;fdflhs hLjgsf ;a} If]qnfO{ ;d]6\b5 . k"jL{o ;Eotfdf g}ltstfnfO{ cfbz{ hLjgsf] dfgs dflgGYof] / pQm k/Dk/fsf] cg'ofoL ;dfhdf g}ltstfsf] x|f; cgk]lIft ljifo xf] . g}ltstfn] dfgj Jojxf/;Fu ;DalGwt w]/} ljifonfO{ ;d]6\g] x'Fbf Jofkstfsf] ;Daf]wg ul/g' kb{5 . ;dfhsf] s'g} Ps ju{ jf ;d"x g}ltsjfg x'Fb}df c? ;d"x oyfj:yfdf /xg' kb{5 eGg] t xf]Og t/ ;fj{hlgs ;]jfnfO{ cu'jf, dfgs / cf}krfl/s ;dfh dflgg] ePsfn] ;'wf/sf] yfngL ;fj{hlgs ;]jf jf lghfdtL ;]jfaf6 ug{ ;xh x'g] b]lvG5 . ;dod} cj:yfsf] ljj]rgf u/L cfjZos ;'wf/ ug]{ xf] eg] ck]lIft glthf xft kfg{ 6f9f hfg' kb}{g .

11

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L

• ;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL P]g, @)^$, sfg"g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt, sf7df8f}+ .

• ;'zf;g P]g, @)^$, sfg"g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt, sf7df8f}+ .

• /fh:j r'xfj6 lgoGq0f P]g, @)%@, sfg"g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt, sf7df8f}+ .

• Bentham, Jeremy (2001). The works of Jeremy Bentham: John Bowring Vol 1, Adamant Media Corporation.

• clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg P]g, @)$*, sfg"g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt, sf7df8f}+ .

• e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)!& -rf}yf] ;+zf]wg @)$*_ / e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%(, sfg"g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt, sf7df8f}+ .

• g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, -@)&@_ sfg"g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt, sf7df8f}+ .

• Kant Immanuel. (1780), Preface, In the Metahpysical Elements of Ehics, translated by Thomas Kingsmill Abott

• lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$(, sfg"g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt, sf7df8f}+ .

• lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%), sfg"g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt, sf7df8f}+ .

• lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] cfr/0f ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)^%, sfg"g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt, sf7df8f}+ .

• Mauther, Thomas(ed.)(2005). Dictionary of Philosophy. Penguin Books. London.

• Singer, P. (ed.)(1986). Applied Ethics. Oxford. Oxford University Press.

• Singh, Jadunath(2009). Introduction to Philosophy. New Central Book Agency (p) ltd. London.

• Verma, Ashokkumar(1996). PRARAMBHIK ACHARANSHASTRA, Motilal Banarasidass, ISBN 8120831276

• Williams, B. (1976). Morality: An Introduction to Ethics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

• Www.wikipedia.org/wiki/ethics

• Gofo kl/ifb\ P]g, @)$*, cfly{s k|zf;g;Fu ;DalGwt P]g, lgodx? .

12

cfjlws of]hgfsf] ljsf;qmddf rf}wf}+ of]hgf

— lzj/fd Gof}kfg]*

;f/f+z

of]hgfj4 ljsf;sf qmddf d''n's xfn rf}wf} of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjog;Dd cfO k'u]sf] 5 . lj=;= @)^@.^# kl5sf] /fhgLlts ;+qmd0fsf] cj:yf sfod} /x]sf sf/0f kl5Nnf ;dodf lqjlif{o of]hgfnfO{ cfwf/ jgfO{ d'n'ssf] cfly{s ;fdflhs ljsf;nfO{ ult k|bfg ug]{ k|of; x'b} cfPsf] 5 . ljut 5 bzseGbf nfdf] of]hgfj4 ljsf;sf] k|of;sf jfjh'b klg d'n'ssf] ;fdflhs cfly{s ljsf;df ck]lIft pknlJw xfl;n x'g g;s]sf] tYon] of]hgfj4 ljsf;df d'n's ;kmn x'g g;s]sf] :ki6 x'G5 . /fhgLlts Pj+ k|zf;lgs k|ltj4tf / cu|;/tf sdhf]/ x'g'sf ;fy} of]hgfut ljsf;sf ljwL, 9f+rf, k4ltdf ;fdlos ;'wf/ x'g g;Sbf ck]lIft ;kmntf xfl;n x'g ;s]sf] oyfy{tf ;j{ :jLsfo{ 5 . of]hgfsf] ;kmn sfof{Gjogsf nflu ;/sf/L, lghL, ;xsf/L / ;fd'bflos If]qsf] ;lqmo e"ldsf cfjZos x'g] ;Gbe{df o; cleofgdf cfjZos ;+/rgfut / k4ltut ;'wf/ cfjZos ePsf] dx;'; ul/Psf] 5 . d'n'ssf] kl/jlt{t ;Gbe{ ;fy} gof ;+ljwfgsf] efjgf cg'?ksf] cfly{s ;fdflhs ljsf;sf] cleofgnfO{ ultlzn u/fpgsf nflu cfjlws of]hgfsf ;f]r, nIo, p2]Zo, /0fgLlt, sfo{gLltx?nfO{ If]qut sfo{of]hgfx?;Fu cGt/;DjlGwt u/fpg] ;fy} sfof{Gjogdf k|efjsf/Ltf Nofpg] sfo{ r'gf}ltk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 . o;sf nflu /fhgLlts :yfloTj Pj+ k|ltj4tf / k|zf;lgs sl6j4tf Pj+ hjfkmb]xLtf h?/L ePsf] 5 .

*;x;lrj, ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno .

k[i7e"dL

of]hgfj4 ljsf; k4ltnfO{ ljsf;sf] ultlzn k|ljlwsf] ?kdf ljZjJofkL ?kdf :jLsfl/Psf] 5 . ljsf;sf] ;f]r, /0fgLlt, sfo{of]hgfnfO{ ;j{:jLsfo{ u/fpg] ;fy} sfof{Gjogdf ;d]t ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] ;xeflutfsf cfwf/df pknlJwd"ns u/fpgsf nflu of]hgfj4 ljsf;nfO{ d'Vo cfwf/ljlwsf ?kdf lnOg] u/]sf] 5 . b]zsf] ;du| ljsf;sf] nIo xfl;n ug{sf nflu ljsf;n] nlIot u/]sf] ju{,

13

;d'x, If]qsf] ljsf;df ;Gt'ngtf sfod ug]{ ;fy} ljsf;sf x/]s ultljlwx?df ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] ckgTj sfod u/L ljsf;sf cfwf/x?nfO{ :yflgo:t/df :yfloTj k|bfg ug{sf nflu of]hgfj4 ljsf; j}1flgs Pj+ ;kmn k|ljlw ePsf] oyfy{tf ;j{Jofks ePsf] 5 . ;fy} of]hgfj4 ljsf; cjnDjg u/]sf ljsf;sdL{x?n] ljsf;sf] k|lt:kwf{df cfkm"nfO{ ;kmn u/fpg ;Ifd e} ;s]sf ;Gbe{df ultzLn ljsf;sf nflu of]hgfj4 ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ff k|hftflGqs ;Gbe{df ;d]t k|efjsf/L ePsf] tYo :ki6 ePsf] 5 . g]kfndf of]hgfj4 ljsf;sf] k|f/De lj=;= @)!# ;fndf k|yd k+rjlif{o of]hgfsf] yfngLaf6 ePsf] xf] . bL3{sfnLg Pj+ cfjlws of]hgfsf cfwf/df jflif{s gLlt, of]hgf, sfo{qmdx? ;+rfng u/L ljsf;df cuf8L /x]sf / ljsf;df k5fl8 k/]sf ;j}} If]q, ju{, ;d'x, ln+unfO{ ;dfgfGt/ ?kdf ;d]6\g] sfo{k4ltnfO{ of]hgfj4 ljsf;n] ;+:yfut ug{ ;kmn ePsf] 5 .

g]kfndf of]hgfj4 ljsf;sf] yfngL ePkl5 xfn;Dd !# j6f of]hgf ;DkGg eO rf}wf} of]hgf sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf] 5 . of]hgfj4 ljsf;nfO{ cg';/0f ug]{ sfo{nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbOPsf sf/0f d'n'ssf] ;du| ljsf;sf sfo{x? of]hgfj4 ?kdf ;+:yfut x'+b} cfPsf 5g\ . nfdf] k|of; Pj+ 7"nf] nufgLsf ;Gbe{df of]hgfj4 ljsf;af6 k|fKt pknlJw ck]lIft ?kdf pT;fxk|b x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . ul/jL 36fpg] sfo{nfO{ ;ftf}+ of]hgfb]lv pRr k|fyldstfdf /fvL lj:t[t ?kdf k|of; x'b} cfPsf] ePktf klg cem} ul/jLsf] /]vfd'gL /x]sf] hg;+Vof @! k|ltztsf] xf/fxf/Ldf /xg'n] o; tYonfO{ k'li6 ub{5 . ;fy} lk5l8Psf ju{, ;d'x, If]q, ln+usf] cfly{s Ifdtf Pj+ cj:yf ljsl;t If]qsf] t'ngfdf cdm} sdhf]/ ePsf] ;fy} o:tf ju{ ;d"x, If]qnfO{ ljsf;sf] d"nk|jfxdf k|lt:klw{sf ?kdf Nofpg jf+sL /x]sf sf/0fklg d'n'ssf] of]hgfj4 ljsf;n] nlIot u/]sf pknlJw xfl;n x'g g;]s]sf] oyf{ytf xfdL;fd' /x]sf] 5 . o; ;Gbe{df d'n'ssf] ljsf;nfO{ of]hgfj4 ?kdf ultlzn u/fpgsf nflu df}h'bf ljsf;sf r'gf}ltx?tkm{ pGd'v x'g' h?/L ePsf] 5 . d"ntM ljsf;sf] bL3{sfnLg ;f]r tof/ u/L ;f] cg';f/ of]hgf tyf sfo{qmd th{'df ug{', ;|f]t;fwgsf] ;'lglZrttf u/L cfjlws of]hgf / jflif{s ah]6aLr ;fd~h:otf sfod ug{', k'gMlgdf{0f sfo{qmd th{'df tyf sfof{Gjog k|efjsf/L agfpg', ;ª\3Lotf cg'¿k of]hgf th{'df ;DaGwL ;ª\u7gfTds ;+/rgf, k|lqmof tyf ljlwdf ;'wf/ ug{' / of]hgf th{'df ;DaGwL hgzlQmsf] Ifdtf ljsf; u/L ;+:yfut ;'b[9Ls/0f ug{' of]hgf th{'df k|lqmofdf b]lvPsf r'gf}tLx¿ x'g\ . ;fy} of]hgf sfof{Gjog ug]{ lgsfox¿sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{', sfof{Gjogdf ;+nUg hgzlQmsf] pTk|]/0ff / sfo{;Dkfbg:t/ clej[l4 ug{', of]hgf sfof{GjognfO{ k|fyldstfdf /fVg', of]hgfj4 ljsf; sfof{Gjogsf] lgoldt cg'udg Pj+ d"NofÍg u/L lgoldt ;'wf/sf sfo{nfO{ cg';/0f ug'{ h:tf r'gf}ltx? ;d]t /x]sf 5g\ . o:tf r'gf}ltx?nfO{ of]hgfj4 ljsf;sf] gLlt, /0fgLlt, sfo{of]hgfsf ;fy} sfof{Gjogsf d'Vo cfwf/ jgfO{ d'n'ssf] ;du| of]hgfj4 ljsf;nfO{ pknlJwd"ns u/fpg' h?/L ePsf] 5 .

of]hgfj4 ljsf;sf] cfjZostf M

of]hgfj4 ljsf;sf] ljlwnfO{ pko'Qm 9+un] cfGtl/sLs/0f u/L ljsf;sf sfo{x?nfO{ sfof{Gjogdf k|efjsf/L u/fpg ;Ifd d'n'sx?n] 5f]6f] ;dodf 7"nf] pknlJw xfl;n ug{ ;kmn ePsf 5g\ .

14

rLg, blIf0f sf]l/of, dn]lzof, yfOn}08, ef/th:tf d'n'sx?n] of]hgfj4 ljsf;sf cfwf/df b]zsf] cfly{s Pj+ ;fdflhs ljsf;df pNn]vlgo k|ult xfl;n ug{ ;kmn ePsf 5g\ . of]hgfj4 ljsf;sf] yfngLdf ;+u;u} /x]sf oL d'n'sx?sf] t'ngfdf g]kfnsf] ljsf; pknlJw lg/fzfhgs /x]sf] 5 . ljsf;sf nflu cfjZos k"jf{wf/x? dhj't x'g g;s]sf] ;fy} /fhgLlts Pj+ k|zf;lgs b[li6n] of]hgfj4 ljsf;sf] ;+:yfut ;'b[9Ls/0f cem} sdhf]/ cj:yfdf /x]sf] ;Gbe{df of]hgfj4 ljsf;sf] dxTj / cfjZostf pRr /x]sf] dx;'; ug{ ;lsG5 . d"ntM ;/sf/sf gLlt, of]hgf, /0fgLlt, lg0f{ox?nfO{ kl/jlt{t ;Gbe{ cg's'n ljsf;d'vL u/fpg] ;fy} o:tf gLlt of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu sfof{Gjog ;+oGqnfO{ lg/Gt/ r':t, b'?:t, ;Ifd / sfdofjL /fVg' kg]{ ePsfn] gLltut Pj+ sfo{ljlwut ?kdf g} of]hgfj4 cjwf/0ff, sfo{ljwL / sfo{;+:sf/ cfjZos ePsf] 5 . kl/jlt{t /fhgLlts, ;fdflhs, k|zf;lgs Pj+ k|ljlwut kl/j]z cg's'nsf] of]hgfj4 ljsf;sf] k4lt cfjZostf ePsf] ;Gbe{df g]kfnsf] ;du| ljsf;sf nflu of]hgfj4 ljsf;sf] cfjZostf /x]sf] tYo lgDgfg';f/ :ki6 ug{ ;lsG5M

• ljsf;sf] cfGtl/s >f]tnfO{ plrt ?kdf jf+8kmf+8 Pj+ kl/rfng ug{• jfx\o ;xof]u, nufgLnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbO{ ljsf;df nufgL j[l4 ug{• lk5l8Psf] If]q, ;d'x, ju{, ln+unfO{ ljsf;sf] d"nk|jfxdf ;dflxt ug{• ljsf; ;fem]bf/x?sf] ljsf;k|ltsf] pT;fxnfO{ pknlJwdf kl/0ft ug{• ljsf;sf cfwf/e"t k"jf{wf/x?sf] ;+:yfut ljsf;, ;'b[9Ls/0f ug{• ljsf;df ;/sf/L ;+oGqnfO{ ;w} ;jn, ;Ifd, r':t, b'?:t /fVg• ;/sf/sf] ;f]r, b[li6sf]0f, dfu{lrqnfO{ b'?:t ?kdf Jojxf/df ptfg{• ljsf;k|ltsf] hgtfsf] j9\bf] cfsf+IffnfO{ ;dod} ;Djf]wg ug{• ljsf;sf ;+efjgfx?sf] klxrfg, pkof]u Pj+ lbuf]kgf Nofpg• :yfgLo >f]t, ;fwg, ;+efjgfnfO{ :yfgLo:t/d} ljsf;sf] d"nk|jfxLs/0f ug{• hgtf;dIf ;/sf/n] u/]sf] k|ltj4tfnfO{ hgtf;Dd k'/\ofpg• gjLg k|zf;lgs tyf Joj:yfksLo d"No dfGotfx¿nfO{ ljsf;df cfGtl/sLs/0f ug{• k|ljlwsf] ljsf;, lj:tf/ / pknlJwdf pkof]u ug{• ljsf;sf] ;+jfxs ePsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg• k/Dk/fut Pj+ cg'Tkfbs k|zf;lgs ljlw / k|lqmofnfO{ k'g/fjnf]sg u/L ljsf;d"vL u/fpg• ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg• /fHosf] ul/jL 36fpg] cleofgnfO{ k|efjsf/L ?kdf sfof{Gjog ug{• nf]stflGqs ljsf; cjwf/0ff, ;'zf;gsf] cleofgnfO{ k|efjsf/L u/fpg• d'n'ssf] ljljwtf Pj+ ljsf; ;+efJotfsf] plrt Joj:yfkg ug{• sd{rf/LtGqnfO{ Jofj;flos, k|lt:klw{ / sfdofjL u/fpg• ljsf;sf lhDd]jf/ ;+:yf, ;d'x, If]qx?sf jLrdf ;dGjo, ;xsfo{ sfod ug{

15

• ljsf;sf ;f]r, cjwf/0ff, of]hgf, /0fgLlt, sfo{of]hgfx?nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg• ljutsf] cg'ejnfO{ cfwf/jgfO{ eljiosf] s'zn of]hgf, sfo{ljwL Pj+ /0fgLlt tof/ ug{• /fHoaf6 ljt/0f ul/g] cfwf/e"t ;]jf ljt/0fnfO{ ;xh / ;/n agfpg• ;fj{hlgs ;|f]t;fwgsf] ;+/If0f Pj+ k|efjsf/L pkof]u ug{• bLuf] ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg• kl/jlt{t d"No dfGotf cg';f/ ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ff Pj+ ;+oGqx?sf] ;fdlos ;'wf/ ug{• ljsf;sf] ;du| cleofgnfO{ ultlzn u/fO{ d'n'ssf] ;Dj[l4 xfl;n ug{

$= xfn;Ddsf cfjlws of]hgfx?sf] ljsf; k|fyldstf÷/0fgLltx? M

rf}wf} of]hgf -cfly{s jif{ @)&#÷&$–@)&%÷&^_ sf ljsf; /0fgLltx?

• s[lif If]qsf] ¿kfGt/0f, ko{6g, cf}Bf]lus Pj+ ;fgf tyf demf}nf Joj;fosf] lj:tf/dfkm{t\ pTkfbg j[l4 ug]{ .

• pmhf{, ;8s tyf xjfO{ oftfoft, ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ / u|fdL0f–;x/L tyf lqb]zLo cfa4tf ljsf;sf nflu k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f ug]{ .

• ;fdflhs ljsf; / ;fdflhs ;'/Iff Pj+ ;fdflhs ;+/If0fdf hf]8 lbFb} dfgj ljsf;df pRr tyf lbuf] ;'wf/ ug]{ .

• cfly{s, ;fdflhs Pj+ zf;sLo ;'wf/, s'zn Pj+ hjfkmb]xL ;fj{hlgs ljQ, :jR5, kf/bzL{ / hgd}qL ;fj{hlgs ;]jf Pj+ dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / k|j4{g ub}{ ;du| ;'zf;g k|j4{g ug]{ .

• n}lËs ;dfgtf, ;dfj]zLs/0f, jftfj/0f ;+/If0f, lj1fg tyf k|ljlwsf] pRrtd k|of]u tyf ;+:yfut Ifdtf a9fpg] .

t]x|f} of]hgf -cfly{s jif{ @)&)÷&!–@)&@÷&#_ sf k|fyldstfx?

• hnljB't tyf cGo pmhf{ ljsf; .

• s[lif If]qsf] pTkfbsTj j[l4, ljljwLs/0f / Jofj;foLs/0f

• ko{6g, pBf]u / Jofkf/ If]qsf] ljsf; .

• cfwf/e"t lzIff tyf :jf:Yo,

• vfg]kfgL tyf ;/ ;kmfO If]qsf] ljsf; .

• ;'zf;g k|j4{g .

• ;8s tyf cGo ef}lts k"jf{wf/ ljsf; .

• k|fs[lts ;|f]t / jftfj/0f ;+/If0f .

16

jfx|f} of]hgf -cfly{s jif{ @)^&÷^*–)^(÷&)_ sf k|fyldstfx?

• cfly{s ljsf;nfO{ lbuf], km/flsnf] / u/LaL lgjf/0ff]Gd'v agfpg efjL ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0f/fHo ;+/rgf ;d]tnfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ ef}lts tyf ;fdflhs k"jf{wf/x?sf] ;Gt'lnt ljsf;df hf]8 lbOg]5, s[lif If]qsf] ljsf;nfO{ k|fyldstf lb+b} ko{6g, pBf]u / lgof{t Aofkf/nfO{ dxTj lbO /f]huf/L l;h{gf / cfly{s j[l4 ug{ k|fyldstf lbOg]5,

• /fi6«sf ;a} ;+/rgf, If]q / k|lqmofx?df pk]lIft ;d'bfo, If]q / lnËsf] ;dfj]zLs/0f u/L ljsf;df 6]jf k'¥ofpg nufgL a9fOg]5,

• dfgjLo hLjgofkgsf] lgldQ cTofjZos ;]jf -vfg]kfgL, pmhf{÷ljB't\, ;8s, ;~rf/, vfB ;'/Iff, cf}ifwf]krf/, lzIff_ sf] pknAwtf / lg/Gt/tfnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{ oL If]qx?df cfjZos nufgL clej[l4 ul/g]5,

• ;'zf;gsf] clej[l4 u/L hgtfnfO{ k'¥ofpg] ;]jf ;'ljwf u'0f:t/o'Qm agfO{ ;'ky d"Nodf ;dod} pknAw u/fpg hf]8 lbOg]5,

• jftfj/0f ;+/If0f u/L hnjfo' kl/jt{gaf6 kg]{ c;/ Go"g ug{ / cj;/x?sf] pkef]udf Wofg lbOg]5,

• /fli6«o :t/df k|fyldstfk|fKt dxTjk"0f{ / cfd hgtfnfO{ k|ToIf /fxt lbg] sfo{qmd / cfof]hgfx?nfO{ pRr k|fyldstf lbOg]5 .

P3f/f} of]hgf -@)^$÷^% - @)^^÷^&_ sf ljsf; k|fyldstfx?

• k"jf{wf/x?sf] k'glgdf{0f Pj+ k'g:yf{kgf ug]{ sfo{nfO{ hf]8 lbg]

• åGåaf6 k|efljt hgtfx?sf] /fxt, k'g:yf{kgf Pj+ ;fdflhs PsLs/0fsf] sfo{qmddf hf]8 lbg]

• k5fl8 k/]sf] ju{, ;d"x, If]q ln+usf] ;dfj]zLs/0f Pj+ o:tf If]qsf] nufgLdf j[l4 ul/g]

• ljsf;sf d'Vo k"jf{wf/x?sf] ljB't, ;8s, ljB't, l;+rfO{, ;+rf/, s[lif, ko{6gsf] ljsf;df nufgL j[l4 ug]{

• dfgj >f]tsf] ljsf;sf nflu lzIff, :jf:Yo, vfg]kfgL, 9n lgsfzsf] nufgL / ljsf;df hf]8 lbg] .

bzf}+ of]hgf -@)%(-^$_ sf ljsf; k|fyldstfx?

• ul/jL lgjf/0fsf] /fli6«o p2]Zodf k|ToIf e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{• ljifo If]qut k|fyldstfdf of]ubfg ug]{• If]qLo ;Gt'ng sfod ug]{• sfo{qmddf ;/sf/sf] ;+nUgtf sfod ug]{• hg;xeflutfsf] l:yflt dhj't ug]{• ljs]Gb|Ls/0f cg'?k :yfgLo lgsfosf] ;+nUgtf sfod ug]{• lghL If]qsf] ;xeflutf . k|lt:kwf{ clej[l4df ;xof]u / ;xsfo{df hf]8 lbg]

17

gjf}+ of]hgf -@)%$÷%% - @)%*÷%(_ sf ljsf; k|fyldstfx?

• s[lif / jgsf] ljsf;df hf]8 lbg]• hn>f]tsf] ljsf;df hf]8 lbg]• dfgj >f]t tyf ;fdflhs ljsf;df hf]8 lbg]• cf}Bf]lusLs/0f, ko{6g, cGt//fli6«o Jofkf/df hf]8 lbg]• ef}lts k"jf{wf/ ljsf;df hf]8 lbg] .

cf7f}+ of]hgf -@)$(÷%) - @)%#÷%$_ sf ljsf; k|fyldstfx?

• s[lifsf] ljljwLs/0f Pj+ ljsf;df hf]8 lbg]• phf{sf] ljsf;df hf]8 lbg]• u|fdL0f k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf;df hf]8 lbg]• /f]huf/Lsf] ;[hgf / dfgj;|f]t ljsf;df hf]8 lbg]• hg;+Vof j[l4sf] lgoGq0f ug]{• cf}Bf]lus ljsf; Pj+ ko{6g k|j4{gdf hf]8 lbg]• lgof{t k|j4{g / ljljlws/0fdf hf]8 lbg]• lj:t[t cfly{s ljsf; Pj+ :yfloTjdf hf]8 lbg]• ljsf; k|zf;gsf] ;'wf/df hf]8 lbg]• cg'udg d"NofÍgsf] k|efjsfl/tfdf hf]8 lbg] .

;ftf}+ of]hgf -@)$@ b]lv @)$& ;Dd_ sf ljsf; k|fyldstfx?

• s[lif If]qsf] ljsf;nfO{ ;jf]{kl/ k|fyldstf lbg]• jg ;Dkbfsf] ljsf; / e';+/If0fdf hf]8 lbg]• hn>f]tsf] ljsf;df hf]8 lbg]• pBf]ux?sf] ljsf;df hf]8 lbg]• lgsf;L Jofkf/sf] ljsf;df hf]8 lbg]• ko{6g ljsf;df hf]8 lbg]• hg;+Vofsf] j[l4b/nfO{ lgoGq0f ug]{• /fli6«o cfly{s PsLs/0fsf] hunfO{ jlnof] kfb}{ nfg]• cfly{s Joj:yfkgsf] ljs]GbLs/0f u/L cy{tGqsf] ;+rfngnfO{ ;Ifd jgfpg]

5}7f}+ of]hgf -@)#& - @)$!_ sf ljsf; k|fyldstfx?

• s[lif If]qsf] ljsf;nfO{ k|fyldstf lbg]• 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]usf] ljsf;df hf]8 lbg]• lgsf;L Jofkf/ / ko{6g ljsf;df hf]8 lbg]

18

• k|fs[lts ;|f]t / ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0f / hn;|f]tsf] ljsf;df hf]8 lbg]• l;h{gf u/L ;lsPsf cfwf/lznfx?sf] k"0f{ pkof]u ug]{ tkm{ hf]8 lbg]• a9L ;fwg pkof]u ug{ cy{tGqnfO{ ;Ifd t'Nofpg]

kfFrf} -@)#@÷@)#&_ of]hgfsf k|fyldstf÷/0fgLltx?

• hgpkof]uL pTkfbgdf j[l4 ug]{• >dzlQmsf] clwstd pkof]u ug]{• k|fb]lzs ;Gt'ng / PsLs/0f sfod ug]{• cfGtl/s ;fwgsf] kl/rfngdf hf]8 lbg]• cfly{s l:y/tf sfod ug]{• cf}Bf]lusLs/0f j9fpg]tkm{ ;/sf/L e"ldsf j[l4 ug]{• Jofkf/sf] j[l4 / ljljlws/0fdf hf]8 lbg]• e"ld Joj:yfkgdf hf]8 lbg]

rf}yf] of]hgf -@)@&÷@)#!_ sf] ljsf; k|fyldstfx?

• pTkfbgdf clwstd j[l4 ug]{• lg/Gt/ ljsf;sf] nflu cfjZos cfwf/x? tof/ ug]{ -h:t} oftfoft, ;+rf/, ljB't_• cGt//fli6«o Jofkf/sf] lj:tf/ tyf ljljlws/0f ug]{• ljsf;sf] ult;Fu d]n vfg] u/L d"No j[l4df lgoGq0f u/L oyf;Dej cfly{s l:y/tfsf]

jftfj/0fdf ljsf;sf] qmddf ultlzntf Nofpg]• >d zlQmsf] k|efjsf/L pkof]u tyf hg;+Vofsf] j[l4nfO{ lgoGq0f ug{]• zf]if0f/lxt ;dfhsf] ;[hgf ug{df ;xfos x'g] l:ylt tof/ ug]{

t];|f] of]hgf -@)@@÷@)@^_ sf ljsf; k|fyldstfx?

• s[lif ljsf; sfo{qmdnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg]• pBf]uwGbfsf] ljsf;df hf]8 lbg]• oftfoft ;fwgsf] ljsf;df hf]8 lbg]• ljB't ljsf;df hf]8 lbg]• :jf:Yo, lzIffh:tf ;fdflhs ;]jfsf] ljsf;df hf]8 lbg]• k|fylds lzIff, k|fljlws lzIffdf hf]8 lbg]

bf];|f] of]hgf -@)!(÷@)@!_ sf ljsf; k|fyldstfx?

• s[lif If]qsf] ljsf;df hf]8 lbg]• e"ld;'wf/df hf]8 lbg]• :yfgLo ljsf;df hf]8 lbg]

19

• k|zf;sLo Joj:yfdf ;'wf/ ug]{• d'n'ssf] cfly{s Joj:yf, ljsf; k|fyldstf dfgjLo ;fwgsf jf/]df 1fg k|fKt ug]{• oftfoft, ;+rf/, ljh'nL, l;+rfO{ h:tf cfwf/e"t k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf;df hf]8 lbg]• cf}Bf]lus ljsf; ug]{ sfo{qmddf k|fyldstf lbg]• lzIff, :jf:Yo h:tf ;fdflhs ;]jfsf] ljsf;df hf]8 lbg]

k|yd of]hgf -@)!#÷@)!*_ sf k|fyldstfx?

• pTkfbg j9fpg dbt ug]{• xfn k|fKt x'g] sd{rf/L4f/f hgtfsf] zL3| enfO{ x'g] sfo{ /fli6«o cfDbfgL klg j9fpg]• sd{rf/Lsf] tflndsf] k|jGw ug]{• ;/sf/L k|zf;g Joj:yf dhj't u/fpg]• KffO{g] sRrf ;fdfg jf k|fs[lts ;fwgx?sf] plrt pkof]u u/fO{ pTkfbg j9fpg]• :yfgLo hgtfsf] clenfiff / cfly{s pGglt ug]{ pT;fxnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{• of]hgf cGt/utsf ;j} sfddf ;fd~h:o -d]n_ u/fpg]• /fd|/L ljrf/ k'/\ofP/ ;e]{ u/L tYof+s hDdf ug]{ / pTkfbg j9fpg] ;j} pkof]uL tl/sfsf]

vf]hsf] lgldQ j}1flgs cg';Gwfg ug]{

k/Dk/fut ljsf; k|fyldstfx?

sl/j 5 bzs klxn] k|f/De ePsf] cfjlws of]hgfx?n] hf]8 lbPsf] ljsf; k|fyldstfsf] cWoog ubf{ of]hgfut ljsf;sf] k|f/Deb]lv @)$^ ;fnsf] /fhgLlts kl/jt{g k"j{;Dd ;dfg k|s[ltsf ljsf; /0fgLltx? cjnDjg ePsf] kfOG5 . /fhgLlts kl/jt{g kl5sf ljsf; k|fyldstf Pj+ /0fgLltx?sf] k|s[lt Pj+ :j?kdf k|hftflGqs d"No, dfGotf Pj+ efj k|ltljlDjt ePsf] kfOG5 . /fhgLlts kl/jt{g eGbf cuf8L;Dd cfjlws of]hgfx?sf] ljsf;sf k|fyldstfx?sf] :j?k, :jefj / ;+/rgf k/Dk/fut k|s[ltsf] ePsf] kfOG5 . k|yd k+rjlif{o of]hgf b]lv ;ftf} k+r jlif{o of]hgf;Ddsf ljsf;sf k|fyldstfx?s]f ;+lIfKt :j?k lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf] b]lvG5 .

• s[lif Pj+ cf}Bf]lus pTkfbgdf j[l4 ug]{

• e"dL;'wf/sf] ljsf;df hf]8 lbg]

• oftfoft, ;+rf/, ljh'nL, l;+rfO{ h:tf cfwf/e"t k"jf{wf/x?sf] ljsf;df hf]8 lbg]

• lzIff :jf:Yo h:tf ;fdflhs ;]jfsf] ljsf;df hf]8 lbg]

• >d zlQmsf] k|efjsf/L pkof]u tyf hg;+Vofsf] j[l4nfO{ lgoGq0f ug]{

• lgsfzL Jofkf/df hf]8 lbg]

20

jt{dfg ljsf; k|fyldstfx?

lj=;= @)$^ ;fnsf] /fhgLlts kl/jt{g kZrft d'n'ssf] ;du| ljsf; cjwf/0ff, gLlt, /0fgLltx?df ;'wf/ cfPsf sf/0f ljsf;sf k|fyldstfx?sf] :j?k, :jefj / ;+/rgfdf :jfefljs kl/jt{g cfPsf] 5 . k|hftflGqs /fhgLlts :j?ksf sf/0f ljsf;sf gLlt, of]hgf, /0fgLlt Pj+ k|fyldstfx? j9L k|hftflGqs, ;xeflud'ns, Goflos / ljs]Gb|Lt x'b} cfPsf 5g\ . cf7f}+ of]hgfb]lv xfn;Ddsf cfjlws of]hgfx?s]f ljsf; k|fyldstfx?sf] ;+lIfKt :j?k lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ M

• ;'zf;g Pj+ ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ k|efjsf/L u/fpg]• hnljB't tyf cGo pmhf{ ljsf;df hf]8 lbg] • s[lif If]qsf] pTkfbsTj j[l4, ljljwLs/0f / Jofj;foLs/0fdf hf]8 lbg]• :yfgLo ljsf;, ljs]Gb|Ls/0f, If]qLo ;Gt'ngdf hf]8 lbg]• ko{6g, pBf]u / Jofkf/ If]qsf] ljsf;df hf]8 lbg]• /f]huf/Lsf] ;[hgf / dfgj;|f]t ljsf;df hf]8 lbg]• cf}Bf]lus ljsf; Pj+ ko{6g k|j4{gdf hf]8 lbg]• lgof{t k|j4{g / ljljlws/0fdf hf]8 lbg]• k'glgdf{0f Pj+ k'g:yf{kgf, ;fdflhs PsLs/0fsf] sfo{qmddf hf]8 lbg]• k5fl8 k/]sf] ju{, ;d"x, If]q ln+usf] ;dfj]zLs/0f Pj+ o:tf If]qsf] nufgLdf j[l4 ul/g]

b]zsf] xfn;Ddsf] cfjlws of]hgfsf] p2]Zo, k|fyldstf Pj+ ljsf; /0fgLltx?sf] cWoog ubf{ @)$^ ;fneGbf cuf8Lsf] :j?k, ;+/rgf / :jefj cfwf/e"t ;+/rgf tof/ ug]{tkm{ pGd'v ePsf] kfOG5 . @)$^ ;fnsf] /fhgLlts kl/jt{g kZrft ljsf;sf] kl/jlt{t kl/j]z Pj+ hgtfsf] j9\bf] cfsf+IffnfO{ ;Djf]wg ug]{ lbzftkm{ cfjlws of]hgfsf ljsf; k|fyldstf Pj+ /0fgLltx? s]Gb|Lt ePsf] kfOG5 . kl5Nnf] ;dosf ljsf; /0fgLltx? ;fdflhs Gofo, pRr cfly{s ljsf;sf] ;+efjgfx?, ljsf;df :yfgLo ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] ckgTj, j}b]lzs Pj+ :jb]zL nufgLsf] ;xeflutf nf]stflGqs d"No, dfGotfnfO{ ljsf;df cfTd;ft u/fpg]tkm{ d'vl/t ePsf 5g\ .

cfjlws of]hgfx?af6 k|fKt pknlAwsf] ;dLIff

lj=;= @)!# ;fndf of]hgfj4 ljsf;sf] k|f/De xF'bf ljsf;sf] ;f]r, cjwf/0ff, gLlt, of]hgf sfo{qmdx? k|f/lDes cj:yfsf sdhf]/ :j?ksf lyP . sl/j # bzssf] of]hgfut ljsf;sf] k|of;n] ljsf;sf nflu cfjZos ;+/rgfut cfwf/ tof/ ug]{ sfo{nfO{ k|fyldstf lbPsf] kfOG5 . ljsf;sf nflu kl/jlt{t ;Gbe{ cg's'nsf gLlt, of]hgf, sfo{qmdx? Jojxf/df Nofpg g;Sbf cfjflws of]hgfx?af6 ck]lIft pknlJw xfl;n x'g ;s]g . lj=;= @)$^ sf] P]ltxfl;s hgcfGbf]ngaf6 b]zdf k|hftGqsf] k'g:yf{kgfkl5 sl/j # bzssf] cjlwdf l;h{gf ePsf] sdhf]/ cfly{s ;fdflhs Pj+ k|zf;lgs kl/j]zdf ljsf;sf] ult cufl8 a9fpg] sfo{ r'gf}ltk"0f{ /x]sf] lyof] . ;fy} lj=;= @)^# ;fnsf] /fhgLlts kl/jt{gn] ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ff, gLlt, sfo{qmdx?df cfd"n kl/jt{g Nofpg] k|oTg u/]sf] 5 .

21

cfly{s Pj+ ;fdflhs b[li6n] k5fl8 k/]sf] ju{, ln+u, ;d'x, If]qnfO{ ljsf;sf] d"nk|jfxdf ;dfj]z u/fO{ ;fdflhs Gofo Pj+ cfly{s cj;/df kx'+r ;'lglZrt ug]{ k|of; x'b} cfPsf] 5 . o; ;Gbe{df @)$^ ;fn k"j{sf] cj:yf cyf{t ;ftf}+ of]hgfsf] cGTo ;Ddsf] cj:yfaf6 xfnsf] cj:yfdf ePsf] cfjlws of]hgfj4 ljsf;sf] pknlJwnfO{ lgDgfg';f/sf] tflnsfaf6 t'ngf ug]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 M

ljj/0f

@)$^ ;fnsf] /fhgLlt kl/jt{g eGbf klxn]sf] cj:yf -;ftf}+ of]hgfsf] cGTo ;Ddsf]

cj:yf_

@)^# ;fnsf] /fhgLlts kl/jt{g kl5sf] cj:yf

-t]x}|f of]hgfsf] cGTo ;Ddsf] cj:yf_

!= k|ltJolQm cfo ?= !^)% ?= *) xhf/ @= ul/jLsf] /]vfd'gLsf] hg;Vof $@ k|ltzt @!=^) k|ltzt#= s[lif If]qsf] j[l4b/ #=# k|ltzt !=## k|ltzt$= u}/ s[lif If]qsf] j[l4b/ #=* k|ltzt )=^# k|ltzt%= s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbg j[l4b/ #=$ k|ltzt @=(@ k|ltzt^= s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgdf s[lifsf] of]ubfg ^! k|ltzt #!=^ k|ltzt&= s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgdf u}/s[lifsf] of]ubfg #( k|ltzt ^*=# k|ltzt*= vfBfGg pTkfbg j[l4b/ k|ltjif{ ;/b/ @=! k|ltzt cl3Nnf] jif{sf] t'ngfdf ^

k|ltztn] 36]sf](= s'n ufx{:Yo jrtsf] cj:yf ^=! k|ltzt %=# k|ltzt!) /fhZj j[l4b/ k|rlnt d'Nodf !&=# k|ltzt !$=* k|ltzt!!= d'No j[l4b/ cf}ift jflif{s (=& k|ltzt *=^ k|ltzt!@= lgsf;L jflif{s cf};t j[l4 !!=@ k|ltzt ^=^ k|ltztn] sdL!#= k}7f/L jflif{s !$=@ k|ltztn] j[l4 !#=( k|ltztn] sdL!$= s'n Jofkf/ 3f6f cf}ift jflif{s !^=^ k|ltztn] j[l4 !@=% k|ltztn] Go'g

-cl3Nnf] jif{sf] t'ngfdf_!%= ljb]zL ljlgdo ;+lrlt ?= !!(*=$^ s/f]8 !) vj{ ^ cj{ !^= cf}Bf]lus pTkfbg cf}ift jflif{s &=) k|ltztn] j[l4 )=%& k|ltztn] j[l4!&= ko{6s cfudgdf j[l4b/ !#=! k|ltzt @)^( b]lv ko{6s cfudg 36\

bf] qmddf /x]sf] -cl3Nnf] jif{sf] t'ngfdf #@ k|ltztn] sdL_

!*= ;8s ;'ljwfsf] cj:yf &##) ls=dL= ;8s jg]sf] @&$(% sL=dL= ;8s jg]sf]!(= 6]lnkmf]g ;'ljwf &!%^) nfO{gsf] Joj:yf @ s/f]8 (@ nfv u|fxs ;+Vof@)= c:ktfn ;'ljwf !!! c:ktfn, *!^ :jf:Yo

rf}sL$$(^ :jf:Yo ;+:yfx?

@!= vfg]kfgLsf] ;'ljwf k'u]sf] hg;+Vof #^ k|ltzt *#=^ k|ltzt@@= ;fIf/tf k|ltzt $* k|ltzt **=^^ k|ltzt - !% jif{ b]lv

@% jif{ pd]/ ;+Vofdf_@#= l;+rfO{ k'u]sf] If]q %,(*,*)$ x]= If]q !# nfv (^ xhf/ x]= If]q

22

ljsf;sf If]qut k|ultsf] cj:yf cf+sng ubf{ ;8s, lzIff, :jf:Yo, ;+rf/sf If]qdf k|fKt ePsf k|ultx? pT;fxk|b b]lvPsf] ePtfklg ljsf;sf cfwf/e"t cGo ;j} If]qsf] k|ult lg/fzfhgs /x]sf] b]lvG5 . o; kl/k|]Iodf of]hgfj4 ljsf;sf gLlt, /0fgLlt, 9f+rfx? k|efjsf/L x'g g;s]sf] :ki6 x'G5 . ljutdf ckgfpb} cfPsf] lgolGqt cfly{s Joj:yfnfO{ qmdzM ;'wf/ u/L :jtGq ahf/f]Gd'v pbf/ cy{Joj:yfsf] dfWodaf6 ljsf; ub}{ n}hfg] gLlt kl5Nnf lbgdf cjnDag ul/of] . cfly{s a[l4b/ clws ePdf g} o;sf] kmn :jtM hgdfg;df k'U5 eGg] cjwf/0ff ljZjsf sltko ljsf;f]Gd'v /fi6«x?sf] cg'ejaf6 k'li6 e};s]sf ;Gbe{df g]kfndf klg ljutsf cfjlws of]hgfx? o;} cjwf/0ffdfaf6 k|efljt e} /xbf g t cfly{s a[l4sf] b/ nIocg'?k x'g ;Sof] g t u/LaL g} sd x'g ;Sof] . o;af6 cfly{s a[l4sf nflu k"FhL nufgLsf] ;fy;fy} ;fdflhs Pj+ k|zf;lgs ;'wf/ klg plQs} cfjZos 5 eGg] :ki6 x'G5 . o;} tYonfO{ dgg u/L ljutsf of]hgfdf k"FhL nufgLsf] ;fy;fy} o'uf}+b]lv /lxcfPsf] k/Dk/fjfbL ;fdflhs d"No Pj+ dfGotf / c;Ifd k|zf;lgs Joj:yfsf] ;'wf/ ug]{ k|of; ePsf] 5 . cfly{s a[l4b/ pRr kfg{sf nflu ul/g] k|of;af6 ljkGg ju{ nfeflGjt x'g g;Sg] x'Fbf u/LaL lgjf/0fsf] nflu u|fdL0f:t/, 3/kl/jf/:t/ / ljz]if If]q:t/sf ljz]if sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng ug]{ sfo{nfO{ k|fyldstf lbOPsf] 5 . ;fy} ;'zf;g, ;fdflhs Gofo, ljsf;df lghL Pj+ u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx?sf] ;xeflutf, ;xeflutfdf cfwfl/t ljsf;sf] /0fgLlt, :yfgLo ljsf; ;+efJotfsf] klxrfg Pj+ :yfgLo cfjZostf cg'?ksf ljsf;sf sfo{qmdx?nfO{ k|fyldstf lbb} ljsf;sf] ultnfO{ ltj|tf lbg] k|of; x'b} cfPsf] 5 . ljsf;sf o:tf k|of;x? gLltut ?kdf kof{Kt / pko'Qm b]lvPsf ePtfklg ;'wfl/Psf ljsf;sf gLlt Pj+ /0fgLltx? pknlJwd"ns x'g ;s]sf 5}gg\ . d"ntM /fhgLlts cl:y/tf, ;Ifd Pj+ s'zn g]t[Tjsf] sdL, ljsf;sf gLlt Pj+ /0fgLltx?sf] lg/Gt/tfsf] sdL, >f]t ;fwgsf] plrt kl/rfng x'g g;s]sf], lhDd]jf/k"0f{ ;dGjosf] sdL, ljsf;df :yfgLosf] ;xof]u / ;xsfo{ x'g g;s]sf], sdhf]/ cg'udg d"NofÍg cflb ;d:ofsf sf/0f cfjlws of]hgfx? ck]lIft ?kdf ;kmn x'g ;s]sf] kfOb}g .

of]hgfj4 ljsf;df b]lvPsf ;d:ofx?

b]zdf of]hgfj4 ljsf;sf] yfngL ePsf] 5 bzs e};s]sf] 5 . xfn;Dd ljleGg !$ j6f cfjlws of]hgfx? sfof{Gjogdf cfO{;s]sf 5g\ . d"ntM @)$^ Pj+ @)^# ;fn kl5sf] /fhgLlts kl/jt{g kZrft of]hgfj4 ljsf;sf p2]Zo, gLlt, /0fgLlt, sfo{:j?kdf kl/jt{g cfPsf] 5 . kl/jlt{t ;Gbe{ cg's'nsf gLlt, /0fgLlt, of]hgfx? sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg] k|of; ePsf] ePtfklg cfjlws of]hgf Pj+ If]qut gLlt Pj+ sfo{qmdx?sf jLrdf tfnd]n gePsf], cfjlws of]hgf / jflif{s of]hgf jLrdf tfnd]n gePsf], gLlt, of]hgf, sfo{qmd / jh]6 jLrsf] tfnd]n gePsf], cfof]hgfx?sf] sdhf]/ g]t[Tj, ljsf;df gLlh If]q Pj+ :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] sd ;xeflutf h:tf sl7gfO{x? /x]sf sf/0f of]hgfj4 ljsf; cleofgnfO{ ultlzn u/fpg ;lsPsf] 5}g . of]hgfj4 ljsf;sf ;Gbe{df b]lvPsf ;d:ofx? d"ntM lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ M

23

• of]hgfsf] ;f]r, cjwf/0ff, /0fgLlt, ;+/rgfx? k/Dk/fut ePsf]• cfjlws of]hgf, bL3{sflng gLlt, jflif{s gLlt of]hgf jLrdf tfbfTDotf x'g g;s]sf]• /fd|f gLlt, of]hgf, /0fgLltx?nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg g;lsPsf]• /fli6o of]hgf cfof]u nufot of]hgfsf] th'{df ug]{ ;+oGqx?sf] k'g;+/rgf x'g g;s]sf]• /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] sfo{ ;+rfng k4lt k|fljlws / Jofj;floseGbf klg sd{rf/LtGqLo

k|s[ltsf] ePsf]• /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] sfo{ k|0ffnLdf /fhgLlts k|efj / k|Lotf j9L b]lvPsf]• /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]un] gLlt k"j{;lqmotf b]vfpg g;s]sf] • /fli6«o o]fhgf cfof]u /fli6«o k|fyldstf / bftf k|fydLstfjLr, bft[ / /fli6«o sfo{k|0ffnLjLr

;dGjo, If]qut gLlt / /fli6«o gLltjLr ;dGjo sfod u/fpg ;lqmo x'g g;s]sf]• e/kbf]{ tYof+sLo cfwf/ :yfkgf u/L lgoldt ?kdf cBfjlws ug]{ sfo{ k|efjsf/L x'g g;s]sf]• /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] u7gnfO{ lj1tfn] eGbf /fhgLlts efuj08fsf] ;+:sf/n] k|efj kf/]sf]• /fhgLlts cl:y/tfn] cfof]usf] ;f]r, ;+/rgf / ;+rfngdf gsf/fTds k|efj kf/]sf]• /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] sfdnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{sf nflu ;d;fdlos / PsLs[t sfg"gL cfwf/

tof/ x'g g;s]sf]• gLlt, /0fgLlt, of]hgfsf nflu cfjZos >f]t, ;fwgsf] pknJwtf ;'lglZrt x'g g;s]sf]• k|fyldstfsf If]qdf nufgL j9fpg] jftfj/0f sfod ug{ g;lsPsf]• cTolws d"No j[l4nfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ g;lsPsf]• k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f / Joj:yfkgdf :yfgLo ;xof]u, ;xsfo{ kof{Kt pknJw x'g g;s]sf]• j9\bf] hg;+Vof Pj+ cJojl:yt zx/Ls/0fsf] Joj:yfkgsf nflu 7f]; /0fgLlt cfpg g;s]sf]• ljsf;sf qmddf k5fl8 k/]sf If]q, ;d'bfo, ;d'xnfO{ ljsf;sf] k|fyldstfdf ;d]6\g g;lsPsf]• ljsf; ;fem]bf/ Pj+ bftfx?af6 k|ltj4tf cg';f/sf] >f]t ;dod} pknJw x'g g;s]sf]• nf]stflGqs cjwf/0ff, ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf, kl/jlt{t ;do cg'?ksf] ljsf; gLlt Pj sfg"g

sfof{Gjog OsfOx?sf] kl/jt{g x'g g;s]sf]• ljB't, ;8s, ;+rf/, hgzlQm ljsf; nufotsf ljsf;sf cfwf/e"t ;+/rgfx?sf] ;'lglZrttfsf

nflu k|fyldstf, >f]tsf] kof{Kttf x'g g;s]sf]• /fhgLlts l:y/tf / ljsf;d'vL /fhgLlts ;+:sf/, Jofj;flos sd{rf/LtGq / ;xof]uL

;dfhsf] ;[hgf x'g g;s]sf]• ;LdfGts[t ;d"x / ef}uf]lns If]qsf] ;dGoflos ljsf; x'g g;s]sf]• k|efjsf/L ;'zf;gsf] k|Tofe"lt ug{ g;lsPsf]• pTkfbgzLn If]qdf nufgL clej[l4 tyf k"+hL / >dsf] pTkfbsTjdf j[l4 ug{ g;lsPsf]• u'0f:t/Lo k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f / Joj:yfkgsf nflu ;|f]t Joj:yfkg, Ifdtf clej[l4 / ;dGjo

sfod ug{ g;lsPsf]

24

of]hgfut ljsf;sf qmddf rf}wf} cfjlws of]hgf M

of]hgfj4 ljsf;sf ;Gbe{df nf]stflGqs d"No, dfGotf, :j?k, jf]s]/ cfPsf] of]hgfsf ?kdf rf}wf} of]hgfnfO{ lnOPsf] 5 . d'n'ssf] kl5Nnf] /fhgLlts kl/jt{g kZrft ;'wfl/Psf] nf]stflGqs g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)&@ sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf] 5 . @)&@ j}zfv !@ ut]sf] e"sDk kZrft d'n'sdf k'glgd{f0f jf gjlgdf{0fsf] cleofg r'gf}ltsf ?kdf ylkPsf] 5 . nf]stflGqs d"No, dfGotf, cfjZostf / cfsf+Iffn] ljsf; lgdf{0fnfO{ b'|t / pknlJwd"ns u/fpg' kg]{ cj:yf ;[hgf ePsf] 5 . ;+ljwfgsf] efjgf cg'?k ;a} k|sf/sf ;fdflhs lje]b, zf]if0f / cGofosf] cGTo u/L ;Eo / ;dtfd"ns ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f ug]{ ;fy} ;fj{hlgs, lghL / ;xsf/L If]qsf] ;xeflutf tyf ljsf; dfkm{t pknAw ;fwg / ;|f]tsf] clwstd kl/rfngåf/f tLj| cfly{s j[l4 xfl;n ub{} lbuf] cfly{s ljsf; ug]{, cfly{s c;dfgtfsf] cGTo ub}{ zf]if0f/lxt ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f ug{ /fli6«o cy{tGqnfO{ cfTdlge{/, :jtGq tyf pGgltzLn agfpFb} ;dfhjfb pGd'v :jtGq / ;d[4 cy{tGqsf] ljsf; ug]{ sfo{df d'n'ssf] ;du| cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ljsf; s]Gb|Lt x'g' h?/L ePsf] 5 . o; ;Gbe{df sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf] rf}wf} cfjlws of]hgfsf p2]Zo, ljsf; /0fgLlt, ljsf; k|fyldstfx? / ljsf;sf sfo{gLltx? d'n'ssf] jt{dfg cfjZostfnfO{ ;Djf]wg ug{;Sg] b]lvG5 . pTkfbgzLn /f]huf/L pGd'v / Gofok"0f{ ljt/0f;lxtsf] pRr cfly{s j[l4åf/f ›'t ultdf ul/aL Go"gLs/0f ub}{ cfly{s ;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0f ug]{ p2]Zo lnPsf] o; of]hgfsf ljsf; /0fgLltx? lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ M

rf}wf} of]hgfsf ljsf; nIox?

k|d'v cfly{s, ;fdflhs / ef}lts nIox¿

qm=;+= ;"rs÷nIo cf=j= @)&@÷&#

sf] l:ylt rf}wf}“ of]hgfsf] nIo

-@)&%÷&^ df_ != jflif{s cf}ift cfly{s j[l4b/ -k|ltzt_ 0.77 7.2@= s[lif If]qsf] jflif{s cf};t j[l4b/ -k|ltzt_ 1.33 4.7#= u}/s[lif If]qsf] jflif{s cf};t j[l4b/ -k|ltzt_ 0.63 8.4$= d'b|f:kmLltb/ 9.5 7.5%= ufx{:Yo k|ltJolQm cfDbfgL -?= xhf/df_ 80.90 105.7^= ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lgsf] hg;ª\Vof -k|ltzt_ 21.60 17.00&= dfgj ljsf; ;"rsfÍ 0.54 0.57*= n}lËs ;zQmLs/0f ;"rsfÍ 0.56 0.58(= ck]lIft cfo' -hGd]sf] ;dodf, jif{_ 71 72!)= vfg]kfgL ;]jf k'u]sf] hg;ª\Vofsf] -k|ltzt_ 83.60 90.00!!= dfWolds txdf v'b egf{b/ -k|ltzt_ 37.70 45.00

25

!@= !%–@$ jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf] ;fIf/tf b/ 88.60 91.00!#= ;8s oftfoftn] hf]l8Psf ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt

-;ª\Vof_* 2,739 3,072

!$= ljB't\ pTkfbg -hl8t Ifdtf, d]ufjf6_ 829 2,279!%= ljB'tdf kx'Fr k|fKt hg;ª\Vof -k|ltzt_ 74.00 87.00!^= l;FrfO -x]S6/ nfvdf_ 13.96 15.20!&= OG6/g]6 ;]jfdf kx'Fr k|fKt hg;ª\Vof -k|ltzt_ 46.40 65.00

* ef}uf]lns ljs6tf, jftfj/0fLo k|lts"ntf / k|fljlws sf/0fn] tTsfn ;Dej gx'g] *% cf]6f afx]s ljBdfg ;Dk"0f{ ufpF ljsf; ;ldltx¿ .

r'gf}tLx?

/fhgLlts, ;fdflhs Pj+ cfly{s kl/jt{gn] NofPsf] hgtfsf] dxTjsf+Iffsf ;Gbe{df sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf] rf}wf} cfjlws of]hgfsf ;fd' cGo of]hgfx?sf] t'ngfdf k|z:t r'gf}ltx? /x]sf 5g\ . /fhgLlts g]t[Tjdf g+of ljsf; cjwf/0ffsf d"No, dfGotfsf jf/]df kof{Kt k|ltj4tf / cu|;/tf gePsf], ljsf; lgdf{0fsf] sfof{Gjosf] lhDd]jf/Ldf /x]sf] k|zf;lgs ;+oGqnfO{ kl/jlt{t kl/j]z cg's'nsf] ;fwg, >f]t, k|ljlwaf6 ;'b[9 u/fpg g;lsPsf] ;fy} ;/sf/sf gLlt, of]hgf, /0fgLltsf] sfof{Gjog ug]{ lhDd]jf/L lnPsf] sd{rf/LtGqdf Ifdtf ePtfklg sfo{ ;+:sf/ Pj+ Jojxf/df ;'wf/ x'g g;s]sf] h:tf sl7g kl/l:ylt ePsf sf/0f of]hgfnfO{ sfof{Gjogdf nfg k|z:t r'gf}ltx? /x]sf 5g\ . o; ;Gbe{df rf}wf} of]hgfdf /x]sf k|d'v r'gf}ltx? lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf] ;xh cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 M

!= g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg hf/L eO{ /fhgLlts ;ª\qmd0fsf] ;dflKt;Fu} /fHosf] Wofg cfly{s ljsf;df s]lGb|t ePsf] ;Gbe{df ljutsf of]hgfx¿sf] sfof{Gjogsf cg'ejsf cfwf/df ;+ljwfgn] clËsf/ u/]sf gful/ssf df}lns xs / /fHosf lgb]{zs l;4fGt tyf gLltnfO{ of]hgfsf] dfu{bz{ssf ¿kdf cfGtl/sLs/0f ug'{kg]{ .

@= e"sDknufotsf k|fs[lts k|sf]k Pjd\ ljkb\af6 l;lh{t k'gMlgdf{0fsf] sfo{nfO{ b'|t ultdf ug'{kg]{

#= l5d]sL d'n's;+usf] ;Ldf If]qdf ePsf] cj/f]wsf sf/0f lzlyn ePsf] cy{tGqnfO{ lqmofzLn ug'{kg]{

$= ;|f]t;fwgsf] ;'lglZrttf u/L cfjlws of]hgf / jflif{s ah]6aLr ;fd~h:otf sfod ug'{kg]{

%= k|sf]k Joj:yfkgsf gLlt of]hgf sfo{qmdnfO{ ljsf;sf] d"nk|jfxdf ;dflxt ug'{kg]{

^= ;ª\3Lotf cg'¿k of]hgf th{'df ;DaGwL ;ª\u7gfTds ;+/rgf, k|lqmof tyf ljlwdf ;'wf/ ug'{kg]{

&= of]hgf th{'df ;DaGwL hgzlQmsf] Ifdtf ljsf; u/L ;+:yfut ;'b[9Ls/0f ug'{kg]{

*= kl/jlt{t kl/j]z cg'?k hgtfsf] ljsf;sf] cfsfª\IffnfO{ k|fyldstf lbO{ ;dod} ;Daf]wg ug{'kg]{

(= nf]stflGqs d"No dfGotf cg'?k b]zsf] ›'tt/ cfly{s j[l4b/ / To;sf] Gofok"0f{ ljt/0fdfkm{t\ ul/aL lgjf/0f ug]{ sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L u/fpg'kg]{

26

!)= dfgj ljsf;sf kIfdf pNn]Vo j[l4 ug]{ / ;du| cy{tGqnfO{ ;d[l4 / lbuf] cfly{s ;fdflhs ljsf;sf] kydf n}hfg' kg]{

!!= cfly{s j[l4;Fu;Fu} cfosf] ljt/0fdf cfpg;Sg] c;dfgtf 36fO g]kfnnfO{ ;fdflhs Gofodf cfwfl/t ;dtfd"ns tyf nf]ssNof0fsf/L /fHosf] ¿kdf :yflkt ug'{kg]{

!@= ;3g cfly{s If]qsf] lj:tf/dfkm{t\ /f]huf/Lsf cj;/ l;h{gf u/L hg;fª\lVos nfef+zsf] clwstd pkof]u ug'{kg]{

!#= j}b]lzs /f]huf/af6 k|fKt cfo;d]tsf] nufgLdf :jb]zdf g} kof{Kt sfdsf cj;/x¿ l;h{gf ug'{kg]{

!$= lgjf{xd'vL s[lifnfO{ ¿kfGt/0f u/L k|lt:kwf{Tds Pj+ Joj;fod'vL agfpFb} o;nfO{ d'n'ssf] cf}Bf]lus ljsf;df cfa4 ug'{kg]{

!%= pmhf{;Í6 x6fpg], k|sf]k;DaGwL ;DefJo hf]lvdx¿sf] Go"gLs/0f ub}{ cfly{s–;fdflhs ljsf;sf ;a} k|of;x¿nfO{ hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"n u/fpg' kg]{

!^= k"jf{wf/sf] lgdf{0f tyf ljsf; / cfa4tf;Fu} u|fdL0f / ;x/L ljsf;nfO{ cGt/;DalGwt t'NofO{ o;nfO{ cfly{s j[l4sf] ;|f]tsf] ¿kdf :yflkt ug{'kg]{ .

!&= ljsf; sfo{qmdnfO{ PsLs[t ug]{ sfo{ ;Fu;Fu} lgIf]k0f ;DaGwL sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfO{ hgtfsf] clt glhssf] zf;sLo tx;Dd ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] k|jfx / ljt/0fnfO{ lglZrttf k|bfg ug'{kg]{

!*= ljsf;sf] bL3{sfnLg ;f]r th{'df u/L ;f] cg';f/ of]hgf tyf sfo{qmd th{'df ug'{kg]{

!(= of]hgf sfof{Gjog ug]{ lgsfox¿sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ug'{kg]{,

@)= of]hgf sfof{Gjogdf ;+nUg hgzlQmsf] pTk|]/0ff / sfo{;Dkfbg:t/ clej[l4 ug'{kg]{

@!= of]hgf sfof{GjognfO{ k|fyldstfdf /fVg' / ;fj{hlgs vl/b tyf hUuf k|flKt ;DaGwL sfg"gL tyf k|lqmofut hl6ntf x6fpg' kg]{

of]hgfj4 ljsf;nfO{ k|efjsf/L u/fpg ug'{kg]{ ;'wf/x?

b]zdf of]hgfj4 ljsf;sf] k|of; 5 bzseGbf nfdf] e} ;s]sf] 5 . ljutsf k|of;x?af6 ljsf;sf nflu cfjZos cfwf/e"t ;+/rgfx? tof/ ePsf 5g\ . of]hgfsf] cjwf/0ff, gLlt, /0fgLlt Pj+ ljlwx?df ;fdlos ;'wf/ ug{ g;Sbf of]hgfj4 ljsf;sf] cleofgdf ck]lIft pknlJw xfl;n ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . kl/jlt{t cfly{s ;fdflhs :j?k Pj+ ljZj kl/j]zaf6 cfPsf] ljsf;sf] cfofd;Fu tfbfTDotf sfod u/L ljsf;nfO{ ;do ;fGble{s u/fpg' kg]{ ePsf] 5 . kl5Nnf] /fhgLlts kl/jt{gn] :yflkt u/]sf] gful/s clwsf/;Fu} b]zdf ;fdflhs Gofo;lxtsf] cfly{s ljsf; / ;d[4 ;dfh lgdf{0fsf] sfo{ /fHosf] k|d'v sfo{;"rLdf k/]sf] 5 . ljZjJofkLs/0fsf] sf/0f d'n'sdf k/]sf] cfly{s Pjd\ ;fdflhs k|efj, e"sDk nufotsf k|fs[lts k|sf]k Pjd\ ljkb\af6 l;lh{t k'gMlgdf{0fsf] lhDd]jf/L ;fy} lzlyn ePsf] cy{tGqnfO{ lqmofzLn agfpg / hgtfsf] ljsf;sf] cfsfª\IffnfO{ Ps;fy ;Daf]wg ug{ cfjZos ePsf] 5 .

27

b]zdf nf]stflGqs ;+ljwfg hf/L eO{ /fhgLlts ;ª\qmd0fsf] ;dflKt;Fu} /fHosf] Wofg cfly{s ljsf;df s]lGb|t ePsf] 5 . ljutsf of]hgfx¿sf] sfof{Gjogsf cg'ejsf ;fy} ;+ljwfgn] clËsf/ u/]sf gful/ssf df}lns xs / /fHosf lgb]{zs l;4fGt tyf gLlt casf] of]hgfsf] dfu{bz{ssf ¿kdf cfPsf 5g\ . ;fdflhs If]qdf nufgL clej[l4 u/L ;x>fAbL ljsf; nIo xfl;n ug{ u/]sf] k|ultnfO{ sfod /fVg Pjd\ lbuf] ljsf; nIo xfl;n ug]{ dfu{df k|ult ug{;d]t r'gf}tL v8f u/]sf] 5 . rf}wf}F of]hgfn] cfly{s j[l4b/nfO{ pRr kfg{ s[lifsf] Jofj;foLs/0f, ef}lts k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f, ;dli6ut cfly{s :yfloTj sfod u/L nufgLdf cfdljZjf; a9fpg'sf ;fy} ljBdfg pmhf{;ª\s6 lgjf/0f u/L cf}Bf]uLs/0f / cfw'lgsLs/0fdf 6]jf lbg'k/]sf] 5 . o; cltl/Qm e"sDk tyf ;Ldfgfsf cj/f]wsf] sf/0faf6 lzlyn ePsf cfly{s lqmofsnfkx¿nfO{ tLj|tf lbg'kg]{ ePsf] 5 . o; ;Gbe{df of]hgfj4 ljsf;sf k|of;df lgDgfg';f/sf ;'wf/sf sfo{x? ug{ h?/L ePsf] 5 M

• nf]stflGqs ;f]r, cfjZostf, dxTjaf6 of]hgfsf] ;f]r, cjwf/0ff, /0fgLltx?df ;'wf/ ug'{kg]{

• /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] k'g;+/rgf ug]{, k|fljlws Pj+ lj1tfsf cfwf/df ;Ifd, t6:y / sfdofjL cfof]u u7g ug'{kg]{

• cfjlws of]hgf, bL3{sfnLg gLlt, jflif{s gLlt of]hgf jLrdf tfbfTDotf x'g ;Sg] u/L sfg"gL Pj+ ;+/rgfut cfwf/x? tof/ ug'{kg]{

• /fli6«o lxt, pGglt / ;Dj[l4sf b[li6n]] pko'Qm x'g] gLlt, of]hgf, /0fgLltx?sf] lg/Gt/tfsf nflu /fhgLlts k|ltj4tf sfod ug'{kg]{

• /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] sfo{;+:sf/df ;'wf/ u/L gLlt k"j{;lqmotf b]vfpg ;Sg] u/L sfo{ k4ltdf ;'wf/ ug'{kg]{

• /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u /fli6«o k|fyldstf / bftf k|fyldstfjLr bft[ / /fli6«o sfo{k|0ffnLjLr ;dGjo, If]qut gLlt / /fli6«o gLltjLr ;dGjo sfod u/fpg ;lqmo x'g ;Sg'kg]{

• ;fj{hlgs, lghL / ;xsf/L If]qdfkm{t\ nufgL j[l4 ug]{ sfo{nfO k|fyldstf lbg'kg]{

• ljsf; Joj:yfkgsf] Ifdtf clej[l4 u/L k'FhLut vr{ a9fpg', pknAw ;fwg / ;|f]tsf] ;d'lrt pkof]u ug{' tyf a9\bf] hgcfsfª\Iff cg'¿k ljsf;sf nIo k|fKt ug{ k|zf;g oGqnfO{ Jofj;flos agfpg'kg]{

• ;fj{hlgs vr{ Joj:yfkgnfO{ ;'b[9 ug{ ;fy} ;du|df ;'zf;g clej[l4 ug]{ sfo{nfO{ x/]s of]hgfn] k|fyldstf lbg'kg]{ .

• ljsf; sfo{qmdnfO{ PsLs[t ug]{ sfo{ljlwnfO{ ;j{Jofks u/fpg'kg]{

• lgIf]k0f ;DaGwL sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfO{ hgtfsf] clt glhssf] zf;sLo tx;Dd ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] k|jfx / ljt/0fnfO{ lglZrttf k|bfg ug{ cfwf/e"t ;+/rgf tof/ ug'{kg]{

• k|fb]lzs / :yfgLo tx;Dd ljsf; Joj:yfkgsf] Ifdtf a9fpFb} ;a} txdf hjfkmb]xL, :jR5 / k|efjsf/L ljsf; k|zf;g sfod ug]{ sfo{nfO{ :yflkt ug'{kg]{

28

• /fHosf] k'g;{+/rgfsf] sfo{ l56f] ;DkGg ub}{ k|fb]lzs Pj+ :yfgLo ljsf;sf] g]t[Tj oyf;Dej l56f] lgjf{lrt hgk|ltlglwx¿af6 g} u/fpg] sfo{ ;+:sf/ sfod ug'{kg]{ .

• /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] sfdnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{sf nflu ;d;fdlos / PsLs[t sfg"gL cfwf/ tof/ ug'{kg]{

• gLlt, /0fgLlt, of]hgfsf nflu cfjZos >f]t, ;fwgsf] pknJwtf ;'lglZrt ug'{kg]{

• k|fyldstfsf If]qdf nufgL j9fpg] sfo{nfO{ ;j} If]qaf6 pRr dxTj lbg'kg]{

• k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f / Joj:yfkgdf :yfgLo ;xof]u, ;xsfo{sf] jftfj/0f ;[hgf ug'{kg]{

• ljsf; ;fem]bf/ Pj+ bftfx?af6 k|ltj4tf cg';f/sf] >f]t ;dod} pknJw u/fpg cfjZos sfg"gL Pj+ k|lqmofut cfwf/x? tof/ ug'{kg]{

• nf]stflGqs cjwf/0ff, ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf, kl/jlt{t ;do cg'?ksf] ljsf; gLlt, sfg"g, sfof{Gjog OsfOx?sf] cfwf/ tof/ ug'{kg]{

• ljB't, ;8s, ;+rf/, hgzlQm ljsf; nufotsf ljsf;sf cfwf/e"t ;+/rgfx?sf] ;'lglZrttfsf nflu k|fyldstf, >f]tsf] ;'lglZrttf sfod ug'{kg]{

• /fhgLlts l:y/tf / ljsf;d'vL /fhgLlts ;+:sf/, Jofj;flos sd{rf/LtGq / ;xof]uL ;dfhsf] ;[hgf ug'{kg]{

• ljutdf of]hgfsf] nIo / pknlAwaLr /xg] u/]sf] cGt/nfO{ sd ug{ cfjZos gLltut Pj+ ;+/rgfut cfwf/x? tof/ ug'{kg]{

• of]hgfut gLlt, /0fgLlt, sfo{gLltx?nfO{ Jofjxfl/s, sfof{Gjogof]Uo / glthfd"ns agfpg'sf ;fy} sfof{Gjog kIfnfO{ hjfkmb]xL u/fpg cfjZos cfwf/ tof/ ug'{kg]{

• ljsf; lgdf{0f;Fu ;DjlGwt ;j} cfof]hgfx?df clgjfo{ ?kdf sfo{;Dkfbg ;Demf}tf u/L ;f]sf cfwf/df d"NofÍg, b08, k'/:sf/sf] Joj:yf ug'{kg]{ .

• cfjlws of]hgf tyf jflif{s of]hgfx?sf] cg'udg d"NofÍgnfO{ cGt/;DjlGwt u/fpg] ;fy} cg'udg d"NofÍgaf6 cfPsf] k[i7kf]if0fnfO{ ;'wf/ of]hgfsf cfwf/ jgfpg] Joj:yf ug'{kg]{

lgisif{

of]hgfj4 ljsf;sf] yfngL kZrft rf}w j6f of]hgfx? sfo{fGjogdf cfPsf 5g\ . nfdf] k|of;sf kmn:j?k ljsf;sf nflu cfjZos Go"gtd cfwf/e"t ;+/rgfx?df pknlJw xfl;n x'b} uPsf] 5 . d"ntM ul/jL 36fpg] tyf :yfgLo:t/;Dd ;fdflhs cfly{s ljsf;sf cj;/x? klxrfg ug]{ Pj+ cj;x?df :yfgLo ;d'bfonfO{ ;xeflu u/fpg] sfo{df k|z:t k|ult xfl;n ePsf] 5 . ;fy} lzIff, :jf:Yo, ;8s, ;+rf/, ljQLo ;'ljwfsf If]qdf ck]Iff eGbf w]/} pknlJw k|fKt x'g ;s]sf] 5 . kl/jlt{t kl/j]z Pj+ /fhgLlts kl/jt{gn] ;[hgf u/]sf] ljsf;sf] dxTjfsf+IffnfO{ ;Djf]wg ug{ ;Sg] ;f]r, cjwf/0ff, gLlt, /0fgLlt, sfo{qmdx? hgtf ;dIf k'/\ofpg] sfo{ r'gf}ltsf ?kdf v8f ePsf] 5 .

29

ljsf;sf] cfjZostf / pn{bf] hgcfsf+Iff k"/f ug{ tyf ljsf;nfO{ lbuf] jgfpg ;fj{hlgs, lghL, ;xsf/L / ;fd'bflos If]qsf] ;xsfo{ / ;xeflutfdf hf]8 lbg' h?/L ePsf] 5 . g+of ;ljwfgn] lglb{i6 u/]sf lhDd]jf/L Pj+ ljsf;sf cj;/x?nfO{ k"/f ug{ cfwf/e"t ;fdflhs ;]jf / k"jf{wf/ If]qdf nufgL j9fpb} Jofj;flos 9+un] cl3 j9\g ;lsg] If]qdf lghL tyf ;xsf/L / ;fd'bflos If]qsf] Ifdtf / ;Defjgf pkof]u u/L ljsf;sf nIox? k|fKt ug{ k|ltj4 x'g'kg]{ ePsf] 5 . ljsf; of]hgfx?sf dfWodaf6 b]zsf] ljsf;sf bL3{sfnLg ;f]r, gLlt, /0fgLltx? nlIot x'g] ;fy} ;f]xL gLltx?sf cfwf/df b]zsf ;du| cfjlws Pj+ jflif{s gLlt, sfo{qmdx? ;+rfng x'g] ePsfn] ljsf; of]hgfx?nfO{ k|efjsf/L u/fpg cfjZos /fhgLlts, k|zf;lgs / ;fdflhs cfwf/x? ;'lglZrt ug'{ h?/L ePsf] 5 . bL3{sfnLg gLlt, cfjlws gLlt / jflif{s gLltx?sf jLr tfbfTDotf sfod x'g g;Sbf cfjlws of]hgfx? ck]lIft ?kdf ;kmn x'g g;s]sf ;Gbe{df of]hgfsf] ;kmn sfof{Gjogsf nflu ;/sf/L, lghL, ;xsf/L / ;fd'bflos tyf cGo If]qsf] ;lqmo e"ldsf ;'lglZrt ug'{ h?/L ePsf] 5 . ;fy} ;/sf/L If]qsf] e"ldsf /0fgLlts dxTjsf k"jf{wf/ ljsf;, ;fdflhs ljsf;, ;dli6ut cfly{s :yfloTjsf gLlt, lghL tyf cGo If]qnfO{ sfd ug]{ jftfj/0f lgdf{0f / ;xhLs/0f, cg';Gwfg / ljsf;sf ;fy} nf]ssNof0fsf/L sfo{df s]Gb|Lt x'g' kg]{ ePsf] 5 .

;Gbe{ ;fdfu|Lx?

!= ljleGg cfjlws of]hgfsf k':tsx?, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u@= g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)&@, sfg"g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt#= cfly{s ;j]{If0f -@)&@÷&#_ cy{ dGqfno$= ah]6 jStJo, -@)&#÷&$_ cy{ dGqfno%= /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf cfjlws of]hgf;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg ;dLIffTds k|sfzgx?

30

lghfdtL ;]jfdf tflndsf] k|efjsfl/tf

— ?b|k|;fb e§*

;f/f+z

tflnd dfgj ;+zfwg ljsf; ug]{ dxTjk"0f{ cf}hf/ xf] . lghfdtL ;]jf ;fj{hlgs ;]jf Joj:yfkg ug]{ k|d'v :yfoL ;oGq ePsf] x'Fbf lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] 1fg, ;Lk / dgf]j[lQdf ;do ;fk]If kl/jt{g NofO{ ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ ;xh agfpg k|efjsf/L tflnd cfjZos x'G5 . lghfdtL ;]jfdf tflnd k|efjsf/L gx'Fbf ;]jf k|jfx ;xh gePsf] ;f]r 5 . ;]jf k|jfx ;xh x'gnfO{ tflnd k|efjsf/L x'g' hlt h?/L 5 Toltg} u}/–tflndhGo kIfx?df ;'wf/ x'g' klg cfjZos 5 . tflndsf] p2]Zo k"/f gx'g' jf k|efjsf/L gx'g'df tflnd ljlzi7 / kof{Kt agfpg] pko'Qm gLlt gx'g', ;+u7gsf] p2]Zo, sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{ ljj/0f / Ifdtfsf cfwf/df tflndsf] cfjZostf klxrfg gx'g', cfjZostf cg'?k ljlzi7 p2]Zo lgwf{/0f gul/g', tflnddf pko'Qm sd{rf/L dgf]gog ug{ g;lsg', tflnd s]Gb|sf] ;+:yfut Ifdtf sdhf]/ x'g', k|lzIffyL{ l;Sg] / l;s]sf] ljifo sfo{ If]qdf k|of]u ug]{ ;f]rsf] ljsf; x'g g;Sg', tflnd kl5sf] ;?jf tyf kb:yfkgf sfo{d"vL gx''g', tflnddf l;s]sf] 1fg, ;Lk sfo{ ;+:yfdf nfu' ug]{ ;xof]uL jftfj/0f / ;f] sf] lgoldt cg'udg u/L k[i7kf]if0f lbg] k4ltsf] ljsf; gxF'bf tflnd cf}krfl/stfdf l;ldt eO{ ;xh ;]jf k|jfx / ;'zf;g uf}0f ag]sf 5g\ . tflndnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfO{ ;xh ;]jf k|jfx / ;'zf;g clej[l4 ug{ tflndhGo / u}/–tflndhGo ljifodf ;'wf/ ug{' cfjZos 5 .

*k|d'v sf]if lgoGqs, sf]=n]=lg=sf=, 8f]6L .

kl/ro tyf kl/efiff

k|To]s ultlzn / k|lt:kwL{ ;+u7gsf] nflu ;Ifd / pTk|]l/t hgzlQm rflxG5 . bIf hgzlQm agfpg] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ dfWod tflnd xf] . tflnd dfgj ;+zfwg ljsf;sf] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ cf}hf/ xf] . tflndn] sd{rf/Låf/f ;Dkfbg x'g] sfd ;DaGwL ljifodf b[li6sf]0f, 1fg tyf ;Lk clej[l4sf ;fy} p;sf] efjgfTds, g}lts / cWoflTds Ifdtfdf ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g NofO{ ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ ;xh /

31

hgd"vL agfpg] / sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbgdf u'0ffTdstf Nofpg] d'Vo dfWod xf] . oxL s'/fnfO{ dWogh/ u/L x/]s ;kmn ;+u7gn] tflndnfO{ sfo{ ;Dkfbg -;]jf k|jfx_, g]t[Tj ljsf; / j[lQ ljsf; dfkm{t ;'zf;g, k|lt:kwf{, gful/s ;Gt'li6 clej[l4 ug]{ ;zQm dfWodsf] ?kdf lnPsf] kfO{G5 .

tflndsf] k|efjsf/Ltf M tflnd sfo{qmdsf] lgwf{l/t p2]Zo xfl;n x'g'nfO{ tflndsf] k|efjsf/Ltf elgG5 . tflnd sfo{qmddf ;xefuLx?sf] ;sf/fTds ;f]r, pgLx?sf] l;sfO{, l;sfO{sf] k|of]u ug{ u/]sf] Jojxf/ / ;+u7gsf] glthf -;]jf k|jfx, hg;Gt'li6, ulNtdf sdL, Go"g u'gf;f / sfdk|ltsf] nufj j[l4_sf cfwf/df tflndsf] k|efjsfl/tf gfKg] ul/G5 . cyf{t tflndsf] p2]Zo xfl;n x'g ;+u7gsf] nIo, sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{ ljj/0f / a[lQ ljsf;df ;xhtf Nofpg] u/L tflndsf] cfjZostf

(Training Need Assessment-TNA) klxrfg ug]{, 6LPgP cg'?k tflnd sfo{qmsf] p2]Zo lgwf{/0f ug]{, p2]Zo k|fKt ug{ Jojxfl/s kf7\oqmd tof/ ug]{, kf7\oqmd cg'?k ;xL sd{rf/LnfO{ ;xL ;dodf tflnd k|bfg ug{ dgf]gog ug]{, ;xL tj/n] tflndsf] ;~rfng ug]{, tflndaf6 k|fKt 1fg, ;Lk / ;sf/fTds wf/0ffn] sd{rf/Lsf] sfd jf ;]jf k|jfx ;xh, kf/blz{, hgs]Gb|Lt eO{ ;]jfu|fxL ;Gt'li6 ePsf] cfwf/df tflndsf] k|efjsf/Ltf x]l/G5 .

lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx?sf] nflu ;~rflnt tflnd a9'jf c+s lng] k|of]hgdf l;ldt eof], tflnddf l;s]sf] 1fg / ;Lk sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbgdf k|of]u ePg, ;]jf k|jfx gful/s ck]Iff cg'?k x'g ;s]g elg rrf{ kl/rrf{ rln/xbf tflnd k|efjsf/L eP gePsf] ljifonfO{ oxfF ljleGg sf]0faf6 rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 . tflnd k|efjsf/L eP gePsf cfwf/ s] s] x'g < s] tflnd k|efjsf/L gePs} sf/0f dfq ;]jf k|jfx sdhf]/ ePsf] xf] < tflnd k|efjsf/L gx'g'df tflnd s]Gb|, cg'udg d"NofÍg ug]{ lgsfo, sfo{ ;+:yf jf k|lzIffyL{ s'g s'g kIf lhDd]jf/ /xG5 < cflb kIfx?sf] oxfF rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .

tflnd k|fKt sd{rf/Låf/f sfof{Gjog ug]{ gLlt k"0f{tof sfof{Gjog gx'g', ljleGg dxTjk"0f{ cfof]hgfsf] tof/L tyf cWoogdf lghfdtL sd{rf/LeGbf afx\o tyf ljb]zLsf] ar{:j /xg', tflnd k|fKt sd{rf/Ln] g]t[Tj u/]sf cfof]hgfx? ;dodf k"/f gx'g'n] tflndsf] p2]Zo k"/f gePsf] xf] ls eGg] k|Zg pAhfPsf] 5 . o:t} tflndn] sd{rf/Ldf ;sf/fTds dgf]lj1fg clej[l4 ub{5 eGg] ;}4flGts dfGotf xf] . Unf]jn s/k;g Jof/f]ld6/n] lghfdtL sd{rf/Ldf /fhgLlts If]qkl5 a9L e|i6frf/ /x]sf] b]vfPsf] 5 . sd{rf/Lx? tf]lsPsf] :yfgdf ghfg] gsf/fTds ;f]r ljsf; a9b} uPsf] 5, cfly{s cg'zf;g kfngf gxF'bf k|To]s jif{ a]?h' a9b} hfg', ;]jfu|fxL ;Gt'li6 ;e]{If0fn] sd{rf/Ldf ;sf/fTds efjgfsf] ljsf; ug{ g;s]sf] lgisif{ k|:t't u/]af6 tflnd k|efjsf/L gePsf] elg eGg ;Sg] cj:yf b]lvG5 . t/ olt xF'bfx'Fb} klg bzssf] 4Gb, :yfgLo lgsfo k|ltlglw ljxLgtf / lbuf] /fhgLlts ;qmd0fdf klg log} lghfdtL sd{rf/Ln] /fHonfO{ hLjGt agfPsf] cj:yfnfO{ s]nfpFbf tflnd k"0f{ k|efjsf/L ePg elg 7f]s'jf ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf 5}g . t;y{ tflnd k|efjsf/L agfpg] ;DaGwL ljBdfg Joj:yfx?, tflnd k|efjsfl/tfsf] cWoog, tflndk|ltsf] ;du| a'emfO{ / k4ltd"ns tflnd h:tf ljifosf] ljZn]if0fsf] cfwf/df tflnd k|efjsfl/tf af/] rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .

32

-!_ lghfdtL ;]jfdf tflnd k|efjsf/L agfpg ePsf Joj:yfx?

lghfdtL sd{rf/L /fli6«o tflnd gLlt, @)&!

pQm gLltn] tflnd k|efjsfl/tfsf] nflu ljleGg Joj:yfx? u/]sf] 5 . cfufdL kfFr aif{leq lghfdtL ;]jfsf ;a} >]0fL / kbdf tflnd k|bfg ug]{ d"ne"t nIo /x]sf] 5 . k|To]s >]0fL jf kbdf Go"gtd Ps k6s tflnd k|bfg ug]{ . tflndnfO{ ljs]Gb|Lt / Jofks agfpg] . sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{ ljj/0f / lhDd]jf/L cg'?k tflnddf Jojxfl/s ;'wf/ ug]{ . tflndnfO{ sfo{ ;Dkfbg, sfo{ ljj/0f / g]t[Tj ljsf;;Fu cfj4 ug]{ . tflndsf] kf7\oqmd ;]jf ;d"x / sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf] k|s[lt cg'?k ljljwtf sfod ug]{ . tflndsf] cfjZostfsf cfwf/df tflnd k|bfg ug]{ . k]zfut ljlzi7tf / sfo{ k|s[lt cg's"n ljz]if tflnd k|bfg ug]{ . sfo{:yn tflndnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{ . tflnd ljlwnfO{ ;"rgfd}qL agfpg] . kb:yfkgf, ;?jf / lhDd]jf/L tf]Sbf sd{rf/Ldf tflndsf] pkof]u ug]{ . tflnd k|bfos ;+:yfsf] Ifdtf j[l4 ug]{ . tflndsf] ljj/0f /fVg] . tflndsf] gLlt lgdf{0f, ;du| ;'wf/ ug{ d'Vo ;lrjsf] cWoIftfdf ;ft ;b:oLo tflnd lgb]{zs ;ldlt /xg] . o;} u/L ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnosf ;lrjsf] cWoIftfdf /x]sf] tflnd cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg ;ldltn] u'0f:t/sf] Go"gtd dfkb08 nfu' ug{] . lhNnf:t/Lo tflnd sfo{qmdsf] cfjZostf klxrfg, ;dGjo tyf sfof{Gjog ug{ k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/Lsf] cWoIftfdf lhNnf:t/Lo tflnd ;dGjo ;ldlt /x]sf] 5 . tflndnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL ljZjljBfno, k|lti7fg / lghL If]q;Fu ;fem]bf/L ljsf; ug]{ . ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnon] tflnd gLltsf] sfof{Gjogsf] cfjlws / jflif{s d"NofÍg ug]{ .

gLltn] ljs]Gb|Lt tflnd, ;a}sf nflu tflnd, u'0f:t/ dfkg ug]{ ;oGq h:tf /fd|f kIfx? ;dfj]z ul/Psf 5g\ . t/ Pp6f kb jf >]0fLdf Go"gtd Ps k6s tflnd lbg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . bz aif{;Dd Pp6f kbdf sfo{;Dkfbg ubf{ / km/s km/s sfd ug'{kbf{sf] cj:yfdf Pp6f kb jf >]0fLdf lbPsf] tflnd kof{Kt / k|efjsf/L x'g ;Sb}g . o;} u/L ;]jfsfnLg tflnddf b'O{ jf b'O{eGbf a9L tflnd lnPsf] cjlwnfO{ hf]8\g ;Sg] Joj:yfn] tflndsf] u'0f:t/ / dxTjnfO{ xNsf ?kdf lnPsf] b]lvG5 . tflndsf] nflu cfjZostf cg'?k ah]6 ljlgof]hg ug]{ gLltn] tflnddf ah]6 ljlgof]hgnfO{ sd dxTj / cf}krfl/stfnfO{ hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . sfdsf] k|s[lt cg'?k ;]jf k|j]z, ;]jfsfnLg, ;?jf tflnd, a9'jf kl5sf] tflnd, ljz]if lhDd]jf/L tflnd / If]qut tflnd cflbnfO{ ljlzi7s[t ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g . ;]gf, k|x/L, k|fljlws / ck|fljlwsnfO{ Pp6} ;d"xdf tflnd lbg] ;]jfsfnLg tflndsf] ;fdfGo p2]Zo cg'?k tflndk|fKt sd{rf/L sfof{nodf uPkl5 sfdsf] k|s[lt cg'?ksf] ljlzi7 p2]Zo k"/f ug{ ;Sb}g eg] sxfFg]/ tflndsf] k|efjsfl/tf vf]Hg] <

33

lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( / lgodfjnL, @)%)

;DalGwt dGqfno÷cfof]u÷;lrjfnon] cfkm' dftxt sd{rf/LnfO{ cWoog, tfnLd jf cWoog e|d0fdf k7fpg k|To]s jif{ ljj/0f tof/ u/L ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnodf k7fpg], ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnon] ljifout cfwf/df ;+Vof ls6fg u/L To;sf] ljj/0f /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]udf k7fpg], /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u / ;/sf/L lgsfodf k|fKt cWoog tflnd jf cWoog e|d0f ;a} ;]jfnfO{ ;dfg'kflts ?kn] aFf8kmFf8 ug{ d'Vo ;lrjsf] cWoIftfdf rf/ ;b:oLo cWoog tflnd ;ldltsf] Joj:yf 5 . o;} u/L cWoog, tflnd jf cWoog e|d0fdf hfg] sd{rf/Ln] sj'lnot cg';f/ cWoog, tflnd k"/f ePkl5 clgjfo{ ;]jf ug'{ kg]{ . ;]jfsfnLg tflnd jfkt k|fKt x'g] b'O c+s a9'jfdf u0fgf x'g] . cWoog, tflnd, cWoog e|d0fdf dgf]gog ubf{ ;]jf ;d"xsf] nflu pkof]uL / cfjZos x'g] u/L ug]{ .

tflnd l;kmfl/z ;ldltsf] a}7s j:5, sd{rf/Ln] lnPsf] tflndsf] jfg SnLs /]s8{ 5}g, P]gn] dgf]gog ubf{ klxn] df}sf gkfPsf sd{rf/L, ;DalGwt lgsfosf ;a} eGbf a9L ;do Joltt u/]sfnfO{ hf]8 lbO{ cfjZostf / ;a} sd{rf/LnfO{ tflnd rflxG5 eGg] ;f]r /fVg ;s]sf] 5}g . j}b]lzs tflnd dgf]gog pkof]lutf / cfjZostf eGbf k|foM k|efjzfnL / dflyNnf kbflwsf/Lsf] ljb]z df]x k"/f ug]{ ;+:s[ltaf6 lgb]{lzt 5 . :j]bzL tflnd a9'jfsf] b'O{ c+sdf l;ldt a9L s]Gb|Lt x'Fbf / j}b]lzs tflnd e|d0f cfly{s nfe;Fu hf]l8bf l;sfO{ sdhf]/ x'G5, To;sf] k|of]u j}1flgs x'g ;Sb}g / k|lzIf0f kfPsf sd{rf/Ln] glthf lbg ;Sb}g eg] sxFfg]/ tflndsf] k|efjsfl/tf e]l6G5 .

;+u7gfTds Joj:yf

g]kfn ;/sf/ / ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf sd{rf/LnfO{ tflnd lbg, ;/sf/sf] Ifdtf klxrfg ug{ / tflndnfO{ a9L pkof]uL agfpg] cg';Gwfg ug]{ p2]Zosf ;fy k|zf;g / Joj:yfkgsf] ldof]sf] ?kdf g]kfn k|zf;lgs k|lzIf0f k|lti7fg ;~rflnt 5 . o;} u/L If]qut ?kdf tflnd k|bfg ug{ sl/j 8]9 bh{g ;/sf/L tflnd s]Gb|x?n] ljleGg tx / >]0fLsf nflu ;]jf k|j]z, ;]jfsfnLg / k'gtf{huL ;DalGwt tflnd k|bfg ul//x]sf 5g\ . k|efjsf/L tflndsf] nflu tflndsf] cfjZostf klxrfg, p2]Zo lgwf{/0f, kf7\oqmd lgwf{/0f / sfo{qmd ;~rfngdf oL tflnd s]Gb|sf] e"ldsf x'G5 . :6fkm sn]h nufot :jfoQ tflnd s]Gb|n] lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ljlzi7 sfdsf] klxrfg u/L Jojxfl/s tflnd ;~rfng ug{ g;Sg', lgoldt sfo{qmdnfO{ Go"g k|fyldstf lbPsf] oyfy{tf xfdL ;fd' 5 eg] ;/sf/L :jfldTjs} tflnd s]Gb|df bIf hgzlQm gx'g], ;+:yfut ;+:d/0fsf] cj:yf sdhf]/ x'g], tflndnfO{ sd dxTj lbOg] x'Fbf tflnd s]Gb|sf] e"ldsf k|efjsf/L gePsf] eGg ;lsG5 . tflnd s]Gb| s]lGb|s[t x'Fbf b'/b/fhsf sd{rf/LnfO{ kof{Kt tflnd lbg g;s]sf] cj:yf klg ljBdfg 5 .

34

-@_ tflndsf] k|efjsfl/tf j}1flgs cWoog M

xfn sfo{/t lghfdtL sd{rf/Ldf s:tf] 1fg, ;Lk / dgf]j[lQ 5 < ;Dkfbg ug'{kg]{ sfdsf] nflu s:tf] bIftf rflxG5 < Jojxfl/s / j:t'ut tflndsf] p2]Zo 5 ls 5}g < ;a} sd{rf/Ln] pko'Qm / kof{Kt tflnd kfPsf 5g\ ls 5}g\g < tflnd sfo{qmdx? slt k|efjsf/L ?kn] ;DkGg eP < tflnd lng] sd{rf/Lsf]] tflndk|ltsf] ;f]r, l;sfO{ / sfo{If]qdf k|of]u ug]{ tTk/tf, ;]jfd'vL jf glthfd"vL efjgf s:tf] 5 < tflnd kl5sf] ;?jf, kb:yfkgf / sfo{ jftfj/0f slt ;]jfd"vL jf ljlzi7 5 < s] ;d:of 5g\ < tflnddf cflh{t ;Lk k|of]u ug]{ jftfj/0f slt ;xof]uL / ;xh eof] < jfg lSnsdf yfxf x'g] ;+VofTds / u'0ffTds tYof+s 5}g . lxhf]sf] nIo / cfhsf] glthf :ki6 / j:t'lgi6 tj/n] dfkg u/]sf 5f} < ;xh ;]jf k|jfxsf nflu u}/tflndhGo kIfsf] ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 < h:tf ljljw kIfsf] cWoog gu/L k/Dk/fut / cf}krfl/s tj/n] tflnd ;~rfng x'g'n] tflnd ck]lIft ?kdf k|efjsf/L gePsf] xf] .

-#_ tflnd k|efjsfl/tf Ps j[xt cjwf/0ff M

tflndsf] ;}4flGts cjwf/0ffn] tflnd kZrft sd{rf/Lsf] 1fg tyf ;Lkdf clej[l4 / Jojxf/df ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g sfo{ ;Dkbfg:t/df nfu' eO{ ;]jf k|jfx dfkm{t gful/s ;Gt'li6 a9\g], ;'zf;g sfod x'g], lghfdtL ;]jf k|lt:kwL{ aGg] / ;fj{hlgs ;|f]tsf] bIftfk"j{s kl/rfng x'g] ljifo cfkm}df a[xt Pjd\ glthfd"ns ;'wf/ xf] . tflnd lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ k|lt:kwL{ agfpg] Ps dfWod dfq xf] . ;du| ;]jf k|jfxdf ;'wf/ jf glthfsf] nflu pko'Qm / kof{Kt tflnd gLlt rflxG5, tflnd k4ltd"ns tj/n] ;~rfng x'g'k5{, ;Ifd sfo{ ;+:yf (work organization) tyf ;xof]uL sfo{ jftfj/0f, l;Sg] / sfo{ If]qdf nfu' ug{] pTk|]l/t k|lzIffyL{, ;Ifd tflnd s]Gb|, k|efjsf/L cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg ug]{ lgsfo c;n ;dGjo / ;jn x'g'k5{ . ;fy} tflnd kl5 sd{rf/Lsf] ;?jf, kb:yfkgf, k'/:sf/ k|0ffnL, ;'zf;g h:tf kIfdf ;du| ;'wf/ gx'Fbf tflnd k|efjsf/L aGg g;s]sf] b]lvG5 .

-$_ tflnd r/0fsf]÷k4ltsf] kfngf M

tflnd k|efjsf/L agfO{ glthf k|fKt ug{ tflndsf r/0fx?sf] j}1flgs kfngf x'g' cfjZos 5 . tflnd rqmsf] ljlwjt\ kfngfaf6 tflnddf k|efjsfl/tf jf glthf jf u'0f:t/ Nofpg ;lsG5 . o; cGtu{t b]xfo kIfx?sf] cWoog ul/g'k5{ .

tflndsf] cfjZostf klxrfg (Training Need Assessment-TNA) tflnd k|efjsfl/tfsf] klxnf] / /0fgLlts kIf tflndsf] cfjZostf klxrfg xf] . sd{rf/L sfo{/t ;+u7gsf] uGtJo÷p2]Zo÷gLlt, ;f] sf] nflu sd{rf/Lsf] ljBdfg / cfjZos 1fg, ;Lk / Jojxf/ aLrsf] vf8n, sfo{ ljZn]if0f, sfo{ ljj/0f, sd{rf/Lsf] cg'ej, sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"NofÍgsf] l:yltsf] cfwf/df tflnd s]Gb|, ;DalGwt dGqfno (line agency) jf sfo{ ug'{kg]{ ;+:yf jf ;DalGwt dGqfno, ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno /

35

lj1xsf] ;+o'Qm ;dGjo / ;xsfo{df pQm tflndsf] cfjZostf klxrfgdf ul/g' k5{ . g]kfndf tflnd s]Gb|n] pQm sfo{ s]jn cf}krfl/stfdf l;ldt u/L / ;fdfGo ;xeflutfdf ug]{ ub{5 . sfo{ sfo{;Dkfbg :t/, sfo{ljj/0f, ;+u7gsf] nIonfO{ /f} lr/f s]nfpg ;lsPsf] 5}g . sfo{ ;Dkfbg xr'jf 5, ;a} lgsfo / sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{ ljj/0f lbg g;s]sf] cj:yf 5, ;+u7gn] olt jif{df oxfF k'Ug] :ki6 nIo g} k|i6 kfg{ g;s]sf] cj:yfdf tflnd s]Gb|sf] aflif{s sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog ug]{ cf}krfl/s lx;fjdf cfjZostf klxrfg eO/x]sf] 5 . ;+u7gsf] nIo, sd{rf/Lsf] ;Lk, 1fg / Jojxf/sf] ;xL n]vfhf]vf ljgf l;sfPsf] tflnd cfjZostf cg'?ksf] Ifdtf ljsf; ug{ ;Sb}g . cfjZostfaf6 6fl9Psf] tflnd k"0f{?kdf sfof{Gjog eP tfklg k|efjsf/L x'g ;Sb}g .

tflndsf] p2]Zo lgwf{/0f M TNA ;Fu ldNg] u/L tflndsf] ljlzi7 / Jojxfl/s p2]Zo /flvg' k5{ . j:t'ut / ljlzi6 p2]Zo (Specific objective) n] tflndsf] sfof{Gjog cg'udg / k|efjsfl/tf d"NofÍgsf] a}1flgs cfwf/ klg k|bfg ub{5 . :6fkm sn]hn] k|bfg ug]{ ;]jfsfnLg k|lzIf0f km/s km/s sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug]{ lgsfosf k|lzIffyL{x?sf nflu ;~rfng x'g] tflndsf] p2]Zo ;fdfGo (General objective) x'G5 . ;]gf, k|x/L, km/s km/s sfd ug]{ k|zf;lgs Pjd\ k|fljlwssf nflu ;~rflnt ;]jfsfnLg tflnddf Pp6} -;fdfGo_ p2]Zo x'G5 . ;fdfGo p2]Zo cg'?k ;~rflnt tflndn]] lhNnf k|zf;gsf] gful/stf ljt/0f ug]{ p2]Zo k'/f ug{ ;Snf < ljlzi7 p2]ZonfO{ ;fdfGo p2]Zon] k"/f ug{ ;Sb}g . p2]Zo k"/f gx'Fbf tflndsf] k|efjsfl/tf sxfFg]/ vf]Hg] . lghfdtL ;]jfsf clwsf+z tflnd o:t} cj:yfaf6 u'lh|/x]sf] 5 .

kf7\oqmd th'{df M tflndsf] p2]Zo cg'?k ljlzi6 k|s[ltsf ljifoj:t', kf7\oef/, k|lzIf0f ljlw tof/ ug'{k5{ . lghfdtL ;]jfdf kf7\oqmd / ljlwnfO{ ;do ;do kl/dfh{g ul/Psf] 5 . t/ sfd / lhDd]jf/L cg'?k ljlzi7 tflnd ;~rfng gx'Fbf kf7\oqmdn] :yfgLo cfjZostf ;Daf]wg ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g . km/s km/s sfd ug]{ k|fljlws tyf ck|fljlwssf nflu ;]jfsfnLg tflnddf Pp6} kf7\oqmd /flvbf sfo{:yndf ug'{kg]{ sfdnfO{ x'ax' ?kdf ;Daf]wg ug{ ;Sb}g .

k|lzIf0f sfo{qmd ;~rfngM sfuhL of]hgfnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{ r/0f xf] . o; r/0fdf ;xL ;+u7gaf6 ;xL ;dodf ;xL sd{rf/LnfO{ dgf]gog ug]{, k|lzIffyL{x?aLr lrghfg, bIf k|lzIfsaf6 Jojxfl/s k|lzIf0f lbg], k|lzIffyL{n] l;Sg], tflnd ;~rfng r/0fsf] cg'udg d"NofÍgb]lv tflnd ;DkGg;Ddsf lqmofsnfkx? kb{5g\ . o; r/0fdf tflndsf k|lzIffyL{sf] l;Sg] ;f]r, l;s]/ sfo{:yndf sfof{Gjog ug{sf] nflu tTk/tf b]vfpg' kg]{ x'G5 eg] cg'udg ug]{ lgsfon] tflnd s;/L ;~rfng ePsf] 5 k|ToIf ?kdf x]g'{k5{ . lghfdtL sd{rf/L tTsfn tflnddf l;s]/ eljiodf o;nfO{ s;/L sfof{Gjog ug]{ eGbf klg ;]jfsfnLg eP s;/L k|yd >]0fL Nofpg] / cGo tflnd eP s;/L ;do Joltt ug]{ Wo]oaf6 a9L lgb]{lzt 5g\ . ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno nufot ;DalGwt dGqfno tflnd ;~rfngsf] cg'udgaf/] a]va/ h:t} /x]sf] ;'Gg kfO{G5 . k|efjsfl/tfsf] nflu oL ;a} r/0f lhDd]jf/ 5g\ . cfˆgf] e"ldsf jxg gu/L c?nfO{ bf]if b]vfpg] lx;fjn] tflnd k|efjsf/L gePsf] eGg] ;+:sf/df klg ;'wf/ cfpg' h?/L 5 .

36

tflndsf] pkof]u M tflnd ;DkGg kZrft tflnd k|fKt sd{rf/LnfO{ ;xL 7fpFdf ;?jf kb:yfkgf, sfo{ lhDd]jf/L k|bfg ug]{, tflnddf l;s]sf] ljifonfO{ sfof{Gjogdf nfu' ug{ sfo{ ;+:yfsf] k|d'vn] ;xof]u u/L 1fg, ;Lk / Jojxf/sf] k|of]u af/] lg/Gt/ cg'udg / k[i7kf]if0f lbg] Joj:yf ug'{k5{ . of] r/0f g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf cWof/f] v08sf] ?kdf x]g]{ ul/G5 . tflndnfO{ a9'jf k|of]hg afx]s ;?jf, kb:yfkgf, pTk|]/0ff, g]t[Tj ljsf;, ;]jf k|jfxdf ;'wf/ ug]{ u/L ax'pkof]uL agfpg ;lsPsf] 5}g . ;?jf, kb:yfkgf ug]{ lhDd]jf/ kfPsf dGqfno÷lgsfo / ;Lk k|of]u ug{ ;xof]u / To;sf] lgoldt cg'udg / k[i7kf]if0f ug]{ sfo{df ;+:yfsf] sdhf]/ k|ltj4tf x'Fbf pQm sfo{ k|efjsf/L aGg ;s]sf] 5}g .

k|lzIf0f cg'udg / d"Nof°g M k|lzIf0f p2]Zo cg'?k sfo{qmd ;~rfng eof], ;~rflnt sfo{qmd cg'?k sfo{ If]qdf k|of]u eof], ;Dkflbt sfdaf6 u'0f:t/Lo ;]jf k|jfx Pjd\ ;|f]t kl/rfngdf s:tf] k|efj b]lvof] lg/Gt/ k[i7kf]if0f ug'{ h?/L 5 . cg'udgaf6 k|fKt k[i7kf]if0fnfO{ cfufdL tflnd ;~rfngdf ;'wf/df / l;sfO{nfO{ cfufdL tflnd gLlt k|of]u ug{ ;s]gf} .

tflnd k|efjsf/L agfpg] efjL sfo{lbzf

sd{rf/LnfO{ tflnd lbg] ljQLs} sd{rf/Lsf] l;Sg] Ifdtf / sfo{ ;Dkfbg:t/ ga9\g ;S5 . tflnd k|efjsf/L x'g] ljQLs} ;]jf k|jfxdf ;'wf/ gcfpg ;S5 . ;]jf k|jfx ;du| ;'wf/ xf] . t/ tflnd k|efjsf/L x'g' h?/L 5 . tflnd k|efjsfl/tf Ps ;Dk"0f{ u'0f Joj:yfkg xf] . h;/L Pp6f /fd|f] kfp/f]6L /fd|f] x'g ;Ifd ls;fg, /fd|f] v]t, pko'Qm s[lif ljlw, k|efjsf/L ljt/0f k|0ffnL / ;r]t pkef]Qmf x'g' h?/L 5 . To;/L g} tflnd k|efjsfl/tfsf nflu klg tflndhGo tyf u}/ tflndhGo kIfx?df ;Fu;Fu} ;'wf/ x'Fbf dfq tflndsf] p2]Zo k"/f x'g hfG5 . k|efjsf/L tflndsf nflu lghfdtL ;]jfdf sfo{/t ;a} sd{rf/LnfO{ tflndsf] cfjZostf klxrfgsf cfwf/df lglZrt cGt/fndf ;a} sd{rf/LnfO{ kof{Kt / pko'Qm tflnd lbg] gLltut Joj:yf x'g h?/L 5 . ;a} sd{rf/Lsf] nflu ;fdfGo 1fg, ;Lk k|bfg ug]{ Heterogeneous/General tflndsf] ;6[f sfd;Fu ;DalGwt ljlzi7 (job specific) tflnd lbg' h?/L 5 . ;+u7gsf] cfjZostf cg'?k ;a} ;]jf ;d"xsf sd{rf/LnfO{ ;]jf k|j]z, ;]jfsflng, lgsfout, ;?jf, kb:yfkgf, ljz]if lhDd]jf/L cflb ljlzi7 tflnd k|bfg ul/g'k5{ . ljs]lGb|s[t tflnd gLltnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfO{ ;a} sd{rf/LnfO{ ;xh k|sf/n] tflnd k|bfg ul/g' k5{ . v'nf ;]jfaf6 gofF lgo'lQm x'g] sd{rf/LnfO{ clgjfo{ tflnd lbg] Joj:yf ;'?jft x'g'k5{ . ljb]zL cWoog, tflnd tyf e|d0fnfO{ cfjZostf / cf}lrTod"vL agfpg j}b]lzs tflnd gLlt NofO{ Jojl:yt agfpg' k5{ . sd{rf/Ln] ;Dkfbg ug'{kg]{ sfd, sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{;Dkfbg :t/ / Jojxfl/s kIfx?sf] cfwf/df tflnd s]Gb|, tflnd kZrft sfd ug'{kg]{ sfo{ ;+:yf jf ltgsf s]lGb|o lgsfo, cg'udg, d"NofÍg / u'0f:t/ dfkg ug]{ ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnx?sf] ;+o'Qm ;lqmotf / ;xeflutfdf tflndsf] cfjZostf klxrfg ug]{ . cfjZostfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ u/L tflnd sfo{qmdsf ljlzi7 p2]Zo lgwf{/0f (specific objective) ug]{, p2]Zo cg'?k sfo{;Dkfbg ug'{ kg]{ ljifo ;dfj]z u/L Jojxfl/s kf7\o;fdu|L / :yfgLo:t/nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ ;"rgf k|ljlwd}qL tflnd ljlwsf] rog ug'{ h?/L 5 . sfdsf] cfjZostf, sfo{ ljj/0f /

37

sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{;Dkfbg :t/df /x]sf] vf8n k"/f x'g] u/L ;xL JolQmnfO{ :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL tflnddf dgf]gog ug]{ OdfGbfl/tf ;lxtsf] ;Ifd / kf/blz{ k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug]{, tflnd lbg] ;+:yfsf] Ifdtf ljsf; -tflnd s]Gb|df sfo{/t sd{rf/Lsf] Joj;flostf ljsf; / l6sfpkgfsf nflu ;a} tflnd s]Gb|nfO{ :jfoQ P]gaf6 ;~rfng ug]{, k|lzIfsnfO{ sfo{ ;+:yfsf] hfgsf/L ug{ 1fg Joj:yfkg ug'{kg]{, k|lzIfssf nflu k|lzIfs tflnd ;~rfng ug]{, k|lzIfssf] /f]i6/ tflnd kl/ifbaf6 :jLs[lt u/fpg]_ ug]{ . tflnd s]Gb|nfO{ cfsif{s sfof{no agfpg df}lb|s tyf u}/ df}lb|s k|f]T;fxg ug]{ gLlt Nofpg' kg]{ . tflnd s]Gb|sf] ef}lts k'jf{wf/ ljsf; ug{ k'Ug] u/L ljQLo ;|f]t Joj:yfkg ug]{, ;/sf/L tflnd s]Gb|sf] Ifdtfsf] k"0f{ k|of]u ug{ lghL If]q tyf xf]6]n]df ;~rfng x'b} cfPsf tflnd sfo{qmdnfO{ lg?T;fxg ug]{ . ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno / cGo s]Gb|Lo lgsfon] tflndsf] cfwf/df ;xL JolQm ;xL sfof{nodf ;?jf tyf kb:yfkgf ug]{] ;+:sf/sf] ;'?jft ug]{ . sfo{ ;+:yfx?n] tflnddf l;s]sf] l;k / 1fg k|of]u ug{ ;xof]uL jftfj/0f / pko'Qm k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf; ug]{ . tflnd sfo{qmdsf] lgikIf cg'udg d"NofÍg ug]{ lhDd]jf/L nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] g]t[Tjdf ug]{ Joj:yf ul/g' k5{ .

lgisif{

lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ;fv / uf}/j eg]s} bIf, pTk|]l/t / ;sf/fTds ;f]r ePsf sd{rf/L x'g\ . o;sf] nflu kof{Kt / pko'Qm tflnd cfjZos 5 . To;} u/L tflndnfO{ k4ltd"ns tj/n] ;~rfng u/L tflndsf] nIo cg'?k glthf k|fKt ug'{ h?/L 5 . glthf jf ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ ;xh / kf/blz{ agfpg tflndhGo ljifosf ;fy} tflnd kl5sf ;?jf tyf kb:yfkgfdf ;'wf/ ub}{ pko'Qm sfo{ jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug'{ h?/L 5 . tflndhGo tyf u}/ tflndhGo kIfdf ul/Psf] ;'wf/n] ;xh ;]jf k|jfx, nf]stGqsf] ;+:yfut ljsf; / cfly{s qmflGt x'g] s'/fdf b'O{ dt gxf]nf .

;Gb{e ;fdu|L

• kGy, 8f= lbg]zk|;fb, g]kfn k|zf;lgs k|lzIf0f k|lti7fgsf] k|lzIfssf] nflu ;~rflnt -@)^$_ k|lzIf0f sfo{qmddf pknJw u/fPsf] tflnd ;fdu|L .

• kf08]o, 8f= xl/bQ, lghfdtL ;]jfdf tflnd ;DaGwL Joj:yf -@)^%_, g]kfn k|zf;lgs k|lzIf0f k|lti7fgdf cWofkg u/fPsf] ;|f]t ;fdu|L .

• d}gfnL uf]kLgfy, /fHo ;~rfngsf cfwf/x? -@)&)_ dsfn' k|sfzg u[x, l8NnLahf/, sf7df8f}+ .• https://elearningindustry.com/8-tips-to-measure-your-online-training-effectiveness• https://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/kirkpatrick.htm

38

kbk"lt{sf] qmddf z}lIfs of]Uotfsf] ljBdfg cj:yf

— uLtfs'df/L xf]d]ufO{*

;f/f+z

nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] lghfdtL ;]jf, g]kfn :jf:Yo ;]jf, Joj:yflksf ;+;b cGtu{tsf ;]jfx?df l/Qm kbk"lt{sf nflu dfu ;+sngb]lv l;kmfl/z;Ddsf] sfo{x? ug]{ ub{5 . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf ePsf] g]kfnL ;]gf, g]kfn k|x/L, ;z:q k|x/L an, g]kfn, cGo ;+3Lo ;/sf/L ;]jf / ;+ul7t ;+:yfx?sf] kbdf kbk"lt{sf nflu lnOg] lnlvt k/LIff nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] ;~rfng ug]{ Joj:yf cg';f/ tt\tt\ lgsfosf] lnlvt k/LIff ;~rfng;Ddsf] sfo{ ;d]t nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] ub{5 . cfof]un] l/Qm kbk"lt{ ug{ cfˆgf] jflif{s sfo{tflnsf cg';f/ lj1fkg÷;"rgf k|sfzg ug]{ qmddf l/Qm kb;+Vof, ;]jf, ;d"x tyf pk;d"x, >]0fL jf tx, cfjZos Go"gtd of]Uotf, tflnd jf cg'ej cfjZos kg]{ ePdf ;f] ljifo, b/vf:t b:t'/, kmf/fd a'emfpg] Dofb / :yfg, k/LIff x'g] ldlt, k/LIffsf] tl/sf / dfWod efiff v'nfO{ k|sfzg ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf 5 . z}lIfs of]Uotf cfof]uaf6 lnOg] lnlvt k/LIffsf] cfwf/e"t kIf xf], h'g ;]jf, ;d"x, pk;d"x tyf sd{rf/Ln] ;f] kbdf /xL sfo{ ljj/0f Pj+ cGo cfwf/af6 lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] x'G5 . of] pDd]bjf/sf] b/vf:t lng] k|d'v cfwf/ klg xf] . s'g} klg pDd]bjf/n] lj1fkg ePsf] kbdf pDd]bjf/ x'g'k"j{ ;f] kbsf nflu tf]lsPsf] z}lIfs of]Uotf cfkm" cg's"n 5÷5}g Tof] ljifodf olsg x'g'kb{5 / b/vf:t lbg tf]lsPsf] cjlwdf lgwf{l/t z}lIfs of]Uotf xfl;n ul/;s]sf] x'g'kb{5 . o:tf] z}lIfs of]Uotf v'nf k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIffåf/f / a9'jfåf/f kbk"lt{ x'g] kbx?sf nflu leGgfleGg} x'g] klg ub{5 . b/vf:t lbg] kIfsf] cfˆgf] of]Uotfsf] j}wtfsf] cfwf/ / lng] kIfnfO{ pDd]bjf/sf] j}wtf hfFRg] cfwf/ z}lIfs of]Uotf g} ePsf]n] of] lgs} dxTjk"0f{ / ;+j]bgzLn ljifosf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 . o; ljifodf nf]s ;]jf cfof]u / ;]jf, ;d"x, pk;d"x ;~rfng Pj+ k|zf;g ug]{ lgsfox?÷dGqfnox? / ;'/Iff lgsfo Pj+ ;+ul7t ;+:yfx?aLr ;xsfo{ x'g' cfjZos 5 .

kbk"lt{sf nflu lgwf{l/t lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, lgodfjnL, :jf:Yo ;]jf P]g, lgodfjnL, Joj:yflksf ;+;b ;lrjfno sd{rf/L k|zf;g ;DaGwL P]g, lgodfjnL Pj+ ljleGg ;]jf

*pk;lrj, nf]s ;]jf cfof]u, cgfdgu/ .

39

k[i7e"ld

z}lIfs of]Uotf s'g}klg ;]jf, ;d"x, pk;d"x cGtu{tsf kbx?df pDd]bjf/ 5gf}6 ug]{ k|d'v cfwf/ tyf b/vf:t lbg] k|of]hgsf nflu tf]lsPsf] k|fylds ljifo xf] . o;}sf] cfwf/df g} pDd]bjf/ ;DalGwt kbsf nflu of]Uo jf cof]Uo 5 eGg] s'/fsf] lgwf{/0f ul/G5 . l/Qm kbk"lt{ ug'{kg]{ k|To]s kbsf nflu z}lIfs of]Uotf lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] x'G5 . clVtof/jfnfn] lghfdtL ;]jfsf] l/Qm kbk"lt{ ug{sf] nflu tf]lsP adf]lhdsf] dfu kmf/fddf ;DalGwt ;]jf, ;d"x, pk;d"x, >]0fL, kb;+Vof, lgwf{l/t sfo{ljj/0f / Go"gtd of]Uotf ;d]t pNn]v u/L /fhkqf+lst kbsf] xsdf cfof]usf] s]Gb|Lo sfof{no / /fhkq cg+lst kbsf] xsdf cfof]usf] ;DalGwt If]qLo lgb]{zgfno jf c~rn sfof{nox?df k7fpg'kg]{ Joj:yf nf]s ;]jf cfof]u P]g, @)^^ df ul/Psf] 5 . nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] cfkm"n] to u/sf] jflif{s sfo{tflnsf cg';f/ l/Qm kbk"lt{sf] lj1fkg÷;"rgf k|sfzg ug]{ ub{5 . o;/L lj1fkg k|sfzg ubf{ l/Qm kb;+Vof, ;]jf, ;d"x tyf pk;d"x, >]0fL jf tx, cfjZos Go"gtd of]Uotf, tflnd jf cg'ej cfjZos kg]{ ePdf ;f] ljifo b/vf:t b:t'/, b/vf:t kmf/fd a'emfpg] Dofb / :yfg, k/LIff x'g] ldlt tyf k/LIffsf] tl/sf / dfWod efiff ;d]t v'nfO{ g]kfnsf] ljleGg efudf k|rf/–k|;f/ x'g ;Sg] u/L cfof]usf] a'n]l6g /fli6«o:t/sf b}lgs ;dfrf/ klqsf, cfof]usf] j]a;fO6, a'n]l6g tyf cfjZostf cg';f/ ;~rf/sf cGo dfWod dfkm{t\ lj1fkg k|sfzg ug]{ jf u/fpg] Joj:yf 5 . cfof]uaf6 lnlvt k/LIff x'g] kbsf xsdf l;+un / bf]Aa/ b:t'/df b/vf:t kmf/fd a'emfpg] cjlw tyf a9'jf x'g] kbsf] xsdf l;+un b:t'/df b/vf:t kmf/fd a'emfpg] cjlw pNn]v ul/Psf] x'G5 . pDd]bjf/n] b/vf:t kmf/fd a'emfpg] cjlwdf cfkm"n] cfj]bg lbg vf]h]sf] kbsf] nflu lgwf{l/t z}lIfs of]Uotf xfl;n ul/;s]sf] x'g'kg]{5 t/ bf]Aa/ b:t'/sf] cjlwnfO{ z}lIfs of]Uotf, tflnd, cg'ej jf ;]jf cjlw u0fgf ug]{ k|of]hgsf nflu lnOFb}g . nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] lghfdtL ;]jf, g]kfn :jf:Yo ;]jf, Joj:yflksf ;+;b ;]jftkm{sf kbx?sf] dfu ;+sngb]lv l;kmfl/z;Ddsf sfo{x? ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . ;'/Iff lgsfo tyf ;+ul7t ;+:yfx?tkm{ g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd o:tf lgsfosf kbx?sf] lnlvt k/LIff ;~rfng ug]{ / lnlvt k/LIffsf] glthf k|sfzg ug]{;Ddsf] sfo{x? ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .

-u7g, ;d"x tyf >]0fL ljefhg / lgo'lQm_ lgodx?df pNn]v ul/Psf] x'G5 . ;'/Iff lgsfox? tyf ;+ul7t ;+:yfx?sf] xsdf ;DalGwt P]g, lgodfjnL, ljlgodfjnLdf :ki6 ul/Psf] x'G5 . s'g}klg lgsfosf] kb l;h{gf x'g] ljlQs} ;f] kbsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ z}lIfs of]Uotf lgwf{/0f ug'{ kb{5, t/ clwsf+z lgsfox?df o:tf] sfo{ oyf;dodf x'g] gu/]sf], z}lIfs of]Uotf ;do ;fk]If ?kdf ;+zf]wg, kl/dfh{g x'g g;s]sf] / s]xL låljwf ;d]t /x]sfn] kbk"lt{ sfo{ sl7g x'g uPsf] cj:yf 5 . o; n]v dfkm{t\ log} ljifox?nfO{ pNn]v ug{ vf]lhPsf] 5 .

40

ljleGg ;]jfdf kbk"lt{sf cfwf/

nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] dfu eO{ cfPsf l/Qm kbx?sf] kbk"lt{sf nflu ;]jf zt{ ;DaGwL k|rlnt sfg"gdf pNn]v ePsf] k|ltzt adf]lhd kb;+Vof lgwf{/0f u/L v'nf k|ltof]lutf tyf a9'jfåf/f kbk"lt{sf nflu lj1fkg k|sfzg ug]{ u/]sf] 5 .

lghfdtL ;]jftkm{ kbk"lt{sf cfwf/ v'nf / jb'jf /x]sf 5g\ . a9'jf cGtu{t cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIffåf/f x'g] a9'jf, sfo{Ifdtfsf] d"NofÍgåf/f x'g] a9'jf, Ho]i7tf / sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍgåf/f x'g] a9'jf /x]sf 5g\ .

:jf:Yo ;]jftkm{ g]kfn :jf:Yo ;]jf P]g, @)%# df Joj:yf eP cg';f/ v'nf k|ltof]lutfåf/f / a9'jf cGtu{t sfo{Ifdtfsf] d"NofÍgåf/f x'g], cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIff, sfo{;Dkfbg tyf cg'ejsf] d"NofÍgaf6 x'g] ;dfof]hgåf/f x'g] a9'jf /x]sf 5g\ .

Joj:yflksf ;+;b ;]jftkm{ Joj:yflksf ;+;b ;lrjfno ;DaGwL P]g, @)^$ df Joj:yf eP cg';f/ kbk"lt{sf cfwf/x? v'nf k|ltof]lutfåf/f / a9'jf cGtu{t sfo{Ifdtfsf] d"NofÍgåf/f, cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIffåf/f / sfo{;Dkfbg tyf cg'ejsf] d"NofÍgaf6 x'g] a9'jfsf] ;dfof]hgåf/f x'g] a9'jf /x]sf 5g\ .

lghfdtL ;]jftkm{ bz j6f ;]jfx? /x]sf 5g\ . /fhkqflÍt / /fhkq cglÍt b'O{ >]0fLx? / >]0fLljxLg kbx?sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . /fhkqf+lst >]0fLtkm{ ljlzi6, k|yd, låtLo, t[tLo / /fhkq cg+lst >]0fLtkm{ k|yd, låtLo, t[tLo, rt'y{ / kfFrf}+ >]0fLx? /x]sf 5g\ . lghfdtL ;]jfdf ljleGg >]0fLx?df ljz]if1, k|fljlws, k|zf;lgs tyf >]0fLljxLg kbx? /xg] Joj:yf 5 .

Joj:yflksf ;+;b ;]jf cGtu{t /fhkqflÍt ljlzi6, k|yd, låtLo, t[tLo / /fhkq cg+lsttkm{ k|yd, låtLo, t[tLo, rt'y{ / kfFrf}+ >]0fLx? /xg] Joj:yf 5 .

g]kfn :jf:Yo ;]jftkm{ txut Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . h; cg';f/ clws[t txdf afx|f}+, P3f/f}+, bzf}+, gjf}+, cf7f}+, ;ftf}+, 5}7f}+ / ;xfostkm{ kfFrf}+, rf}yf], t];|f] txx? /xg] Joj:yf 5 .

pk/f]Qmfg';f/ ljleGg ;]jf, ;d"x, pk;d"xdf pNn]v ul/P cg';f/sf kbx?sf] k"lt{ ;DalGwt P]g, lgodfjnLdf 5'6\ofOPsf] kb;+Vofsf] cfwf/df nf]s ;]jf cfof]uaf6 -g]kfn Gofo ;]jf k|yd / låtLo >]0fLsf kbx? afx]s_ k|ltzt lgwf{/0f u/]adf]lhd x'g] Joj:yf 5 .

;'/Iff lgsfo -g]kfnL ;]gf, g]kfn k|x/L, ;z:q k|x/L an, g]kfn, /fli6«o cg';Gwfg ljefu_ tyf ;+ul7t ;+:yfx?sf] xsdf tt\tt\ lgsfosf ;DalGwt P]g, lgodfjnL / ljlgodfjnLx?df Joj:yf eP adf]lhd v'nf tyf a9'jfaf6 kbk"lt{ ug]{ Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . oL lgsfox?df ;'/Iff lgsfotkm{ >]0fLut÷bHof{gL Joj:yf sfod /x]sf] 5 eg] clwsf+z ;+ul7t ;+:yfx?tkm{ txd"ns Joj:yf sfod /x]sf] kfOG5 .

41

;]jfut cfwf/df z}lIfs of]Uotf ;DaGwL Joj:yf

lghfdtL ;]jf, g]kfn :jf:Yo ;]jf, Joj:yflksf ;+;b ;]jf, ;'/Iff lgsfo -g]kfnL ;]gf, g]kfn k|x/L, ;z:q k|x/L an, g]kfn, /fli6«o cg';Gwfg ljefu_ / ;+ul7t ;+:yfx? cGtu{t /xg] ljleGg ;]jf, ;d"x, pk;d"x tyf kbsf nflu z}lIfs of]Uotf ;DalGwt P]g, lgodfjnLx?df Joj:yf ul/Psf] kfOG5 . s]xL ;]jfx?df o:tf ;]jf, ;d"x tyf >]0fL ljefhg / lgo'lQm lgodx?sf] ;d]t Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . oL lgodx?df ;DalGwt ;]jf, ;d"x, pk;d"x tyf kbx?sf] juL{s/0f tyf ltgsf nflu cfjZos z}lIfs of]Uotf klg lgwf{/0f ul/Psf x'G5g\ . oL ljleGg kbx?sf ;DaGwdf ePsf z}lIfs of]Uotf ;DaGwL Joj:yfx? b]xfo adf]lhd /x]sf] kfOG5 .

-s_ lghfdtL ;]jf

nf]s ;]jf cfof]u P]g, @)^^ sf] kl/R5]b–#, z}lIfs of]Uotf lgwf{/0f, kf7\oqmd tyf cGo Joj:yf cGtu{t bkmf @@ df z}lIfs of]Uotfsf] lgwf{/0f ;DaGwL Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . h;df lghfdtL ;]jfsf] v'nf k|ltof]lutfaf6 k"lt{ ul/g] s'g} kbsf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ Go"gtd z}lIfs of]Uotf ;DalGwt ;]jf, ;d"x tyf pk;d"x ;DaGwL k|rlnt sfg"gdf lgwf{/0f eP adf]lhd x'g]5 eGg] pNn]v 5 . o;/L z}lIfs of]Uotf lgwf{/0f ug'{ cl3 ;]jf, ;d"x tyf pk;d"x ;~rfng ug]{ dGqfno, ;lrjfno jf lgsfon] cfof]usf] k/fdz{ lng'kg]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .

cGo k|rlnt sfg"gdf h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg s'g} pDd]bjf/n] s'g} ljZjljBfno jf lzIf0f ;+:yfaf6 k|fKt u/]sf] z}lIfs of]Uotf lghfdtL ;]jfsf] s'g} kbsf] nflu lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] z}lIfs of]Uotf ;/x 5÷5}g eGg] ;DaGwdf cfjZostf cg';f/ cfof]un] lg0f{o u/] adf]lhd x'g]5 eGg] ;d]t pNn]v 5 .

lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf ^ sf] pkbkmf -%_ df lghfdtL ;]jfsf ;d"x tyf pk;d"xx?df /xg] ljleGg kbx?sf nflu rflxg] Go"gtd of]Uotf tf]lsP adf]lhd x'g] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf & sf] pkbkmf !^ df /fhkqflÍt k|yd tyf låtLo >]0fLsf] v'nf k|ltof]lutfåf/f k"lt{ ul/g] kbsf] nflu rflxg] Go"gtd of]Uotf ;DaGwdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 eg] lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%) sf] lgod !% df lghfdtL ;]jfsf ;d"x tyf pk;d"xx?df /xg] ljleGg kbx?sf] nflu rflxg] Go"gtd of]Uotf ;DalGwt ;]jf, ;d"x ;DaGwL lgodx?df pNn]v eP adf]lhd x'g] Joj:yf 5 .

-v_ g]kfn :jf:Yo ;]jf

g]kfn :jf:Yo ;]jf P]g, @)%# sf] bkmf -&_ sf] pkbkmf -@_ df :jf:Yo ;]jfsf ;d"x tyf pk;d"xx?df /xg] ljleGg txsf kbx?sf nflu rflxg] Go"gtd of]Uotf tf]lsP adf]lhd x'g] Joj:yf 5 eg] g]kfn :jf:Yo ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%% df :jf:Yo ;]jfsf kbx?df v'nf k|ltof]lutf tyf a9'jfåf/f k"lt{ ul/g] kbsf] nflu cfjZos Go"gtd of]Uotf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

42

-u_ Joj:yflksf ;+;b ;]jf

Joj:yflksf ;+;b ;lrjfno ;DaGwL P]g, @)^$ sf] kl/R5]b $ bkmf !& sf] pkbkmf -!#_ df /fhkqflÍt k|yd / låtLo >]0fLsf kbx?sf nflu cfjZos z}lIfs of]Uotfsf] ljifodf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . Joj:yflksf ;+;b ;lrjfno, sd{rf/L k|zf;g lgodfjnL, @)^% df Joj:yflksf ;+;b ;]jfsf /fhkqflÍt / /fhkq cglÍt >]0fLsf ljleGg ;d"x / >]0fLsf kbgfd cg';f/ z}lIfs of]Uotfsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .

-3_ ;'/Iff lgsfo tyf ;+ul7t ;+:yfsf ;]jf

;'/Iff lgsfo tyf ;+ul7t ;+:yftkm{sf ;DalGwt P]g, lgodfjnL / ljlgodfjnLx?df To:tf lgsfosf kbx?sf] nflu cfjZos z}lIfs of]Uotf pNn]v ul/Psf] kfOG5 . sltko ;+ul7t ;+:yfx?sf P]g, lgodfjnLx?df lgwf{l/t tx tyf kbx?sf nflu z}lIfs of]Uotf lgwf{/0f ug]{ clwsf/ ;DalGwt lgsfosf] ;~rfns ;ldltnfO{ ;d]t lbPsf] b]lvG5 .

ljleGg ;]jf, ;d"x, pk;d"xsf] u7g, ;d"x tyf >]0fL ljefhg / lgo'lQm lgodx?

nf]s ;]jf cfof]uaf6 kbk"lt{ x'g] sltko kbx?sf] z}lIfs of]Uotfsf] ljifodf ;DalGwt P]g, lgodfjnLx?df Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'G5 . o;sf cltl/Qm lghfdtL ;]jf cGtu{t /xg] ljleGg ;]jf, ;d"x tyf pk;d"x -u7g, ;d"x tyf >]0fL ljefhg / lgo'lQm_ ;DaGwL lgodx?df klg tt\tt\ ;]jf cGtu{t /xg] ;]jf, ;d"x, pk;d"x, >]0fL÷tx, kbgfd, ltgsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ z}lIfs of]Uotfsf] ljifodf pNn]v ul/Psf x'G5g\ . oL ;]jf, ;d"x ;~rfngsf nflu b]xfo adf]lhd lgodx?sf] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 M

1. g]kfn cfly{s of]hgf tyf tYofÍ ;]jf -u7g, ;d"x tyf >]0fL ljefhg / lgo'lQm_ lgodx?, @)%)2. g]kfn Ol~hlgol/Ë ;]jf -u7g, ;d"x tyf >]0fL ljefhg / lgo'lQm_ lgodx?, @)%!3. g]kfn s[lif ;]jf -u7g, ;d"x tyf >]0fL ljefhg / lgo'lQm_ lgodx?, @)%)4. g]kfn Gofo ;]jf -u7g, ;d"x tyf >]0fL ljefhg, lgo'lQm ;?jf / a9'jf_ lgodx?, @)%!5. dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] ljefusf sd{rf/Lx? ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%)6. g]kfn k//fi6« ;]jf ;DaGwL lgodx?, @)^*7. g]kfn k|zf;g ;]jf -u7g, ;d"x tyf >]0fL ljefhg / lgo'lQm_ lgodx?, @)%)8. g]kfn jg ;]jf -u7g, ;d"x tyf >]0fL ljefhg / lgo'lQm_ lgodx?, @)%)9. g]kfn ljljw ;]jf -u7g, >]0fL ljefhg / lgo'lQm_ lgodx?, @)%)10.g]kfn lzIff ;]jf -u7g, ;d"x tyf >]0fL ljefhg / lgo'lQm_ lgodx?, @)%)

dfly pNn]lvt lgodx?df pNn]lvt z}lIfs of]Uotfx?df ;+zf]wg÷yk36 tyf vf/]hL ubf{ g]kfn ;/sf/ -dGqfno:t/_ sf] lg0f{o cg';f/ g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sfzg ug]{ ul/Psf] kfOG5 .

43

ljleGg ;]jf, ;d"x, pk;d"xsf] ;~rfng / k|zf;g ug]{ lgsfox?

lghfdtL ;]jfdf /xg] ljleGg >]0fLx? cGtu{tsf ;]jfx? ;~rfng ug{sf] nflu tt\tt\ ;]jf cGtu{t ljleGg ;d"x, pk;d"x / kbx? /xg] / g]kfn ;/sf/ sfo{ljefhg lgodfjnL cg';f/ To:tf kbn] ug]{ sfo{x?sf cfwf/df ;]jf, ;d"x, pk;d"xsf] ;~rfng tyf k|zf;gsf nflu 5'§f5'§} dGqfnox?nfO{ tf]lsPsf] kfOG5 . dGqfnox?n] ug'{ kg]{ sfdsf] k|s[lt, tL sfd ;~rfng ug{ cfjZos kg]{ hgzlStsf] of]Uotf lgwf{/0f / j[lQ ljsf; ky ;'lglZrt u/fpg] h:tf sfdsf] nflu ;]jf ;~rfng ug]{ / ;f] ;]jf, ;d"x, pk;d"x cGtu{tsf kbx?sf] l/Qm kbk"lt{sf nflu dfu ug]{, lgo'lQm, kb:yfkgf, ;?jf nufotsf sd{rf/L clen]v Joj:yfkg / k|zf;lgs sfo{x? klg log} lgsfon] ug]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 . g]kfn ;/sf/ sfo{ ljefhg lgodfjnL, @)&@ df pNn]v eP adf]lhd lghfdtL ;]jf cGtu{tsf ;]jf ;~rfng ug]{ dGqfnox? b]xfo adf]lhd /x]sf] b]lvG5 M–

qm=;+= dGqfno÷lgsfo ;~rfng / k|zf;g ug]{ ;]jf, ;d"x, pk;d"x! cy{ g]kfn n]vfk/LIf0f ;]jf

@ pBf]ug]kfn Ol~hlgol/Ë ;]jf cGtu{tsf dfOlgª, s]ldsn Ol~hlgol/Ë, d]6fnlh{sn, d]6«f]nf]hL, s]d]i6«L, lhof]nf]hL ;d"x

# phf{

g]kfn Ol~hlgol/Ë ;]jf cGtu{tsf b]xfosf ;d"x÷pk;d"x• On]lS6«sn Ol~hlgol/Ë ;d"x• d]sflgsn Ol~hlgol/Ë ;d"x • l;len Ol~hlgol/Ë ;d"xsf] xfO8«f]kfj/ pk;d"x

$ sfg"g, Gofo tyf ;+;bLo dfldnf • g]kfn Gofo ;]jf cGtu{tsf ;a} ;d"xx?

• Joj:yflksf ;+;b, Joj:yflksf ;+;b ;lrjfno tyf ;f] ;]jfsf sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jf

% s[lif ljsf; g]kfn s[lif ;]jf cGtu{tsf ;a} ;d"x÷pk;d"x^ k//fi6« g]kfn k//fi6« ;]jf & e"ld;'wf/ tyf Joj:yf g]kfn Ol~hlgol/Ë ;]jfsf] ;e]{ ;d"x * ef}lts k"jf{wf/ tyf oftfoft Joj:yf g]kfn Ol~hlgol/Ë ;]jf, l;len Ol~hlgol/Ë ;d"xsf] xfOj] / /]n

pk;d"x ( jg tyf e" ;+/If0f g]kfn jg ;]jf cGtu{tsf ;a} ;d"x, pk;d"x!) lzIff g]kfn lzIff ;]jf -cfls{of]nf]hL ;d"x afx]s_ ;a} ;d"x, pk;d"x

!! ;+:s[lt, ko{6g tyf gful/s p8\8og

• g]kfn lzIff ;]jf cGtu{t cfls{of]nf]hL ;d"x • g]kfn Ol~hlgol/Ë ;]jf cGtu{t b]xfosf ;d"x pk;d"x• l;len Ol~hlgol/Ë ;d"x cGtu{t Po/kf]6{ pk;d"x • P/f]gl6sn Ol~hlgol/Ë ;d"x • l;len PleP;g ck/];g P08 Ol~hlgol/Ë ;d"x cGtu{tsf ;a} pk;d"x

!@ ;+3Lo dfldnf tyf :yfgLo ljsf; g]kfn Ol~hlgol/Ë ;]jf, l;len Ol~hlgol/Ë ;d"xsf] hg/n pk;d"x

44

!# zx/L ljsf; g]kfn Ol~hlgol/Ë ;]jf, l;len ;d"xsf] ljlN8ª P08 cfls{6]S6

!$ ;fdfGo k|zf;gg]kfn k|zf;g ;]jfg]kfn cfly{s of]hgf tyf tYofÍ ;]jfg]kfn ljljw ;]jf

!% l;FrfO

g]kfn Ol~hlgol/Ë ;]jf cGtu{t b]xfosf ;d"x, pk;d"x • l;len Ol~hlgol/Ë ;d"xsf] Ol/u]zg / xfO8«f]nf]hL pk;d"x • d]6]l/of]nf]hL ;d"x • Pu[ Ol/u]zg Ol~hlgol/Ë

!^ ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/g]kfn Ol~hlgol/Ë ;]jfsf] On]S6«f]lgS; P08 6]lnsDo'lgs]zg Ol~hlgol/Ë ;d"x

!& :jf:Yo g]kfn :jf:Yo ;]jf cGtu{tsf ;a} ;d"x, pk;d"x!* vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO g]kfn Ol~hlgol/Ë ;]jf, l;len Ol~hlgol/Ë ;d"xsf] :oflg6/L

pk;d"x!( kz' ljsf; dGqfno g]kfn s[lif ;]jfsf ;DalGwt ;d"xsf] ;~rfng -e]6]l/g/L /

nfOe:6s kf]N6«L P08 8]/L 8]enkd]G6 ;d"x_

dfly pNn]lvt ;]jfx?sf] xsdf g]kfn k|zf;g ;]jf, g]kfn jg ;]jf, g]kfn lzIff ;]jf, g]kfn s[lif ;]jfsf -u7g, ;d"x tyf >]0fL ljefhg / lgo'lQm_ ;DaGwL lgodx?df ;]jf, ;d"x tyf pk;d"xsf] ;~rfng / k|zf;g ;DaGwdf gLltut s'/fx?df ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno;Fu ;dGjo /fvL ug]{ eGg] pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

z}lIfs of]Uotf ;DaGwdf b]vf k/]sf ;d:ofx?

• pDd]bjf/x?n] k/LIff lbg] ljleGg ;]jf, ;d"x, pk;d"x cGtu{t /xg] sltko kbx?sf] z}lIfs of]Uotf w]/} cufl8 lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] kfO{G5 . pQm z}lIfs of]Uotf lgwf{/0f kZrft\ ;DalGwt ljifodf w]/} lsl;dsf ljifoj:t'x?sf] ljsf; eO;s]sf], gLlt, P]g / lgodfjnL cflbdf ;d]t kl/jt{g cfO{ ;s]sf] cj:yfdf klg z}lIfs of]Uotf k"g/fjnf]sg ug]{ ul/Psf] kfOFb}g .

• z}lIfs of]Uotf lgwf{/0f ubf{ æjfÆ æ;f] ;/xÆ æ/Æ h:tf låljwfk"0f{ cy{ nfUg] u/L lgwf{/0f ug]{ ul/Psf] cj:yfdf pDd]bjf/nfO{ b/vf:t lbg] ;dodf klg cGof}n x'g] u/]sf] b]lvG5 eg] b/vf:t :jLs[t ug]{ qmddf klg of] cGof}ntfsf] l:ytL sfod} /x]sf] cj:yf 5 .

• lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( df rf}yf] ;+zf]wg eO;s]sf] 5 eg] lgodfjnL, @)%) df afx|f} ;+zf]wg ;d]t eO;s]sf] 5 . o;df ePsf ;+zf]wgn] ;]jf, ;d"x ;~rfng ug]{ lgodfjnLdf ePsf Joj:yfx?nfO{ klg kl/jt{g u/]sf 5g\ . ;DalGwt ;]jf, ;d"x ;~rfng ug]{ lgodfjnLdf ljBdfg Joj:yf P]g, lgodfjnLaf6 s6f}tL eO{ ;s]sf] cj:yf 5 t/ P]g, lgodfjnLdf ePsf] ;+zf]wg cg';f/ To:tf ;]jf, ;d"x u7g ;~rfng ;DaGwL lgodfjnLsf Joj:yfx?df kl/jt{g÷;+zf]wg ug]{ ljifodf ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfox?sf] Wofgfsif{0f x'g ;s]sf] kfOFb}g . lgwf{/0f ePsf z}lIfs of]Uotfdf

45

klg of] ;d:of /x]sf] 5 . h:t} M g]kfn lzIff ;]jf -u7g, ;d"x tyf >]0fL ljefhg / lgo'lQm_ lgodx?, @)%) sf] lgod ( df a9'jf x'gsf] lgldQ /fhkqflÍt kbx?sf] xsdf lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%) sf] lgod *! sf] pklgod # adf]lhdsf] z}lIfs of]Uotf / /fhkq cglÍt kbx?sf] xsdf tt\tt\ kbx?df ;]jf k|j]zsf] nflu lgwf{l/t z}lIfs of]Uotf cfjZos kg]{5 eGg] pNn]v 5 t/ lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%) sf] lgod *! bf];|f] ;+zf]wgåf/f vf/]h eO;s]sf] 5 . o:tf] cBfjlws gx'g] ;d:of cGo ;]jf -u7g, ;d"x tyf >]0fL ljefhg / lgo'lQm_ lgodx?df klg ljBdfg b]lvG5 .

• sltko ;]jf, ;d"xsf] z}lIfs of]Uotf lgwf{/0fdf >]0fLut ?kdf Ps¿ktf b]lvPsf] 5}g . h:t} M g]kfn k|zf;g ;]jf, /fh:j ;d"xsf] /fhkqflÍt t[tLo >]0fL, zfvf clws[t jf ;f] ;/x kbsf nflu dfGotf k|fKt ljZjljBfnoaf6 h'g;'s} ljifodf :gfts tx jf ;f] ;/x pQL0f{ u/]sf] egL z}lIfs of]Uotf tf]lsPsf] 5 . t/ ;f]xL ;]jf, ;d"xsf] /fhkq cglÍt k|yd >]0fL, gfoa ;'Aaf jf ;f] ;/xsf] kbdf ;]jf k|j]zsf] nflu dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f ;+:yfaf6 Joj:yfkg, jfl0fHozf:q jf sfg"gdf k|jL0ftf k|df0fkq jf cy{zf:q, hgk|zf;g, ul0ft jf tYofÍ zf:qdWo] s'g} Ps d"n ljifo lnO{ k|jL0ftf k|df0fkq tx jf ;f] ;/x pQL0f{ x'g'kg]{ z}lIfs of]Uotf tf]lsPsf] 5 . To;} u/L /fhkqflÍt låtLo >]0fLsf] v'nftkm{sf] nflu pDd]bjf/ x'g dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f ;+:yfaf6 Joj:yfkg, jfl0fHozf:q, Jofkf/ k|zf;g, sfg"g, cy{zf:q, hgk|zf;g, ul0ft jf tYofÍzf:qdf :gftsf]Q/ pQL0f{ ePsf] x'g' kg]{5 eGg] pNn]v 5 . o;n] ubf{ clws[t :t/df pNn]lvt ljifo afx]s cGo ljifo lnO{ ;]jf k|j]z u/]sf] sd{rf/Ln] cfkm"n] ;]jf k|j]z u/]sf] ljifodf :gftsf]Q/ u/] tfklg ;f]xL ;]jf, ;d"xsf] dflyNnf] kbsf] v'nf k|ltof]lutfdf pDd]bjf/ x'g gkfpg] sf/0fn] To:tf sd{rf/Lsf] j[lQ ljsf;df k|efj kl//x]sf] 5 . t;y{ o:tf ;]jf, ;d"xsf kbdf Ps?ktf x'g] u/L z}lIfs of]Uotf lgwf{/0f ug'{kb{5 .

• lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;]jf, ;d"x ;~rfng ug]{ lgsfox?df cfkm" dftxt s] slt ;]jf, ;d"x, pk;d"x / kbx? kb{5g\ eGg] olsg tYofÍ / 8f6fj]z cwfjlws x'g ;s]sf] b]lvb}g . sltko kbx?sf] ;'? kb ;+zf]wg eO{ csf]{ kb sfod ePsf] cj:yf 5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf z}lIfs of]Uotf olsg, ldnfg ug]{ tyf j[lQ ljsf;sf nflu Joj:yfkg ug{] sfo{df kof{Kt Wofg k'¥ofOPsf] kfOFb}g .

• ljleGg lgsfox?df l;h{gf x'g] gofF kbx?sf] ;DaGwdf kbx? l;h{gf ug]{ t/ kbk"lt{sf nflu dfu ubf{ ;d]t To:tf kbx?sf] z}lIfs of]Uotf lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] gx'g] ub{5 . Psflt/ lj1fkg x'g] ;dodf dfq l9nf] u/L dfu k|fKt x'g], csf]{lt/ z}lIfs of]Uotf lgwf{/0f gul/Psf kbx?sf] kbk"lt{sf nflu dfu x'g] x'Fbf o:tf kbx?nfO{ lj1fkgdf n}hfg ;lsFb}g . lsgsL lj1fkg kZrft\ b/vf:t lng] klxnf] cfwf/ g} pDd]bjf/sf] z}lIfs of]Uotf xf] . o:tf kbx?sf] kf7\oqmd lgwf{/0f klg ;dodf x'g] u/]sf] kfOb+}g / o;af6 sd{rf/L cfk"lt{ ;dodf ug{ g;sL ;]jf k|jfxdf / /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ k|fKt ug]{ gful/ssf] df}lns xsdf g} c;/ kg{ hfg] b]lvG5 .

46

• lgwf{/0f ul/Psf sltko kbsf z}lIfs of]Uotfx? g]kfndf k9fO{ g} gx'g] vfnsf /x]sf] eGg] klg pDd]bjf/x?sf] u'gf;f] /x]sf] kfO{G5 .

• lgwf{l/t z}lIfs of]UotfnfO{ dfkg ug]{ cfwf/ :ki6 gePsf] cj:yf /x]sf] klg 5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu g]kfn jg ;]jf cGtu{t >]0fLljxLg dfx't kbsf nflu ;fwf/0f n]vk9 ug{ hfGg] eGg] of]Uotf /x]sf] 5 . o:tf] of]Uotfsf] dfkg cfwf/df s] x'g] eGg] :ki6 /x]sf] kfOFb}g .

• v'nftkm{ lnlvt k/LIffsf] dfWodaf6 kbk"lt{ x'g] lj1fkgx?af6 kbk"lt{ ubf{ sltko kbx?df lgwf{l/t ;DalGwt ljifosf cg'ej jf tflnd k|fKt eGg] pNn]v ul/Psf] kfO{G5 . t/ tflndnfO{ kl/eflift ubf{ s], s:tf], slt cjlwsf] eGg] pNn]v ePsf] kfOFb}g . o;af6 Ps lbgsf] tflnd b]lv dlxgf}+;Dd tflnd lnPsf]nfO{ ;dfg Jojxf/ u/L b/vf:t lng'kg]{ cj:yf cfpFb5 .

• g]kfndf :jf:Yo ;]jf P]g, @)%# sf] cg';"rL–^ df v'nf k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIffåf/f / cg';"rL–& df cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIffåf/f k"lt{ ul/g] pQm ;]jf cGtu{tsf ;d"x, pk;d"x / kbx?sf nflu cfjZos kg]{ z}lIfs of]Uotf pNn]v ul/Psf 5g\ . t/ ;f] ;]jf, ;d"xdf lgoldt kbk"lt{ ul//xg'kg]{ sltko kbx? -h:t} x]Ny OG:k]S;g ;d"x, ;ftf}+ tx, hg:jf:Yo clws[t, hg/n gl;{ª ;d"x, ;ftf}+ tx, gl;{ª clws[t_ sf z}lIfs of]Uotf g} lgwf{/0f ul/Psf 5}gg\ . dGqfno, lgsfoaf6 l/Qm kbk"lt{sf nflu dfu eO{ cfpFbf kbut ?kdf 5'§f5'§} pNn]v gu/L z}lIfs of]Uotf cg';"rLdf pNn]v eP cg';f/ egL v'nfOPsf] x'G5 . t/ ;f] cg';"rLdf sltko l/Qm kbsf] z}lIfs of]Uotf gePsf] cj:yfdf o:tf kbx? lj1fkg ePdf pDd]bjf/nfO{ b/vf:t lbg] / b/vf:t lng] lgsfon] b/vf:t ;+sng ug]{ cfwf/ g} /xFb}g . a]sf/df sfg"gL k|lqmof dfq a9\g] b]lvG5 .

• l/Qm kbx? /x]sf ;DalGwt lgsfox?n] kbk"lt{sf nflu dfu ubf{ nf]s ;]jf cfof]u lgodfjnL,

@)^& sf] cg';"rL ! -cfof]usf] j]a;fO6 www.psc.gov.np df ;d]t pknAw 5_ df pNn]v ePsf] dfu kmf/fddf ;Dk"0f{ ljj/0fx? :ki6 ?kdf e/L k7fpg' kg]{ Joj:yf 5 . pQm dfu kmf/fddf l/Qm kbsf] qm=;+=, gfd, >]0fL÷tx, ;]jf, ;d"x, pk;d"x, :yfoL÷c:yfoL, v'nf tyf a9'jfsf] nflu cfjZos z}lIfs of]Uotf, kbn] ug'{kg]{ ;+lIfKt sfo{ljj/0f / pDd]bjf/n] ;'?df sfd ug'{kg]{ lhNnf, cl3Nnf] b'O{ cf=j=df dfu eO{ k""lt{ x'g afFsL kb;+Vof, o; cf=j=sf] dfu, gofF kb l;h{gf jf l/Qm eO{ dfu ul/Psf] ;+Vof, s"n dfukb ;+Vof / cGo v'nfpg' kg]{ ljifosf] ;d]tsf] nflu s}lkmot u/L bzj6f sf]ndx? /x]sf 5g\ . pk/f]Qm ljj/0fx? :ki6 ?kdf e/L sfof{no k|d'vsf] b:tvt ;d]t u/fO{ ;DalGwt P]g, lgodfjnLdf Joj:yf eP cg';f/sf] cjlwdf cfof]usf ;DalGwt sfof{nox?÷If]qLo lgb]{zgfnox?df dfu k7fO{;Sg' kb{5 . t/ ;DalGwt lgsfox?n] l/Qm kbx?sf] dfu ubf{ pQm ljj/0f ge/L k7fpg], e/] tfklg z}lIfs of]Uotf ;DaGwL dxndf …;DalGwt P]g, lgodfjnLdf pNn]v eP cg';f/Ú h:tf jfSof+zx? pNn]v u/L dfu u/L k7fpg] ul/Psf] kfOG5 . z}lIfs of]Uotf lgwf{/0f ug]{, ;+zf]wg÷vf/]hL ug]{, o;sf] clen]v /xg] lgsfoaf6 ;f] pNn]v eO{ gcfpg] / nf]s ;]jf cfof]udf k|To]s ;]jf, ;d"x, pk;d"x tyf kbx?sf] z}lIfs of]Uotf lgwf{/0f,

47

;+zf]wg, kl/dfh{g nufotsf ljifodf clen]v g/xg] x'Fbf lj1fkg k|sfzgsf] ;dodf cToGt sl7gfO{ x'g], kl/dfh{g ePsf z}lIfs of]Uotfx? ;d]t hfgsf/L geO{ k'/fgf] z}lIfs of]Uotfdf ;d]t lj1fkg k|sfzg x'g ;Sg] h:tf hf]lvdx? a9\b} uPsf 5g\ .

• txut k|0ffnL nfu" ePsf] g]kfn :jf:Yo ;]jfdf w]/} lsl;dsf ;d"x, pk;d"x tyf kbgfdx? /x]sf 5g\ . oL ljljwtf ;Fu;Fu} z}lIfs of]Uotf ;DaGwdf klg TolQs} ljljwtf / ;d:ofx? /x]sf 5g\ .

• cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIffåf/f kbk"lt{sf nflu ;fdfGotof xfn sfo{/t kbdf k|fKt Go"gtd z}lIfs of]Uotfaf6 g} a9'jfsf] nflu pDd]bjf/ x'g kfpg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . sltko cj:yfdf ;]jf k|j]zsf] nflu tf]lsPsf] of]UotfeGbf Ps tx÷>]0fL d'lgsf] kbdf lgwf{l/t of]Uotf klg eGg] ul/Psf] kfOG5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf ;]jf k|j]zsf] nflu tf]lsPsf] of]Uotfsf ;DaGwdf ;f] kbdf v'nf k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIffåf/f k|j]z ug{sf nflu tf]lsPsf] of]Uotf jf a9'jfåf/f k"lt{ ug{ b/vf:t lbg tf]lsPsf] of]Uotf eGg] :ki6 cfwf/ lgwf{/0f ePsf] kfOFb}g . To;}n] ;]jf k|j]zsf] nflu tf]lsPsf] of]Uotf eGgfn] s] xf] eGg] ljifonfO{ kl/eflift ug'{ cfjZos b]lvG5 . a9'jf k|of]hgsf] nflu z}lIfs of]Uotfsf] c+s u0fgf x'g] ljifodf t of] cGof}ntf cem ;d:ofhgs /x]sf] 5 / ;+ul7t ;+:yfx?df of] ;d:of cem Jofks /x]sf] cj:yf 5 .

• g]kfn :jf:Yo ;]jf cGtu{tsf kbx?sf] ;DaGwdf v'nf tyf cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIffåf/f kbk"lt{ x'g] gjf}+ / P3f/f}+ txsf clwsf+z kbx?sf] z}lIfs of]Uotf ;dfg lsl;dsf] /x]sf] 5 . b'j} txsf nflu Pp6} z}lIfs of]Uotfn] txut leGgtfnfO{ Gofo ug{ ;s]sf] h:tf] b]lvFb}g .

• cfkm" sfo{/t kbsf] Go"gtd z}lIfs of]Uotfaf6 a9'jfsf] nflu ;DefJo pDd]bjf/x?n] cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutfsf] dfWodaf6 kbk"lt{ x'g] kbdf pDd]bjf/ x'g kfpg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] rf}yf] ;+zf]wgaf6 P]gsf] bkmf -!$s_ df P]gsf] bkmf & sf] pkbkmf ! df pNn]lvt cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIffåf/f a9'jf ul/g] /fhkqf+lst låtLo >]0fL;Ddsf] kbdf ;f] kbsf nflu tf]lsP adf]lhdsf] ;]jf cjlw / of]Uotf k'u]sf o; P]g, Joj:yflksf–;+;b ;lrjfno ;DaGwL P]g, @)^$ / g]kfn :jf:Yo ;]jf P]g, @)%# adf]lhd ;]jfdf sfo{/t ;a} sd{rf/L ;DefJo pDd]bjf/ x'g]5g\ eGg] pNn]v 5 . ;fy} lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%) sf] lgod *& df cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutfåf/f x'g] a9'jf k/LIffdf pDd]bjf/Lsf] Joj:yf ctu{t cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIffdf a9'jfsf] nflu lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf @! adf]lhdsf] ;]jf cjlw / z}lIfs of]Uotf k'u]sf /fhkqflÍt låtLo >]0fL;Ddsf] kbsf] nflu a9'jf x'g] kbeGbf Ps >]0fL d'lgsf] kbdf lghfdtL ;]jf, Joj:yflksf ;+;b ;lrjfno ;DaGwL P]g, @)^$ adf]lhdsf] ;]jf / g]kfn :jf:Yo ;]jf P]g, @)%# adf]lhdsf] ;]jfdf sfo{/t sd{rf/L eGg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . oxfF klg ;f] kbsf nflu tf]lsP adf]lhdsf] of]Uotf v'nf jf cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutftkm{af6 pDd]bjf/ x'g kfpg] of]Uotf eGg] låljwf sfod} /x]sf] kfOG5 . cfkm" sfo{/t kbaf6 pDd]bjf/ x'Fbf z}lIfs of]Uotfsf] ;d:of /xg] cj:yf 5 eg] cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIffdf cfkm" sfo{/t kbsf] Go"gtd of]Uotfaf6 g} pDd]bjf/ x'g kfpg] Joj:yfn] b/vf:t ;+sng, :jLs[ltsf qmddf 7"nf] ;d:of /x]sf] 5 .

48

• lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf & sf] pkbkmf -!(_ df o; bkmfdf h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg pkbkmf -!_ sf] v08 -5_ / -h_ adf]lhd v'nf k|ltof]lutfåf/f k"lt{ ul/g] /fhkqf+lst låtLo / k|yd >]0fLsf] kbsf] nflu rflxg] Go"gtd of]Uotf ;DalGwt ljifodf :gftsf]Q/ pkflw k|fKt u/]sf] / s'g} ;/sf/L ;]jf jf k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd btf{ ePsf] ;+ul7t ;+:yf jf cGt/f{li6«o ;+3, ;+:yfsf] clws[t:t/sf] kbdf /fhkqflÍt låtLo >]0fLsf] kbsf] xsdf kfFr jif{ / /fhkqflÍt k|yd >]0fLsf] kbsf] xsdf ;ft jif{sf] cg'ej k|fKt u/]sf] x'g'kg]{5 eGg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 eg] ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf @$3 sf] pkbkmf -#_ df & sf] pbkmf -!_ sf] v08 -5_ / -h_ adf]lhd v'nf k|ltof]lutfåf/f k"lt{ x'g] /fhkqf+lst låtLo / k|yd >]0fLsf] kbsf] lgldQ lgwf{l/t Go"gtd z}lIfs of]Uotf afx]s /fhkqf+lst låtLo >]0fL eGbf dflysf] kbdf a9'jfsf] nflu klg /fhkqf+lst t[tLo >]0fLsf] ;]jf k|j]zsf] nflu lgwf{l/t Go"gtd z}lIfs of]UotfnfO{ Go"gtd z}lIfs of]Uotf dflgg]5 eGg] Joj:yf klg ul/Psf] 5 .

• sltko P]gx?df ;+zf]wg x'g] t/ lgodfjnLx?df ;f]xL cg';f/ ;+zf]wg gx'g] ePsf]n] P]gdf ;+zf]wg ePsf] Joj:yfnfO{ Jojxf/df sfof{Gjog ug{ sl7gfO{ x'g] / o:tf] cj:yf jiff}+{;Dd /lx/xg] cj:yf /x]sf] 5 . o;af6 P]gdf ;+zf]wg eO;s]sf] x'g], lgodfjnLdf k'/fg} Joj:yf sfod /xg], P]gdf ;+zf]wg ePsf] gofF Joj:yfnfO{ lgodfjnLdf ljBdfg k'/fg} cj:yf cg';f/ cfkm" cg's"n k|of]u ug]{ hf]lvd /x]sf] b]lvG5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu g]kfn :jf:Yo ;]jftkm{ g]kfn :jf:Yo ;]jf P]gsf] rf}yf] ;+zf]wg -@)^(_ sf] bkmf * sf] pkbkmf -!_ df a9'jftkm{ x'g] kbk"lt{sf cfwf/ sfo{Ifdtfsf] d"NofÍg cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIff /x]sf]df ;f]nfO{ sfo{Ifdtfsf] d"NofÍgåf/f cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIffåf/f sfo{;Dkfbg tyf cg'ejsf d"NofÍgåf/f x'g] ;dfof]hgåf/f egL Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . t/ :jf:Yo ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%% df ;f] cg's"n ;+zf]wg x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . kfFrf}+ / ;ftf}+ txdf Joj:yf ul/Psf] sfo{;Dkfbg tyf cg'ejsf] d"NofÍgaf6 x'g] ;dfof]hgåf/f x'g] a9'jfsf cfwf/x? to ePsf 5}gg\ .

• lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)%) sf] lgod *!s z}lIfs of]Uotfsf] k|dfl0ft k|ltlnlk k]z ug'{kg]{ / *!v df Joj:yf ul/Psf] z}lIfs of]Uotfsf] k|df0fkqsf] k|df0fLs/0f ug]{ Joj:yf Jojxf/df sfof{Gjog x'g ;s]sf] kfOFb}g .

• v'nf ljZjljBfnosf] cjwf/0ff sfof{Gjogdf cfO;s]sf] 5 . cgnfOg dfWodaf6 cWoog u/L z}lIfs of]Uotfsf] k|df0fkq lng] qmd klg a9\b} uPsf] 5 . o:tf of]Uotfx?sf ;DaGwdf klg olsg cfwf/x? to gePsf] x'Fbf b/vf:t lbg]÷lng]b]lv l;kmfl/z;Dd ;d:ofx? /x]sf 5g\ .

• ;+ul7t ;+:yfx?sf xsdf sltko ;]jf, ;d"x, pk;d"xx?nfO{ juL{s/0f gul/Psf], cfkm"v';L ;d"xs[t jf juL{s/0f ug]{ / Ps ;d"x jf kbdf sfd u/L /x]sf] sd{rf/LnfO{ csf]{ ;d"x jf kbdf a9'jf ug]{, a9'jfs} nflu ;d"x kl/jt{g ug]{ kl/kf6L ;d]t /x]sf]n] z}lIfs of]Uotfsf] ljifo lgs} k]lrnf] ag]sf] kfOG5 . ;+ul7t ;+:yfx?sf sd{rf/L ;]jf, zt{ ;DaGwL P]g, lgodfjnLx?sf

49

w]/} Joj:yfx? lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, lgodfjnLnfO{ g} cfwf/ dfg]/ lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] x'Fbf lghfdtL ;]jfdf /x]sf z}lIfs of]Uotfsf w]/}h;f] ;d:of o:tf lgsfodf klg /x]sf] b]lvG5 . sltko ;+ul7t ;+:yfx?df kbk"lt{ x'g] kbx?df lghfdtL ;]jfdf /x]sf >]0fL÷kb ;/xsf z}lIfs of]Uotf ;dfg x'g] u/L lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 eg] sltkodf lghfdtL ;]jfdf /x]sf ;dfg >]0fL÷kbsf nflu lghfdtL ;]jfdf lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] eGbf dflyNnf] jf tNnf] :t/sf] z}lIfs of]Uotf lgwf{/0f ul/Psf 5g\ .

• dGqfnox? vf/]h x'g], Pscfk;df ufleg], Pp6f dGqfno ljefhg u/L b'O{j6f agfpg] sfo{ eO/xg] x'Fbf sd{rf/L dfu ubf{ Pp6f dGqfno, l;kmfl/; ubf{ Pp6f dGqfno 'g] o;sf] hfgsf/L ;dodf g} gx'g] x'Fbf ;]jf, ;d"x ;~rfng / k|zf;gsf] ljifodf klg cGof}ntf x'g] u/]sf] 5 .

;dfwfgsf nflu ug'{kg]{ k|of;x?

• ;]jf, ;d"x ;~rfng ug]{ lgsfox?n] cfkm" / cfkm" dftxt /x]sf lgsfox?sf kbx? lghfdtL lstfavfgfdf btf{ eP÷gePsf, tL kbx?df sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;d"x, pk;d"x, kbut ljj/0f, z}lIfs of]Uotf, kf7\oqmd to eP÷gePsf] ljifo, z}lIfs of]Uotf tyf kf7\oqmddf ;d;fdlos kl/jt{g, ;+zf]wg ug'{kg]{ ljifox? b'?:t / cBfjlws u/L clen]v /fVg'kb{5 . x/]s lgsfodf

sd{rf/L Joj:yfkg ;"rgf k|0ffnL (Personnel Managemnt Information System) :yfkgf u/L cBfjlws ug'{kb{5 .

• l/Qm kbk"lt{sf] nflu dfu u/L k7fpFbf lgwf{l/t ;dodf g} k7fpg], dfu kmf/fddf pNn]lvt ljj/0fx? :ki6 ?kdf pNn]v u/]/ k7fpg], ljBdfg z}lIfs of]Uotf kb cflbdf s]xL kl/jt{g ePsf] eP dfu ljj/0f k7fpFbf ;f] ;d]t pNn]v u/]/ k7fpg] ug'{ kb{5 .

• ;]jf, ;d"x, pk;d"x ;~rfng ug]{ lgsfox?n] ;do ;dodf lgwf{/0f ul/Psf z}lIfs of]Uotfx?sf] k|sfzg agfO{ ;'/lIft tj/n] /fVg] ug'{kb{5 . z}lIfs of]Uotfdf ePsf] ;+zf]wg tyf vf/]hLsf ljifodf nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] ;lrjfnonfO{ klg tTsfn hfgsf/L u/fpg] ;f] ;DaGwL sfuhft pknAw u/fpg] ug'{kb{5 .

• lghfdtL ;]jf P]g tyf lgodfjnL, g]kfn :jf:Yo ;]jf P]g tyf lgodfjnL, Joj:yflksf ;+;b ;lrjfno ;DaGwL P]g, @)^$, ;'/Iff lgsfo tyf ;+ul7t ;+:yfx? ;DaGwL P]g, lgodfjnL, lgb]{lzsf h:tf sfo{ljlwx?df Joj:yf ePsf ljifox?df ;+zf]wg x'Fbf o;n] s]–s:tf ljifodf tyf

cGo P]g, lgodfjnLdf c;/ u/]sf] 5 ;f]sf] k|efj cWoog u/L o:tf ljifoj:t'nfO{ Compatible agfpg' kb{5 .

• z}lIfs of]Uotf lgwf{/0f ubf{ b/vf:t lbg] pDd]bjf/ tyf b/vf:t lng] sd{rf/L b'j}n] Pp6} tl/sfn] a'‰g] :ki6 x'g'kb{5 . bf]xf]/f], ax'cy{ nfUg], c:ki6 …jfÚ, …;f] ;/xÚ h:tf jfSof+zx? /fvL o;nfO{ hl6n agfpg' x'Fb}g .

50

• ;]jf k|j]zsf] nflu tf]lsPsf] Go"gtd of]Uotf eGgfn] ;f] kbsf nflu ;]jf k|j]zsf] nflu tf]lsPsf] v'nftkm{sf] jf cGo s] z}lIfs of]Uotf xf] eGg] ljifodf :ki6 kl/efiff x'g'kb{5 eg] tflnd cfjZos kg]{ kbx?df o:tf] tflnd, olt cjlwsf] eGg] :ki6 x'g'kb{5 . ;fy} v'nftkm{sf kbx?df s]xL clt g} k|of]ufTds ljifo afx]s cGoyf cg'ej dfu ug'{ Tolt ;fGble{s b]lvFb}g .

• g]kfn :jf:Yo ;]jftkm{sf gjf}+ / P3f/f}+ txsf kbsf nflu Pp6} z}lIfs of]Uotf tf]lsg' ;fdfGotof ;fGble{s dflgFb}g . txut ljlzi6tfsf cfwf/df klg ljljwtf x'g' cfjZos b]lvG5 .

• ;DalGwt ;]jf ;~rfng / k|zf;g ug]{ ;DalGwt lgsfox?n] cfkm"n] ;~rfng ug]{ ;]jf,;d"x, pk;d"xsf kbx?sf] b/aGbLsf] oyfy{ ljj/0f cBfjlws ub}{ hfg] / z}lIfs of]Uotf to gePsf kbx?nfO{ ;dodf g} klxrfg u/L lj1fkg x'g'k"j{ g} ltgsf] z}lIfs of]Uotf lgwf{/0f ug'{ cfjZos b]lvG5 . gofF l;h{gf ePsf kbx?sf] kb btf{ x'g] ljlQs} z}lIfs of]Uotf lgwf{/0f ug]{, kbk"lt{sf qmddf cfjZos kg]{ kf7\oqmd lgdf{0fsf] nflu nf]s ;]jf cfof]udf n]vL k7fpg] ug'{kb{5 .

• ;]jf, ;d"x, pk;d"x ;~rfng ug]{ sltko dGqfnox? xfn Pscfk;df cnu eO{;s]sf] cj:yf 5 . o; ;Gbe{df ;]jf, ;d"x, pk;d"x ;~rfng / k|zf;g ug]{ sfo{ ;DaGwdf ;DalGwt ;]jfsf] k|zf;g ug]{ eGg] pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . o:tf] ljifodf :ki6 x'g'kg]{ b]lvG5 .

• ;+ul7t ;+:yfx?df klg kbk"lt{sf nflu lnlvt k/LIff ;~rfngsf] sfo{ nf]s ;]jf cfof]uaf6 g} x'g] ePsf]n] ;s];Dd lghfdtL ;]jf / ;+ul7t ;+:yftkm{sf ;dfg >]0fL tyf kbx?sf nflu Ps} lsl;dsf] z}lIfs of]Uotf lgwf{/0f ul/g' ;fGble{s b]lvG5 .

• z}lIfs of]Uotf lgwf{/0f Pj+ cBfjlws ug]{ qmddf z}lIfs If]qdf b]vf k/]sf gofF ljifoj:t'x? / cWoogsf If]qx?nfO{ ;d]t b[li6ut ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 .

lgisif{

lghfdtL ;]jf, :jf:Yo ;]jf, Joj:yflksf ;+;b ;]jf, ;'/Iff lgsfo Pj+ ;+ul7t ;+:yfx?sf] l/Qm kbk"lt{ ug]{ k|d'v cfwf/x? v'nf tyf a9'jf /x]sf 5g\ . b'j} cfwf/x?af6 kbk"lt{ ubf{ ;DalGwt kbsf nflu pDd]bjf/ x'g z}lIfs of]Uotfsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . z}lIfs of]Uotf pDd]bjf/sf] j}wflgstf dfkg ug]{ k|d'v cf}hf/ xf] . of] cToGt dxTjk"0f{, ;+j]bgzLn / ljrf/0fLo ljifo klg xf] . nf]s ;]jf cfof]uaf6 kbk"lt{ x'g] ljleGg >]0fL÷tx cGtu{t ;]jfx?sf ljleGg ;d"x, pk;d"x, kbx?sf z}lIfs of]Uotf ;DalGwt P]g, lgodfjnL tyf lgodx?df pNn]v ul/Psf 5g\ . tyflk sltko kbx?sf] z}lIfs of]Uotf ;dodf g} lgwf{/0f x'g] u/]sf] kfOFb}g . lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] z}lIfs of]Uotf klg c:ki6 /xg], låljwfk"0f{ cy{ nfUg] k|s[ltsf] x'g], ;do;fk]If ;+zf]wg gx'g] cj:yf ljBdfg 5 . lgwf{l/t kbx?sf] z}lIfs of]Uotf lgwf{/0f ug{sf nflu ;]jf, ;d"x ;~rfng tyf k|zf;g ug]{ lgsfox?÷dGqfnox? g} lhDd]jf/ x'g] x'G5g\, tyflk nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] ;d]t o;df k/fdz{bfoL e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5 . z}lIfs of]Uotfdf /x]sf hl6ntfn] kbk"lt{sf qmddf b/vf:t lbg] / b/vf:t lng] b'j} k|ToIf c;/ kg]{ / cGttf]uTjf

51

kbk"lt{ k|lqmofdf g} c;/ kg{ hfg] ePsfn] o;nfO{ uDeL/ ?kdf lng' kb{5 . lgsfout / ;]jfut ?kdf z}lIfs of]Uotfdf w]/} ;d:ofx? /x]sf 5g\, ltgnfO{ ;do;fk]If ?kdf ;+zf]wg, ;'wf/ ub}{ hfg' kb{5 . o;df ;]jf, ;d"x ;~rfng ug]{ ;DalGwt lgsfox? tyf nf]s ;]jf cfof]u b'j}n] cxd e"ldsf v]Ng' kg]{ cfjZostf b]lvG5 .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L

• g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg• g]kfn ;/sf/ sfo{ljefhg lgodfjnL, @)&@• nf]s ;]jf cfof]u P]g, @)^^ tyf lgodfjnL, @)^&• lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( tyf lgodfjnL, @)%)• :jf:Yo ;]jf P]g, @)%# tyf lgodfjnL, @)%%• Joj:yflksf ;+;b ;lrjfno ;DaGwL P]g, @)^$ tyf lgodfjnL, @)^%• nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf ljleGg jif{sf jflif{s k|ltj]bgx?• ljleGg ;]jf, ;d"x -u7g, ;d"x tyf >]0fL ljefhg / lgo'lQm_ lgodx? • ljleGg ;'/Iff lgsfo tyf ;+ul7t ;+:yfx? ;DaGwL P]g, lgodfjnLx? .

52

j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf] cj:yf / ;'wf/sf If]q

— /d]z cof{n*

;f/f+z

g]kfn h:tf] clt sd ljsl;t /fi6«sf] nflu cfly{s ljsf;sf] dxTjk"0f{ kIfsf] ?kdf j}b]lzs /f]huf/LnfO{ lng] ul/G5 . j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf uPsf g]kfnLn] k7fPsf] ljk|]if0fsf sf/0f g]kfndf ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf] hg;ª\Vofsf] cg'kft qmdzM 36\b} uPsf] 5 eg] lzIff, :jf:Yo h:tf If]qdf ;'wf/ cfPsf] 5 . To:t} ljk|]if0f d'n'ssf] ljb]zL d'b|f cfh{g ug]{] k|d'v ;|f]t ag]sf] 5 . s'n ufx{:y pTkfbg;Fu ljk|]if0f cfk|jfxsf] cg'kftsf] lx;fan] g]kfn ljZjdf t];|f] :yfgdf 5 . j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ln] cfly{s ljsf;df ;xof]u u/] klg o;n] ubf{ kl/jf/df ljv08g cfPsf], ufFpsf hUuf hldg vfnL /x]sf], b]zdf o'jfzlQmsf] cefj ePsf] nufotsf c;/x? b]vf k/]sf 5g\ . s]xLsf nflu j}b]lzs /f]huf/ /x/sf] ljifo eP tfklg jt{dfg cj:yfdf clwsf+z g]kfnLsf nflu of] afWotf aGg k'u]sf] 5 . o; n]vdf j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf] kl/ro, j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf hfg] sf/0f, j}b]lzs /f]huf/L ;DaGwL ePsf Joj:yf, j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf] jt{dfg cj:yf, j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ln] kf/]sf] k|efj, j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf ;d:of / ;'wf/sf If]qx? af/] rrf{ ug]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .

*pk;lrj, cy{ dGqfno .

kl/ro

ljZjsf] s'g} b]zdf ePsf] >dzlQm /f]huf/sf nflu cGo b]zdf hfg] j|mdnfO{ j}b]lzs /f]huf/ elgG5 . j}b]lzs /f]huf/ P]g, @)^$ sf cg';f/ sfdbf/n] ljb]zdf kfpg] /f]huf/nfO{ j}b]lzs /f]huf/ egL kl/eflift ul/Psf] 5 . t/ pQm P]gn] ef/tdf sfd ug{ hfg'nfO{ j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf] sfg"gL bfo/fdf ;dfj]z u/]sf] 5}g .

53

ljb]zdf uO{ g]kfnLx¿n] sfd ug]{ k|rng cufl8 b]lv g} cfPsf] xf] . g]kfnLx¿ j}b]lzs /f]huf/df hfg nfu]sf] nueu @)) jif{ k'Ug nfu]sf] 5 . ;g\ !*!^ sf] ;'uf}nL ;lGw kl5 ;}lgs ;]jfdf egf{ x'gsf nflu g]kfnLx¿ ljb]z hfg ;'? u/]sf] kfO{G5 . ;'?sf lbgx¿df g]kfnLx¿sf uGtJo adf{, e"6fg, ef/t, yfO{Nof08, ltAat / dn]lzof lyP . tTsfnLg ef/tsf] …nfxf]/Ú df g]kfnL w]/} hfg] x'Fbf …nfx'/]Ú elgGYof] . clxn] klg ufpF3/lt/ ljb]zaf6 cfpg]nfO{ nfx'/] cfof] egL ;Daf]wg u/]sf] kfO{G5 . To:t} j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf] nflu ljb]z hfg]nfO{ d'Unfg k:g] ljz]if0f lbPsf] kfO{G5 .

j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf] Oltxf; @)) jif{ k'/fgf] eP tfklg lj=;+= @)$@ ;fndf j}b]lzs /f]huf/ P]g ag] kZrft sfg"gL ;+oGq lgdf{0f ePsf] xf] . cem ;g\ !(() kl5 g]kfnn] ljZjJofkLs/0f, pbf/Ls/0f gLlt cjnDag u/] kZrft\ j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ln] rrf{ kfPsf] xf] .

g]kfnLx¿ j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf hfg] sf/0fx¿

g]kfnLx¿ j}b]lzs /f]huf/L hfg] sf/0fx¿ lgDg adf]lhd 5g\ M• b]zdf /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ sd x'g'• /fhg}lts cl:y/tf / åGån] ubf{ :jb]zdf sfd ug]{ jftfj/0f gx'g'• g]kfndf >dsf] ;Ddfg gx'g'• s[lif k]zfk|lt cfsif{0f gx'g'• ul/aLaf6 d'Qm x'g l56f] wg sdfpg] nfn;f a9\g'• ljb]zaf6 kms]{sfx?sf] hLjg:t/ / cfly{s pGgltn] ljb]zk|lt df]x x'g' • b]zdf cf}Bf]lus ljsf;n] tLj|tf gkfpg'• ljZj Ps ufpFsf] ¿kdf ljsf; x'Fb} hfg'• cGt/f{li6«o >d ahf/df g]kfnL sfdbf/sf] dfu a9\g' .

j}b]lzs /f]huf/L ;DaGwL sfg"gL, gLltut / ;+:yfut Joj:yf

lj=;+= @)$@ df j}b]lzs /f]huf/ P]g hf/L eP kZrft\ g]kfndf j}b]lzs /f]huf/L ;DaGwL gLltut tyf ;+:yfut k|of; yfngL ePsf] b]lvG5 . j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf] dxTjnfO{ cfTd;ft\ u/L cf7f}F of]hgf -@)$(–%$_ b]lv j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf nflu uGtJo d'n'sx¿sf] vf]hL ug]{ k|lqmofnfO{ dxTj lbg yflnPsf] xf] . lj=;+= @)%$ kmfu'g ! ut]b]lv ;j{;fwf/0f g]kfnLnfO{ lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{noaf6 klg /fxbfgL agfpg] ;'ljwf ;'? u/] kZrft\ u|fdL0f If]qsf g]kfnL ;d]t j}b]lzs /f]huf/df hfg] qmd tLa| aGof] . j}b]lzs /f]huf/L ;DaGwL sfg"gL, gLltut / ;+:yfut Joj:yfnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ b]vfpg ;lsG5 M

• g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)&@ sf] wf/f %! sf] v08 -em_ sf] -%_ / -^_ df j}b]lzs /f]huf/LnfO{ zf]if0fd'Qm, ;'/lIft / Jojl:yt ug{ tyf >ldssf] /f]huf/L / clwsf/ k|Tofe"lt ug{ o; If]qsf] lgodg / Joj:yfkg ug]{, j}b]lzs /f]huf/Laf6 cfh{g ePsf] k"FhL, ;Lk, k|ljlw / cg'ejnfO{ :jb]zdf pTkfbgd"ns If]qdf nufpg k|f]T;fxg ug]{ gLlt /fHon] cjnDag ug]{ pNn]v 5 .

54

• j}b]lzs /f]huf/ Joj;fonfO{ k|a4{g ub}{ ;f] Joj;fonfO{ ;'/lIft, Jojl:yt / dof{lbt agfpg tyf j}b]lzs /f]huf/df hfg] sfdbf/ / j}b]lzs /f]huf/ Joj;foLsf] xs lxtsf] ;+/If0f ug{sf] nflu j}b]lzs /f]huf/ P]g, @)^$ / j}b]lzs /f]huf/ lgofdfjnL, @)^$ ag]sf 5g\ .

• j}b]lzs /f]huf/ gLlt, @)^* df j}b]lzs /f]huf/nfO{ ;'/lIft, Jojl:yt, dof{lbt / e/kbf]{ agfpb} j}b]lzs /f]huf/af6 x'g] cfly{s tyf u}/cfly{s nfeaf6 ul/aL lgjf/0f tyf /fi6«sf] lbuf] cfly{s / ;fdflhs ljsf;df clwstd of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] nIo lnOPsf] 5 eg] d'n'ssf] hgzlQmnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o ahf/sf] dfu cg'?k 1fg / ;Lk k|bfg u/L bIf, Ifdtfjfg / k|lt:kwL{ >dzlQmsf] ?kdf j}b]lzs /f]huf/df pgLx¿sf] k|j]znfO{ ;'/lIft, Jojl:yt / dof{lbt agfpg] p2]Zo lnOPsf] 5 .

• 3/]n' sfdbf/sf] ?kdf j}b]lzs /f]huf/df hfg rfxg] sfdbf/nfO{ lbOg] >d :jLs[tLnfO{ kf/bzL{ / Jojl:yt ug{ tyf sfdbf/ Pj+ ltgsf kl/jf/sf] xs clwsf/sf] ;'/Iff u/L j}b]lzs /f]huf/nfO{ ;'/lIft, Jojl:yt / dof{lbt agfpg j}b]lzs /f]huf/df hfg] 3/]n' sfdbf/nfO{ Jojl:yt ug]{ ;DaGwL lgb]{lzsf, @)&@ hf/L ePsf] 5 .

• rf}wf}+ of]hgfdf bIf, ;Lko'Qm / pTkfbgd"ns dfgj ;+;fwgsf] ljsf;åf/f kof{Kt /f]huf/L Pjd\ :j/f]huf/sf cj;/x¿ ;[hgf ug]{ ;f]r / d'n'sleq} jflif{s sl/a $ nfv /f]huf/L l;h{gf ug]{ nIo lnOPsf] 5 . ;fy} :jb]zdf dof{lbt /f]huf/sf cj;/x¿ ;[hgf u/L a]/f]huf/L tyf cw{a]/f]huf/L Go"gLs/0f ub}{ /f]huf/Lsf] xsnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug]{, /f]huf/Lsf nflu ;Lk tyf tflndsf cj;/x¿ j[l4 u/L k|lt:kwf{ ug{;Sg] >dzlQmsf] ljsf; ug]{ / j}b]lzs /f]huf/nfO{ a9L pTkfbs, ;'/lIft, dof{lbt / Jojl:yt agfpFb} hfg] p2]Zo lnOPsf] 5 .

• cf=j= @)&#÷&$ sf] ah]6 aStJodf cfGtl/s tyf j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf nflu ;Lko'Qm hgzlQm tof/ kfg]{, cf}krfl/s dfWodaf6 ljk|]if0f cfk|jfx x'g] sfo{nfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{, cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x?sf] xslxt, sNof0f / ;'/Iffsf nflu k|d'v uGtJo d'n's;Fu låkIfLo >d ;Demf}tf ug]{ nufotsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .

• g]kfnn] d'n's aflx/ sfdsf] vf]hLdf hfgsf] nflu !!) d'n'sx¿ v'Nnf u/]sf] 5 .

• >d tyf /f]huf/ dGqfno, j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefu, j}b]lzs /f]huf/ k|a4{g af]8{, Joj;flos tyf ;Lk ljsf; tflnd s]Gb| tyf s'6gLlts lgof]ux? k|ToIf ?kdf j}b]lzs /f]huf/ k|a4{g / Joj:yfkgdf ;+nUg 5g\ .

• >d tyf /f]huf/ dGqLsf] cWoIftfdf pRr :t/Lo j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ;dGjo ;ldltsf] Joj:yf 5 .

• ^ j6f b]zdf >d ;xrf/Lsf] Joj:yf ePsf] 5 .

• ^ j6f b]z;Fu låkIfLo >d ;Demf}tf ePsf] 5 .

• cfk|jf;g ;"rgf s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf ePsf] 5 .

• dlxnf sfdbf/sf] nflu $ b]zdf ;'/lIft u[x ;]jf ;~rfng ePsf] 5 .

55

• cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:yndf >d 8]:ssf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .

• j}b]lzs /f]huf/ sNof0fsf/L sf]ifsf] :yfkgf ePsf] 5 .• xfn &%@ d]gkfj/ sDkgLx¿n] Ohfht lnO{ j}b]lzs /f]huf/ Joj;fo ;~rfng ul//x]sf

5g\ .

j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf] jt{dfg cj:yf

cf}krfl/s tyf cgf}krfl/s dfWodaf6 ef/t afx]s cGo b]zdf sl/j #% nfv hgzlQm j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf uPsf 5g\ . b}lgs sl/a ! xhf/ # ;o eGbf a9L JolQm /f]huf/Lsf nflu ljb]lzPsf 5g\ . j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf uPsf dWo] &%=% k|ltzt cbIf, @# k|ltzt cw{bIf / !=% k|ltzt dfq bIf /x]sf 5g\ . j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf] nflu hfg] k|d'v b]zx¿df dn]l;of, stf/, ;fpbL c/a, o'PO{, s'j]t, ax/fOg, cf]dg, blIf0f sf]l/of, n]agfg, Oh/fon, hfkfg nufotsf b]z 5g\ . cf=j= @)%)÷%! df ljk|]if0f cfk|jfx ?= @ ca{ !% s/f]8 /x]sf]df cf=j= @)&@÷&# df ljk|]if0f cfk|jfx j[l4 eO{ ?= ^ va{ ^% ca{ k'u]sf] 5 . ljk|]if0fsf] s'n ufx{:y pTkfbg;Fusf] cg'kft @(=^ k|ltzt k'u]sf] 5 . s'n ufx{:y pTkfbg;Fu ljk|]if0f cfk|jfxsf] cg'kftsf] lx;fan] g]kfn ljZjdf t];|f] :yfgdf 5 . ljk|]if0f /sdsf] lx;fan] ljZjdf g]kfn @# cf}+ :yfgdf 5 .

ljk|]if0f k|fKt ug]{ 3/kl/jf/sf] art tyf nufgL k|j[lQ;DaGwL g]kfn /fi6« a}+sn] u/]sf] cWoog cg';f/ ljk|]if0f cfosf] k|of]u C0f ltg{ @%=# k|ltzt, b}lgs pkof]usf] nflu @#=( k|ltzt, lzIff, :jf:Yodf (=& k|ltzt, ;fdflhs sfo{sf] nflu # k|ltzt, pTkfbgd"ns sfo{x?df !=! k|ltzt / art sfo{sf] nflu @* k|ltzt x'g] u/]sf] 5 . ljb]zdf sfd ug]{ g]kfnLn] k7fpg] u/]sf] jflif{s cf};t ljk|]if0f /sd ?= % nfv #@ xhf/ /x]sf] 5 eg] dfl;s ¿kdf k|:t't ubf{ ?= $$ xhf/ # ;o ## /x]sf] 5 . d]gkfj/ sDkgLx¿af6 vf8L d'n's tyf dn]l;ofdf j}b]lzs /f]huf/df uPsf ax';ª\Vosn] cf}krfl/s dfWodaf6 t/ ef/t, sf]l/of nufot ljsl;t d'n'sdf uPsfx¿n] cgf}krfl/s dfWodaf6 /sd k7fpg] u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 .

j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf ;sf/fTds / gsf/fTds k|efj

j}b]lzs /f]huf/af6 ;sf/fTds / gsf/fTds b'j} lsl;dsf k|efj b]vf k/]sf 5g\ . h;nfO{ b]xfo cg';f/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 M

-s_ ;sf/fTds k|efj

• ul/aL 36fpg] k|d'v sf/0f ag]sf]• lzIff, :jf:Yo, kf]if0f, cfjf; tyf :yfgLo cfo cfh{gdf of]ubfg k'u]sf] / cfwf/e"t

cfjZostfsf] kl/k"lt{ u/]sf]

56

• ljk|]if0faf6 d'n'ssf] cy{tGqdf of]ubfg k'u]sf] -s'n ufx{:y pTkfbg;Fu ljk|]if0fsf] cg'kft @( k|ltzt 5_

• j}b]lzs d'b|f cfh{g tyf zf]wgfGt/ artdf ;xof]u k'u]sf]• ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo xfl;ndf ;xof]u k'u]sf]• ljb]zdf l;s]sf] 1fg, ;Lk, k|ljlw / pBdzLntf :jb]zdf k|of]u ePsf]• hgtfsf] hLjg:t/ ;'wf/ ug{ of]ubfg u/]sf]• o'jfx¿nfO{ /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ k|bfg u/]sf]• j}blzs /f]huf/ Joj;foaf6 ;/sf/nfO{ jif]{gL 7"nf] dfqfdf /fh:j k|fKt x'g] u/]sf]• ljb]zdf cflh{t /sd / ;Lkn] :jb]zdf pBd / :j/f]huf/L l;h{gfdf dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x

u/]sf]• b]zdf cfly{s ultzLntf a9fPsf]• s[lif kl5 bf]>f] cfDbfgLsf] >f]t ag]sf]• nufgLsf] nflu k"FhLsf] pknAwtf ePsf] .

-v_ gsf/fTds k|efj

• kfl/jfl/s ljv08g / ljrng a9\b} uPsf]• o'jf hgzlQm ljb]lzgfn] b]zdf o'jfzlQmsf] cefj ePsf] h;n] ubf{ ufpFdf j[4 / afnaflnsf

dfq ePsf / dnfdL hfg]x¿sf] ;d]t cefj ePsf]• s[lifof]Uo hUufhldg afFemf] /x]sf]• xjfO{ l6s6, sldzg / le;fjfkt\sf] 7"nf] /sd ljb]lzPsf]• j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf gfddf ufFpsf ;Lwf o'jfx¿ 7lug] j|md a9]sf]• ljb]zdf ;d]t ;Demf}tf cg';f/sf] tna gkfpg] cj:yf ePsf]• udL{sf] k|jfx gu/L s8f kl/>ddf sfd ubf{ jif]{gL 7"nf] ;+Vofdf o'jfx¿n] Hofg u'dfPsf

-b}lgs ;/b/ # j6f g]kfnLsf] zj g]kfn cfpg] u/]sf]_• ljk|]if0faf6 k|fKt /sd pTkfbgd"ns sfo{df vr{ geO{ pkef]udf vr{ x'g] u/]sf]• cfoft a9\bf Jofkf/ 3f6f a9\b} uPsf] .

j}b]lzs /f]huf/df b]lvPsf ;d:ofx¿

j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf b]lvPsf d'Vo ;d:ofx¿ lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ M

• cGt/f{li6«o ahf/df dfu eP adf]lhdsf] of]Uotf, ;Lk, bIftf / Ifdtf ePsf >dzlQmsf] cfk"lt{ gx'g' -j}b]lzs /f]huf/df hfg]x¿df sl/j &^ k|ltzt cbIf sfdbf/_

• j}b]lzs /f]huf/df hfg rfxg]nfO{ ;xL ;"rgf k|jfx x'g g;Sbf :jb]z tyf ljb]zdf 7lug] qmd a9\g'

57

• j}b]lzs /f]huf/df hfg] k|s[of emGeml6nf] x'g'

• ljk|]if0faf6 k|fKt /sd pTkfbgd"ns sfo{df pkof]u ug{ g;Sg'

• j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf ;+nUg lgsfox¿aLr ;dGjosf] sdL x'g'

• s/f/ adf]lhdsf] sfd, tna tyf ;'ljwf gkfpg'

• Joj;foLx¿df Joj;flos s'zntf / g}ltstfsf] sdL x'g'

• g]kfnL s'6gLlts lgof]ux¿ ;a} uGtJo d'n'sdf :yfkgf x'g g;Sg', ePsfdf klg ;fwg >f]tsf] ckof{Kttf tyf /f]huf/L lxtdf pbfl;g x'g'

• uGtJo d'n's hfg' cl3 ;f] d'n'ssf] /xg;xg, efiff, ;+:s[lt, sfg"g tyf e"uf]nsf] af/]df ;fdfGo hfgsf/L sfdbf/nfO{ gu/fOg'

• j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf] cfsf/ / sfo{af]em cg';f/ ;/sf/L lgsfosf] ;+u7gfTds ;+/rgf gx'g'

• ;/sf/L :jLs[tL glnO{ ljb]z hfg] k|j[lQ a9\g'

• k|:yfgk"j{ sfdbf/n] ug]{ sfdsf] k|s[lt cg';f/ ;Lk tyf Ifdtf ;DaGwL tfnLd glbOg'

• j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf hfgsf] nflu nfUg] k|f/lDes vr{ / ;|f]t;fwgsf] cefjdf sltko JolQm OR5's x'Fbfx'Fb} jl~rt x'g'

• dlxnf sfdbf/nfO{ ;dfhn] gsf/fTds b[li6n] x]g'{

• cg'dlt gePsf] b]zdf u}/sfg"gL af6f] k|of]u u/L hfg] k|j[lQ a9\g'

• ;d:ofdf k/]sf sfdbf/nfO{ p4f/ tyf ;]N6/ xf]dsf] cefj x'g'

• j}b]lzs /f]huf/af6 kmls{Psfx¿sf] ;Lk tyf bIftfsf] pkof]u x'g] u/L sfo{j|md th'{df gul/g'

• ;a} ljk|]if0f cf}krfl/s ljQLo k|0ffnLaf6 leq\ofpg g;lsg'

• j}b]lzs /f]huf/ Ph]G;Lsf] ;zQm / k|efjsf/L ?kdf cg'udg ug{ g;lsg' .

j}b]lZfs /f]huf/df b]lvPsf ;d:of ;dfwfgsf] nflu ;'wf/sf If]q

j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf b]lvPsf ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ b]xfosf If]qdf ;'wf/ ug'{kb{5 M

• cGt/f{li6«o ahf/df dfu eP adf]lhdsf] of]Uotf, ;Lk, bIftf / Ifdtf ePsf >dzlQm k|If]k0f ug]{ / :jb]zdf ;Lk tyf tflnd lbP/ bIf agfO{ ljb]z k7fpg'kg]{ .

• j}b]lzs /f]huf/df hfg rfxg]nfO{ ;xL ;"rgf k|jfx u/]/ 7Ug]x?nfO{ s8f sfg"gL sf/jfxL ug'{kg]{ .

• j}b]lzs /f]huf/df hfg] k|s[of emGeml6nf] ePsf]n] Psåf/ k4lt ckgfO{ ;]jfk|jfx l56f] 5l/tf] agfpg'kg]{ .

• ljk|]if0faf6 k|fKt /sd pTkfbgd"ns sfo{ -h:t}M hnljB't_ df pkof]u ug{'kg]{ .• j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf hfg cfjZos kg]{ vr{ /sd ;x'lnot Aofhb/df pknAw u/fpg' kg]{ . • j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf ;+nUg lgsfox¿ >d tyf /f]huf/ dGqfno, k//fi6« dGqfno / u[x dGqfno

aLr ;dGjo x'g'kg]{ .

58

• j}b]lzs /f]huf/ Joj;foLx¿df Joj;flos s'zntf / g}ltstfsf] ljsf; ug{ ljleGg cGt/lqmof sfo{j|mdsf] cfof]hgf ug'{kg]{ .

• g]kfnL s'6gLlts lgof]ux¿ uGtJo d'n'sdf :yfkgf u/L /f]huf/L lxtdf lj|mofzLn u/fpg'kg]{, >d;xrf/Lsf] Joj:yf lj:tf/ ub}{ hfg'kg]{ .

• uGtJo d'n's hfg' cl3 ;f] d'n'ssf] /xg;xg, efiff, ;+:s[lt, sfg"g tyf e"uf]nsf] af/]df ;fdfGo hfgsf/L u/fpg'kg]{ .

• j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf] cfsf/ / sfo{af]em cg';f/ ;/sf/L lgsfosf] ;+u7gfTds ;+/rgf tof/ ug'{kg]{ .

• ;/sf/L :jLs[tL glnO{ ljb]z hfg] / cg'dlt gePsf] b]zdf u}/sfg"gL af6f] k|of]u u/L hfg] k|j[lQnfO{ /f]Sg hgr]tgfd"ns sfo{j|md ug'{kg]{ .

• k|:yfgk"j{ sfdbf/n] ug]{ sfdsf] k|s[lt cg';f/ ;Lk tyf Ifdtf ;DaGwL tflnd lbg'kg]{ .• dlxnf sfdbf/sf] kx'FrnfO{ ;'/lIft / ;xh agfpg'kg]{ .• ;d:ofdf k/]sf sfdbf/nfO{ p4f/ tyf ;]N6/ xf]dsf] cefj x'g glbg ;|f]t ;fwgsf] Joj:yf

ug'{kg]{ .• j}b]lzs /f]huf/af6 kmls{Psfx¿sf] ;Lk tyf bIftfsf] pkof]u x'g] u/L sfo{j|md th'[df ug'{kg]{ .• ljZj ahf/df k|lt:kwf{ ug{ ;Ifd hgzlQm agfpg sfg"gL tyf ;+:yfut ;+/rgfdf ;'wf/

ug'{kg]{ .• j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ;]jfk|jfxnfO{ ljs]Gb|Ls/0f ug'{kg]{ .• j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf hfg OR5'ssf nflu cfjZos kg]{ ;xL / oyfy{ ;"rgf Pj+ hfgsf/L u|fdL0f

tx;Dd k|jfx ug'{kg]{ .• j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf k7fPkl5 sfdbf/sf] cj:yf tyf ;d:ofsf] af/]df ;do ;dodf cg'udg

ug'{kg]{ .• ;a} ljk|]if0f cf}krfl/s ljQLo k|0ffnLaf6 dfq leq\ofpg yk kxn ug'{k5{ .• j}b]lzs /f]huf/ Ph]G;Lx?sf] ;zQm / k|efjsf/L ?kdf cg'udg ug'{k5{ .

lgisif{

g]kfndf k|lt jif{ >d ahf/df k|j]z ug]{ tLg rf}yfO{ o'jfo'jtLsf] k|d'v cfsif{s j}b]lzs /f]huf/L aGg k'u]sf] 5 . ljsf;sf] /fd|f] ;Defjgf x'Fbfx'Fb} klg /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/df sdL ePsf]n] sfdsf nflu j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf hfg' g]kfnLx?sf] afWotf xf] . j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ln] a]/f]huf/Ldf sdL Nofpg / ul/aL 36fpg ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf]n] cfly{s ljsf;sf] dxTjk"0f{ If]qsf] ?kdf o;nfO{ lng] ul/G5 . oBlk ljk|]if0fnfO{ cy{tGqsf] dGb ljif elgg] ePsf]n] lj:tf/} lj:tf/} :jb]zd} /f]huf/Lsf] l;h{gf u/]/ j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf ;+VofTds ?kdf sdL NofO{ o;df u'0ffTdstf a9fpg' kb{5 . ;fy} j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf b]lvPsf ;d:ofx?nfO{ ;dod} ;dfwfg ub}{ k|efjsf/L ?kdf Joj:yfkg ug'{kb{5 .

59

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L

• g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)&@, sfg"g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt, sf7df8f}+ . • rf}wf+} of]hgf -@)&#÷&$–@)&%÷&^ _ cfwf/kq, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, sf7df8f}+ .• j}b]lzs /f]huf/L gLlt, @)^*, >d tyf /f]huf/ dGqfno, sf7df8f}+ .• cf=j= @)&#÷&$ sf] ah]6 jStJo, @)&#, cy{ dGqfno, sf7df8f}+ .• cfly{s ;j]{If0f cf=j= @)&@÷&#, cy{ dGqfno, sf7df8f}+ .• cof{n, /d]z -@)&#_, ;d;fdlos ljifox¿, sf7df8f}+ M u'8ns klAns]zg .• ljk|]if0f k|fKt ug]{ 3/kl/jf/sf] art tyf nufgL k|j[lQ ;DaGwL cWoog, @)&#, g]kfn /fi6« a}+s .

60

cfly{s gLltsf] j:t'ut cfsf/ – g]kfnsf] ;d[l4sf] d"ne"t cfwf/

— ls;g l;+x a:g]t*

;f/f+z

ljZjdf dfgj ;dfhsf] ljsf;sf] cflbsfn b]lv g} /fHon] s/ ;+sng / zflGt ;'/Iff sfod u/L dflg;x?nfO{ lhljsf]kfh{gsf nflu ;xhLs/0f ug]{ sfo{ ul/cfPsf] xf] . /fHosf] e"ldsfdf ePsf] la:tf/;Fu} cy{tGqdf ax'cfoflds cGt/;DaGwx? ljsl;t x'Fb} cfof] . cy{tGqdf ;/sf/, lghL If]q nufotsf ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] e"ldsf :yflkt x'g] / ;doqmd cg';f/ kl/jt{g x'g] cj:yfx? /x] . d"ntM log} cfwf/df cy{tGqnfO{ k"FhLjfbL, ;dfhjfbL / ldl>t egL juL{s/0f u/]sf] kfOG5 . vf;u/L cy{tGqdf pknAw ;|f]t / ;fwgx?sf] kl/rfng s] s;/L ug]{, tL ;|f]t / ;fwg dflysf] :jfldTj s;sf] s]–s:tf] ;+/rgfdf /xg], pTkflbt j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] ljt/0f k4lt s:tf] x'g] eGg] h:tf cfwf/df cy{tGqsf] k|s[ltnfO{ juL{s/0f ul/Psf] x'G5 . ljZjdf cfjlws ?kdf s'g} Ps jf csf]{ k|s[ltsf] cy{k|0ffnLsf] jr{:j b]lvP klg cy{tGqdf b]lvg] ptf/ r9fjnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ cjnDag ul/g] ;+oGqx? ldl>t cy{tGqsf] k|s[lts} ?kdf /x]sf x'G5g\, oBlk o:tf] ;Daf]wgdf b]lvg] e'msfj eg] d'n's ljz]ifsf] /fhgLlts k|0ffnL, ;Qf?9 zlQmsf] ljrf/wf/f, l5d]sL Pj+ ljZj cfly{s kl/j]zdf cfwfl/t x'g] ub{5 . g]kfndf vf;u/L lj=;+= @))* ;fndf NofOPsf] ah]6;Fu} cy{tGqnfO{ lbzfaf]w u/fpg] u/L gLltut ;Daf]wg u/]sf] kfOG5 . To;kZrft\ /fhgLlts If]qdf ePsf kl/jt{gsf] k|jfx;Fu} cfly{s gLltx?df ;fdlos kl/jt{gx? x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . o;qmddf vf;u/L lj=;+= @)$^ ;fn;Dd cy{tGqdf /fHosf] ;lqmo e"ldsfdf hf]8 lbOPsf] lyof] eg] k|hftGqsf] k'gM:yfkgf kl5sf] cjlwdf cfly{s pbf/Ls/0fnfO{ lj:tf/ ul/of] . cfly{s If]qdf ;'wf/sf nflu c+uLsf/ ul/Psf oL k|of;x?sf afah"b d'n'ssf] cfly{s kl/b[Zo ;Gtf]ifhgs b]lvPsf] 5}g . d'n's ;':t cfly{s j[l4, /f]huf/Lsf sdhf]/ cfwf/, k"FhLut vr{sf] cs'zn kl/rfng, rsf]{ d"Noj[l4, Go"g pTkfbsTj, r'lnFbf] Jofkf/ 3f6f tyf ul/aLsf] b'Zrqm nufotsf ofjt\

*pk;lrj, cy{ dGqfno .

61

k[i7e"ld

d'n'ssf] cy{tGqnfO{ jfl~5t lbzfdf cuf8L a9fpg /fHon] u/]sf] gLltut 5gf}6 g} cfly{s gLlt xf] . ;/sf/n] cy{tGqdf ck]lIft lqmofsnfk k|j4{g ug{ / cgk]lIft lqmofsnfk lg?T;flxt ug{ cfly{s gLltsf] cjnDag u/]sf] x'G5 . cfly{s gLltsf] dfWodaf6 pknAw ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] klxrfg, k|flKt / pkof]u u/L vf;u/L cy{tGqsf] cfsf/df clej[l4 ub}{ cfly{s :yfloTj ;lxt cfly{s ljsf;sf] cfwf/nfO{ lbuf] / km/flsnf] t'Nofpg] nIo lnOPsf] x'G5 .

;Eo ;dfh lgdf{0fsf] cflbsfnb]lv g} /fHon] ;dfhdf s/ ;+sng u/L zflGt ;'/Iff sfod ug]{ sfo{ ub{Yof] . o;af6 dflg;x?nfO{ ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt ub}{ lhljsf]kfh{gsf nflu cg's"n jftfj/0f ;[hgf ul/GYof] . ;dosf] ultzLntf;Fu} /fHosf] e"ldsfdf la:tf/ x'Fb} uO{ nf]ssNof0fsf sfo{df s]G›Lt ePsf] kfOG5 . o;sf nflu /fh:jsf] ;+sng / ;f] sf] vr{ ug]{ k4ltsf] lgdf{0f x'Fb} cfof] . ;dfhdf dfgj hLjgsf] ;xhLs/0fsf nflu ;fj{hlgs cfDbfgL / vr{sf ax'kIfLo cfofdx? ljsl;t ub}{ nluof] . o;/L ;dfhdf ;/sf/sf ;fy} lghL If]q Pj+ ;d'bfosf cfly{s cGt/ ;DaGwx? kl/eflift x'Fb} cy{tGqsf] ljsf; eO{ cfPsf] xf] .

o; k[i7e"lddf cfly{s gLltsf] cGtj{:t'sf] ?kdf cy{tGqdf pknAw ;|f]t / ;fwg dflysf] :jfldTj, ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] ljlgof]hg, tL ;|f]t / ;fwg kl/rfngaf6 ul/g] pTkfbg, pTkfbgsf] ljt/0ffTds aGbf]a:t ug{' /x]sf] x'G5 . o;af6 cGttM dfgj hLjgsf] ;j{tf]d'vL lxtsf] dfu{ k|z:t ug]{ nIo /flvPsf] x'G5 .

;d:ofx?af6 u'lh|/x]sf] 5 . o;f] x'g'sf ax'cfoflds sf/0fx? /x] klg d"n ?kdf /fhgLlts cl:y/tfsf] e"d/Ldf cfly{s gLlt 5fofFdf kg'{ g} xf] . gofF ;+ljwfgsf] sfof{Gjog;Fu} g]kfnsf] k|fylds Ph]08f ;d[l4sf] dfu{df cl3 a9\g' /x]sf] 5 . o;sf nflu clxn] ljleGg b:tfj]hx?df 5l/P/ /x]sf cfly{s gLltsf Joj:yfx?nfO{ PsLs[t / Mega Policy sf] ?kdf cfly{s gLltsf] th{'df u/L ljQ gLlt, df}lb|s gLlt nufot ljsf;sf If]qut gLltx?nfO{ dfu{bz{g ug{ cfjZos b]lvG5 . o;sf nflu gLlt lgdf{{0fsf Apex Body af6 cg';Gwfgdf cfwfl/t Evidence Based cfly{s gLltsf] lgdf{0f ug'{kb{5 . o;}af6 ;/sf/, lghL If]q nufotsf cy{tGqsf ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] e"ldsf :ki6 ub}{ ;|f]t / ;fwgx?sf] k|efjsf/L kl/rfng ug{ ;lsg]5 . o;k|sf/ g]kfnsf] cy{tGqnfO{ ck]lIft dfu{df lbzfaf]w u/fpg ;Sg] j:t'ut cfly{s gLltsf] lgdf{0f u/L o;sf] sfof{Gjogaf6 lbuf] cfly{s j[l4 xfl;n ub}{ cy{tGqsf] cfsf/ a9fpg ;Sg'sf ;fy} /f]huf/Lsf cfwf/x? km/flsnf] tyf kx'Frof]Uo t'NofpFb} d'n'ssf] ;d[l4sf] ;kgf ;fsf/ t'Nofpg ;lsg]5 .

62

cfly{s gLltsf] cjwf/0ff

cy{tGqdf pknAw ;|f]t / ;fwg kl/rfng ug]{ tf}/ tl/sf, ;|f]t / ;fwg dflysf] :jfldTj tyf pTkflbt j:t' / ;]jf ljt/0f k4ltsf cfwf/df cfly{s gLltnfO{ k"FhLjfbL, ;dfhjfbL / ldl>t u/L tLg lsl;ddf juL{s/0f ul/Psf] kfOG5 . ljZjdf nfdf] sfnv08;Dd cy{tGqdf ;/sf/n] x:tIf]k gug]{ sfo{nfO{ c+uLsf/ u/]sf] kfOG5 . o; cg'?k vf;u/L la;f}+ ztfAbLsf] k"jf{4{;Dd ljZjdf Laissez Faire Economy cjnDag ul/Psf] lyof] . To; cjlwdf ;/sf/ cx:tIf]ksf] e"ldsf lgjf{xdf ;Lldt /xL cy{tGqsf s]xL ckl/xfo{ If]qdf dfq lqmofzLn /xGYof] .

;g\ !(@( sf] ljZj dxfdGbL;Fu} cy{tGqnfO{ ultzLn agfpg] ;Gbe{df Schoalrs aLr ax;x? eP . o;qmddf cy{zf:qL John Maynard Keynes n] æThe General Theory of Employment, Interest and Moneyæ gfds k':ts n]lv cy{tGqdf ;/sf/sf] e"ldsfsf ;DaGwdf JofVof u/] . Keynes n] k|ltkfbg u/]sf] cjwf/0ff cg'?k cy{tGqnfO{ ultzLn agfpgsf nflu ;/sf/n] ;lqmo e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{'kg]{ dfGotf c+uLsf/ ul/of] . låtLo ljZjo'4 kZrft\ ;g\ !(&) sf] bzssf] pQ/f4{;Dd cy{tGqdf ;/sf/sf] bl/nf] pkl:ytLsf] dfGotf /lx/Xof] . o; cjlwdf ljZjsf clwsf+z d'n'sn] vf;u/L ldl>t cy{k|0ffnLsf] cjnDag u/]sf lyP . ldl>t cy{tGqdf ;/sf/ / lghL If]q u/L b'j} If]qsf] ;lqmo e"ldsf /xg] dfGotf /flvof] .

;g\ !(*) sf] bzsaf6 cy{tGqdf ;/sf/sf] e"ldsfsf] Jofks cfnf]rgf x'g yfNof] . Public Sector sf] cfnf]rgfsf qmddf sd{rf/LtGqsf] ljsNksf] ax;n] ;d]t Jofkstf kfof] . o;af6 cy{tGqnfO{ ;du| ?kdf Drive ug]{ eg]sf] Public Sector n] geO{ Private Sector n] g} xf] eGg] dfGotf k|fyldstfsf ;fy cuf8L a9fOof] . vf;u/L ;+o'Qm clw/fHo a]nfotsf tTsfnLg k|wfgdGqL Margaret Thatcher / ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfsf tTsfnLg /fi6«klt Ronald Reagan n] cy{tGqdf lghL If]qsf] e"ldsfnfO{ ;jf{lws dxTjsf ;fy cuf8L a9fPsf lyP . o;/L vf;u/L ;g\ !(*) sf] bzssf] pQ/f4{af6 cy{tGqdf Liberalization, Privatization / Globalization sf ?kdf ljZjJofkL k|efj k¥of] . o; cg'?k cy{tGqdf ;/sf/sf] e"ldsf ;xhstf{sf] ?kdf /xL lghL If]qn] g]t[TjbfoL e"ldsf v]Ng] cjwf/0ffdf hf]8 lbOof] .

PSsfO;f}+ ztfAbLsf] k|f/De;Fu} pbf/Ls/0fn] lgDTofPsf gsf/fTds k|efjsf] ax;n] tLj|tf kfPsf] 5 . o;af6 d"nt: cy{tGqdf ljt/0ffTds Gofo sfod x'g g;s]sf]df lrGtf k|s6 ul/Fb}5 . wgL / u/La aLrsf] a9\bf] vf8nn] ;fdflhs c;Gt'li6 cfdGq0f u/]sf]n] ;dfhdf jf:tljs ;d[l4 b'?x x'g ;Sg] ljifonfO{ dxTj lbg yflnPsf] 5 . o; k[i7e"lddf cfly{s gLltnfO{ k"FhLjfbL, ;dfhjfbL jf ldl>t elg ul/g] juL{s/0f cy{tGqdf s'g Economic Actor sf] e"ldsf s:tf] /x]sf] 5, pknAw ;|f]t / ;fwgdflysf] :jfldTj s;sf] 5, cy{tGqdf ;|f]t / ;fwgx?sf] afF8kmfF8 s] s;/L ul/Psf] 5, pTkflbt j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] ljt/0f k4lt s'g k|sf/sf] 5 eGg] h:tf k|Zgx?sf] hjfkmdf cfwfl/t x'G5 .

63

k"FhLjfbL cfly{s gLltdf lghL If]qn] cy{tGqdf g]t[TjbfoL e"ldsf v]nL o;sf nflu ;/sf/n] ;xhLs/0f ub{5 . j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] ljt/0f k4lt ahf/ k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t x'G5 . vf;u/L Theory of Demand / Theory of Supply sf cfwf/df Market Clearing Price (Equilibrium Price) to eO{ j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] ljt/0f x'g] dfGotf /flvPsf] x'G5 . o; ;DaGwdf cy{zf:qsf lktfsf ?kdf ;'kl/lrt Adam Smith n] ahf/df Invisible Hands n] j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] d"No lgwf{/0f ug]{ pNn]v u/]sf lyP . k"FhLjfbL cfly{s gLltdf cy{tGqdf ;fwg / ;|f]t dfly lghL If]qsf] :jfldTj sfod ePdf dfq To;sf] k|efjsf/L kl/rfng x'g ;Sg] dfGotf /x]sf] x'G5 .

;dfhjfbL cfly{s gLltdf cy{tGqsf ;|f]t / ;fwg dfly /fHosf] lgoGq0f /xg'kg]{ b[li6sf]0f /flvG5 . lghL If]q gfkmfd'vL /xg] / hg:t/df ;"rgfsf] ckof{Kttf x'Fbf ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] kl/rfngdf ck|efjsfl/tf /xg'sf ;fy} ahf/ ;d]t :j:km"t{ lqmofzLn x'g g;sL Market Failure sf] cj:yf ;[hgf x'g] dfGotf /x]sf] x'G5 . o;y{ ;/sf/n] pknAw ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] kl/rfng ub}{ pTkflbt j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] ljt/0fdf hg:t/sf] kx'Fr sfod u/fpg'kg]{ ljZjf; ul/G5 . ;dfhjfbL cfly{s gLltdf /fHon] s]G›Lo of]hgf k|0ffnL nfu" u/L ;f]xL cfwf/df /fHosf c+ux?nfO{ kl/rfng ug]{ k4lt cjnDag ul/Psf] x'G5 .

k"FhLjfbL jf ;dfhjfbL cfly{s gLlt k"0f{tM nfu" ug{ sl7g 5 . Jojxf/df oL b'j} cfly{s gLltx?sf] s]xL kIfx? ;d]6]/ cfly{s gLlt cjnDag u/]sf] b]lvG5, h;nfO{ ldl>t cfly{s gLltsf] ?kdf kl/eflift ul/Psf] x'G5 . k"FhLjfbL jf ;dfhjfbL cfly{s gLlt cjnDag u/]sf /fi6« egL pNn]v ul/g] d'n'sx?sf] cfly{s gLltsf] ljZn]if0f ug]{ xf] eg] tL cfly{s gLltdf Ps k|sf/sf] To;tk{m Orientation df cfwfl/t t b]lvG5g\, t/ Jojxf/ut cfly{s gLlt eg]sf] ldl>t cfly{s gLlt g} xf] . ldl>t cfly{s gLltdf ;/sf/ / lghL If]qsf] cf-cfkmgf] e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5, h;df Ps csf{sf] kl/k"/ssf] cGt/;DaGw /xg] k4lt c+uLsf/ ul/G5 .

cy{tGqdf cfjlws ?kdf b]vf kg]{ Business Cycle sf Boom, Recession, Depression /

Recovery h:tf rqmx?nfO{ pko'Qm tj/n] ;Daf]wg ug{ ldl>t cfly{s gLlts} Instruments k|of]u ul/Psf] x'G5 . oBlk ldl>t cy{tGqsf] em'sfj k'FhLjfbL jf ;dfhjfbL cfly{s gLlttkm{ eg] /x]s} x'G5 . cy{tGqsf] o:tf] em'sfjsf] dfqf ;/sf/, lghL If]q nufot cy{tGqsf Economic Actors sf] b[li6sf]0f, Perception, Activities / l5d]sL Pj+ ljZj cfly{s kl/l:yltsf ;fy} cy{tGqdf cfOkg]{ Upstream / Downstream n] lgwf{/0f ug]{ ub{5 .

o;}u/L ljZjsf w]/}h;f] d'n'sx?df ;fdfGot: cfly{s gLlt elg s'g} k[ys gLltut b:tfj]h nfu" u/]sf] kfOb}g . d'n'ssf] ;+ljwfg, cfjlws of]hgf, ;/sf/sf 3f]if0ff, ah]6, s/ sfg"g, ljlgof]hg sfg"g, s]Gb|Lo a}+ssf gLlt Pj+ s[lif, ko{6g, hn;|f]t, pBf]u, jfl0fHo nufotsf If]qut gLlt / sfg"gx?sf] ;+/rgfd} cfly{s gLlt k|ltljlDat ePsf] x'G5 . jf:jtdf cfly{s gLlt d'n'sn] c+uLsf/ u/]sf] /fhgLlts b[li6sf]0fnfO{ sfof{Gjogdf ptfg{ lbzflgb]{z ug]{ j:t'ut cfwf/ :tDe xf] . cfly{s gLlt d'n'ssf] /fhgLlts k|0ffnL, ef}uf]lns ljlzi6tf, ;|f]t / ;fwgx?sf] pknAwtf, hg;f+lVos agf}6, ;fdflhs ;+/rgfsf ;fy} l5d]sL cy{tGq / ljZj cfly{s kl/j]z h:tf kIfx?af6 cg'k|fl0ft /x]sf] x'G5 .

64

cfly{s gLltsf] p2]Zo

cy{tGqnfO{ lbzfaf]w u/fpg] cfly{s gLltsf d"n ?kdf b]xfo cg';f/sf p2]Zo /x]sf x'G5g\ :• cy{tGqsf] cfsf/ a9fpg lbuf] cfly{s j[l4 xfl;n ug]{• d'n'sdf pknAw ;|f]t / ;fwgx?sf] dxQd kl/rfngsf cfwf/ klxNofpg]• /f]huf/Lsf cfwf/x?nfO{ la:tf/ / kx'Frof]Uo t'Nofpg] • ljt/0ffTds Gofo sfod ug]{ • d"No l:y/tf Pj+ afXo If]q :yfloTj sfod ug]{ • Jofkf/ ;Gt'ng cg's"n t'Nofpg] • e'QmfgL ;Gt'ng cg's"n agfpg] • ;dfhdf wgL / u/La aLrsf] vf8n sd ug]{ • cy{tGqdf ;/sf/, lghL If]q / ;xsf/L If]qsf] e"ldsf kl/eflift ug]{ • d'n'ssf] cfly{s ljsf;nfO{ km/flsnf] t'NofpFb} ;d[l4sf] dfu{ k|z:t ug]{

cfly{s gLltsf] ;+oGq

cfly{s gLlt vf;u/L ljQ gLlt, df}l›s gLlt / If]qut ljsf; gLltx?sf] PsLs[t ?k xf] . ljQ gLltn] s/, ;fj{hlgs vr{ / ;fj{hlgs C0fsf dfWodaf6 cy{tGqnfO{ ck]lIft lbzfdf ultzLn t'Nofpg] p2]Zo lnPsf] x'G5 . cfly{s ultljlwdf lzlyntf /x]sf avt lj:tf/sf/L ljQ gLlt cjnDag ul/G5 . o;df s/sf b/df s6f}tL ug]{ / C0f kl/rfngsf dfWodaf6 ;d]t ;fj{hlgs vr{ a9fpg] sfo{gLlt lnOG5 . o;/L g} cy{tGqdf ultzLntf a9]sf] jf clws dfu ;[hgf ePsf] l:yltdf s/sf b/df j[l4 / ;fj{hlgs vr{df s6f}tL h:tf pkfo c+uLsf/ ul/G5 .

df}l›s gLlt d"n ?kdf ljQ gLltnfO{ ;+k'li6 ug]{ 9+un] nfu" ul/Psf] x'G5 . d"No l:y/tf, afXo If]q :yfloTj tyf e'QmfgL k|0ffnLsf] ;xhtf sfod ug]{ d"n p2]Zo /xg] df}l›s gLltdf klg lj:tf/sf/L jf ;+s'rgsf/L sfo{gLlt nfu" ul/G5 . cy{tGqdf d'›fsf] cfotgnfO{ jfl~5t :t/df /flv df}l›s gLltdf d"nt: k|efjsf/L dfunfO{ pko'Qm :t/df sfod /flv/xg] pkfo cjnDag ul/Psf] x'G5 . h;af6 cy{tGqnfO{ ultzLntf k|bfg ul//xg ;lsof];\ eGg] ck]Iff /flvPsf] x'G5 .

pBf]u, jfl0fHo, s[lif, ko{6g, hn;|f]t, jgh+un, ;fdflhs ljsf; nufotsf If]qut ljifosf] ljsf; / oL If]qn] d'n'ssf] s'n ufx{:y pTkfbg Pj+ /f]huf/L :t/df k'¥ofpg] of]ubfgsf] lj:tf/sf nflu cfly{s gLltdf ;Daf]wgsf] k|of; ul/G5 . /fHon] cy{tGqdf ultzLntf ;[hgf ug{ s/ ;+/rgfdf kl/jt{g, ;fj{hlgs vr{sf] kl/rfng, ;fj{hlgs C0f Joj:yfkg, ljQLo If]qsf pks/0fsf] cjnDag, dfgj ;+zfwg ljsf;, ef}lts k"jf{wf/ ljsf; nufot If]qut ljsf;sf ljleGg kIfx?aLr cGt/ ;DaGw sfod ug]{ h:tf k4lt jf ;+oGqsf] cjnDag ub{5 . cfly{s gLltsf oL ;+oGq jf pks/0fsf] k|of]u u/L cy{tGqnfO{ jfl~5t lbzfdf cuf8L a9fpg] k|oTg ul/Psf] x'G5 .

65

g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df cfly{s gLlt

g]kfndf lj= ;+= @))& ;fnsf] /fhgLlts kl/jt{g k"j{ cfly{s gLltsf] Jojl:yt ;f]r /x]sf] kfOb}g . k/fk"j{ sfnb]lv g} /fHon] nf]ssNof0fsf/L sfo{ u/L cfPsf] ePklg tL sfo{x? /fHosf] gLltsf] ?kdf eGbf klg d"nt: zf;ssf] OR5fdf cfwfl/t lyP . @))* ;fnsf] ah]6 3f]if0ff;Fu} ;/sf/n] ;fj{hlgs cfDbfgL / ;fj{hlgs vr{ dfWodaf6 cy{tGqnfO{ lbzfaf]w ug]{ k|of; u/]sf] kfOG5 . k|hftGqsf] :yfkgf;Fu} / To; kZrft\ qmdz: lj =;+= @)!& af6 ;'? ePsf] k~rfotL Joj:yf, lj=;+= @)$^ df k'g: :yflkt k|hftflGqs k|0ffnL, lj= ;+= @)%( df nfu" ul/Psf] tTsflng /fhfsf] k|ToIf zf;gsf] cjlwsf ;fy} lj=;+= @)^@÷^# ;fnsf] bf];|f] P]ltxfl;s hgcfGbf]ngaf6 :yflkt nf]stflGqs k4lt kZrft\sf] cjlwsf cfly{s gLltx?df ;do qmd;Fu} ptf/ r9fj eO{ cfPsf] b]lvG5 . /fhgLlts k4ltsf] k|s[ltsf cltl/Qm ;Qf?9 zlTfmsf] cjwf/0ff cg'?k klg oL sfnv08x?sf] cfly{s gLltsf k|fyldstfdf sltko km/sx? /x]sf] b]lvG5 .

g]kfnsf] cfly{s gLlt ljZjJofkL cfly{s kl/b[Zo / k4lt cg'?k g} ;g\ !(*) sf] pQ/f4{;Dd /fHo lgb]{lzt k|s[ltsf] lyof] . /fHon] g} cy{tGqdf lg0ff{os e"ldsf v]Ng] / lghL If]qnfO{ s]xL ;Lldt cEof; ug{ lbg] k4lt cjnDag ul/Psf] lyof] . oBlk k~rfot k|0ffnLsf] pQ/f4{df ;Lldt ?kdf pbf/Ls/0fsf] cEof; yflnPsf] lyof] . lj=;+= @)$^ ;fnsf] /fhgLlts kl/jt{g nuQ} ljZjJofkL nx/;Fu} cfly{s pbf/Ls/0fsf] gLltnfO{ lj:tf/k"j{s cuf8L a9fOof] . cy{tGqdf ;/sf/n] Indicative sfo{ dfq u/]/ lghLs/0f ;lxt ;du| lghL If]qsf] k|j4{gsf] gLlt clVtof/ ul/of] . To; avt lbuf] cfly{s j[l4 xfl;n ug]{ k|d'v p2]Zo ;lxt cfjlws of]hgf nfu" ul/Psf] lyof] . o;sf nflu s/sf b/ 36fpg], nufgL d}qL cf}Bf]lus gLlt, jfl0fHo gLlt, ljb]zL nufgL tyf k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f gLlt / sfg"gx? lgdf{0f u/L nfu" ul/of] . lghLs/0f P]g nfu" u/L sltko ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx? lghLs/0fdf nluof] . o; cjlwdf lzIff, :jf:Yo, ;~rf/ tyf ljQLo If]qdf ;sf/fTds k|efjx? b]lvof] . oBlk pbf/Ls/0fsf] gLltn] o;sf] efjgf cg's"n ck]lIft :t/df sfo{ ug{ eg] ;s]sf] b]lvPg .

vf;u/L pbf/Ls/0fsf] gsf/fTds k|efjsf ?kdf d'n'ssf] s/La b'O{ ltxfO{ hg;+Vof lqmofzLn /xL s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgsf] dxTjk"0f{ lx:;f of]ubfg lbO{/x]sf] s[lif If]q pk]lIft x'g k'Uof] . ;fj{hlgs If]qsf] sdhf]/ s'zntf / lghL If]qsf] hjfkmb]xLtfsf] sdLsf sf/0fn] gfkmfvf]/L, sfnfahf/L, Syndicating h:tf ljs[ltn] ;xh :yfg kfPsf] b]lvof] . o;af6 ;j{;fwf/0f r/d d"Noj[l4sf] df/df k/L hLjg:t/ si6s/ aGb} uof] . o; cjlwdf wgL / u/La aLrsf] c;dfgtfsf] :t/ klg ulxl/b}+ uPsf] b]lvof] . nufgLsf cfwf/x? la:tf/ ug{ ul/Psf ;t\k|of;x?af6 ;sf/fTds glthf ;[hgf ug{ ;lsPg . /fhgLlts cl:y/tf, c;xh >d ;DaGw, k"jf{wf/sf] sdL h:tf sf/0fn] j}b]lzs nufgL klg ck]lIft :t/df k|jfx x'g ;s]g . j}b]lzs /f]huf/L, zx/f]Gd'v a;fO;/fO, Hofnfb/df j[l4 nufotsf sf/0fn] ;[hgf x'g ;s]sf] k|efjsf/L dfun] cy{tGqdf s]xL ultzLntf b]lvPsf] / ul/aL lgjf/0fdf k|ult ul/Psf] ePklg klg pbf/Ls/0fsf] gLltn] g]kfnsf] cy{tGqdf cy{k"0f{ ;'wf/ x'g ;s]sf] b]lvPg .

66

lj=;+= @)^@÷^# ;fnsf] P]ltxfl;s /fhgLlts kl/jt{g;Fu} gful/sn] cfkmgf] g};lu{s clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"ltsf nflu State Affairs df k|ToIf ;/f]sf/ / ;xeflutf vf]h]sf]n] ;f]xL cg'?k ;dfj]zL nf]stGqsf] cjwf/0ff cg';f/ ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf, cfjlws of]hgf, If]qut gLlt, ljifout sfg"g, ah]6 tyf sfo{qmd nfu" ub}{ nluPsf] 5 . o;}u/L g]kfnn] ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3af6 cuf8L a9fOPsf] ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIonfO{ d'n'ssf] cfly{s – ;fdflhs ?kfGt/0fsf] k|lqmofdf cfGtl/sLs/0f u/]sf] lyof] . o;/L g} d'n'snfO{ ;g\ @)@@ ;Dd ljsf;zLn /fi6«df :t/f]Ggf]ltsf ;fy} ;g\ @)#) ;Dddf lbuf] ljsf;sf nIo xfl;n ug]{ p2]Zox?nfO{ cuf8L a9fpFb} nluPsf] 5 . o; ;Gbe{df g]kfnsf] cfly{s gLlt b]xfo cg';f/ /x]sf] b]lvG5 :

• ;/sf/L, lghL / ;xsf/L If]qsf] ;xeflutf / ljsf; dfkm{t lbuf] cfly{s j[l4 xfl;n ug]{ .• /fli6«o cy{tGqnfO{ cfTdlge{/ agfpFb} ;dfhjfb pGd'v cy{tGqsf] ljsf; ug]{ .• cfo j[l4 / pkef]u Joj:yfkgaf6 art kl/rfng clej[l4 ug]{ .• ;fj{hlgs ;|f]tsf] Gofof]lrt / pTkfbgd"ns ljlgof]hg tyf sfof{Gjogdf bIftf clej[l4 ug]{ .• :jR5, t6:y Pj+ kf/bzL{ s/ k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; / :j]lR5s s/ ;xeflutfaf6 /fh:j clej[l4

u/L ;+3Lo ;+/rgf cg'?k t'Nofpg] .• /fli6«o k|fyldstf cg'?k j}b]lzs ;xfotf kl/rfng ug]{ .• cfly{s j[l4, /f]huf/L ;[hgf / /fli6«o k"FhL lgdf{0fdf of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] u/L ;fj{hlgs C0f

kl/rfng ug]{ .• d"No tyf afXo If]q :yfloTj sfod ub}{ ljQLo If]qdf /x]sf] ;fwg ;|f]tnfO{ pTkfbgzLn If]qdf

pkof]u ug]{ .• k"FhLahf/ tyf aLdf ;]jfnfO{ kf/bzL{ / k|lt:kwL{ agfO{ kx'Frof]Uo t'Nofpg] .• ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?nfO{ ljlgj]z ug]{, cTofjZos / ;fdflhs If]qsf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?

s'zntfk"j{s ;~rfng ug]{ Pj+ ;fj{hlgs – lghL – ;xsf/L If]qsf] ;fem]bf/Ldf ;d]t ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg ;~rfng ug]{ .

• Potential j:t'x?sf] pTkfbg / b]zut tyf j:t'ut lgof{t ljljwLs/0f u/L Jofkf/ 3f6f tLj| b/df Go"gLs/0f ug]{ .

• ko{6gsf] lbuf] ljsf;, ljk|]if0fsf] s'zn Joj:yfkg / j}b]lzs nufgLsf] jftfj/0f ;[hgf u/L zf]wfgfGt/ art dfkm{t\ ljb]zL ljlgdo ;l~rtLsf] kof{Kttf ;'lglZrt ug]{ .

• s[lif If]qsf] k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtf clej[l4 u/L /fli6«o cy{tGqdf 6]jf k'¥ofpg] .• lbuf] jg Joj:yfkgåf/f jg If]qsf] pTkfbsTj / jg k}bfjf/sf] pTkfbg j[l4 ug]{ .• ahf/ k|0ffnLnfO{ k|lt:kwL{ agfpFb} cfk"lt{ Joj:yfsf cj/f]w x6fO{ cfk"lt{ Joj:yf ;'lglZrt ug]{ .• Jofkf/, nufgL, ko{6g tyf /f]huf/L k|j{4g ug{ cGt/f{li6«o, If]qLo / låkIfLo ;DaGw ;'b[9 ug]{ .• hg;+Vof, ljsf; / jftfj/0f aLr tfbfDotf sfod u/L hg;+VofnfO{ ;du| ljsf;sf] cleGg

c+usf] ?kdf ljsf; ug]{ .• ljt/0ffTds Gofo sfod ub}{ ;du| cy{ k|0ffnLnfO{ cfly{s ljsf;sf] dfu{ k|z:t ug]{ cfwf/sf

?kdf cuf8L a9fpg] .

67

g]kfnsf] a[xt\ cfly{s kl/b[Zo

g]kfnsf] cy{tGqnfO{ ultzLn 9+un] cuf8L a9fpg ul/Psf ljleGg k|of;x?sf afah"b a[xt\ cfly{s kl/b[Zo ck]lIft tj/df ;sf/fTds b]lvb}gg\, h'g d"nt: b]xfo cg';f/ /x]sf] 5 :

• ljut bz jif{sf] cf}ift cfly{s j[l4b/ $ k|ltztsf] xf/fxf/Ldf dfq /x]sf] b]lvG5 . ut cfly{s jif{ @)&@/&# df e"sDk / ;Ldf gfsfsf] cj/f]w ;d]tsf sf/0fn] cfly{s j[l4b/ )=&& k|ltztdf ;Lldt b]lvof] . df};dL cg's"ntfn] ;d]t ;fy lbPsf] cjlwdf s'g} cfly{s jif{df cfly{s j[l4b/ % k|ltztsf] xf/fxf/L;Dd k'u]sf] b]lvG5 . o;af6 g]kfnsf] cy{tGqsf] cfsf/ j[l4sf] ult d"nt: Slow / Stagnant g} /x]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 .

• s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgdf s[lif If]qsf] of]ubfg 36\b} uO{ Ps ltxfO{ k'u]sf] 5, h'g cy{tGqsf] ljsf;sf] qmddf ;sf/fTds g} dflgg'kg]{ xf] . t/ xfdLsxfF hg;+Vofsf] s/La b'O{ ltxfO{ lx:;f ;+nUg /x]/ klg s[lif If]qsf] pTkfbsTj sdhf]/ /x]sf] 5 .

• u}/ s[lif If]qtkm{ ;]jf If]qsf] of]ubfg a9\b} uO{ s/La %! k|ltzt xf/fxf/L k'u]sf] t/ cf}Bf]lus If]qsf] of]ubfg ljutdf !% k|ltztaf6 36]/ ^ k|ltztdf cf]n]{sf] b]lvG5 . o;af6 g]kfnL cy{tGqdf Real Sector sf] Performance sdhf]/ aGb} uPsf] b]lvG5 .

• g]kfndf pTkflbt j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] clwsf+z lx:;f pkef]ud} vr{ e}/x]sf] 5 . ljut kfFr jif{sf] cf}ift x]bf{ pTkfbgsf] s/La () k|ltzt pkef]ud} vr{ x'Fbf ufx{:y art s/La !) k|ltztdf ;Lldt 5 . ut cfly{s jif{ @)&@/&# df pkef]u - art cg'kft ($ : ̂ k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . oBlk /fli6«o art eg] $@ k|ltzt xf/fxf/L /x]sfn] nufgLsf nflu cfwf/ b]lvG5 .

• s"n j}b]lzs Jofkf/df lgof{t–cfoft cg'kft s/La !) : () k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . ljutdf lgof{t sDtLdf OGwg cfoft wfGg ;Sg] :t/df /x]sf]df clxn] OGwg cfofteGbf lgs} sd /xg k'u]sf] 5 . o;af6 Jofkf/ 3f6f r'lnFbf] 5 .

• /f]huf/L j[l4b/ s/La # k|ltzt xf/fxf/Ldf /x]sf] 5 . jflif{s >d ahf/df k|j]z ug]{ s/La % nfv hgzlQmnfO{ /f]huf/Lsf] cfwf/ eg]s} j}b]lzs /f]huf/ alg/x]sf] 5 . :jb]zdf pknAw /f]huf/Ldf klg cw{ a]/f]huf/Lsf] ;d:of rs{+bf] 5 . csf]{tk{m s[lif sfo{sf nflu sfdbf/ gkfO{ jif}{lkR5] AffFemf] hldg a9\b}5 .

• s/ k|0ffnLdf ul/Psf ;'wf/ k|of;sf] k|ltkmn :j?k s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgsf] cg'kftdf s/La @! k|ltzt /fh:j kl/rfng k'u]sf] 5, h'g ;sf/fTds kIf xf] . oBlk /fh:jsf] Potentialities sf] bfFhf]df /fh:j kl/rfng x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .

• o;}u/L b'n{e ;fj{hlgs ;|f]tsf] pkof]u k|efjsf/L x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . ;fj{hlgs vr{ vf;u/L rfn' k|s[ltsf vr{df a9\b} uPsf] 5 . k"FhLut k|s[ltsf vr{sf] kl/rfng sdhf]/ /x]sf] 5 . ljlgof]lht k"FhLut /sd g]kfn /fi6« a}+sd} ylGsg] ;d:of ljut $ jif{ b]lv rs{bf]+ 5 . rfn' vr{ ljlgof]hgsf] xf/fxf/Ldf vr{ x'g] u/]sf] eP klg k"FhLut vr{ s/La b'O{ ltxfO{sf] xf/fxf/Ldf vr{ x'g] / ;f] vr{ klg cfly{s jif{sf] clGtd # dlxgf / To;df klg cfiff9 dlxgfdf x'g] u/]sf] 5 . o;af6 ;fj{hlgs vr{n] cy{tGqdf h'g ultzLntf Nofpg'kg]{ xf], ;f] x'g ;ls/x]sf] 5}g .

68

• s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgsf] t'ngfdf ;fj{hlgs C0fsf] cg'kft s/La @& k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . k'FhLut vr{sf] glthfd"ns pkof]u ug{ ;lsPdf cfGtl/s Pj+ j}b]lzs C0f kl/rfng ;d]taf6 kof{Kt Fiscal Space /x]sf] b]lvG5 .

• j}b]lzs ;xfotf kl/rfngsf] Absorptive Capacity sdhf]/ /x]sf] 5 . o;}u/L Ps} zLif{sdf PseGbf a9L ljsf; ;fem]bf/n] cf-cfˆgf] 9+un] sfo{ u/]sf] klg kfOG5 . ;xfotf ;Demf}tf u/]b]lv g} ;/f]sf/jfnfaLr ;dGjo u/L sfof{Gjog sfo{of]hgf agfO{ nfu" ug{'kg]{df To:tf] Joj:yf sdhf]/ /xFbf cg'bfgsf] /sd ;d]t pkof]u x'g g;Sg] la8Djgf b]lvG5 .

• d'b|fl:kmlt bf]xf]/f] c+ssf] xf/fxf/L /xFbf ;j{;fwf/0fsf] b}lgsL si6s/ alg/x]sf] 5 . o;}u/L ljQLo If]qdf cem klg hg;+Vofsf] s/La $) k|ltzt lx:;f ljQLo kx'Fr aflx/ /x]sf] 5 . g]kfn /fi6« a}+sn] df}l›s gLlt dfkm{t\ a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx?nfO{ u|fdL0f Pj+ b'u{d If]qdf hfgsf nflu dfu{bz{g / Incentives lbPsf] ePklg ck]lIft tj/df sfo{ x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . C0f k|jfxsf] l:ylt x]bf{ k|fyldstf k|fKt / pTkfbgd"ns If]qdf eGbf pkef]ud'vL If]qdf s]Gb|Lt ePsf] kfOG5 .

• nufgLsf] pT;fxk|b ;+oGqsf ?kdf /xg'kg]{ k"FhLahf/sf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ ck]lIft tj/df x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . Real Sector nfO{ k"FhLahf/df ;d]6\g g;lsPsf], ljQLo If]qsf] dfq k|efj /x]sf] / d'n'ssf ;a} If]qdf la:tf/ ug{ g;Sbf k"FhLahf/df cfd hg;d'bfosf] kx'Fr k'Ug g;s]sf] l:ylt 5 .

• aLdf If]q sfo{d"ns 9+un] cuf8L a9\g g;Sbf hf]lvdsf] Go"gLs/0f ub}{ nufgL lj:tf/ ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g .

• o;}u/L lzIff, :jf:Yo, vfg]kfgL, ;/;kmfO{sf If]qdf k|ultsf ;"rsx? /x]sf] b]lvG5 . o;}sf cfwf/df ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3n] ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIodf k|ult xfl;n u/]sf] elg k'/:s[t ;d]t u/]sf] lyof] . t/ csf]{tkm{ x]bf{ xfd|f] k|ultsf] cfwf/sf] Base line ;fgf] ePsfn] klg k|ult b]lvPsf] xf] . o;}u/L o:tf] k|ult If]qut, hfltut / ;d'bfout cfwf/df ljZn]if0f ubf{ l:ylt sdhf]/ /x]sf] 5 .

• cfk"lt{ k|0ffnL c;xh x'g'sf ;fy} cg'dfgof]Uo 5}g . cfwf/e"t cfjZostfsf j:t' tyf ;]jf k|fKt ug{ gful/sn] cg'lrt d"No ltg{'kg]{ / a]nfavt Tof] klg kfpg ;Sg] Uof/]06L gePsf] cj:yf ;d]t /lx/x]sf] 5 .

• ko{6g, hn;|f]t, jgh+un nufotsf If]qx?sf] ljsf;sf] k|z:t ;Defjgf /x]/ klg ljsf;sf] ult eg] lgs} ;':t 5 .

• d'n'sn] c+uLsf/ u/]sf ljleGg Development Initiatives sf afah"b ce}m klg s'n hg;+Vofsf] @!=^ k|ltzt hg;+Vof ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf] 5 .

g]kfnsf] o:tf] a[xt\ cfly{s kl/b[Zon] xfd|f ljsf;sf k|of; ck]lIft 9+un] cuf8L gal9/x]sf] k|i6 b]lvPsf] 5 . o;f] x'g'sf ax'cfoflds sf/0fx? /x]sf 5g\ . oL ;d:ofsf sf/0fx?nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ ax' cfoflds pkfox? x'g ;Sb5g\ . tL ljleGg pkfox? dWo] o; ljifonfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ k|fylds pkfo eg]sf] tYok/s cfly{s gLltsf] cjnDag x'g ;Qm5 . clxn] 5l/P/ /x]sf cfly{s gLltsf Joj:yfx?nfO{ PsLs[t / Mega Policy sf] ?kdf cfly{s gLltsf] th{'df u/L nfu" ul/Pdf g]kfnsf] cy{tGqnfO{ ;d[l4sf] dfu{df lbzfaf]w u/fpg ;lsg]5 .

69

g]kfndf j:t'ut cfly{s gLlt lgdf{0fsf] pkfo

g]kfnsf] cy{tGqnfO{ /fi6« / hgtfsf] a[xQ/ lxtsf] lbzfdf ultzLn 9+un] cuf8L a9fpg ljQ gLlt, df}l›s gLlt / If]qut gLltx?nfO{ ;d]t dfu{bz{g lbg] lsl;dsf] Ps Mega Policy sf] ?kdf cfly{s gLltsf] th{'df u/L nfu" ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf b]lvG5 . o;sf nflu b]xfo cg';f/sf] pkfo cjnDag ug{ ;lsg]5 :

• g]kfnsf] cy{tGqnfO{ g]t[TjbfoL e"ldsf v]Ng ;Sg] ljsf;sf] If]qsf] klxrfg ug{'k5{ . o:tf] If]q eg]sf] s[lif, pBf]u, hn;|f]t, ko{6g, vlgh, h8La'6L jf c? s'g} If]q x'g ;Sb5 . xfn;Dd klg xfdLn] vf;u/L Normative cfwf/d} s'g} If]q ljz]ifdf Potential If]q eGb} ;|f]t / ;fwgx? ljlgof]hg / kl/rfng ul//x]sf] l:ylt 5 . o;af6 d'Qm eO{ Evidence sf cfwf/df gLltx? lgdf{0f u/L tb\cg'?k ;|f]t / ;fwgx? ljlgof]hg / kl/rfng ug{'kb{5 .

• Evidence Based Policy Making sf nflu Econometric Tools sf] k|of]u u/L Macro Economic Forecasting ug{ cfjZos 5 . o;sf nflu vf;u/L cy{tGqsf] ljBdfg cj:yf, cy{tGqnfO{ lbg vf]lhPsf] lbzfaf]wsf] cfFsng, ;f] sf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ k"jf{wf/sf] Assumptions, o; cg'?k sfo{ ul/Pdf xfl;n ug{ ;lsg] glthf tyf o;;Fu ;DalGwt ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] cu|;/tf / ;dGjo h:tf ;du| kIfdf ljZn]if0f ug{'k5{ . o; k|lqmofaf6 cfPsf lgisif{x?nfO{ cfly{s gLltsf cGtj{:t'sf ?kdf ;d]6\g'k5{ .

• o; lsl;dsf] ljZn]if0faf6 cy{tGqsf] g]t[TjbfoL If]qsf] klxrfg ug{ ;lsg]5 . o; If]q;Fu Backward / Forward Linkages sfod x'g] u/L c? ;DalGwt If]qsf] ljsf; ul/g'k5{ . o;};Fu Tie up x'g] u/L cy{tGqdf ;/sf/, lghL If]q tyf ;xsf/L If]qsf] e"ldsf kl/eflift u/L nufgLsf cfofdx?nfO{ lbuf] / km/flsnf] t'Nofpg'k5{ .

• cy{tGqsf] Leading Sector / o;;Fu ;DalGwt If]qx?nfO{ ;Gt'li6 lbg] u/L ljQ gLlt, df}l›s gLlt tyf s[lif, pBf]u, jfl0fHo, ko{6g nufotsf If]qut ljsf; gLlt / tbg'?ksf sfo{gLlt Pj+ sfo{qmd to ug{'k5{ .

• cfly{s gLltsf] lg/Gt/ ljZn]if0f ug{ /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, cy{ dGqfnosf ;fy} ljifout dGqfnox?df Dedicated Wing sf] Joj:yf ug{'k5{ . o:tf] ;+/rgf lgoldt sd{rf/LtGqsf cltl/Qm cfjZostfg';f/ lj1sf] ;]jf lng;Sg] Joj:yf ul/g'k5{ . h;sf] sfo{ g} lgoldt ?kdf Evidence Based Policy Making / Review sf nflu k[i7kf]if0f lbg] x'g'k5{ . o; sfo{nfO{ k|fyldstf lbg'sf ;fy} kof{Kt ;|f]t ;fwg ;DkGg t'Nofpg'k5{ .

• cfly{s gLltdf ljQ gLlt, df}l›s gLlt / If]qut ljsf; gLltx? to ubf{ cfwf/e"t ?kdf ;d]6\g'kg]{ ljifonfO{ dfu{bz{g ug{] k|fjwfg /flvg'k5{ . o:tf] dfu{bz{gnfO{ clgjfo{ ?kdf cjnDag ug{'kg]{ Joj:yf ;'lglZrt ug{'k5{ .

70

• j[xt\ cfly{s gLltn] to u/]s} dfu{lrqdf cfjlws of]hgf, jflif{s gLlt tyf sfo{qmd / ah]6 lgdf{0f u/L nfu" ug'{k5{ .

• cfly{s gLltn] to u/]sf Development Thrusts dWo] cjnDag ug]{ vf]lhPsf] gLlt / sfo{qmdn] s], slt / s;/L Economy sf] Size a9fpg, /f]huf/L la:tf/ ug{ tyf cfly{s–;fdflhs ?kfGt/0fdf of]ubfg k'¥ofpg ;S5 egL ljZn]if0f u/]/ dfq to u/L nfu" ug{'k5{ .

lgisif{

g]kfn ;|f]t / ;fwg ;DkGg d'n's eP/ klg oBlk cljsf;sf] b'irqmdf km:g'sf] k|fylds sf/0f eg]s} cfly{s gLltdf /x]sf] ck|efjsfl/tf xf] . nfdf] ;dofjlwsf] /fhgLlts ;+qmd0fn] cfly{s gLltsf] dxTj 5fofFdf kl//Xof] . a]nfavt lng vf]lhPsf ;'wf/sf k|of; klg w]/}h;f] cg';Gwfgdf cfwfl/t geO{ Normative cfwf/df ul/P . gofF ;+ljwfgsf] sfof{Gjog;Fu} d'n'ssf] k|fylds Ph]08f g} d'n'snfO{ ;d[l4sf] dfu{df cl3 a9fpg' /x]sf] 5 . o;sf lglDt Evidence Based cfly{s gLlt to u/L ljQ gLlt, df}l›s gLlt nufot ljsf;sf If]qut gLltx?nfO{ dfu{bz{g ug{ cfjZos 5 . o;df ;/sf/L If]qsf ;fy} gLhLIf]q nufotsf cy{tGqsf ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnf?sf] e"ldsf klg :ki6 ub}{ nufgLsf cfwf/x?nfO{ la:tf/ ug{'kb{5 . o;af6 cy{tGqsf] cfsf/ clej[l4df of]ubfg k'Ug ;Sg]5 . o;/L lgdf{0f ul/Psf] j:t'ut cfly{s gLltsf] sfof{Gjogaf6 jf:tjdf g]kfnsf] cy{tGqdf j[xt\ :t/sf] ultzLntf ;[hgf x'g uO{ ;du|df ;d[4 g]kfn lgdf{0fsf] cfsf+IffnfO{ lglZrt ;dofjlwd} ;fsf/ t'Nofpg ;lsg]5 .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L

• sfg"g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt, æg]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgæ, @)&@, aa/dxn, sf7df8f}+ .• /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] ;lrjfno, ærf}wf}+ of]hgf -cfly{s jif{ @)&#/&$ - @)&%/&^_

cfwf/kqæ l;+xb/af/, sf7df8f}+ .• cy{ dGqfno, æcfly{s ;j]{If0f -cfly{s jif{ @)&@/&#_æ, l;+xb/af/, sf7df8f}+ .• cy{ dGqfno, æcfly{s jif{ @)&#/&$ sf] ah]6 jQmJoæ, l;+xb/af/, sf7df8f}+ .• N. Gregory Mankiw, “Principles of Macroeconomics”, Sixth Edition, 2012 South

Cengage Learning India Private Limited, Delhi, India=• Justin Yifu Lin, “New Structural Economics, A Framework for Rethinking

Development and Policy)”, The World Bank, Washington, D.C.

71

;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] kbk"lt{

— ch'{gdl0f cf= bLlIft*

;f/f+z

g]kfndf @)!# ;fndf ldl>t cy{ Joj:yfsf] l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t k~rjifL{o of]hgfsf] ;'?jft;Fu} ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] cjwf/0ff ;'? ePsf] xf] . ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf nflu cfjZos lrhj:t'x? / ;]jfsf] pTkfbg, cfk"lt{ / laqmL ljt/0f u/L cfjZosLo ;'ljwf clej[l4 ug]{ p2]Zo lnO{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] k"0f{ jf cw{:jfldTjdf :yflkt tyf ;~rflnt cf}Bf]lus, ljQLo, Joj;flos / cGo ljljw k|lti7fgx? (Establishments) nfO{ ;di6Ldf ;+ul7t ;+:yf elgFb} cfPsf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg klg ;+ul7t ;+:yfs} Pp6f c+z xf], tyflk o;nfO{ ;+ul7t ;+:yfs} kof{ojfrL dflgb} cfPsf] 5 . klxnf] k~rjifL{o of]hgf sfnd} g]kfndf ;ftj6f ;+:yfgx? v8f e};s]sf lyP . @)@! ;fndf ;+:yfg P]g agL sfof{Gjogdf cfPkl5 g]kfndf ;+:yfg :yfkgfsf] qmd a9\g yfNof] . sDkgL P]gsf] ;'?jft kl5 t emg} tLj|t/ ?kdf ;+:yfgsf] ;+VofTds ljsf;sf] qmd ;'? eof] . ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?sf] sfg"gL ;+/rgfsf] lgdf{0f klg @)@! ;fnkl5 ;'? ePsf] xf] . @)$& ;fn;Dd ljleGg cf/f]x cj/f]wx? kf/ ub}{ ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx? w]/yf]/ k|efjsfl/tfsf ;fy sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf lyP . @)$& ;fndf g]kfndf k|hftGqsf] k'g:yf{kgfsf] nuQ} kl5 lghLs/0fsf] qmd ;'? eof] . lghLs/0fsf] qmddf hg;fwf/0f;Fu /fd|/L leh]sf sltko pTkfbgd"ns ;+:yfgx? ;/sf/sf] bfo/faf6 aflxl/P eg] s]xL ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx? cem} klg lghLs/0fs} bf];fFwdf 5g\ .

sfo{ k|s[ltsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 xfn sfod /x]sf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?nfO{ df]6fdf]6L ?kdf Jofkfl/s ;d"x, pTkfbgd"ns, ;]jfd"ns / ;fdflhs If]q;Fu ;DalGwt ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] ?kdf juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . o; ;Gbe{df g]kfn ;/sf/ cy{ dGqfnon] ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?sf] jflif{s l:yltsf] ;dLIff ubf{ b]xfo adf]lhdsf] If]qx?df ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] juL{s/0f ug]{ u/]sf] 5 M

*k"j{ ;x;lrj, nf]s ;]jf cfof]u .

72

ljifo k|j]z

jt{dfg ;dodf lghfdtL ;]jfd} klg ck]Iffs[t ?kdf of]Uo pDd]bjf/x? k|lt:kwf{df cfpg] u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5}g . :ki6 eGg] xf] eg] /fd|f ljBfyL{x?sf] /f]hfOdf lghfdtL ;]jf k/]sf] 5}g . ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] If]qsf lj1x?n] ;d]t æu'bL hlt ljb]z k|:yfg u5{g, oxfF /x]a;]sf 5f]qmf dfq nf]s ;]jfsf] k|lt:kwf{df cfpF5g\Æ eGg] u/]sf 5g\ . ptf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?sf] l:ylt cnu} 5 . ;+:yfgx?df t pg}n] ;~rfng ug]{ v'nf k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIffsf] ljifonfO{ lnP/ w]/}n] lgikIftf / k|lt:kwf{df ljZjf; ug]{ jftfj/0f gePsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ k/LIffdf ;fd]n g} x'b}gg\, eP klg a]dgn] ;dfj]z ePsf x'G5g\ eGg] u'gf;f] /x]sf] 5 .

s'g} ;dodf g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] g]t[Tj Pj+ o;sf] ljlzi6Ls[t sfo{z}nLsf] cEof;af6 Pp6f cnu lsl;dsf] sfo{ ;+:s[lt (Work culture) sf] ljsf; ePsf] eGg ;lsg] cj:yf lyof] . of] s'/f ljz]if u/L @)@) sf] bzssf] k"jf{4{b]lv @)#) sf] pQ/f4{;Dd ;+ul7t ;+:yfx?af6 ePu/]sf sfdnfO{ cfwf/ dfGbf k'i6L klg x'GYof] . p;jvt lzIf0f ;+:yfaf6 pTkflbtdWo] ck]Iffs[t ?kdf /fd|f z}lIfs of]Uotf ePsf clwsf+z pDd]bjf/sf] ;]jf k|j]zsf] k|fyldstfdf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg /x]sf] x'GYof] . ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgdf sfd ug]{ sd{rf/Lsf] nflu tnadfg klg cnu} lyof] . o;sf] cnfjf ;+:yfgsf sd{rf/L Pj+ kbflwsf/Lx?sf] nflu ;+:yfgaf6 x/ lsl;dsf] ;'ljwf pknJw u/fOcfPsf] lyof] . kl5 uP/ @)#!÷#@ ;fnb]lv lghfdtL ;]jfdf sfo{/t / ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg cGtu{t sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx?sf] tna ;'ljwfdf Ps?ktf sfod ul/of] . ;fljsdf k|bfg ub}{ cfPsf] ;'ljwfdf klg k'glj{rf/ ug'{kg]{ cfjfh ljleGg If]qdf p7\g yfNof] . o;af6 ;+:yfgdf sfd ug]{sf] dgf]jndf klxnf] k6s X[f; cfPsf] dx;'; eof] . o; kl5 t ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx? lj:tf/ ;/sf/sf] k|fyldstfaf6 aflxl/Psf] nIf0fx? klg b]vf kg{ yfNof] . ;/sf/df cf;Lg ljleGg txaf6 ;+:yfgsf] ;'ljwf pkef]u ug]{ k|of]hgsf nflu ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg dfly cgfjZos ?kdf cgflwsf/ cltqmd0f x'g yfNof] . oL ;j}sf] kmn:j?k

-s_ cf}Bf]lus -v_ Jofkfl/s -u_ ;]jf -3_ ;fdflhs -ª_ hgf]kof]uL -r_ ljQLo

k|:t't P]gsf] p2]Zo k"lt{ ug]{ qmddf cf–cfˆgf] sfd sf/jfxL Jojl:yt ug{ k|To]s ;+:yfgnfO{ cf–cfˆgf sd{rf/Lsf] lgo'lQm, a9'jf, ;'ljwf, cg'zf;g ;d]t ;]jf ;DaGwL cGo ;t{x? Jojl:yt ug{ lgod ljlgod agfpg] clwsf/ k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 . o; ;Gbe{df ;+:yfg P]gsf] p2]Zo g} g]kfn ;/sf/af6 :yflkt x'g] ;+:yfgx?sf ;DaGwdf sfg"gL Joj:yf u/L Ps?ktf Nofpg' /x]sf] / k|:t't p2]Zo adf]lhd cGo ljifosf] cltl/Qm ;+:yfgsf] egf{ tyf 5gf}6nfO{ ;d]t ;d]l6Psf] Joxf]/f oxfFlg/ dggof]Uo b]lvG5 .

73

lzIf0f ;+:yfaf6 pTkflbt hdftsf] k|fyldstfdf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg la:tf/ la:tf/ cf]em]n kb}{ uof] .

;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx? p2]Zo cg's"n ;~rfng x'g g;ls/x]sf], ;+:yfgdf sfo{ jftfj/0f cg's"n gePsf] / ;du|df pTkfbsTj a9g g;s]sf] s'/fx? cfˆgf] 7fpFdf 5Fb}5, o;sf] cltl/Qm ;+:yfgdf ;]jf k|j]zsf] nflu :j:y k|lt:kwf{ gx'g'nfO{ klg ;+:yfg ljsf; ult/f]wsf] d'Vo sf/s tTjsf] ?kdf lng yflnof] . ;fljsdf sfo{af]emsf] cg'kftdf sfod ul/Psf] b/aGbLaf6 sfo{;~rfng x'g] ul/Psf]df ca zlQms]Gb|sf] jl/kl/ a:g]sf nflu hflu/ v'jfpg] k|of]hgsf nflu dfq b/aGbL ;[hgf u/L jf gu/L sfddf nufpg] lgsfosf] ?kdf ;+:yfgsf] 5lj ljsf; x'g yfNof] . ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?df egf{ tyf 5gf}6sf nflu :jLs[t sfg"gL ;+/rgfsf] sfof{Gjog kIf hlxn] klg sdhf/ g} /Xof] . To;f] t ;+:yfgx?df kbk"lt{ ljifos ;+ljwfgd} pNn]v ug]{ kl/kf6L g} a;]sf] klg lyof] . t/ k|:t't k|fjwfgsf] lbuf] sfof{Gjog x'g g;Sbf glthfd"ns 9+udf s]xL pknAwL ePh:tf] b]lvPg . log} s'/fx?sf] ;]/f]km]/f]df oxfF rrf{ ug{ vf]lhPsf] ljifo ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf sd{rf/Lsf] egf{ tyf 5gf}6 ;Fu ;DalGwt /x]sf] 5 .

;+ul7t ;+:yfdf kbk"lt{sf] k[i7e"ld

;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] ljsf;sf] qmddf @)@! ;fnnfO{ sf]z] 9'+ufsf] ?kdf lnOG5 . o;} jif{ ;+:yfg P]g, @)@! nfu" eP kl5 ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] :yfkgf / ;~rfng;Fu ;DalGwt sfd sfg"g adf]lhd ;'b[9 t'NofpFb} n}hfg] qmd ;'? ePsf] xf] . o; l;nl;nfdf ljz]if u/L @)@#÷!)÷!$ df ePsf]

g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)!( sf] klxnf] ;+zf]wgn] ;/sf/L :jfldTjdf /x]sf] ;+ul7t ;+:yf1 sf] kbk"lt{nfO{ k|fyldstfdf kf/]sf] lyof] . ;+zf]lwt k|fjwfg cg';f/ …>L % sf] ;/sf/sf] :jfldTj ePsf] ;+ul7t ;+:yfsf] sfg"gåf/f lgwf{l/t ;]jf jf kbsf] ljifodf lgo'lQmsf] clwsf/Ln] nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] k/fdz{ lng'kg]{5Ú eGg] k|fjwfg yk eof] . o;sf] nuQ} nf]s;]jf cfof]un] ;a} ;/sf/L :jfldTjdf /x]sf]

;+ul7t ;+:yfsf] kb :yfoL lgo'lQmsf] k|of]hgsf nflu nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] If]qflwsf/ (Jurisdiction) leq ;d]l6Psf] Joxf]/f ;Da4 ;a} lgsfonfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg] p2]Zon] kqfrf/ u¥of] . k|:t't kqfrf/sf] k|ltlqmof :j?k tTsfnLg >L % sf] ;/sf/ dlGqkl/ifb ;lrjfnoaf6 clws[t:t/sf] ;'? txsf] kbdf dfq gofF egf{sf] nflu cfof]u;Fu ;Dks{ /fVg' elg ;Da4 ;a} lgsfox?df kl/kq eof] . ptf nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] rflxF ;+ljwfgsf] ;+zf]wgdf æsfg"gåf/f lgwf{l/t ;]jf jf kbÆ eGg] pNn]v ePsf]n] sf/0f b]vfO{ ;DalGwt ;+:yfsf] lgodx?df pNn]v ePsf clws[t / ;xfos ;a} txsf kbx?nfO{ hgfpg] JofVof ;lxt dlGqkl/ifb ;lrjfnonfO{ n]vL cfˆgf] lhls/ k|:t't u¥of] . oL b'j} lgsfoaLrsf] kqfrf/af6 ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg lg:s]g . o; kl/l:yltdf ;+:yfgx?sf] kbk"lt{ sfo{df ult/f]w k}bf x'g hfg] b]v]/ ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu cfof]un] g} dWodfu{ ckgfpg] gLlt to u¥of] . o; cg';f/ ;+:yfgx? d} kbk"lt{ ;ldlt u7g u/L ;f] ;ldltsf] cWoIfdf cfof]usf] ;b:o / Ps hgf cfof]usf] clws[t klg ;b:o /fvL ;+:yfgsf] k|d'v / ljefuLo k|d'v ;b:ox? /xg] u/L kbk"lt{sf] sfd cl3

1 cnUu} sfg"gL Joj:yf adf]lhd ul7t ;+:yfg, ;ldlt / o:t} ljleGg gfdaf6 :yflkt lgsfonfO{ hgfpg]

74

a9fOof] . olt~h]n;Dd tTsfn k|rlnt ;+j}wflgs k|fjwfgnfO{ sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg cGo s'g} sfg"gL k|fjwfg :jLs[t ul/Psf] lyPg . ctM ;+:yfgsf] kbk"lt{ ;DaGwL ;+ljwfgsf] pk/f]Qm Joj:yfnfO{ ;lqmo kfg{ @)@& ;fndf nf]s ;]jf cfof]u sfo{ljlw P]gdf ;+zf]wg eof] . o; cg';f/ ca pk|fGt æ;+:yfgn] ;]jf jf kbsf] nflu k/fdz{ ln+bf kbsf] cfjZos ljj/0f k7fpg' kg]{5Æ eGg] Joxf]/f sfg"gd} :ki6 pNn]v ePkl5 ;+:yfgsf] kbk"lt{ k|lqmofn] lg/Gt/tf kfof] . oxfFb]lv cfof]u ;+ul7t ;+:yfsf] kbk"lt{sf] sfddf ;lqmo x'g yfNof] . kbk"lt{sf] qmddf cfof]usf ;b:ox? :jod\ ;+:yfgx?df pkl:yt e} w]/} ;do ;+:yfgs} egf{ k|df];gsf nflu ;do latfpg] u/]sf] s'/f p;avtsf kbflwsf/Lx? :d/0f ub{5g\ . nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf ;b:osf] :t/df ;DalGwt ;+:yf d} a}7s a:g] h:tf s'/fnfO{ ;'?;'?df ;fdfGo ?kdf lnOPsf] eP tfklg kl5 uP/ o;nfO{ cfof]usf ;b:osf] kbsf] ul/df / dof{bf;Fu hf]8L c:jfefljs ?kdf lng yflnof] . o;} aLr @)#@÷*÷@^ df ePsf] ;+ljwfgsf] bf]>f] ;+zf]wgn] ;/sf/L :jfldTj jf lgoGq0f ePsf] ;+:yfgsf] sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jf ;t{ / ;]jf jf kbdf lgo'lQm a9'jf / ljefuLo sf/jfxL ubf{ ckgfpg' kg]{ ;fdfGo l;4fGtsf] ljifodf cfof]usf] k/fdz{ lng' kg]{ / ;f] l;4fGt adf]lhd u/]÷gu/]sf] cfof]un] ;'k/Lj]If0f ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf sfof{Gjogdf Nofof] . k|:t't ;+zf]wgsf] nuQ} kl5 tTsfn sfo{ ;~rfngsf nflu ;fdfGo l;4fGtsf] d:of}bf 5f]6s/Ldf tof/ eof] . ;f] pk/ ;++:yfg ;dGjo kl/ifbsf]

cWoIf2 / ;+:yfgsf k|d'vx? ;d]t af]nfO{ 5nkmn u/L kl/dfh{g ;lxt ;a} ;+:yfgx?df k7fO{of] . kl5 ;do ;dodf hf/L ePsf] kl/kqåf/f ;fdfGo l;4fGtdf qmdzM yk lgb]{zgx? hf]l8Fb} uof] . cGttf]uTjf @)#% ;fndf ;+ul7t ;+:yfdf lgo'lQm, a9'jf tyf ljefuLo sf/jfxLsf] qmddf nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] cg';/0f ub}{ cfP adf]lhd ;fdfGo l;4fGt sfof{Gjogdf NofOof] . o; cg';f/ ca pk|fGt cfof]un] ;/sf/sf] :jfldTj /x]sf] ;+ul7t ;+:yfsf] kbk"lt{sf nflu ;fdfGo l;4fGtdf pNn]v ePsf] xb;Dd dfq k/fdz{ lbP k'Ug] eof] .

@)#% ;fndf nfu" ePsf] ;fdfGo l;4fGtnfO{ kl/dfh{g u/L @)$# ;fndf gof ?kdf csf]{ ;+ul7t ;+:yfdf lgo'lQm a9'jf / ljefluo sf/jfxL ubf{ ckgfpg' kg]{ ;fdfGo l;4fGt nfu" eof] . @)#% ;fnsf] ;fdfGo l;4fGtdf ;+ul7t ;+:yfdf tx jf >]0fL Joj:yfdWo] s'g} Ps sfod ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf ePsf]df kl5 @)$# sf] ;fdfGo l;4fGtn] ;xfosdf % / clws[tdf & j6f tx u/L hDdf !@ tx;Dd /fVg ;lsg] Joj:yf u¥of] . s]xL ;+:yfn] ;fljsb]lv sfod ub}{ cfPsf] …>]0fL Joj:yfÚ g} sfod u/]sf] x'Fbf kl5 uP/ @)$% df o;df ;+zf]wg u/L >]0fL Joj:yf klg sfod /fVg ;lsg] egL ;+zf]wg ul/Psf] lyof] . oltGh]n;Dd klg ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] kbk"lt{ k|lqmof;Fu ;DalGwt kf7\oqmdsf] :jLs[lt, k|Zgkqsf] lgdf{0f tyf kl/dfh{g, k/LIf0f k|ljlw tyf k/LIff ;~rfng cflb ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt :ki6 JofVof tyf cfwf/ / dfkb08sf] sfof{Gjog / k|efjsfl/tfdf ck]lIft Wofg k'u]sf] lyPg .

2 @)#! ;fndf tTsfnLg ;/sf/n] u7g u/]sf]

75

@)$& ;fndf g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg nfu" ePkl5 ;fljs ;+ljwfgdf pNn]v ePsf] ;+:yfg;Fu ;DalGwt ;+j}wflgs k|fjwfg x6fOof]3 . ;+ul7t ;+:yfsf] :jfoQ k|s[ltnfO{ b[li6ut u/L k|:t't k|fjwfg sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . ;+zf]lwt k|fjwfg cg';f/ ca pk|fGt ;/sf/sf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf ;+:yfgx?n] egf{ / 5gf}6;Fu ;DalGwt k|fjwfgx? cf–cfˆgf] ;+:yf cg's"n t'Nofpg cfkm}+ ;Sg] eP . o;kl5 klg sltko ;+:yfgx?n] nf]s ;]jf cfof]uaf6 k|ltkflbt ;fljs ;fdfGo l;4fGtnfO{ g} lg/Gt/tf lbP eg] sltkon] cf–cfˆg} kbk"lt{ sfo{ljlw sfof{Gjogdf NofO{ sfo{ ;~rfng ug{ yfn] . kl5 uP/ ;a}h;f] ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?n] ;fdfGo l;4fGtsf d"ne"t c+zx? ;dfj]z u/L cf–cfˆg} lgod ljlgod cGtu{t kbk"lt{ ;ldlt u7g u/L sfo{ ;~rfng ug{ yfn] . g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& n] ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx? Joj;flos 9+un] ;~rfng x'g ;s'g\ eGg] b[li6sf]0f lnO{ nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] If]qflwsf/af6 cnu x'g];Ddsf] :jfoQtf lbP tfklg o;sf] pke]fu s;}n] ug{ hfg]gg\ jf ug]{ 5'6 s;}nfO{ ePg . of] cj;/af6 kmfObf p7fP/ ;+ul7t ;+:yfn] cf–cfˆgf] ;+u7gdf cg's"nsf] kf7\oqmd th'{df ug]{ kb cg's"n cfjZos Go"gtd of]Uotf lgwf{/0f ug]{, kb cg's"nsf] k/LIf0f ljlw tf]Sg], sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍg k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/ ug]{ cflb sfddf gljgtf hf]8\g ;Sg] x'GYof] . o;nfO{ csf]{ zAbdf eGg'kbf{{ bhf{k|0ffnLaf6 sfo{d"ns k|0ffnLdf cfkm"nfO{ ?kfGt/0f u/L kb juL{s/0f cg'?ksf] Joj:yfkgsf] ;'?jft ug{ ;lsg] x'GYof] . t/ Jojxf/df s'g} klg vfnsf] df}lns kl/jt{g x'g ;s]g . kmn:j?k ;+ul7t ;+:yfsf] ljz]if u/L ;]jfsf] ;t{ / sd{rf/L k|zf;g;Fu ;DalGwt lgodx? ;fljssf] nf]s ;]jf cfof]uaf6 k|bQ ;fdfGo l;4fGtsf] ;]/f]km]/f]d} ?dlnP/ a:of] . kbk"lt{;Fu ;DalGwt sfdsf] nflu w]/}h;f] ;+:yfn] aflx/af6 Pshgf lj1;lxt ;+:yfg k|d'vsf] cWoIftfdf ;+:yfgs} kbflwsf/L / ;DalGwt dGqfnosf] k|ltlglwnfO{ ;d]6L ;ldlt u7g u/L sfo{;~rfng x'g] Joj:yf ldnfOof] . of] Joj:yf @)^# ;fn;Dd sfod /Xof] . @)^# sf] ;+ljwfgn] k'gM;+ul7t ;+:yfsf] kbk"lt{;Fu ;DalGwt sfdsf] ;~rfngdf cf+lzs ?kdf ePklg nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] ;+nUgtfnfO{ :jLsf¥of] .

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# adf]lhd s'g} ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfsf]4 ;]jfsf sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jfsf] ;t{ ;DaGwL k|rlnt sfg"g / To:tf] ;]jfsf] kbdf lgo'lQm, a9'jf / ljefuLo sf/jfxL ubf{ ckgfpg' kg]{ ;fdfGo l;4fGtsf ljifodf nf]s ;]jf cfof]u;Fu To:tf] ;+:yfn] k/fdz{ lng rfx]df nf]s;]jf cfof]un] k/fdz{ lng ;Sg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . o; cg';f/ ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfsf] xsdf nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] k/fdz{nfO{ P]lR5s t'NofOPsf] lyof] . oBlk sltko ;+:yfgn] cfof]u;Fu ;Dks{ /fvL kbk"lt{ ;ldltsf] sfddf ;3fp k'¥ofpg] k|of]hgsf nflu k|ltlglw dfuL sfo{ ;~rfng u/]sf lyP eg] sltkon] cfjZostfg';f/ cfof]u;Fu ;Dks{ /fvL sfo{ ;~rfngnfO{ ;'rf? t'NofPsf 5g\ .

3 ;fljs ;+ljwfgsf] k|fjwfg o:tf] lyof] M >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] :jfldTj ePsf] ;+ul7t ;+:yfsf] jf To:tf] ;+:yfsf] :jfldTj jf lgoGq0f ePsf] cGo ;+:yfsf] sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jf ;t{ ;DaGwL lgod / To:tf] ;+:yfsf] ;]jf jf kbdf lgo'lQm, a9'jf / ljefuLo sf/jfxL ubf{ ckgfpg' kg]{ ;fdfGo l;4fGtsf] ljifodf nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] k/fdz{

lng'kg]{5 . lgod / l;4fGt adf]lhd u/] gu/]sf] nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] ;'k/Lj]If0f ug{ ;Sg]5 . 4 ;fj{hlgs ;+:yf eGgfn] krf; k|ltzt jf ;f] eGbf a9L z]o/ jf hfoh]yfdf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] :jfldTj jf lgoGq0f

ePsf] ;+ul7t ;+:yfnfO{ hgfpg] Joxf]/f ;+ljwfgdf plNnlvt 5 .

76

ljqmd ;Djt\ @)&@ df hf/L ePsf] g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] :jfldTj /x]sf] ;+ul7t ;+:yfsf] egf{ / 5gf}6;Fu ;DalGwt sfddf 7'n} kl/jt{g Nofof] . k|:t't ljifodf ;+ljwfgdf plNnlvt k|fjwfg adf]lhd b]xfosf] Joj:yf sfof{Gjogdf 5 M

lghfdtL ;]jfsf] kb afx]s g]kfnL ;]gf, g]kfn k|x/L, ;z:q k|x/L an, g]kfn, cGo ;+3Lo ;/sf/L ;]jf / ;+ul7t ;+:yfsf] kbdf kbk"lt{sf nflu lnO{g] lnlvt k/LIff nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] ;~rfng ug{]5 . oxfFlg/ æ;+ul7t ;+:yfÆ eGgfn] ljZjljBfno / lzIfs ;]jf cfof]u afx]ssf krf; k|ltzt jf ;f] eGbf a9L z]o/ jf hfoh]yfdf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] :jfldTj jf lgoGq0f ePsf] ;+:yfg, sDkgL, a}+s, ;ldlt jf ;+3Lo sfg"g adf]lhd :yflkt jf g]kfn ;/sf/åf/f ul7t cfof]u, ;+:yfg, k|flws/0f, lgud, k|lti7fg, af]8{, s]Gb|, kl/ifb / o:t} k|s[ltsf cGo ;+ul7t ;+:yf ;Demg' kg]{ Joxf]/f ;+ljwfgdf :ki6 pNn]v 5 . o; cg';f/ cfof]uaf6 ;Da4 ;+:yfsf] l/Qm kbdf :yfoL k"lt{sf] qmddf k|ltzt lgwf{/0fb]lv lnP/ glthf k|sfzg;Dd ljleGg r/0fsf] sfd x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . k|:t't ljifodf nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] sfd, st{Jo / lhDd]jf/Lsf] cwLgdf /xL ;Dj4 ;+:yfsf] sfg"gL ;+/rgfdf kl/jt{g ePkl5 cem a9L :ki6 x'g] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 .

kbk"lt{sf] Df}fh'bf l:ylt

-s_ u7gsf] >f]t / sd{rf/L ;+/rgf

g]kfndf ;/sf/L :jfldTjdf ;~rflnt ;+ul7t ;+:yf ljleGg sfg"gL >f]tdf cfwfl/t e} u7g ePsf 5g\ . ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg lgb]{zg af]8{sf] sfo{If]q cGtu{tsf ;+:yfgx?nfO{ pbfx/0fsf] ?kdf ln+bf @# j6f ;+:yfgx? sDkgL P]g cGtu{t, @ j6f ;+:yfg P]g cGtu{t, & j6f ;+:yfg cf–cfˆg} sfd;Fu ;DalGwt ljifout P]g adf]lhd / afFsL # j6f ;+:yfgx? a}+s tyf ljQLo If]q;Fu ;DalGwt P]g cGtu{t u7g ePsf 5g\ . ;a} P]g cGtu{t ;+:yfgx?df cf–cfˆg} lgod ljlgod agfpg] clwsf/ ;DalGwt sfg"gdf ;'/lIft /x]sf] kfOG5 . o;/L ag]sf] lgod ljlgoddWo] sltkodf ;DalGwt -;Dks{_ dGqfnosf] :jLs[lt clgjfo{ ul/Psf] 5 eg] sltrflxF ;~rfns ;ldltaf6} ;+zf]wg x'g] u/]sf] 5 . sd{rf/L;Fu ;DalGwt ljifo klg k|:t't lgod ljlgod adf]lhd g} ;d]l6Fb} cfPsf] 5 .

;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] sd{rf/L k|zf;g k|0ffnL d"ntM bhf{d"ns (Rank Oriented) k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t 5 . o;f] x'Fbf :jLs[t kf7\oqmd, k/LIf0f ljlw Pj+ sd{rf/Lsf] lgo'lQm, sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"NofÍg tyf a9'jf bhf{d"ns k|0ffnL cg'?k g} x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . sfo{d"ns k|0ffnLtkm{ pGd'v x'g] lsl;daf6 st} s'g} k|of; eP u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5}g . @)$# ;fndf :jLs[t ;fdfGo l;4fGt adf]lhd sd{rf/Lsf] a9'jf Promotability Zone leqaf6 ug]{ l;4fGt sfof{Gjogdf cfP kl5 sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍg k|0ffnLnfO{

j:t'ut (Objective) t'Nofpg] hdsf]{ gePsf] xf]Og, t/ s]xL ;dokl5 g} of] Joj:yfn] lg/Gt/tf kfpg ;s]g . jt{dfgdf nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] ;~rfng ul/cfPsf] ljleGg ;+ul7t ;+:yfsf] v'nf k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIff klg bhf{d"ns k|0ffnLd} cfwfl/t x'g] u/]sf] 5 .

77

-v_ kbk"lt{ ;ldltsf] u7g ljlw

;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?sf] u7g ljleGg P]gsf] cfwf/df ePsf] Joxf]/f dfly pNn]v e};s]sf] 5 . o;} cg'?k tt\tt\ P]g cGtu{t ag]sf]] lgod ljlgod cGtu{t ;+:yfgdf sfd ug]{ sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jf ;t{sf] lgwf{/0f tyf sd{rf/L k|zf;gsf] kl/rfng cnu–cnu 9+udf ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 . tyflk kbk"lt{sf] ljifodf sl/a–sl/a ;a}h;f] ;+:yfgsf] lgod ljlgoddf Pp6} 9fFrfdf kbk"lt{ ;ldltsf] u7g ljlw pNn]v ePsf 5g\ . ;+:yfgsf] kbk"lt{ ;ldltdf ;fdfGotof ;DalGwt ;+:yfgsf] sfo{sf/L k|d'v cWoIf, ;DalGwt dGqfnosf k|ltlglw ;b:o, ;DalGwt ;+:yfgsf] ljefuLo k|d'v jf pRr clws[t ;b:o jf ;b:o ;lrj / ;+:yf aflx/af6 Pshgf lj1 jf ljz]if1 lgo'lQm ug]{ kl/kf6L a;]sf] 5 . oBlk s]xL ;+:yfgdf kbk"lt{ ;ldltsf] cWoIftf ;+:yf k|d'v afx]s cGo kbflwsf/Ln] ug]{ Joj:yf klg 5 . :ki6} 5, o; lsl;dsf] k|fjwfgaf6 ;+:yfgsf sd{rf/Lx?sf] lgo'lQmb]lv cjsfz;Ddsf ljleGg kIf;Fu ;DalGwt sfd sf/jfxLdf Ps?ktf sfod ug]{ ul/Psf] 5}g . ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] sd{rf/L k|zf;g k|0ffnLdf aLr–aLrdf ;'wf/sf] hdsf]{ ePtf klg ;fljsb]lv sfod /x]sf] o;sf] d"n :j?k / ;+/rgfdf s]xL kl/jt{g ePsf] 5}g . kbk"lt{ ljifos nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] If]qflwsf/ leq cfPkl5 klg k|:t't ;ldltsf] u7g ljlwsf ;DaGwdf s'g} lsl;dsf] kl/jt{g eP u/]sf] hfgsf/L aflx/ cfPsf] 5}g .

-u_ :yfoL kbk"lt{ 5Ng] k|j[lQ

@)&@ ;fndf ;+ul7t ;+:yfsf] kbk"lt{ nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] If]qflwsf/ leq cfPsf]df ;+ul7t ;+:yfsf] kbsf] cfsf+IfL ;a} pDd]bjf/n] o;nfO{ kbk"lt{sf] Oltxf;df 7"nf] pknAwL dfg]sf 5g\ . lghfdtL ;]jfdf :yfoL b/aGbLdf c:yfoL sd{rf/L egf{ ubf{ nf]s ;]jf cfof]uaf6 ;DalGwt kbsf] nflu c:yfoLdf lgo'Qm ug{ l;kmfl/z ePsf] sd{rf/LnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg'kg]{ h:tf] lsl;dsf] k|fjwfg ;fljsdf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgdf nfu" ePsf] lyPg . o;f] x'Fbf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgdf c:yfoL lgo'lQmnfO{ l/tk"j{s t'Nofpg] kl/kf6L lgod;Ddt ?kdf slxn] klg cl3 a9\g ;s]g . ;DalGwt pDd]bjf/sf] of]Uotf, Ifdtf jf Joj;flostf afx]ssf] cfwf/df ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] k|d'v lgo'lQm x'g] ePsf]n]

/fhgLlts cf:yfs} k|efjdf k/L c:yfoL sd{rf/L lgo'Qm ug]{ k|j[lQ a9]sf] lyof] .5 w]/}h;f] ;+:yfgdf df}lvs cfb]z jf ;fdfGo lgj]bgsf] e/df lgo'lQm kfO{ jiff}{+;Dd ;]jfnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbFb} cfPsf sd{rf/L klg :yfoL lgo'lQmsf] nflu ePsf] lj1fkg cGtu{t v'nf k|ltof]lutfdf ldl;Gy] . k/LIffkmn k|sflzt ePkl5 ltg} sd{rf/Lsf] gfd pQL0f{sf] nutdf b]vf k/]kl5 /x:o v'NYof] . oltn] gk'u]/ sltko ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgdf c:yfoL sd{rf/Lsf] ldnf]dtf]df ;Lldt k|ltof]lutf (Intra Organizational Limited

Competition) sf] dfWodaf6 sfo{/t sd{rf/LdWo]af6} :yfoL b/aGbL k"lt{ ug]{ u/]sf] pbfx/0f klg kfOPsf] lyof] . o;/L nfdf] cjlw;Dd c:yfoL lgo'Qm ePsf sd{rf/L sfo{/t ;fj{hlgs ;:yfgdf v'nf

5 oBlk ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg lgb]{zg af]8{sf] u7g ePb]lv otf k|lt:kwf{af6 lgo'Qm ePsf sfo{sf/L k|d'vx?af6 v'nf k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIffaf6 dfq sd{rf/L egf{ tyf 5gf}6 ug]{ k|of;sf] yfngL x'Fb} u/]sf] kfOG5 .

78

k|ltof]lutfaf6 kbk"lt{ k|lqmof cl3 a9fOP tfklg :jR5 / lgikIf 9+udf kbk"lt{ k|lqmof cl3 a9\b5 eGg] ljZjf; slxNo} lbnfpg ;lsPsf] lyPg . ;+:yfgdf sfo{/t log} sdrf/LnfO{ :yfoL ug]{ kl/k~rdf ;+:yfg Joj:yfkg nfluk/]sf] sf/0faf6 v'nf k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIffsf] cf8df ;+:yfgs} c:yfoL sd{rf/L pQL0f{ x'g] u/]sf] ljutsf] kl/kf6Lsf] ca cGt ePsf] 5 .

ljleGg ;dodf /fhgLlts bafadf ;+ul7t ;+:yfdf ljleGg juL{s/0f cGtu{t lgo'lQm kfPsf c:yfoL sd{rf/Lx?sf] afx'No clxn] klg sltko ;+:yfgdf 5Fb}5 . cfof]un] cfˆg} tkm{af6 k/LIff lng yfn]kl5 log}dWo] sltkon] cfof]uaf6 ;~rflnt k/LIffdf pQL0f{ eP/ :yfoL b/aGbLdf lgo'lQm kfPsf klg gePsf xf]Ogg\ . To;b]lv afx]s afFsL c:yfoL sd{rf/Lx? s/f/, b}lgs jf dfl;s Hofnfbf/Ldf cem} klg sfo{/t 5g\ .

-3_ :yfoL kbk"lt{sf nflu sfg"gL ;+/rgf

@)$& ;fnsf] ;+ljwfg nfu" ePb]lv otf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?sf] kbk"lt{;Fu ;DalGwt sfdsf] cg'udg ug]{ lgsfo :ki6 ?kdf st} pNn]v ePsf] lyPg, oBlk clgoldttf eP u/]sf] egL ;DalGwt pDd]bjf/sf] ph'/Lsf] cfwf/df clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]un] cfjZos b]v] adf]lhd lgoGq0fd"ns sf/jfxL eg] cl3 a9fpFb} cfPsf] lyof] . clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]un] ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg pk/ sf/jfxL yfNbf nf]s ;]jf cfof]uaf6 k|ltkflbg l;4fGtnfO{ cfwf/ dfg]sf] lyof] . ptf nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] rflxF ;+j}wflgs k|fjwfgnfO{ cfwf/ dfGb} cfof]u;Fusf] k/fdz{nfO{ @)^# b]lv @)&@ ;Dd …rfx] ad]flhd k/fdz{ lng jf glng ;Sg]Ú u/L …P]lR5sÚ t'NofPsf] s'/f dfly pNn]v e};s]sf] 5 . k|rngdf /x]sf] sfg"g adf]lhd ;+ul7t ;+:yfx? cfkm} kbk"lt{;Fu ;DalGwt lgod ljlgod th'{df u/L sfof{Gjog ug{ ;Ifd 5g\, To;}sf/0f tL ;+:yfx?n] cf–cfˆgf] cfjZostf adf]lhd ldNbf] / ;'xfpFbf] k|0ffnL ckgfpg s'g} afwf pTkGg gxf];\ / ;fy ;fy} s'g} ;+:yfgn] cfof]usf] sfo{k|0ffnLsf s]xL c+z sfo{fGjogdf Nofpg rfx]df ;3fp k'¥ofpg] To;avtsf] cfof]usf] ;bf;otfnfO{ ;sf/fTds ?kdf lnOg' kb{5 .

To;f] t nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] lghfdtL ;]jfsf] kbk"lt{nfO{ dWogh/ ub}{ @)^* ;fndf sfof{Gjogdf NofPsf] sfo{ ;~rfng lgb]{lzsfsf] 9fFrfdf s]xL ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgn] kbk"lt{ sfo{ljlw lgb]{lzsf nfu" u/]sf] klg kfOGYof] . oxfFlg/ ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg cfkm}+n] cf–cfˆg} lgod ljlgoddf cfwfl/t e} ;+:yfgsf] sfo{ k|s[lt cg's"n sfo{ljlw lgwf{/0f ug{ ;Sg] x'Fbfx'Fb} klg kbk"lt{sf ;DaGwdf lgo'lQm;Fu ;DalGwt egf{ / 5gf}6sf ;fdfGo l;4fGtnfO{ kG5fPsf lyPgg\ . lsg ls lgb]{zg x'ax' sfof{Gjog gug]{ jf a]jf:tf ug]{nfO{ o;} 5f]l8Psf] klg lyPg . o; ;Gbe{df clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u jf ;DalGwt dGqfnosf] kxndf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx? lgb]{zg nfu" ug{ afWo x'Fb} cfPsf] s'/f dggof]Uo b]lvG5 . o;/L 3'dfp/f] tl/sfn] afWofTds Joj:yf ubf{ub}{ ;+j}wflgs k|fjwfg cg';f/ nf]s ;]jf cfof]u;Fu k/fdz{ lng] sfdnfO{ @)^# sf] ;+ljwfgn] lsg P]lR5s 5f]l8Psf] xf]nf < dgg ug'{kg]{ ljifo b]lvG5 .

79

hxfF;Dd @)&@ sf] ;+ljwfg hf/L x'g'cl3 ;+ul7t ;+:yfn] nf]s ;]jf cfof]uaf6 k|bQ lgb]{lzsfdf plNnlvt sfo{ljlwsf] sfo{fGjogsf] k|efjsfl/tfsf] k|Zg 5, o;nfO{ ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] ;+/rgf;Fu ldnfg ub}{ ;fd~h:otf sfod ug{ ;lsPsf] lyPg eGg] ljifodf tnsf k|s/0fx?df :ki6 kfl/Psf] 5 .

Multi Blindness ljlwsf] cg';/0f

jf:tjdf kbk"lt{sf] qmddf nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] ckgfO cfPsf] k|lqmof ;+:yfgdf x'ax' ptf/ ug{ ;Dej lyPg eGg] s'/f k|ydtM :ki6 x'g' cfjZos b]lvG5 . of] ljifonfO{ cfof]un] cg';/0f ub}{ cfPsf] Multi blindness sf] ljlw;Fu ufF;L ljZn]if0f ug'{kg]{ ePsf] 5 . k|:t't ljlwsf] ljsf;df nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] bzsf}+sf] ;dofjlw lat]sf] 5 . of] ljlw /ftf/ft lgdf{0f ePsf] xf]Og . o;sf] ljsf; cfof]usf sd{7 Pj+ nugzLn sd{rf/L tyf pRr cfbz{n] k|]l/t ;bfrf/o'Qm k"j{ kbflwsf/Lx?sf] cys k|of;df ;Dej ePsf] xf] . o;/L lgdf{0f ePsf] k|0ffnLs} sf/0f cfof]uk|lt cfh;Dd ;a}sf] cf:yf ufFl;Psf] xf] . cfof]uaf6 ;~rfng x'Fb} cfPsf] k/LIff;Fu ;DalGwt ;du| lqmofsnfk (Overall Activities) nfO{ cfof]usf] ;+u7gfTds ;+/rgf;Fu cfa4 u/L dl;GofP/ k|:t't ljlwaf/] cWoog ug'{kg]{ x'Fbf pbfx/0f hf]8L tnsf] k|s/0fdf JofVofTds ?kdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] k|To]s ;]jf ;d"x / >]0fL cGtu{tsf kbsf] nflu k/LIff ;~rfngsf] qmddf k|Zgkq lgdf{0f ug]{n] k|Zgkq kl/dfh{g ug]{nfO{ lrg]sf] x'Fb}g / lrGg] u'~hfo; klg /xFb}g . k|Zgkq kl/dfh{g ug]{nfO{ s'g k|Zg k/LIffdf ;f]lwG5 eGg] s'/f yfxf x'Fb}g / yfxf x'g] u'~hfo; klg /xFb}g, o;}u/L cfof]usf kbflwsf/Ln] g} k/LIffdf ;f]lwg] k|Zgsf] l;naGbL vfd dfq rog ug]{, t/ s'g k|Zg ;f]lwg]jfnf 5 yfxf gx'g] kl/kf6L a;]sf] 5 . k|Zgkqsf] uf]Kotf tyf 5kfOsf] klg cfˆg} ljlw to ul/Psf] 5 . k/LIff ;~rfngsf] nflu k|Zgkq 5kfOsf] sfd;Fu ;DalGwt / ;+nUg sd{rf/Lx?dWo] sltn] s}of}+ /ft cfof]usf] aGb sf]7fdf latfpg' kg]{ x'G5 . l7s o;} ?kdf pQ/k'l:tsfsf] sf]l8Ë / 8an sf]l8Ësf] Joj:yf cnu cnu ;+u7gfTds PsfO{af6 ul/g] ul/Psf] 5 eg] pQ/k'l:tsf k/LIfssf] Joj:yf klg ljlzi6Ls[t ?kdf ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 . pQ/k'l:tsf k/LIf0f eO;s]kl5 l8sf]l8Ë / glthf k|sfzgsf] cnUu} ljlw sfod ul/Psf] 5 . lnlvt k/LIffdf pQL0f{ x'g]sf] k|fKtf+saf/] cGtjf{tf{sf/ cgle1 /xg] lsl;dn] cGtjf{tf{ / lnlvt k/LIffsf] c+ssf] uf]Kotf / ;'/If0f Joj:yf sfod ul/Psf] 5 . clGtd glthf k|sfzg ubf{sf] ;dodf tf]lsPsf] kbflwsf/Lsf ;fd' dfq l8sf]l8Ë ug]{ Joj:yf ckgfO cnu cnu ;+u7gfTds PsfO{nfO{ qmdzM cGtjf{tf{ / lnlvt k/LIff jfkt kfPsf] c+ssf] uf]Kotf sfod /fVg cnu cnu ?kdf lhDd]jf/ t'NofOg] u/]sf] 5 . o;/L k/LIff;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg r/0fdf x'g] sfd sf/jfxLdWo] Pp6f lqmofsnfkdf ;+nUg kbflwsf/L, ljifo lj1 jf sd{rf/LnfO{ csf]{ lqmofsnfkaf/] hfgsf/L gx'g] lsl;dn] Jojl:yt t'NofOPsf] s'/fnfO{ ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgaf6 ;~rfng x'g] k/LIff;Fu ufF;L cWoog ug'{ cfjZos b]lvPsf] 5 .

dfly pNn]v eP adf]lhd nf]s ;]jf cfof]uaf6 pko'Qm ljlwsf] cg';/0f ub}{ ;~rfng x'Fb} cfPsf] k/LIf0f ljlwsf] kl/k|]Iodf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgaf6 :yfoL kbk"lt{sf] qmddf cfof]uaf6 k|ltkflbt ;fdfGo l;4fGtsf] x'ax' cg';/0f ug{ vf]Hbfvf]Hb} klg k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIffsf] :jR5tf / ljZj;gLotfsf] k|Tofe"lt ug{ ;lsg] cj:yf lyPg . h'g s'/f b]xfosf] cfwf/df :ki6 t'Nofpg] k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .

80

l/Qm kbsf] lj1fkg

;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?df dfgj ;+zfwg of]hgf (Human Resource Planning) sf] sfdnfO{ Jojl:yt t'Nofpg] qmddf s'g} klg ;+u7gleqsf] l/Qm kbsf] ljj/0f lgoldt ?kdf lj1fkgsf] ?kdf k|sflzt eO/xg' kg]{ dfGotf /x]sf] 5 . o;sf] ljkl/t sltko ;+:yfgdf cfkm" cg's"n ;dodf thlahL 9+un] lj1fkg k|sflzt ug]{ ul/Psf] sf/0fn] Psflt/ sd{rf/Lsf] j[lQ ljsf; cf]em]n k/]sf] lyof] eg] csf]{lt/ ;+u7gdf gofF /Qm ;~rf/ x'g g;s]sf] u'gf;f] ;'Ggdf cfpFYof] . :yfoL kbk"lt{sf nflu lj1fkg k|sflzt ePs} cj:yfdf klg lj1fkgsf] :ki6 cfwf/ / dfkb08 k"j{ :jLs[t ?kdf Jojl:yt ul/Psf] kfOFb}g lyof] . egf{sf] l;4fGt cg';f/ a9LeGbf a9L pDd]bjf/nfO{ cfslif{t t'NofO ;f]dWo]af6 of]Uotd pDd]bjf/ 5gf}6 ug]{ sfo{ cl3 a9fpg' kg]{df lj1fkg k|lqmof g} ;+s'lrt tj/n] ug]{ k|j[lQsf] ljsf; e}/x]sf] s'/f ;Da4 j[Qdf rrf{ ;'lgGYof] .

b/vf:t ljlw

Psflt/ nf]s ;]jf cfof]udf Online b/vf:t k|lqmof sfof{Gjog e};s]sf] l:ylt lyof] eg] csf]{lt/ sltko ;+:yfgdf pDd]bjf/nfO{ b/vf:t k]z ug]{ cg's"ntf gldn]sf] u'gf;f] ;'lgGYof] . ;DalGwt ;+:yfg cGtu{t l/Qm :yfgLo:t/sf] kbdf cfj]bg ug{sf] nflu klg pDd]bjf/n] s]Gb|Lo:t/sf] sfof{nodf cfO{ btf{ ug'{kg]{ Pj+ k/LIffsf] nflu klg s]Gb||d} wfpg' kg]{ jfWotf /x]sf] lyof] . b/vf:t ;fy pDd]bjf/n] k]z ug]{ z}lIfs of]Uotf nufotsf sfuhftsf] k|df0fLs/0f pko'Qm 9+udf / ;dod} x'g g;Sbf kl5 cgfjZos emd]nf Joxf]g'{ kg]{ l:ylt klg /xGYof] .

k/LIffsf] k|sf/ / k/LIf0f ljlw

;+u7gdf l/Qm /x]sf dWo] s'g kb a9'jf, v'nf jf cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIffaf6 k"lt{ ug]{ eGg] ljifodf k|ltzt lgwf{/0f nufotsf] sfddf c:ki6tf /x]sf] lyof] . sltko lgsfodf k|ltzt lgwf{/0f e};s] kl5 v'nftkm{sf] kb aif}{+f;Dd yf+lt /fvL sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nofsgsf] cfwf/df sd{rf/L a9'jf ug{df dfq l;dLt /x]sf] kfOGYof] eg] sltko lgsfosf] v'nf k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIff glthf k|sfzg aiff}{+;Dd gx'g] jf x'g' cl3 g} jb/ ul/Psf pbfx/0f klg 5fkfdf b]vf kg]{ u/]sf] lyof] . o;} u/L sfdsf] k|s[lt cg';f/ s'g txsf] kbsf] nflu s:tf] k/LIf0f k|ljlw– j:t'ut jf ljifout, lnlvt, k|of]ufTds jf cGtjf{tf{ cflbdWo] s'g k|ljlw ckgfpg] ljifodf :ki6 dfkb08 :jLs[t ePu/]sf] kfOFb}gYof] . l7s o;}u/L k/LIf0f k|ljlw;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg cfwf/x? jfktsf] c+sef/df Ps?ktf Pj+ :ki6 dfkb08 sfod ug]{ ul/Psf] klg b]lvFb}gYof] .

k|Zgkqsf] lgdf{0f / pQ/k'l:tsfsf] k/LIf0f

k|Zgkq lgdf{0f ePb]lv lnP/ k/LIff xndf k|Zgkq pDd]bjf/sf] xft gkbf{;Dd ckgfOg] ljleGg lqmofsnfkx? Hofb} dxTjk"0f{ x'G5g\ . o;leq k|Zgstf{sf] rog, k|Zgkq lgdf{0f;Fu ;DalGwt ;'/If0f ljlw, k|Zgkqsf]

81

kl/dfh{g, pko'Qm ;dodf ul/g] 5kfO, 5kfOsf] ;'/If0f ljlw, k|Zgkqsf] 9'jfgL cflb ljleGg r/0fdf x'g] ;+j]bgzLn sfd sf/jfxLdf yf]/} dfq c;/ k¥of] eg] 7"nf] k|ltlqmof pAhg] 8/ x'G5 . o;} u/L pQ/k'l:tsfsf] 5kfO tyf k|df0fLs/0f b]lv lnP/ k/LIf0fkl5sf] k|fKtf+s ptf/sf] r/0f;Ddsf lqmofsnfkx? klg Hofb} dxTjk"0f{ x'G5g\ . o; leq k/LIff xnsf] Joj:yfkg / lgoGq0f, k/LIfssxfF k7fpg' cl3sf] ;'/If0f, klxnf] / bf]>f] sf]8;Fu ;DalGwt k"j{ lgwf{l/t ljlw tyf ;f]sf] k|of]u, k/LIfssf] rog, k/LIfssxfFaf6 k/LIf0f ePkl5 lkmtf{ cfpFbfsf] ;'/If0f, k/LIfsn] pQ/k'l:tsfdf k|bfg u/]sf] c+ssf] cf}lrTo, pQ/k'l:tsfaf6 sf]8s} cj:yfdf c+ssf] ptf/ cflb ljleGg r/0fdf ul/g] sfdx? klg ;+j]bgzLn 5g\ . oL ;a} jf oLdWo] s'g}df :ki6 cfwf/ Pj+ dfkb08 :jLs[t gul/Psf] jf ul/P/ klg pko'Qm 9+un] sfof{Gjogdf gNofPsf] sf/0faf6 a]nfavtdf sltko ;+:yfgsf] v'nf k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIffdf efF8e}nf] ePsf] jf k/LIff g} /2 ePsf] pbfx/0f klg aLraLrdf 5fkfdf b]vf kg]{ u/]sf] b]lvGYof] .

o;} u/L cGtjf{tf{df pDd]bjf/nfO{ c+s k|bfg ug'{ cl3 lghsf] lnlvt k/LIffsf] k|fKtf+s uf]Ko /xg'kg]{ dfGotf /x]sf] 5 . t/ ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] ;Gbe{df kbk"lt{ ;ldltn] pQ/k'l:tsfsf] c+s ptf/ ug]{, ;kmn ePsfnfO{ cGtjf{tf{df af]nfpg] clg cGtjf{tf{ klg cfkm} lng] ePsf]n] pDd]bjf/sf] lnlvt k/LIffsf] qmd;Fu cgle1 /x]sf] b]vfpg ;Sg] cj:yf lyPg . emg To;dfly cGtjf{tf{ ;ldltdf bIf jf ljz]if1sf] rog ubf{ s'g} :ki6 dfkb08 gtf]lsPsf] sf/0fn] hf]sf]xL klg ljz]if1 aGg] u'~hfo; /x]sf] lyof] . o;af6 kbk"lt{sf] ljZj;gLotfdf s'g xb;Dd c;/ kg]{ u'~hfo; /x]sf] lyof] eGg] ljifodf a9L pNn]v ug'{ k/f]Og .

;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] ;+u7g ;+/rgf

nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] d'Vo sfd g} ljleGg dfWodaf6 pDd]bjf/ sf] pko'Qmtfsf] k/LIf0f ug'{ /x]sf] 5 . o;} cg'?k cfof]usf] ;+u7g ;+/rgf klg Jojl:yt t'NofOPsf]] 5 . lhDd]jf/Lsf] jfF8kmfF6 klg ;f]xL cg?k Jojl:yt ul/Psf] 5 . cfof]usf] sfddf k|Zgkq tof/ ug]{, kl/dfh{g (Moderation) ug]{, pQ/k'l:tsf k/LIf0f ug]{, bIf ljz]if1 (Expert/Subject Matter Specialist) sf] ?kdf ;xof]u ug]{ cflb pDd]bjf/sf] k/LIf0f;Fu ;DalGwt cGo ljleGg sfdsf] nflu ljz]if1L ;]jf lgjf{w 9+un] ;/n / ;xh ?kdf pknJw e}/x]sf 5g\ . cfof]usf] ;lrjfnodf sfd ug]{ sd{rf/Lx? cfof]uaf6 lnOg] ljleGg lsl;dsf] k/LIff ;~rfngsf] sfddf cf}krfl/s jf cgf}krfl/s ?kdf k|lzlIft 5g\ / ;aeGbf 7"nf] s'/f, cfof]u;Fu k/LIffyL{sf] ?kdf ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] cf:yf ulx/f] 9+un] ufFl;Psf] 5 .

;ldltsf] q'l6k"0f{ u7g ljlw

dfly pNn]v ul/P adf]lhdsf] l:yltnfO{ ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg;Fu bfFHg ldNb}g . clwsf+z ;+:yfgsf] kbk"lt{ ;ldltdf ;DalGwt ;+:yfgsf] sfo{sf/L k|d'v cWoIf /xg] kl/kf6L a;]sf] 5 . sltko ;+:yfgdf ;Dks{ dGqfnosf] k|ltlglw g} g/fvL ;ldlt u7g ul/Psf] 5 eg] k|ltlglwTj ePsf] 7fpFdf lghsf] cf}lrTo k|dfl0ft ug{ g;lsPsf] u'gf;f] kfOGYof] . sfo{sf/L txdf /x]sf ;+:yf k|d'vn] g} kbk"lt{ ;ldltsf] cWoIfsf] sfd ;d]t ug]{ u/]sf] kl/kf6L ;}4flGts ?kd} cldNbf] x'Fbfx'Fb} klg sfof{Gjogdf

82

NofOPsf] lyof] . lgo'lQmsf] clwsf/L / lgo'lQmsf] nflu l;kmfl/z ug]{ clwsf/L Pp6} x'Fbf lgikIftf sfod ePsf] b]vfpg l:yltnfO{ :jfefljs} dflgPsf] lyof] .

;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg nufot ;+ul7t ;+:yfdf u7g x'g] kbk"lt{ ;ldltnfO{ lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ;Gbe{df nf]s ;]jf cfof]u ;/xsf] clwsf/ / lhDd]jf/L k|bfg ul/Psf] lyof] . olt uxg lhDd]jf/L ;l'DkPsf] ;ldltdf ;Dks{ dGqfnosf] k|ltgLlwsf] ?kdf vl6g] clwsf+z sd{rf/Lsf] rogdf Wofg k'¥ofPsf] kfOFb}gYof] . kbk"lt{ ;ldlt;Fu ufFl;P jfkt ;+ul7t ;+:yfaf6 kfpg] ;'ljwf pknJw u/fpg] cfzon] sd{rf/Lsf] sfdsf] cg'ej / ljz]if1tfnfO{ a]jf:tf ub}{ ;+u7g k|d'vsf] thaLhdf zfvf clws[t jf pk;lrj:t/sf] sd{rf/L v6fO k7fpg] u/]sf] kfOGYof] . sltkodf t dGqLsf] lghL ;lrjnfO{ v6fO k7fpg] u/]sf] klg kfOPsf] lyof] . o;} u/L ;ldltdf ;+:yf aflx/af6 ;dfj]z x'g] lj1 ljz]if1sf] rogdf klg Wofg k'¥ofOPsf] kfOPg . clwsf+z ;+:yfdf lghfdtL ;]jf jf ;+ul7t ;+:yfsf] sfd sf/jfxL;Fu ;j{yf ckl/lrt / cg'ej k|fKt gu/]sf aflxl/of JolQmnfO{ dgf]gog ug]{ ul/Psf] kfOof] . :d/0f /xf];, o;} ;ldltn] nf]s ;]jf cfof]u ;/x ;DalGwt ;+:yfsf] nflu !) tx;Ddsf] sd{rf/Lsf] cGtjf{tf{ lnO c+s k|bfg ug]{ / lgo'lQm jf a9'jfsf] nflu l;kmfl/z ug]{ clwsf/ kfPsf] lyof] . o; l:yltdf kbk"lt{ ;ldltdf x}l;otjfnf kbflwsf/L -sd{rf/L_ gePsf] ljifonfO{ ;DalGwt ;+:yfsf] pRr:t/Lo sd{rf/Lx?n] a8f] lvGg efjdf :jLsfg{ afWo ePsf lyP .

lgrf]8

k|To]s gful/snfO{ ;/sf/L :jfldTjdf ;~rflnt k|To]s ;+ul7t ;+:yfdf lghfdtL ;]jfdf h:t} ;]jf k|j]z ug]{ clwsf/ ;'lglZrt x'g'kb{5 eGg]df b'O dt x'g ;Sb}g . o; cg';f/ ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] kbdf lgo'lQmsf] nflu cfj]bg lbPsf ;a} pDd]bjf/n] k|ltof]lutfdf ;fd]n e} cf–cfˆgf] of]Uotf tyf Ifdtf cg's"n :j:y 9+un] k|lt:kwf{df efu lng kfpg' kb{5 . jt{dfg ;dodf lzIf0f ;+:yfaf6 pTkflbt hgzlQm ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] ;]jfdf ck]Iffs[t ?kdf cfslif{t x'g ;s]sf 5}gg\ . v'nf k|ltof]lutfaf6 ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?df ;]jf k|j]zsf] nflu ;~rflnt k/LIff :jR5, lgikIf tyf ljZj;gLo gePsf] sf/0fn] o; lsl;dsf] wf/0ff hDg uPsf] xf] elgg] u/]sf] 5 . jf:tjdf xfnsf] ;Gbe{df ;]jf k|j]zsf] nflu lnOg] k/LIff ;~rfngsf] ljz]if1tf ;+j}wflgs c+usf] ?kdf :yflkt nf]s ;]jf cfof]u;Fu dfq 5 . nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] ;~rfng u/] ;/xsf] k/LIffsf] :t/ ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgaf6 oyfl:yltdf sfod ug{ klg ;lsFb}g lyof] . lsgeg] ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] ;f+u7lgs ;+/rgf nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] h:tf] kbk"lt{d}qL Recruitment & selection friendly 5}g Pj+ cfof]usf] h:tf] egf{ tyf 5gf}6sf] sfd;Fu ;DalGwt ljz]if1tf ;+:yfgsf] sd{rf/L;Fu 5}g .

;fj{hlgs lgsfodf ;]jf k|j]zsf] nflu k/LIff ;~rfngsf] sfd d'Vo tyf dxTjk"0f{ sfd xf] . o; ?kdf d'Vo sfd (Line Function) sf] ?kdf cfof]uaf6 ;Dkfbg ePsf] kbk"lt{sf] sfdsf] t'ngfdf ;xfos sfd (Staff Function) sf] ?kdf / Tof] klg Adhoc basis df ;+:yfgaf6 ;Dkfbg eP u/]sf]

83

kbk"lt{sf] sfdnfO{ Pp6} nx/ / :t/df /fvL a/fa/L dfGg ;lsFb}g . o; dfg]df nf]s ;]jf cfof]uaf6 ckgfO cfPsf] ;fdfGo l;4fGt x'ax' ;+:yfgdf nfu" x'g] l:ylt 5Fb} lyPg . o;sf] ;fy} jt{dfg ;dodf ;+:yfgdf of]Uotd hgzlQm leq\ofpg] Joj;flostf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] g]t[Tj txdf b]vf k/]sf] 5}g .

dfly plNnlvt sf/0fx?af6 g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] ;+ul7t ;+:yfsf] :yfoL kbk"lt{nfO{ cfˆgf] If]qflwsf/ leq ;d]6\g'sf] ljsNk lyPg . ca o;nfO{ a9L k|efjsf/L t'Nofpg] qmddf b]xfosf a'Fbfx? pk/ Wofg k'¥ofpg' cfjZos b]Vb5' .

-s_ ;++:yfg ;]jf cfof]usf] ;DefJotf cWoog

g]kfndf ljljw sfdsf] nflu ;+ul7t ;+:yfx? u7g ePsf 5g\ . lxhf];Dd kbk"lt{sf] qmddf oL ;+:yfx?df eP÷u/]sf] sfdsf] cfwf/df eGg'kbf{ ca nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] ;+nUgtfn] k/LIffsf] ljZj;gLotf / lgikIftfdf z+sf ug]{ 7fpF k"0f{tof /x]g . ljljw sfo{k|s[lt ;lxt ;/sf/sf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf df}h'bf ;+:yfx?sf] sfd, st{Jo / lhDd]jf/LnfO{ cfwf/ dfGbf logsf] ljz]if1tf klg cnu cnu k|s[ltsf] /x]sf] :ki6 efg x'G5 . o;} cg'?k k/LIf0f ljlwdf klg lgsfout ?kdf ljleGgtf x'g'kg]{ xf] xf]Og < ljZn]if0f u/L tbg's"n ;'wf/ sfo{ cl3 a9fpg' d'gfl;j b]lvG5 . ljljw sfo{k|s[ltn] o'Qm df}h'bf ;/sf/L :jfldTjdf ;~rflnt ;+:yfgsf] g]t[Tj k|efjsf/L ePsf] cj:yfdf sd{rf/L j[Qdf sfo{d"ns k|0ffnL sfof{Gjogdf cfpg] s'/fnfO{ :jfefljs} dfGg'kb{5 . /xFbfa:bf of] sfd ;a}h;f] ;+:yfgdf sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg'kg]{ s'/f dggLo 5 . sfo{d"ns k|0ffnL nfu" ePsf] cj:yfdf lgo'lQm / a9'jfsf] k|of]hgsf nflu cnu ljz]if1L k|sf/sf] cfjZos Go"gtd z}lIfs of]Uotf, sfo{ cg'ej, ;Lk / bIftf cfjZos x'G5 . :jefjtM o;sf] nflu k/LIf0f ljlw / d"NofÍg k|0ffnL klg ljz]if1L x'g'kb{5 . lghfdtL ;]jfd} sfo{d"ns k|0ffnL nfu" gePsf] cj:yfdf cfof]un] jt{dfgdf k|of]udf NofPsf] k/LIf0f ljlwaf6} ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] cfjZostf k'/f xf]nf÷gxf]nf ljrf/0fLo 5 . lghfdtL ;]jf leq o;sf] j[xt ;~hfnn] ubf{ sfo{d"ns k|0ffnL Ps;fy nfu" ug{ Tolt ;lhnf] 5}g . ptf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] xsdfdf cyf{t Pp6f lgsfodf k|of]ufTds ?kdf of] k|0ffnL nfu" ubf{ o;af6 csf]{ lgsfosf] k/LIff ;~rfngdf s'g} c;/ kg]{ b]lvFb}g . log} k[i7e"ldnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL cfof]un] /fhkq cg+lst :t/sf kbx?df ;d"xut ?kdf k/LIff ;~rfng gu/L PsLs[t k/LIff ;~rfng ub}{ cfPsf] s'/fnfO{ dWogh/ ul/g' klg cfjZos 5 .

dfly plNnlvt sf/0fx?af6 lghfdtL ;]jfsf] nflu nf]s ;]jf cfof]u / ;/sf/L :s"nsf lzIfssf] nflu lzIff ;]jf cfof]u sfod /x] h:t} ;/sf/sf] :jfldTjdf ;~rflnt ;+:yfg, ;ldlt / o:t} ljleGg gfdaf6 ;~rflnt ;+ul7t ;+:yfdf :yfoL kbk"lt{sf] nflu ;++:yfg ;]jf cfof]u u7g ug{ cfjZos x'g] xf] ls < o;f] ePdf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?dWo] h'g h'gsf] sd{rf/L k|zf;g k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/ x'Fb} hfG5, ;f]xL cg'kftdf k|:tfljt ;+:yfg ;]jf cfof]usf] sfo{k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/ ub}{ hfg ;3fp k'Ug hfG5 . To;}n] ;+:yfg ;]jf cfof]u u7g ug]{ ljifonfO{ ;DefJotf cWoogsf] bfo/fdf kfbf{ pko'Qm x'g] b]lvG5 .

84

-v_ ;+:yfg k|d'vsf] lgo'lQm

;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?sf] k|lt:kwf{ tyf Joj;flostfdf clej[l4 ub}{ ;dGjofTds 9+uaf6 ;~rfng ug{] p2]Zon] g]kfn ;/sf/n] @)^( ;fndf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg lgb]{zg af]8{ u7g u/]sf] lyof] . d"ntM ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?sf] gLlt lgwf{/0f, k'gM;+/rgf, cg'udg tyf d"NofÍgsf] sfdsf] nflu af]8{ u7g ul/Psf] lyof] eg] o;sf] sfd, st{Jo tyf clwsf/ cGtu{t ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf sd{rf/Lsf] lgo'lQm, ;]jfsf] ;t{ / ;'ljwfsf ;DaGwdf ckgfpg' kg]{ l;4fGt tyf gLlt g]kfn ;/sf/af6 :jLs[t u/fO nfu" ug]{ u/fpg] Joj:yf /x]sf] lyof] . o;sf] ;fy} ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] sfo{sf/L k|d'v kbdf k|lt:kwf{af6 lgo'lQmsf] nflu l;kmfl/z ug]{ lhDd]jf/L klg of] af]8{sf] /x]sf] lyof] . af]8{n] ug]{ 5gf}6 k|lqmofdf nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] cWoIfnfO{ klg ;+nUg t'NofOPsf] lyof] . /fhgLlts babaf /x]sf] df}h'bf kl/l:yltdf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] sfo{sf/L k|d'vsf] lgo'lQm k|lt:kwf{af6 ug]{ Joj:yf cfkm}+df sf]z]9'+uf ;fljt ePsf] lyof] . t/, klxnf] k6s u7g ePsf] af]8{sf] ;dofjlw ;lsPkl5 cfh;Dd gofF af]8{ u7g ePsf] 5}g eg] af]8{ vf/]h ePsf] ;"rgf Pj+ hfgsf/L klg k|sfzdf cfPsf] 5}g . af]8{ ;lqmo /x]s} cj:yfdf klg ;/sf/n] cfˆgf] thaLh k|of]u ug{sf] nflu :jLs[t ;"rLaf6 af]8{sf] If]qflwsf/ cnu u/L cd's ;+:yfsf] k|d'v cfkm}+n] lgo'Qm ug{ kfpg] u/L cfk'm cg's"n thlahL lg0f{o u/]sf] lyof] . o;af6 bnLo cfwf/df u7g ePsf] ;/sf/n] Joj;flostfnfO{ eGbf cfk"m cg's"n t'Nofpgdf a9L hf]8 lbG5 eGg] s'/f k|dfl0ft u/]sf] lyof] . ;+:yfg k|d'vsf] kbdf o; ?kdf ¥ofn sf9\g] ;/sf/L /j}of /xFbf;Dd sd{rf/L Jojxf/df lgikIftf g/xg] / sfo{ jftfj/0f (Working Environment) klg layf]lng] s'/f ljrf/0fLo 5 . oxfFlg/ ;+:yfgsf] sd{rf/Lsf] egf{ / 5gf}6 cfˆgf] xftdf lnPh:t} sfo{sf/L k|d'vsf] lgo'lQm klg cfof]un] g} lnOlbof];\ eGg] rfxGff Jo;flos:t/df sltkosf] x'Fbf] xf] . o; ;Gbe{df sfo{sf/L k|d'v kb sd{rf/Lsf] ;"rLdf kb}{g eGg] ts{ cl3 ;fg]{ xf] eg] of] kbdf lgo'Qm x'g] JolQmsf] nflu 5'§} ;]jf ;t{ lgwf{/0f ug]{ kl/kf6Lsf] ljsf; x'g'k¥of], To:tf] x'g]u/]sf] 5}g . . xf]Og eg] ;f]xL ;]jf ;t{ dftxt /x]sf] sfo{sf/L k|d'vsf] kbdf cfl;g JolQmsf] af]8{ k|ltsf] lhDd]jf/LnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL o;nfO{ sd{rf/LeGbf cnu dfGg klg ldn]g . k|:t't ljifo k|rlnt sfg"gn] ldNg] gldNg] cfˆgf] 7fpFdf 5Fb}5, lgodn] gldn]s} xf] eg]klg xft jfFw]/ s]xL gu/L ;Deflat las[ltnfO{ 6'n'6'n' x]l//xg' klg d'gfl;j x'Fb}g . ;+:yfgsf] sd{rf/L cfof]usf] bfo/f leq kg]{, sfof{no k|d'v rflxF /fhgLlts lgo'Qm x'g] eGg'sf] dtna :s"nsf] k|wfgfWofks /fhgLlts lgo'lQm x'g] lzIfs hlt cfof]usf] If]qflwsf/df kg]{ h:tf] kf] b]lvof] .

lgrf]8df eGg'kbf{ sfo{sf/L k|d'v kbdf x'g] lgo'lQm jf j9'jfnfO{ nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] If]qflwsf/ leq ;d]6\bf /fhgLlts :jfy{ afx]s c? s;}sf] xfgL gx'g] ePsf]n] ;+:yfgsf] sfo{sf/L k|d'v kbdf lgo'lQmsf] l;kmfl/z cfof]usf] If]qflwsf/leq ;d]6\g]tkm{ ljrf/ k'¥ofOg' cfjZos b]lvG5 .

dfly plNnlvt l;kmfl/zsf] cltl/Qm b]xfosf a'Fbfx? klg sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg cfjZos b]lvPsf] 5 M

85

-!_ kbk"lt{ ;ldltsf] cWoIftf

;/sf/sf] :jfldTjdf ;~rflnt ;+:yfgsf] kbk"lt{ ;ldltdf sfo{sf/L k|d'v cWoIf /xg] Joj:yfdf kl/jt{g u/L ;~rfns ;ldltsf] cWoIf jf cWoIfn] tf]s]sf] ;b:osf] cWoIftfdf kbk"lt{ ;ldlt u7g ug]{ .

-@_ kbk"lt{ ;ldltsf ;b:osf] :t/

kbk"lt{ ;ldltdf ;Dks{ dGqfnoaf6 k|ltlglwTj ug]{ sd{rf/Lsf] :t/ ;x;lrj:t/sf] t'Nofpg] . ;ldltdf dGqfno aflx/af6 lj1 ljz]if1sf] ?kdf ;dfj]z JolQm g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sDtLdf ;x ;lrj:t/sf] jf ;+ul7t ;+:yfsf] eP sDtLdf ( txaf6 ;]jf lgj[Q ePsf] sd{rf/L x'g'kg]{ .

-#_ :yfoL ug]{ k|lqmofsf] lg/Gt/tf

;+:yfgdf c:yfoL tyf Hofnfbf/Ldf sd{rf/L lgo'Qm ug]{ kl/kf6Ldf k"0f{ /f]s nufpg], ;+:yfgsf] l/Qm kbdf jif{sf] b'O k6s :yfoL k"lt{sf] k|lqmof cl3 a9fpg] .

-$_ kbk"lt{ sfo{ljlw :jLs[t ug]{

nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] sfd, st{Jo / lhDd]jf/Lsf] clwgdf /xL ;a} ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?sf] ;~rfng;Fu ;DalGwt tt\tt\ sfg"gdf ;+zf]wg gx'Fbf;Dd nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] sfo{ ;~rfng lgb]{lzsfsf] ldNbf] c+z ;dfj]z u/L cf–cfˆgf] kbk"lt{ sfo{ljlw :jLs[t u/L sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg] k|aGw ldnfpg] .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L

• @)!( ;fnb]lv g]kfndf nfu" ePsf ;+ljwfgx? • nf]s ;]jf sfo{ljlw P]g, lgod tyf lgb]{lzsfx?• ;+:yfg P]g, @)@!• lghfdtL ;]jf P]g tyf lgodfjnL• nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] :j0f{hoGtLsf] cj;/df k|sflzt :dfl/sf, @)%*• ;+:yfg lgb]{zg af]8{sf] u7g cfb]z

86

a]?h"sf] l:ytL, juL{s/0f / km5\of}{{6 ;DaGwL /0fgLlts k|of;

— hgs/fh uf}td*

;f/f+z

jflif{s ah]6df ljlgof]hgsf] Joj:yflksf–;+;baf6 cflwsfl/s :jLs[ltkl5 vr{{ ug]{ ;DaGwdf P]g, lgod, lgb]{lzsf tyf kl/kqdf ePsf] Joj:yf cg';f/ /fh:j k|fKt ug]{, ah]6 vr{{ ug]{ sfo{sf nflu sfo{sfl/0fLnfO{ cflwsfl/stf ldN5 . ah]6sf] l;dfleq /xg], gD;{ cg';f/ vr{ ug]{, lgod adf]lhd lgsf;f vr{ tyf cfoJoosf] clen]v /fVg], lgwf{l/t 9fFrf adf]lhd n]vfkfng ug]{, cfjlws ljQLo k|ltj]bg tof/ ug]{, n]vfk/LIf0f u/fpg] nufotsf Joxf]/f pNn]v ePsf] x'G5 . ;fy}, a]?h"sf] k|ltlqmof lbg], sfuhft k|df0fsf] ;+sng ug]{, k'i6\ofOF vf]Hg] tyf cGo cfjZos sf/jfxL u/L a]?h" km5\of}{6 u/fpg] ljifo ;d]t /x]sf x'G5g\ . cw'/f] sfd, ck'/f] >]:tf, ghfgL u/]sf] sfd, unt sfo{ / k]ZsL klg km5\of}{6 gu/]sf]n] a]?h" x'g] ub{5 . ;/sf/nfO{ Joj:yflksf–;+;bk|lt pQ/bfoL, sfo{qmdsf] sfof{Gjog ubf{ hg–ck]Iff cg'?k glthfd'vL t'Nofpg' kg]{ / ljQLo ?kdf hjfkmb]xL agfpg] k|lqmofdf n]vfk/LIf0faf6 ;xof]u k'u]sf] x'G5 . ljleGg kbLo lhDd]jf/L u|x0f u/]sf sd{rf/Lx?n] /0fgLlts cfwf/ lnP/ cfˆgf] cg'ej, z}lIfs of]Uotf, kb tyf zfvfut lhDd]jf/Lsf] lx;fan] cfh{g ePsf] 1fg, ;Lk, Jojxf/ / cEof;sf] cfwf/df pkof]uL / sfof{Gjogof]Uo x'g]5 . Pp6f /0fgLlts a'Fbfn] w]/} sf/s tTjnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ ;S5 eg] Pp6f sf/s tTj ;Daf]wg ug{sf nflu PseGbf a9L /0fgLlt ;d]tsf] cfjZostf kg]{ klg x'G5 .

*k"j{ pkdxfn]vfk/LIfs .

ljifo k|j]z

a]?h" km5\of}{6 sfo{nfO{ jt{dfgdf b]lvPsf] lzlyntf x6fpgsf nflu tfs]tf, sf/jfxLsf] k|lqmof tyf nIo cg';f/sf] pknAwLsf nflu cGo s'g} pkfo ckgfP/ x'G5, a9L ;Dk/LIf0f x'g]tkm{ ljz]if Wofg lbg'k5{ . o;sf nflu dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] sfof{non] klg a]?h"sf] /sd ;lxtsf] a]?h" pNn]v ug]{ / a]?h" ;Dk/LIf0f ug]{ sfo{df glthfd"ns jgfpg ;xof]u ug{' kg]{5 . ;fy} ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltsf] lg0f{o, s]Gb|Lo tx;Ln sfof{noaf6 nuts;L sfof{Gjog ug]{, dGqfnosf ;lrjaf6 x'g] lgoldt / pRr

87

:t/Lo ;ldltaf6 x'g] ldGxf ug]{ / dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] sfof{noaf6 x'g] ;Dk/LIf0f ;DaGwL Joj:yf ;d]tn] a]?h" km5\of}{6 sfo{df ;lqmotf Nofpg' kg]{5 . o;} ;Gbe{nfO{ lnP/ o; n]vdf vf;u/L cfly{s sfo{ljlw ;DaGwL P]g, lgod, ah]6, clVtof/L, ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltaf6 a]?h" km5\of}{6 ug]{ lgb]{zg, dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg, a]?h" km5\of}{6 d"NofÍg tyf cg'udg ;ldltaf6 ePsf k|of; / ;f] sfof{noaf6 ;Dk/LIf0f ;DaGwdf eP u/]sf sfo{nfO{ cfwf/ dfgL a]?h"sf] l:ylt, juL{s/0f / a]?h" km5\of}{6sf] jt{dfg cj:yf, a]?h" a9\g'sf sf/0f, a]?h"sf] gsf/fTds k|efj, a]?h" km5\of}{6sf] sfo{of]hgf, ;d:of tyf lg/fs/0fsf s]xL pkfo ;DaGwL k|:t't ug]{] k|of; ePsf] 5 .

sfg"gL ;+/rgf

;/sf/L sfof{nodf /fh:j jfkt\ cfDbfgL x'g] / ah]6 vr{ ljlgof]hgsf] Joj:yflksf–;+;baf6 cflwsfl/s :jLs[ltkl5 cfo–Joo ug]{ ;DaGwdf P]g, lgod, lgb]{lzsf tyf kl/kqdf ePsf] Joj:yfcg';f/ /fh:j k|fKt ug]{, ah]6 vr{{ ug]{ sfo{sf nflu sfo{sfl/0fLnfO{ cflwsfl/stf ldN5 . o; lsl;daf6 ePsf] j}wflgs :jLs[lt kl5 dGqfno / cGtu{tsf ljefu, lgb]{zgfno, s]Gb|, af]8{, sf]if, sfof{no, ;ldlt, kl/ifb\ cflbnfO{ ah]6 vr{ ug]{ clVtof/L / sfo{qmdsf] :jLs[tL k7fpg] qmddf ah]6sf] l;dfleq /xg], gD;{ cg';f/ vr{ ug]{, lgod adf]lhd lgsf;f vr{ tyf cfoJoosf] clen]v /fVg], lgwf{l/t 9fFrf adf]lhd n]vfkfng ug]{, cfjlws ljQLo k|ltj]bg tof/ ug]{, n]vfk/LIf0f u/fpg] nufotsf Joxf]/f pNn]v ePsf] x'G5 . ;fy}, a]?h"sf] k|ltlqmof lbg], sfuhft k|df0fsf] ;+sng ug]{, k'i6\ofOF vf]Hg] tyf cGo cfjZos sf/jfxL u/L a]?h" km5\of}{6 u/fpg] ljifo ;d]t /x]sf x'G5g\ . cfly{s sfo{ljlw P]g, @)%% df kl/eflift eP cg';f/ a]?h" eGgfn] k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd k'¥ofpg' kg]{ /Lt gk'¥ofO{ cfly{s sf/f]jf/ u/]sf], /fVg'kg]{ n]vf g/fv]sf] / clgoldt tyf a]dgfl;j tl/sfn] cfly{s sf/f]jf/ u/]sf] egL n]vfk/LIf0f ubf{ cf}+NofOPsf] ;Demg' k5{ . cw'/f] sfd, ck'/f] >]:tf (incomplete

accounting records), ghfgL u/]sf] sfd (slips), unt sfo{ (faux pas), / k]ZsL klg km5\of}{6 gu/]sf] (no settlement of advances) n] a]?h" x'g] u5{ . ;/sf/nfO{ Joj:yflksf–;+;bk|lt pQ/bfoL, sfo{qmdsf] sfof{Gjog ubf{ hgck]Iff cg'?k glthfd"vL t'Nofpg' kg]{ / ljQLo ?kdf hjfkmb]xL agfpg] k|lqmofdf n]vfk/LIf0faf6 ;xof]u k'u]sf] x'G5 .

o;} ;Gbe{nfO{ lnP/ o; n]vdf vf;u/L cfly{s sfo{ljlw ;DaGwL P]g, lgod, ah]6, clVtof/L, ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltaf6 a]?h" km5\of}{6 ug]{ lgb]{zg, dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg a]?h" km5\of}{6 d"NofÍg tyf cg'udg ;ldltaf6 ePsf k|of; / ;f] sfof{noaf6 ;Dk/LIf0f ;DaGwdf eP u/]sf sfo{nfO{ cfwf/ dfgL a]?h"sf] l:ytL, juL{s/0f / a]?h" km5\of}{6sf] jt{dfg cj:yf, a]?h" a9\g'sf sf/0f, ;d:of tyf lg/fs/0fsf s]xL pkfo ;DaGwL k|:t't x'g]5 . dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] sfof{noaf6 k|sflzt lqkGgf}+ jflif{s k|ltj]bg, @)&@ sf] ;f/f+zdf pNn]v eP cg';f/sf tYofÍ ;lxtsf] cGo k|:t'tL o; n]vdf ul/Psf] 5 .

88

c;n cEof;sf] ljsf;qmd

cfly{s cg'zf;g sfod ug{sf nflu Joj:yfksLo hfFr h:t} cfGtl/s n]vfk/LIf0f, cfGtl/s lgoGq0f Joj:yf, cg'udg tyf ;'k/Lj]If0fsf dfWodaf6 hf]lvd If]qsf] klxrfg u/]/ q'6L tyf uNtLnfO{ ;Rofpg], sf/jfxL ug]{, lgoGq0f ug]{ / lgb]{zgsf] kfngf ug{ nufpg' kb{5 . cfly{s sf/f]jf/df kf/blz{tf, hjfkmb]lxtf, kl/0ffdd'vL / sfo{ ;Dkfbgd"ns b[li6sf]0f /fv]df ;'zf;g sfod ug{sf nflu ljQLo Joj:yfkgn] cy{k"0f{ ;xof]u (momentously tends a hand ) k'¥ofpg] 5 . xfn cfP/ a]?h" sd ug{ pRr:t/af6 lgs} k|of; ePtf klg ljut jif{b]lvsf] t'ngf ubf{ a]?h" c+sdf j[l¢ xF'b} uPsf] s'/f hfgsf/Ldf cfPsf] 5 . cfly{s k|zf;gdf b]lvPsf ckJoo, cg'zf;gxLg, b'?kof]u, cg'Tkfbs sfo{ h:tf cj:yfsf] ;dodf g} phfu/ u/L lg/fs/0ftkm{ nfUg'kg]{ x'G5 . cfly{s jif{ @)&!–&@ sf] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] cfly{s sf/f]jf/sf] dxfn]vf k/LIfsaf6 /fi6«klt ;dIf dxfn]vfk/LIfssf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg, @)&@ -%#cf}+ k|ltj]bg_ r}q @)&@ df k]z ePsf]n] lgodfg';f/ pQm k|ltj]bgpk/ 5nkmn eg] Joj:yflksf–;+;b ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltdf x'g]5 .

a]?h"sf] ;|f]tcGt/f{li6«o dfGotf cg'?k s"n n]vfk/LIf0f c+ssf] ^ k|ltzt gf3]df ;/sf/sf] cfly{s cg'zf;gaf/] eofjx cyf{t ;+j]bgzLn (Sensitive risk) dflgg] ePtfklg cfly{s cg'zf;gsf] lx;fan] #+ k|ltzt

dfq gf3]df klg /fd|f] nIf0f dflgFb}g . o;sf nflu dflgPsf] hf]lvd (Perceived risk) nfO{ /fd|/L j'em]/ kbflwsf/Lx?n] lgsfo leq ;xL ljQLo Joj:yfkgsf] nflu ;~rf/ ug'{ plrt x'G5 . hxfF hf]lvd 5 ToxL a]?h" x'g] ;Defjgf ePsf]n] hf]lvdnfO{ gh/ cGbfh u/]/ -xNsf ?kdf_ lng' x'Fb}g . cfly{s cg'zf;g sfodnfO{ lg/Gt/ lbgsf nflu a]?h" km5\of{}6 ug]{ / cfufdL lbgdf a]?h" gx'g] lsl;dn] cfly{s k|zf;g ;~rfng ug{'k5{ . Vff;u/L cfly{s k|zf;gdf–

-s_ q'6L tyf uNtL x'g] hf]lvd;}4flGts, cg'dflgt, cfFs8f, k|lqmof, / sfo{ljlwsf] kfngfdf ePsf q'6Lx? k|ltj]bgsf] tof/L / k/LIf0fdf b]vf kg]{

-v_ 5nsk6 tyf lxgfldgfx'g]bfofF afofF ug]{, em'¶f] n]vf k]z ug]{, unt k|:t'lts/0f, l;4fGt, sfg"g tyf gLltsf] unt JofVof ug]{, sf]ifsf] /sdsf] b'?kof]u ug]{

a]?h" juL{s/0f

dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] jflif{s k||ltj]bg, @)&@ cyf{t cfly{s jif{ @)&!–&@ ;Ddsf] ;/sf/L sfof{no, ;+ul7t ;+:yf, lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt tyf cGo ;ldltx? ;d]tsf] /fh:j, ah]6sf cGo ;|f]t, vr{, w/f}6L ;DaGwdf b]lvPsf s}lkmotdf /sd ;dfj]z eO{ nutdf k/]sf], sf/f]af/sf] lgoldt ug{'kg]{, k|df0f k'i6\ofOF k]z ug]{, c;"n km5\of}{6 ug{'kg]{ tyf k]ZsL afFsL, zf]wegf{ lx;fa cflb sf/jfxL u/L 6'Ëf] nufpg'kg]{ h:tf a]?h"sf] s"n df}h'bf c+s ?= # va{ @* ca{ !@ s/f]8 k'u]sf]n] ut k|ltj]bg, @)&! ;Ddsf] a]?h" c+s ?=@ va{ $# ca{ !) s/f]8sf] t'ngfdf !@=#% k|ltztn] a9]sf]n] cfly{s kf/blz{tf / sfo{qmd k|ltsf] hjfkmb]lxtfdf sdL cfPsf] kfOof] .

89

/fh:j aSof}tf ?=! va{ @* ca{ @# s/f]8 #& nfv klg 6'Ëofpg afFsL b]lvG5 . cfly{s jif{ @)&)÷ &! -k|ltj]bg @)&!_ / @)&!÷ &@ -k|ltj]bg @)&@_df pNn]lvt a]?h" /sd / ;f] sf] juL{s/0f lgDg cg';f/ pNn]v ePsf] 5 M—

-?= nfvdf_a]?h"sf juL{s/0f / a]?h"sf] sf/0f km5\of}{6 x'g] cj:yf / lg/fs/0f @)&) &! @)&! &@!=c;"n ug{'kg]{– k|rlnt sfg"g, k|df0f sfuhftaf6 k'li6 x'g] eGbf sd c;'nL, c;'nLeGbf sd cfDbfgL afFw]sf], n]Vg'kg]{eGbf a9L vr{ n]v]sf], lhG;L ;fdfg JolQmut sfo{df k|of]u u/]sf], a}+sdf sd bflvnf u/]sf], dgf]dfgL lx;fan] lghL k|of]hgdf vr{ u/]sf], uDeL/ k|s[ltsf xfgL gf]S;fgL b]lvPsf, ldn]dtf] u/L b'?kof]u u/]sf]], a]dgfl;a tl/sfn] cfly{s sf/f]jf/ u/]sf] .

/fh:j a]?h" c;'n ePkl5 ;/sf/sf] ;+alGwt /fh:j zLif{ssf] vftfdf / cGo a]?h" afkt c;'n ePsf] /sd a]?h" vftf ! ! !# !) df /sd bflvnf u/]sf] k|df0f, lhG;L ;fdfg cfDbfgL vftfdf afFwL] k|of]udf NofPsf], lgodfg';f/ c;"n u/L cfjZos sf/jfxL u/]sf] nufot ;/sf/L xfgL–gf]S;fgL gb]lvPsf]df lgodfg';f/ ePsf] l;kmfl/zdf >Ldfg ;lrjaf6 lgoldt ePdf .

$,@),$* $,##,^@

@= lgoldt ug{'kg]{–

-s_ clgoldt ePsf]– sfg"gL cË gk'¥ofPsf], vr{ tyf cfDbfgLdf l/tefFt / sfo{ljlwsf] kfngf gu/]sf], k|of]hgsf] p2]Zo ljkl/t csf]{ sfo{df pkof]u u/]df clgoldt x'g]5 . sfg"gaf6 lgwf{l/t ;LDff gf3]/ k|zf;lgs vr{ u/]sf] .

lgoldt ug{ ldNg] b]lvPsf a]?h"x? n]vf pQ/bfoL clws[t / lh=lj=;=sf] xsdf lgodfjnLsf] clwgdf /xL lxgfldgf, c;"n ug]{, xfgL–gf]S;fgL ePsf] / km5\of}{6 x'g afFsL k]ZsL afx]s cGo k|s[ltsf ePdf ;f]xL Joxf]/f v'nfO{ lgoldt ePdf km5\of}{6 x'g]5 .

@!,$),%#

^,$(,^%

!(,##,*@

$,@(,^#

-v_ k|df0f sfuhft k]z gePsf]– vr{ n]Vg], clen]v /fVg], cfly{s sf/f]af/nfO{ k'li6 ug{ sfg"g jf gLlt lgb]{lzsfn] tf]s]sf k|df0f sfuhft, e/kfO{, k]z gePsf a]?h"nfO{ o; juL{s/0fdf /flvPsf] 5 . sfd ubf{ pbf;Lg eO{ sfo{Ifdtfdf x|f; cfPdf o; lsl;dsf] s}lkmot b]vf k5{ .

k|df0f h'6fP/ k]; ug{'kg]{, a]?h" pk/ clwsf/ k|fKt clwsf/L, lhDd]jf/ JolQm / ljefuLo k|d'vsf] lg0f{o, k|dfl0ft clen]v, :ki6 x'g g;s]sf] Joxf]/f k|i6 ePdf . To:t}, k|rlnt sfg"g, k|df0f sfuhftaf6 k'i6\ofOF x'g] ePdf / s'g} ef}lts j:t'sf] cl:tTj /x]sf]df .

!#,&(,#) !$,(^,^$

90

-u_ lhDd]jf/L g;f/]sf]– sfof{no ;~rfngdf art /sd tyf lk|mh ug{ gkg]{ cg'bfg /sd ut jif{sf] rfn' jif{df / rfn' jif{sf] cfufdL jif{df lhDd]jf/L ;fg'{kg]{, gubL, lhG;L, /fh:jsf] nut, k]ZsL, ;fk6L, aSof}tfsf] lhDd]jf/L g;f/]sf] jf 36L ;f/]sf] . cfufdL jif{df /fh:j p7fpgsf] nflu ut jif{sf] afFsL / pQm jif{df p7fpg'kg]{ /fh:jsf] nut;lxt lhDd]jf/L ;fg'{ kg]{ .

cfufdL jif{df /fh:j p7fpg afFsLsf] nut;lxtsf] lhDd]jf/L / art /sd lhDd]jf/L ;fg'{kg]{ x'G5 . ut ljut jif{sf] km5\of}{6 x'g afFsL k]ZsL /sd k]ZsL vftfdf lhDd]jf/L ;fg]{, n]vf 9fFrf cg';f/ lhDd]jf/Lsf] clen]v b]vfpg] . lhDd]jf/L ;f/]/ s'g s'g ljj/0f jf k|ltj]bgdf k|efj k5{ ;f]xL cg';f/ ;RofO{ cWofjlws u/L aSof}tf /fh:j /sd p7fpg k|of; ePdf .

!),^# –

-3_ ;f]wegf{ glnPsf– j}b]lzs ;|f]t h:t} C0f, cg'bfg tyf ;xfotfaf6 Joxf]l/g] u/L klxn] g]kfn ;/sf/af6 vr{ ePsf]df ;DalGwt bft[ lgsfoaf6 lkmtf{ lng afFsL /x]sf], sd lkmtf{ lnPsf], ;f]wegf{ glnPsf] / sd ;f]wegf{ lnPsf] sf/f]jf/x? k5{g .

j}b]lzs C0f tyf ;xfotf ;f]wegf{ lnPsf] / ;fk6L lkmtf{ k|fKt ePsf] /sd sfof{nosf] vftfdf n]vfÍg u/L ;/sf/L vftfdf hDdf u/]sf] k|df0f, lx;fa tyf ljj/0f k]z ePdf sf/f]af/sf] le8fg u/L, lx;fa ldnfO{ / k|df0f /fvL km5\of}{6 ug]{ .

!,)),(% &,%%

#=k]ZsL afFsL– sfd ;lsPkl5 lgwf{l/t Dofbleq k]ZsL km5\of}{6 gu/]sf], k]ZsL lnP/ vr{ u/] kl5 vr{sf k|df0f h'6fpg g;s]s]f, sf/f]jf/sf] Dofb gf3L +cfly{s jif{sf] cGTo ;Dddf klg kmfF6jf/L k|df0f k]z geO{ km5\of}{6 x'g lgDg cg';f/ afFsL /x]sf]

-s_ sd{rf/L tyf kbflwsf/L -v_ df]ljnfOh]zg k]ZsL -u_ k|ltt–kq -3_ ;+:yfut

vr{sf k|df0f tyf sfo{, j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] ljj/0f kq ;lxt btf{ u/]/ lng], hfFr k/LIf0f u/]/ ;DalGwtsf] k]ZsL vftfdf km5\of}{6 ug]{, ah]6 lx;fa vftf / a}+s gubL lstfadf km5\of}{6 hgfpg] . k|ltt–kqdfkm{t k|fKt ePsf] ;fdfgx?sf] k|df0f, a}+ssf] k|df0f, vKg] tyf gvKg] lhG;L dfn;fdfgsf] vftfdf cfDbfgL afFWg] / e'QmfgLsf] k|df0f k]z u/L ;dodf g} km5\of}{6 u/fpg] .

!*,!),($

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(,@!,!* ;DalGwt cfly{s jif{sf] s"n a]?h" $#,&!,(% $*,&&,**

91

a]?h" km5\of}{6 ug]{ /0fgLlt

cd]l/sL dxfn]vf k/LIfs David Walker sf cg';f/ æStrategic planning sf] p2]Zo ljt]sf sfo{nfO{ ;Rofpg] geO{ a? eljiosf nflu /fd|f sfo{sf] ;[hgf ug'{ xf]Æ . cfly{s sfo{ljlw lgodfjnL, @)^$ df hjfkm lbg], sf/jfxL ug]{{, a]?h" km5\of}{6 ;DaGwL sfo{ ug]{, ;Dk/LIf0f ug]{ u/fpg] h:tf] pQ/bfoLk"0f{ sfo{ Joj:yfsf nflu sfd ug'{ kg]{5 . jl/k/L s]–s:tf] 5 eg]/ cGo jftfj/0fsf] ;Gbe{nfO{ phfu/ ug'{eGbf klg audit criteria cg';f/ s] rflxF ;To–tYo xf] eg]/ hfFr ug'{k5{ . ljleGg kbLo lhDd]jf/L u|x0f u/]sf sd{rf/Lx?n] lgDg /0fgLlts cfwf/ lnP/ cfˆgf] cg'ej, z}lIfs of]Uotf, kb tyf zfvfut lhDd]jf/Lsf] lx;fan] cfh{g ePsf] 1fg, ;Lk, Jojxf/ / cEof;sf] cfwf/df pkof]uL / sfof{Gjogof]Uo x'g]5 . Pp6f /0fgLlts a'Fbfn] w]/} sf/s tTjnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ ;S5 eg] Pp6f sf/s tTj ;Daf]wg ug{sf nflu Ps eGbf a9L /0fgLlt ;d]tsf] cfjZostf kg]{ klg x'G5 . ;du|df ;/sf/L sfof{no tyf ;+:yf ;d]taf6 a]?h" km5\of}{6 ug{sf nflu a]?h" km5\of}{6 d"NofÍg tyf cg'udg ;ldlt ;d]t af6 th'{df ePsf] lgDg /0fgLlt / sfo{gLltsf]] kfngf ug'{ ;DalGwt ;a}sf] nflu pko'Qm x'g]5 M–

a]?h" km5\of}{6 ug]{ /0fgLlts k|of;/0fgLlts k|of; a]?h" km5\of}{6 ug]{ sfo{

!= a]?h" km5\of}{6 ug{ sfo{ of]hgf tof/ u/L dfl;s nIo tf]Sg]

k'/fgf a]?h" / rfn' a]?h"sf] ls6fg u/L time-bound action plan agfP/ cfly{s jif{ut a]?h" km5\of}{6sf] nIodf ;+3Lo dfldnf tyf :yfgLo ljsf; ljleGg dGqfnosf] s"n Go"gQd jflif{s NfIo $) k|ltztn] a]?h" km5\of}{6 ug'{kg]{ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] 5 . o; nIo xfl;n ug{ cfjZos k/]df sfo{bn agfP/ a]?h" km5\of}{6sf] sfo{ ;'? ug]{ .

@= cfly{s cg'zf;g sfod u/fpg ;hfo / hl/jfgfsf] Joj:yf

a]?h" km5\of}{6 ug{ rf;f] glng], cfgfsfgL ug]{, Dofb leq k|ltlqmof glbg] / a]?h" km5\of}{6 gug]{nfO{ ;hfo tyf hl/jfgf ug]{ / km5\of}{6 u/fPafkt\ JolQmnfO{ k'/:sf/sf]] Joj:yf ug]{ .

#= goFf tyf k'/fgf a]?h" km5\of}{6sf] nIo lgwf{/0f ug]{

:ynut n]vfk/LIf0fsf] qmddf k|f/lDes a]?h" k|fKt ePsf] #% lbg] Dofb leq jf yk Dofb leq k|ltlqmof lbg], km5\of}{6 ug]{ / k'/fgf a]?h" klg ;f]xL ;dodf km5\of}{6 u/fpg] .

$= a]?h" lgoldt u/L u/fO{ km5\of}{6 ug]{

xfgL gf]S;fgL, lxgfldgf, d:of}6, k]ZsL /sd / c;"n pk/ ug'{kg]{, hfFra'em tyf olsg u/L ;f] jfx]snfO{ lgoldt ug]{tkm{ n]vf pQ/bfoL clws[t ;dIf n}hfg] . k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd lgoldt ug{ ldNg] a]?h"nfO{ hfFra'em u/L xfgL gf]S;fgL gePsf] sf/0f oyf;Dej k|i6 u/L n]vf pQ/bfoL clws[t jf :yfgLo lgsfosf] kl/ifb\n] lgodfg';f/ cfkm}+n] lgoldt ug]{ .

%= k]ZsL km5\of}{6 ug]{ u/fpg]

Dofb gf3]sf] / Dofb leqsf] k]ZsLsf] cnu–cnu clen]v /fVg] / k]ZsL km5\of}{6sf] sfo{nfO{ ;DalGwt kIfnfO{ kqfrf/ u/L sfo{ cf/De ug]{ .

^= ;?jf, a9'jf cflbdf a/a'emf/y u/fpg]

a]?h" km5\of}{6 ug]{ u/fpg] pQ/bfloTjsf] Joj:yf cg';f/ hjfkmaf6 k|i6\ofpg' kg]{, sd{rf/L ;?jf, a9'jf, cjsfz ePdf lghsf] km5\of}{6 x'g afFsL a]?h"sf] lghsf] :yfgdf /xg];Fu a/a'emf/y u/fpg] .

92

&= ;a} a]?h"sf] sf/jfxL ;fgf] 7"nf] cÍsf] a]?h" gegL / /sd aflx/ xf];\ jf leq k/]sf] xf];\ ;d]t ;a} a]?h"sf] ljZn]if0f u/L km5\of}{6 ug]{, u/fpg] .

*= c;"npk/ ug]{ a]?h" c;"n km5\of}{6 u/fpg]

lgoldt x'g g;Sg], c;"n x'g g;s]sf afFsL a]?h" s]Gb|Lo txl;n sfof{nodf cfjZos sfo{sf] nflu k7fpg] .

(= a]?h" km5\of}{6 ePkl5 nut s6fpg]

k|f/lDes lx;fadf nut /fVg] / a]?h" km5of}{6 ug]{] sfo{ ;DalGwt dGqfno, ljefu, sfof{no, ;ldlt jf ;DalGwt lgsfosf kbflwsf/Lsf] lhDdf /x]sf] 5 . dGqfno tyf cGo ;Dej lgsfoaf6 ;Dk/LIf0f sfo{df cg'/f]w cfPkl5 dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] sfof{noaf6 ;Dk/LIf0f ePkl5 dfq a]?h"sf] nut s6fpg ldNg]] x'G5 .

!)= km5\of}{6 u/]/ ;Dk/LIf0fdf k]z ug]{

k'gM k|of; u/]/ ePklg k|df0f, k'i6\ofOF, c;"nL, sf/jfxL u/L tyf oyf]lrt cflwsfl/s sf/0f bzf{P/ d=n]=k=af6 ;Dk/LIf0f u/fpg] .

!!= nut olsg ug{ dlxgflkR5] k|ult ljj/0f lng]

d=n]=k=sf] nutdf ePsf] a]?h";Fu le8fg geO{ 36La9L ePsf]df a]?h"sf] bkmfut le8fg u/L cfjZos ;dfof]hg u/L ldnfpg] .

!@= ;dLIff tyf cg'udg k|ltj]bg tof/ ug]{

dGqfnoaf6 a]?h"sf] nut cBfjlws ug]{, @÷@ dlxgfdf k|ult ;dLIff u/L k|ltj]bg tof/ u/]/ a]?h" km5\of}{6 d"NofÍg / cg'udg ;ldltdf k]z ug]{ .

!#= k|lqmofut a]?h"nfO{ lgliqmo kfg{ k|of; ug]{

cfufdL lbgdf sfg"gL k|fjwfgsf] kfngf ug]{, ljQLo sf/f]af/sf k|df0f k'i6\ofOF h'6fpg], afFsL a]?h" km5\of}{6 ub}{ / kf7 l;Sb} hfg] k|ltj4tf ug]{ .

!$= s/ ;DaGwL a]?h" km5of}{6 ug]{

–s/ 5'6 lbg],–s/s§L u/]sf] /sd /fh:jdf bflvnf ug]{ .–cy{ dGqfnoaf6 yk ah]6 lgsf;f lnO km5\of}{6 ug]{–cy{ dGqfnodf cg'/f]w u/L km5\of}{6 x'g] Joj:yf ldnfpg] .

km5\of}{6df ;lqmotf

a]?h"sf] km5\of}{6 tyf ;Dk/LIf0f ug]{ eg]sf] dxTj gePsf] sfd (take a second fiddle) sf] ?kdf ljrf/ ul/g' 7Ls x'Fb}g . n]vfk/LIf0f hlts} dxTj /x]sf]n] km5\of}{6 ug{ gEofPdf sf/0f ;lxt Dofb yksf] nflu dfu ug]{ / yk Dofb leq sfo{ ;Dkfbg u/L km5\of}{6sf nflu lhDd]jf/L JolQmn] yk Dofb leq cfjZos sf/jfxL ug{ cuf8L j9fpg ;Sg]5 . a]?h" pk/ hjfkm n]Vbf km5\of}{6 ug]{ bfloTj ePsf] lhDd]jf/ JolQmn] l;nl;nfj4 lsl;dn] sfof{noaf6 ePsf k|of; ;d]tsf] hfFr u/L ;f] sf/f]af/sf] n]vfkfng u/fPkl5 dfq n]vf pQ/bfoL clws[taf6 lgodfg';f/ lgoldt ePkl5 dfq ;Dk/LIf0fsf] nflu dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] sfof{nodf k]z ug'{ kb{5 . ;fy} ;/sf/åf/f ljleGg dGqfno cGtu{t ul7t ;ldlt, k|lti7fg / cfof]ux?df n]vfk/LIf0f kl5 k|f/lDes tyf jflif{s k|ltj]bgdf bzf{OPsf a]?h"n] ubf{] cfly{s cg'zf;gsf] cj:yf lg/fzfhgs /x]sf] 5 . æ;dodf g} ;RofP lanfP/ hfG5, g;RofP s'lxP/ a:5Æ eGg] sxfjtnfO{ dgg\ u/L a]?h" km5\of}{6 sfo{sf] nIo k'/f ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . a]?h"sf] s/La ** k|ltzt lx:;f !) j6f 7"nf dGqfno;Fu /x]sf] 5 . t;y{, tL dGqfno nufot cGo dGqfnox?n] ;d]t a]?h" km5\of}{6nfO{ k|fyldstf lbO{ lgodfg';f/ km5\of}{6sf] k|of; ug{ pRr:t/Lo ;/sf/L ;+oGqaf6 sflQ{s @)&# df lgDg lg0f{o ePsf] 5 M—

93

-s_ km5\of}{6 / lgsf;f—a]?h" km5\of}{6 / ah]6 lgsf;fnfO{ tfnd]n ldnfpg] u/L sf/jfxL k|lqmof cuf8L a9fpg]

-v_ lhDd]jf/ lgsfo—a]?h" km5\of}{6sf] nflu lhDd]jf/ lgsfosf] ?kdf dGqfno, cfof]u, ;lrjfno, sfof{no / s]Gb|nfO{ tf]s]sf] 5 .

-u_ ;xof]uL lgsfo—a]?h" km5\of}{6sf] nflu ;xof]uL lgsfosf] ?kdf cy{ dGqfnonfO{ tf]lsPsf] 5 . -3_ cg'udg ug]{ lgsfo—a]?h" km5\of}{6sf] nflu cg'udg ug]{ lgsfosf] ?kdf dxfn]vf lgoGqs

sfof{nonfO{ tf]lsPsf] 5 .

;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltg]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)&@ adf]lhd ;f+;bx? dWo]af6 ;efklt, ;+of]hs / ;b:o ;+Vof tf]sL Joj:yflksf–;+;b cGtu{t ljlwjt u7g x'g] ljleGg ;+;bLo ;ldlt dWo]sf] Pp6f ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldlt xf] . ;f] adf]lhd ldlt @)&!–)!–)& df %! ;b:oLo ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldlt u7g ePsf] 5 . ;f]xL cg';f/ ;ldltx?sf] sfd sf/jfxL Jojl:yt ug{ th'{df ePsf sfo{ljlw cg';f/ ;ldltsf] clwsf/ If]q cg';f/sf] sfd sf/jfxL cuf8L j9fpg !) pk;ldlt u7g ePsf] 5 . dxfn]vf k/LIfsn] Joj:yflksf ;+;bnfO{ pko'Qm glthfsf] pknAwL, ljQLo lgoGq0f k|0ffnL, cjnf]sg lg/LIf0f, hfFra'em, le8fg, ;f]wk'5 t];|f] kIfsf] cfZj:ttf cflb h:tf tl/sfsf] pkof]u u/L ljj]s (Prudence) Jojxfl/s cEof;df hf]8 lbP/ n]vfk/LIf0f k|ltj]bg tof/ u/L k|:t't ug]{5 . g]kfn ;/sf/sf] n]vf / dxfn]vfk/LIfssf] k|ltj]bgsf] sfof{Gjog u/fpg' o; ;ldltsf] sfo{If]q /x]sf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltdf 5nkmnsf] qmddf dfggLo ;b:ox?n] bn ljz]ifnfO{ la;]{/ 5nkmnsf] ljifo j:t'sf] ufDeLo{tfnfO{ /fd|/L dgg\ u/]/ lgikIf 9un] lg0f{odf k''Ug] cEof; ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . vf;u/L ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltsf ;efkltdf ePsf] ljifoj:t'sf] 1fg, ;Lk, cg'ej, ljj]s / ;dGjo ug{ ;Sg] e"ldsf (co-ordinating role) dfly klg lge{/ u5{ . ;du|df, ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltn] a]?h" dfq km5\of}{6 ug]{ eGbf klg cfufdL lbg (in the days to come) df s;/L cfly{s cg'zf;g sfod ug{ ;lsG5 ;f] af/] Wofg lbg' h?/L b]lvG5 . o; ;ldltsf] cfXjfgdf cfly{s jif{ @)^^÷^& / @)&!÷&@ nfO{ a]?h" c;"n km5\of}{6 cleofg jif{sf] ?kdf dgfpg] lg0f{o ePsf] lyof] . o; cleofgn] lnPsf] nIotkm{ ;a} kIf lqmofzLn eO{ pQm cjlwdf a]?h" km5\of}{6 ug{ ljz]if Wofg uPsf] lyof] .

a]?h"sf] gsf/fTds k|efj

ljsf; s]Gb|Lt rfn' ah]6df /x]sf] cg'bfg tyf k"FhLut ah]6sf] sfof{Gjog ubf{ ;dodf g} lgwf{l/t sfo{qmddf cfly{s cg'zf;gk"j{s vr{ x'g ;s]g eg] cy{tGq rnfodfg x'g ;Sb}g . t/ ut ljut jif{df cflYf{s sf/f]jf/df a]?h"sf] sf/0fn] lgDg gsf/fTds kl/j]z b]lvg]5 M— • ;'zf;g sfod gx'g]– ;/sf/L ;|f]tsf] clwstd k|of]u gx'g] ePsf]n] a]lytL a9\g], sfg"g;Ddt

lgwf{/0f ePsf n]vf 9fFrfsf] pkof]lutf xF'bfxF'b} klg /fVg] gu/]sf]], sfo{ljj/0fnfO{ sfof{Gjogdf gNofPsf], lgod ljkl/t sf]if ;~rfng u/L vr{ ug]{ k|j[lt /x]sf]n] cfly{s cg'zf;g, kf/blz{tf / ;'zf;g sfod x'g g;Sg] lx;fan] vr{ ePsf] b]lvG5 .

94

• lkmtnf] cfGtl/s lgoGq0f– sfof{nosf] sfddf ldtJooLtf, k|efjsf/Ltf Nofpg sfo{nfO{ bIftfk"j{s gLltut / ljlwjt\ agfO{ cfly{s sf/f]jf/sf] ;xL ;~rfngdf dfu{ b]vfpg] cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnL g} lkmtnf] ePsf] b]lvG5 .

• pknAwLd"ns gePsf]– sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{df bIftf a9fpgsf nflu Ifdtf clej[l4 tyf tflnd sfo{qmd, :ynut e|d0fsf] cjnf]sg / sfo{df k|f]T;fxg:j?k pkof]u ePsf] vr{ /sd g} pknAwLd"ns b]lvPsf] 5}g . ;fy} ;/sf/L gLlt tyf sfo{qmd ;~rfngsf] qmddf lgdf{0f sfo{, ;fdfg vl/b / ;]jf k|jfxdf sxL sdL / s]xLdf bf]xf]/f]kgf ePsf] Joxf]/f b]lvPsf] 5 .

• k|ltlqmofdf sd rf;f]– lgod ljkl/t sf]if ;~rfng u/L vr{ ug]{ k|j[lQ /x]sf]n] cfly{s cg'zf;g, kf/blz{tf / ;'zf;g sfod x'g g;Sg]] b]lvPsf] 5 . dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] sfof{noaf6 k7fOPsf] a]?h" pk/ rf;f] glbg], k|ltlqmof lbg ;d]t cfn6fn ug'{sf ;fy} k|df0f, k'i6\ofOFsf] jf:tljs / oyfy{sf] cfwf/ ga'emL k|ltlqmof JoQm ug]{ (not response thoughtfully) k|j[ltsf] sf/0f hjfkmb]lxtf glng] .

• pbf;Lg b]lvPsf]– ;DalGwt kIfsf] sfd u/fO{df pbf;Lg b]lvPdf sfo{–Ifdtfdf x|f; cfO{ / x]nr]qm\ofOF u/]df o; lsl;dsf] s}lkmot b]vf k5{ . a]?h" b]lvg'df sfd ;lsPkl5 lgwf{l/t Dofbleq JolQmut, sd{rf/L, lgdf{0f Joj;foL / k|lttkqsf] lhDdf lng]af6 k]ZsL sf/f]jf/sf] Dofb gf3L +cfly{s jif{sf] cGTo;Dddf kmfF6jf/L tyf vr{sf k|df0f k]z ug{ s}lkmot ldnfpg g;s]/ klg km5\of}{6 x'g afFsL /x]sf] x'g;S5 . sfd ubf{ pbf;Lg eO{ sfo{Ifdtfdf x|f; cfPsf] ;"rssf] s}lkmot b]vfpF5 .

• hjfkmb]xL glng]– hjfkmb]xL a'emfpg] (Accountability) ;aeGbf dxTjk"0f{ clen]v eg]s} cfjlws ljQLo k|ltj]bg / ef}lts k|ult k|ltj]bg dfkm{t ePsf]n] hjfkmb]xLsf] hfFr u/]/ sfof{nodf cfjlws k|ltj]bgsf] Joj:yf gePdf lg0f{o ug{ sl7gfO{ dfq xf]Og ls ;xL, plrt / Gofok"0f{ lg0f{o x'g ;Sb}g .

• sf/f]jf/df cz'4tf– ut ljutsf ljQLo sf/f]jf/df z'4Ls/0f ug{ a]?h" km:of}}{6 ug]{ / ljQLo sfo{ljlwsf] ckfngfaf6 ;DalGwt lgsfox? ljlw, ljwfg, l/tefFtL / 9fFrf tyf vfsf cg';f/ grn]sf]n] ;'zf;g sfod gu/]sf] 7x5{ .

km5\of}{{6 ug]{ pkfosfd u/fO{df oyfy{k/s, ljZj;gLo, e/kbf]{ x'g g;s]sf] cj:yf r'gf}tLsf] ?kdf b]lvPsf]n] æx/]s r'gf}tLn] 9f]sf v'nfO{ kl/jt{gsf] nflu cj;/ k|bfg ug]{5Æ eGg] egfO{nfO{ dgg u/]df cfTdljZjf; a9\g] x'gfn] n]vfk/LIf0f tyf a]?h" km5\of}{6df lgDg r'gf}tL tyf ;d:ofnfO{ a'em]]/ ;xL lgsf;sf] vf]hL ug'{k5{ .

sfo{of]hgf− ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltn] k'/fgf a]?h" / jt{dfg a]?h"sf] ls6fg u/L ;do aGwg (time bound) ;d]t /fvL sfo{of]hgf agfP/ k'/fgf] a]?h"sf] jf:tljs ?kdf tTsfnLg kl/j]z, sfg"gL kl/jt{g, a]?h"sf] uxgtf, kl/jlt{t kl/k|]Ifdf a]?h"sf] ;fGble{stf, sfof{non] u/]sf k|of; tyf lhDd]jf/ sd{rf/Lsf] k|ltlqmof ;d]tsf] n]vfhf]vf u/]/ a]?h"pk/ lg0f{o lng'k5{ . ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltaf6 k'/fgf] a]?h"sf] jf:tljs ?kdf tTsfnLg kl/j]z, sfg"gL kl/jt{g, a]?h"sf] uxgtf, kl/jlt{t kl/k|]Ifdf

95

a]?h"sf] ;fGble{stf, sfof{non] u/]sf k|of; tyf lhDd]jf/ sd{rf/Lsf] d]xgtaf6 sfo{of]hgf tof/ ePdf a]?h" km5\of}{6 sfo{n] ;xhtf kfpg] egfO{ /x]sf] 5 . a]?h" km5\of}{6 sfo{of]hgfsf] tof/Laf6 ;/sf/L sfof{non] ljQLo pQ/bfloTj :jLsf/ u/L cfk'mn] u/]sf] sfdnfO{ cflYf{s cg'zf;g sfod ug{sf nflu hjfkmb]lxtf :jLsf/ u/]sf] hgfpF5 . x'g t, of] sfo{of]hgf sfof{Gjogsf nflu ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnfx?n] k|ToIf jf k/f]If ?kdf ;fy / ;xof]u u/]df dfq ;kmn x'G5 .

• k|df0f k'i6\ofOF– ;dodf g} ;RofP lanfP/ hfG5, g;RofP s'lxP/ a:5 eGg] cfxfgnfO{ dgg u/L lgwf{l/t ;dodf g} a]?h"sf] k|ltlqmof lbg], k|df0f k'i6\ofOF ;lxt a]?h" km5\of}{6sf] nflu cg'/f]w ug]{, unt sfo{pk/ cfjZos sf/jfxL ug]{ / b'?kof]u /sdsf] c;'nL ug]{ sfo{ ePdf ;'zf;g sfod x'g ;S5 .

• ljj]s k'¥ofpg]– a]?h" ;Dk/LIf0fsf] qmddf sfg"gL lgsf;, cg'/f]w kq, k|ltlqmof, c;'nL, k|df0f, k'i6\ofOF / cGo s'g} sf/0faf6 lgodg x'g uPdf, Ps juL{s/0fdf k/]sf] a]?h" cs}{ juL{s/0fn] vf]h]sf] k|df0f cg';f/ km5\of}{6 x'g ;Sg] /x]5 eg] n]vfk/LIfsaf6 plrt / ljj]sk"0f{ 9+un] ;Dk/LIf0f x'g]5 .

• q'6L /lxt– n]vfk/LIf0f k|ltj]bg pk/sf] cg'udg, ;dLIff tyf k[i7kf]if0faf6 cfly{s ljj/0f nufot lx;fa lstfadf /sdsf] q'6L /lxt agfO{ (error free), lgsf;f tyf vr{sf cÍsf] clen]v /fVg], ?h' ug]{, uNtL ;Rofpg] / ;dodf g} k|ltj]bg ug]{ sfo{nfO{ ;xhtf k|bfg ug]{5 .

• k|ltlqmof— a]?h" pk/ k|ltlqmof / hjfkm n]Vbf km5\of}{6 ug]{ bfloTj ePsf] lhDd]jf/ JolQmn] l;nl;nfj4 lsl;dn] sfof{noaf6 ePsf k|of; ;d]tsf] hfFra'em u/L s}lkmot sf/f]jf/sf] n]vf, lx;falstfa / cfly{s ljj/0fdf kg]{ k|efj ;d]tsf] ljrf/ u/L n]vfkfng u/fPkl5 dfq km5\of}{6 ug]{ / lgoldt u/L km5\of}{6 ug]{tkm{ n]vfpQ/bfoL clws[t ;dIf k]z ug{'k5{ . dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] sfof{noaf6 k7fOPsf] a]?h" pk/ rf;f] glbg], k|ltlqmof lbg ;d]t cfn6fn ug'{sf ;fy} k|df0f, k'i6\ofOF+sf] jf:tljs / oyfy{sf] cfwf/ ga'emL k|ltlqmof JoQm ug]{ (not response thoughtfully) k|j[lQ b]lvPsf] 5 . ;fy} ;f] pk/ dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] sfof{nosf n]vfk/LIfsn] k|ltlqmofsf] cWoog u/L a]?h"sf] oyfy{tfaf/] hfgsf/L /fVg'k5{ .

• a]?h" bflvnf—n]vfk/LIf0f a]?h" bflvnf u/]sf] /sdsf] ef}r/ k]z ePdf, lhDd]jf/ JolQmn] a]?h" bflvnf ug{ nufPsf], ;fdfg cfDbfgL vftfdf afFwL] k|of]udf NofPsf], lgodfg';f/ c;"n u/L cfjZos sf/jfxL u/]sf] klg km5\of}{6 x'g]5 . /fli6«o hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ng sfo{qmdsf] a]?h" /sd c;'n eO{ cfPdf lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf] vftfdf hDdf gu/]/ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] a]?h" ;/x dfg]/ lgDg ;|f]tsf] ;+s]t gDa/, zLif{s, vftf gDa/, JofVof cg';f/ hDdf u/]sf] a}+s ef}r/ k]z ug{'k5{ M—

a]?h" !=!=!#=!) /fh:j afx]ssf] a]?h" /sd o;df bflvnf ug'{k5{ . /fh:j ;DaGwL a]?h" ;DalGwt /fh:j pkzLif{sdf g} bflvnf ug'{k5{ .

• nut s6fpg]– dGqfno ljefun] s]Gb|Lo :t/sf] n]vfkfng /fVg] x'gfn] pQm cfly{s jif{;Dddf km5\of}{6 x'g afFsL b]lvPsf a]?h""nfO{ lgodfg';f/ s]Gb|Lo clen]v d=n]=k=kmf=g+= @)% / d=n]=k=kmf=g+= @)^ sf] 9fFrf adf]lhd nut /fvL a]?h" km5\of}{6 ug{ u/fpg cfjZos kxn ug'{ k5{ . dGqfno tyf cGo ;Dj4 lgsfoaf6 ;Dk/LIf0f sfo{df cg'/f]w cfPkl5 dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] sfof{noaf6

96

;Dk/LIf0f ePkl5 dfq nut s6fpg ldNg]] ePsf]n] pQm sfof{noaf6 ;Dk/LIf0f ;DaGwdf ;/n sfo{ljlw tof/ u/L sfo{ k|lqmof cuf8L a9fpg' k5{ . k|ydtM a]?h"sf] nut /fVg] / a]?h" km5\of}{6 ug]{] sfo{ ;DalGwt dGqfno, ljefu, sfof{no jf ;ldltsf kbflwsf/Lsf] lhDdfdf /x]sf] 5 . t;y{, a]?h"sf] nut /fVg], km5\of}{6 ug]{ u/fpg], / ;Dk/LIf0f ug]{ ljifodf sfg"gL tyf ;}4flGts lx;fan] :ki6 g} ePsf] 5 .

lgisif{

w]/} nfdf] ;do;Dd a]?h" /xg] xf] eg] klg sfo{sf/0fLtkm{ lg0ff{os Ifdtfdf sdL eO{ ljZj;gLotf 36\g yfN5 . t;y{, kl/l:ylthGo a]?h"nfO{ lgoldt ?kdf ;Dk"0f{ kfngf eGbf klg n]vfk/LIfsaf6 exercise of judgment / prudence sf] k|of]u ug'{ k5{ . n]vfk/LIf0f ;fj{hlgs rf;f]sf] ljifo ePsf]n] ;/f]sf/jfnf / gful/s ;dfhnfO{ ;d]t ljifo / k|s[lt x]/L dgfl;j b]lvPdf v'nf n]vfk/LIf0fsf] kl/j]z ldnfO{ lghx?nfO{ ;dfj]z ug'{k5{ . t;y{, o; k]zfdf cfjZos kg]{ ljz]iftf (essential ingredients for excellent career) h:t} :jtGq b[li6sf]0f, g}lts cfr/0f, Jojxfl/s kl/j]zsf] klxrfg, ljifoj:t'sf] 1fg tyf ;Lk, sfo{;Dkfbgdf r'gf}tLsf] ;fdgf, k]zfut g]t[TjbfoL e"ldsf v]Ng'kg]{ x'G5 . ;fy} n]vfk/LIf0fsf] If]q dynamic ePsf]n] kl/jt{gsf] ;Gbe{nfO{ ;d]6L n]vfk/LIf0fsf sfo{z}nL, n]vfk/LIfssf] k]zfut Jojxf/, clen]v Joj:yfkg, k4lt / ;f]rdf kl/jt{gnfO{ a'emL paradism shift ug'{kg]{ cj:yf 5 . a]?h" km5\of}{6 sfo{nfO{ jt{dfgdf b]lvPsf] lzlyntf x6fpgsf nflu ;dLIff a}7saf6 h]–h:tf] tfs]tf, sf/jfxLsf] k|lqmof tyf nIo cg';f/sf] pknAwLsf nflu cGo s'g} pkfo ckgfP/ x'G5, a9L ;Dk/LIf0f x'g]tkm{ ljz]if Wofg (special attention) lbg'k5{ . o;sf nflu dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] sfof{non] klg a]?h"sf] /sd ;lxtsf] a]?h" pNn]v ug]{ / a]?h" ;Dk/LIf0f ug]{ sfo{df glthfd"ns agfpg ;xof]u ug{' kg]{5 . ;fy} ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltsf] lg0f{o, s]Gb|Lo tx;Ln sfof{noaf6 nuts;L sfof{Gjog ug]{, dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] sfof{noaf6 x'g] ;Dk/LIf0f, dGqfnosf ;lrjaf6 x'g] lgoldt / pRr :t/Lo ;ldltaf6 x'g] ldGxf ug]{ ;DaGwL Joj:yf ;d]tn] a]?h" km5\of}{6 sfo{df ;lqmotf Nofpg' kg]{5 . olb lgwf{l/t Go"gtd\ nIo $) k|ltzt klg km5\of}{6 ug{ g;s] sf/jfxLsf] nflu a]?h" km5\of}{6 d"NofÍg tyf cg'udg ;ldltaf6 k'/:sf/ / ;hfoaf/] hfgsf/L (awareness) x'g] u/]sf] 5 .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L• dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] jflif{s k||ltj]bg, @)&! / @)&@• a]?h" km5\of}{6 d"NofÍg tyf cg'udg ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bg• OG6/g]zgn hg{n ckm ue/d]G6 cl8l6Ësf] cÍ• cfly{s sfo{ljlw P]g tyf lgod• sNkj[If , jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfno• ;/sf/L n]vf 9fFrf, d=n]=k=kmf=g=

97

ljsf;df xl/t cy{tGq / n]vf°g

— 8Da/axfb'/ sfsL{*

;f/f+z

ljsf; ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g xf] . cfly{s ;d[l4 / pGglt dfq ljsf; xf]O{g eGg] dfGotf cl3 ;/]kl5 ;fdflhs Gofo, ;dfj]zLs/0f, ;dtf / jftfj/0fLo ;+/If0f ;d]t ljsf;sf bfo/fdf k/]sf 5g\ . ;|f]t;fwgx?, k|lqmofx? / dfWodx? ljsf;sf ;fwg x'g eg] ljsf; cfkm} dfgjhLjgs]f ;d[l4, v'zL / ;'vsf nflu ;fWo ePsfn] ljsf; dfgjsf nflu ;fwg / ;fWo b'j} xf] .

;+o'Qm/fi6« ;+3n] l/of] b h]g]l/of]df ;g\ !((@ df u/]sf] ljZj jftfj/0f ;Dd]ng / To;sf] k'g/fjnf]sgsf ;Gbe{df $ b]lv ^ h"g, @)!@ df ePsf] l/of] ±@) ;Dd]ngn] xl/t cy{tGqsf ljifonfO{ lbuf] ljsf; / ul/aL lgjf/0f;Fu cfj4 u/]/ phfu/ u/]sf] 5 . o;n] k|fs[lts ;Dkbf c;Lldt ;|f]t xf] eGg] k/Dk/fut dfGotfdf kl/jt{g ug]{ km8\sf] dfg{ ;r]tgf hufPsf] 5 .

xl/t cy{tGqsf] dfWodaf6 ljsf; ug{ ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf, ;fj{hlgs–lghL ;fem]bf/Lsf nflu ldl>t gLlt, k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] bIftfk"0f{ pkof]u, k|b"if0fo'Qm pmhf{ pT;h{gdf sdL ug'{kb{5 . o; ljsf; k|of;n] dfgjnfO{ s]Gb|laGb'df /fv]/ dfgj Pstf, Gofo, ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0f, ;dtf, ;Ddfg, dfgjflwsf/ / gful/s ;xeflutfnfO{ k|j4{g ub{5 . kof{j/0fdf cfwfl/t o; k|sf/sf] ljsf; k|of;n] ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'ssf] hgtf / cy{tGqdf kfg]{ k|efj, d"No cl:y/tf, ljQLo ;+s6, k|sf]k, vfB ;+s6, hnjfo' kl/jt{g, kfgLsf] cefjnfO{ ;Daf]wg u/L lbuf] pTkfbg tyf pkef]u k|j[ltdf 6]jf k'¥ofpFb5 .

kl5Nnf lbgdf xl/t cy{tGqsf] n]vf+sg ug]{ k4lt ;d]t ljsf; ul/Psf] 5 . v'b ufx{:y pTkfbg (Net Domestic Product-NDP) df v"b lgof{t, clGtd pkef]u / v'b nufgL ;dfj]z ul/Psf] x'G5 eg] System Of Environmental Economic Accounting- SEEA df pTkflbt jf cg'Tkflbt ljQLo / k|fs[lts ;Dkltx?sf] ;d]t u0fgf ul/Psf} kfO{G5 .

*n]vf ;b:o, /fh:j Gofolws/0f, sf7df8f}+ .

98

ljifo k|j]z

a9\bf] hg;+Vof, cJojl:yt zx/Ls/0f, jgh+un nufot k|fs[lts ;Dkbfsf] ckrng, c;'/lIft cf}Bf]lus ljsf;, k|ljlwsf] cTolws k|of]u, ljleGg ;+qmfds / pkrf/ljxLg /f]ux?sf] pTklt, ljsf;sf k|lqmof / ultdf c:j:y k|lt:kwf{, ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] lj:tf/n] ;LdfljxLg ;fldKotfaf6 l;lh{t ;f+:s[lts ljrng, lgoGq0fdf /fHo;+oGqsf] lzlyntf cflbn] ljsf;sf cfofdx?nfO{ hl6n / r'gf}tLk"0f{ agfpFb} NofPsfn] tL hl6ntf / r'gf}tLsf] ;fdgf ub}{ Jojl:yt ljsf; k|lqmof cjnDag u/L ;Eo, ;';+:s[t / ;d[4 ljZj lgdf{0f ug{ dfgj ;d'bfo lrGtglzn / lqmoflzn /x]sf] 5 .

o:tf r'gf}tLx?sf] ;fdgf ug]{ Ifdtf / k|ljlwsf] ljsf; x'Fb} cfPsf] eP tfklg ltgsf] pkof]udf ;dembf/L, a'l4dtf, kf/:kl/s ;fem]bf/L Pjd\ eljiof]Gd'v ;f]r, z}nL / Jojxf/sf] cefjsf sf/0f hl6ntf ylkFb} uPsf] b]lvG5 .

kl5Nnf lbgdf d'n'ssf] pTkfbg, ljt/0f / pkef]u cfFsng u/L tof/ ul/g] /fli6«o n]vfdf k|fs[lts ;|f]t;fwg, ltgsf] pkof]lutf, x|f; / ;+/If0f nfutsf] df}lb|s d"No ;d]t dfkg u/L ;dfof]hg ug]{ k4ltsf] ljsf; x'Fb} cfPsf] kfO{G5 . o;af6 k':tfGt/0f x'g] h}ljs ljljwtf ;d]tsf] n]vf+sg, k|ltj]bg x'g] k|0ffnL ljsl;t e} b'n{e k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] ;+/If0fdf 6]jf k'Ug yfn]sf] 5 .

ljsf;sf] kl/ro

ljsf; eg]sf] ljutaf6 lgb]{lzt geO{ ljutsf ;kmn cg'ej, ;sf/fTds kl/0ffd / ltgsf sf/0f, jt{dfgdf ;an kIfsf] ljZn]if0f / eljiosf] ;Defjgf, rfxgf / O{R5fsf] k|:km'6g u/fpg] /0fgLltsf] kl/0ffd xf] .

ha;Dd eljiosf] ;Defjgf, tL ;Defjgf k|:km'6g ug]{ /0fgLlt tyf gLltsf] dfu{ lrq :ki6 ?kdf sf]l/Fb}g ta;Dd cu|ufdL ljsf;sf] af6f] v'Nb}g .

ljsf;nfO{ dfgjLo cfjZostf k"lt{sf] ;fwg dfq gagfO{ ax'cfoflds, ax'kIfLo, ax'ljifo, ax'If]qLo cGt/ ;DaGwaf6 ljZn]if0f u/L jftfj/0f;Fu cGt/lge{/ / cGt/ ;DalGwt t'NofpFb} /0fg}lts rf;f], If]qut PsLs/0f, Joj:yfkg ultzLntf, ;+/rgfut / gLltut k|fjwfgsf dfWodaf6 lg/Gt/tf lbO{g' kb{5 .

ljsf; eg]sf] ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g / dfgj dfqsf] pGglt xf] . ;'?df ljsf; k"jf{wf/sf] ;+/rgf lgdf{0f;Fu dfq ;DalGwt /x]sf]df ljsf; dfgjsf nflu cfjZos uf;, af;, skf;, lzIff, :jf:Yo;Dd cfP/ clxn] ljsf; ;|f]tsf] afF8kmfF8df bIftf, pknlAwsf] ljt/0fdf ;dtf ;lxtsf] ;dfgtfdf cfO{k'u]sf] 5 . cfhsf] ljsf;n] cfly{s, ;fdflhs cj:yfsf] ;'wf/ / :t/Lo hLjgofkg ;lxtsf] v'zL / ;'vL dfgj ;dfhsf] ck]Iff /fv]sf] x'G5 .

99

zflAbs cy{df ;fljssf] cj:yfaf6 dflyNnf],k"0f{ jf kl/kSj cj:yfdf k'/\ofpg xfl;n ePsf] j[l4nfO{ a'emfpg] ljsf;sf] ljleGg cfofddf cnu cnu b[li6sf]0faf6 kl/eflift ul/Psf] kfO{G5 M

s_ cy{zf:q s"n ufx{:y pTkfbg / k|ltJolQm cfodf x'g] j[l4

v_ ;dfhzf:q ;fdflhs ;+/rgf / k|lqmofdf x'g] ;'wf/,

u_ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ;+/rgfdf ePsf] k|ult,

3_ /fhgLltzf:q nf]stflGqs k4ltsf] ljsf; / gful/s clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"lt,

ljsf; eg]sf] cfly{s k|ult dfq xf]O{g, ;du|df ul/aL, c;dfgtf / a]/f]huf/Lsf] cGTo ug'{ g} ljsf; xf] eGg] cjwf/0ff kl5Nnf] ztflAbsf] cGTo gx'Fb} ;'? eof] . ;g\ !(^) sf] bzs kl5 t]>f] ljZjsf /fi6«x?n] cfly{s j[l4sf nIox? xfl;n u/]/ klg cfd hgtfsf] hLjg:t/df ck]Iffs[t ;'wf/ x'g g;s]sfn] ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ffdf cfly{s ;"rs ;+u;+u} ;fdflhs ;"rsx? ;dfj]z ul/of] .

o;kl5 ljsf; x'g s"n ufx{:y pTkfbg / k|ltJolQm cfodf j[l4 eP/ dfq k'Ub}g, ;fIf/tf, :jf:Yo l:ylt, cfjf; ;'ljwf, hgf]kofuL ;]jfx?sf] k|jfxdf ;d]t ck]lIft ;'wf/ x'g'kb{5 eGg] dfGotfn] cu|tf kfpg yfNof] .

;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3sf] kxn / g]t[Tjdf aL;f}+ ztflAbsf] cGTodf ePsf] ljZjJofkL e]nfn] ljsf;sf nflu cfly{s j[l4 dfq oy]i7 x'b}g, kof{j/0fLo ;+/If0f, hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] cg's"ng / lbuf] ljsf; ckl/xfo{ x'Fb} cfPsf] tYo p7fP/ ljsf;sf] k|ltkmn ;dfg'kflts, ;dtfo'Qm ljt/0faf6 ljZjs} /f]u, ef]s, ul/aL, clzIff lgd{"n ug'{ kb{5 eGg] lgisif{ lgsfn]sf] b]lvG5 . To;}u/L e"uf]nsf] s'g} c+zdfq ljsl;t eP/ k'Ub}g, ;a} d'n'ssf] ;dfg ljsf; cfjZos 5 . h;sf nflu ljZj ;fem]bf/Lsf] cfjZoQmf cf}+NofO{ /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o:t/sf d"n nIo, p2]Zo, ;"rs to u/L ;x;|flAb ljsf; nIo (MDGs- !(() b]lv @)!%) sf gfdn] sfof{Gjog ul/of] .

MDGs sfof{Gjogsf] ;dLIff ;lxt RIO+20 sf l;4fGt cg';f/ efjL Agenda to ug]{ ;DaGwdf UNO n] @)!# df u7g u/]sf] #) ;b:oLo v'nf sfo{ ;d"xn] !& j6f nIo / !^( j6f ;"rs ;lxt cfufdL !% jif]{ ljsf; nIo dfu{ lrq k|:t't u/]sf]df UNO sf] &) cf}+ dxf;efn] @% ;]K6]Da/,@)!% df cg'df]bg u/]sf] AGENDA xf] lbuf] ljsf;sf] nIo @)!%–@)#) o; Ph]08fn] "Transforming Our World by 2030" eGg] dfGotfnfO{ cfTdf;ft ub}{ k[YjL, dflg; / ;d[l4nfO{ s]Gb|Lt u/]sf] 5 . ljZjnfO{ ef]s, clzIff, ul/aL, c;dfgtf / jftfj/0fLo c;Gt'ngaf6 d'Qm u/L gful/snfO{ :j:y, lzlIft, ;d'Ggt / ;'/lIft agfpg] ljZj ljsf;sf] bf];|f] !% jif]{ cleofg xf] of] .

UNO sf] Humanitarian Summit to "Shape a Different Future" df lglb{i6 ul/Psf oL lbuf] ljsf;sf Ph]08fdf lgwf{/0f ul/Psf oL nIox?sf cf cfˆgf ljlzi7 ;"rsx? 5g\ .

100

nIox?

• NO Poverty,• Zero Hunger,• Good Health & Well being,• Quality Education,• Gender Equality,• Clean Water & Sanitation,• Affordable and Clean Energy,• Decent Work & Economic Growth,• Industry,Innovation & Infrastructure,• Reduced Inequalities,• Sustainable Cities & Communities,• Responsible Consumption & Production,• Climate Action,• Marinosystem,• Ecosystem,• Peace,Justice & Strong Institution,• Partnership for the Goal.

ljsf;nfO{ jt{dfg cj:yfaf6 ck]lIft cj:yfdf k'Ug] dfu{sf ?kdf a'‰g] ul/G5 . o; dfu{sf aLrdf cGo ck]Iffx? klg ;fy} ;d]6\g' kg]{ r'gf}tL ylkPsf 5g\ . o;nfO{ o;/L k|i6\ofpg ;lsG5 M

xfd|f] ck]lIft cj:yfxfd|f] jt{dfg cj:yf

xfd|f] ck]lIft cj:yf

cfly{s j[l4 jftfj/0fLo ;jntf, ;dtf ljsf; ;dfj]zLs/0f hnjfo' kl/jt{g /cg's"ng dfu{

xfd|f] jt{dfg cj:yf

Equitable Bearable

ViableSustainable

Social

EconomicEnvironment

-lrq g+= !_ljsf;sf] o; cjwf/0ffn] ck]Iff u/]sf] pknlAw xfl;n ug{ s]xL Jojwfgx? ;fdgf ug'{kb{5 . JolQmut:t/ / /fli6«o:t/sf cfly{s ;|f]t;fwgd} sdL 5, k|ljlwhGo / dfgjLo Ifdtfsf] sdL 5, jftfj/0fLo ;jntf ck]Iffg's"n /fVg ;lsg] cj:yf b]lvFb}g . oL ;a}nfO{ Jojl:yt / ck]lIft t'Nofpg zf;sLo k|0ffnLsf] u'0f:t/ pRr x'g'kb{5 h'g oL ;a}sf] Joj:yfks / ;+jfxs xf] . ljsf;nfO{ Jojl:yt / lbuf] kfg{ ;lsPg eg] s]jn b'Mvb kl/jt{g dfq x'g]5 .

101

xl/t cy{tGqsf] kl/ro

xl/t cy{tGqnfO{ "Triple bottom line Economy" klg elgG5,h;df M• :jgjLs/0f / :j;~rfng x'g ;Sg] ;Lldt Ifdtf / lglZrt ;|f]t ;lxtsf] xfd|f] kof{j/0f Ps rlqmo

cfj4tf (Closed Ecosystem) df jftfj/0fLo lbuf]kgf lge{/ ub{5 . • ;+:s[lt / dfgj k|lti7f s'g}klg ;dfhsf d"Nojfg ;|f]t x'g\,ltgnfO{ IfoLs/0f x'g glbg k|fs[lts

;|f]tnfO{ h:t} pQ/bfoL ;+/If0fsf] dfGotfdf ;fdflhs Gofo lge{/ ub{5 .• ;/f]sf/jfnf ;+usf] cflwsfl/s ;DaGw Gofo / lbuf]kgfsf nflu k"j{;t{ ePsfn] of] :yfgLo

cfa4tfdf lge{/ ub{5 .

xl/t cy{tGq jftfj/0f ;+/If0f / lbuf] ljsf;;Fu dfq cGt/;DalGwt geO{ ;fdflhs, cfly{s, k|fljlws nufot ;du| zf;sLo k|0ffnL;Fu ;DalGwt ax'cfoflds ljifo xf] . o;n] ;dtf, ul/aL, /f]huf/L, ;fdYo{tf / u|x0fzLn Ifdtf ;d]tsf] bfo/f ;d]6]sf] x'G5 . -pNn]lvt lrq g+= @ cg';f/_

;dfj]zL nf]stflGqs Joj:yfsf k|0f]tf Takis Fotopoulas n] ;g\ !((& df cfˆgf] k|l;4 k':ts Towards an Inclusive democracy df nf]stGq /fhg}lts ?kdf dfq ;'b[9 x'g ;Sb}g, o;sf ;a} cfofdx? /fhg}lts, ;fdflhs, cfly{s / kof{j/0fLo nf]stGq ;an x'g'kb{5 eGg] ;Gbe{ pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . pgsf] JofVofg';f/ ;dfj]zL nf]stGq ;fdflhs ;+u7gsf] To:tf] 9fFrf xf], h;n] ;dfh, cy{Joj:yf, /fhg}lts Joj:yf / k|s[ltnfO{ k'gM;+ul7t ub{5 . pgsf cg';f/ kof{j/0fLo nf]stGq eg]sf] To:tf] ;+:yfut 9fFrf xf], h;n] k|fs[lts ;+;f/nfO{ cfˆgf] clwgdf /fVg] dfgjLo x:tIf]ksf] pGd"ng ug]{ jf dfgj / k|s[ltnfO{ PsLs[t ug]{ nIo /fVb5 .

;+s'lrt ?kdf xl/t cy{tGqn] k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;+/If0fk|ltsf] ;+j]bgzLntf, pTkfbg k|lqmofdf zlQm pT;h{g / k|b"if0f Go"gLs/0f, jftfj/0fdf s'g} k|sf/sf] hf]lvd g/fvL j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] pTkfbg / pkef]u nufotsf jftfj/0fd}qL cy{Joj:yfnfO{ hgfpF5 .

Jofks cy{df xl/t cy{ Joj:yfn] kof{j/0fLo b'n{etf / jftfj/0fLo hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ub} ;fdflhs ;dtf / ;du| dfgj hLjgsf] ;d[l4nfO{ cfˆgf] clGtd ck]Iff 7fg]sf] x'G5 . ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0f, ;|f]t;fwgsf] bIftfk"0f{ pkof]u Pjd\ Go"g sfa{g pT;h{g xl/t cy{Joj:yfsf k|d'v cGt/j:t' x'g\ .

xfd|f] ck]lIft cj:yf

cfly{s j[l4 jftfj/0fLo ;jntf, ;dtf ljsf; ;dfj]zLs/0f hnjfo' kl/jt{g /cg's"ng dfu{

xfd|f] jt{dfg cj:yf

Equitable Bearable

ViableSustainable

Social

EconomicEnvironment

lrq g+= @

102

Jojxf/tM xl/t cy{Joj:yf eg]sf] sfa{g pT;h{g / k|b"if0f Go"gLs/0f Pjd\ k|fs[lts ljljwtf ;lxt rlqmo hLjg k|0ffnL ( Ecosystem) sf] ;+/If0f ub}{ ;fj{hlgs–lghL nufgLaf6 cfo / /f]huf/L j[l4 u/L cy{tGqnfO{ pGgog ug]{ k4lt xf] .

xl/t cy{tGq gLlt ljZn]if0fsf] s]Gb|laGb' ;d]t ePsf]n] ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3sf] dxf;ef / o;sf w]/}h;f] ljlzi6Ls[t lgsfox?n] ljZj cfly{s dGbLnfO{ PsLs[t / ;du|tfdf ;Daf]wg ug{ ;lsPdf xl/t cy{tGqsf] k|j4{gdf cj;/ x'g] / dlGbn] k'¥ofPsf] Iflt k'g{ ;xh x'g] tYo phfu/ u/]kl5 o;n] k|d'vtf kfPsf] xf] . cem eGg] xf] eg], dxf;efn] $ b]lv ^ h'g, @)!@ df cfof]hgf u/]sf] ljZj ;Dd]ng (UN Conference on Sustainable Development- UNCSD) n] Major Theme df "A green economy in the context of sustainable development and poverty eradication" 5gf}6 u/]kl5 xl/t cy{tGqsf] ljZjJofkL dxTj a9\b} cfPsf] 5 .

t;y{, jftfj/0fLo k|efjsf ;a} ?kx?nfO{ Go"gls/0f ug]{ k|fylds Wo]o /fvL x'g] ;a} lqmofsnfkx?sf] ;dli6 g} xl/t cy{tGq xf] .

What is a Green Economy?

According to UNEP (2011), a green economy contributes to improve human wellbeing and social equity, and reduces environmental risks and ecological scarcities

• Increase in green investment • Increase in quantity & quality of jobs in green sectors • Increase in share of green sectors in GDP• Decrease in Energy/resource use per unit of production • Decrease in CO2 and pollution level/GDP • Decrease in wasteful consumption

xl/t cYf{tGqsf cfwf/e"t If]qx?

xl/t cy{tGqsf] JofVoftf Karl Burkart sf cg';f/ o;sf cfwf/e"t ^ If]qx? M 1. gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ (Solar,Wind,Wave,Biogas,Fuelcell)2. xl/t lgdf{0f (Green retrofits for energy and water efficiency,Residential & Commercial

Assessment,Green production & Materials)3. ;kmf oftfoft (Alternative fuels, Public transit, Hybrid & electric vehicles, Carsharing

& Car pooling Program)4.hn Joj:yfkg (Water reclamation,Grey water& Rain water system, Low water

landscaping, water purification, Storm Water Management)5.kmf]xf]/ Joj:yfkg (Recycling,Municipal solid waste salvage, Brownfield land

remediation, Superfund cleanup, Sustainable packaging)6. e"ld Joj:yfkg (Organic agriculture, Habitat conservation & restoration, Urban

forestry & parks, Reforestration & afforestration, Soil stabilization)

103

pNn]lvt If]q afx]s Agriculture, Fisheries, Forestry and Tourism nfO{ United Nation Environment Programm-UNEP, 2011 n] yk u/]/ !) d'Vo If]q pNn]v u/]sf] kfO{G5 . oL !) If]qsf] Joj:yfkgaf6 dfgj ;d[l4 / ;fdflhs ;dtfdf j[l4 x'g], jftfj/0fLo hf]lvd / kof{j/0fLo b'n{etf 36\g] / xl/ts[t cy{tGqn] wg j[l4, cfly{s j[l4, pNn]Vo /f]huf/L l;h{gf / ul/aL Go"gLs/0f ug{ l:y/ / ;sf/fTds 6]jf k'¥ofpg] tYo UNEP n] phfu/ u/]sf] 5 .

xl/t cy{tGqsf ljljw tTjx?M

Key Elements of Green Economy

• gjLs/0fLo pmhf{sf] l;h{gf / pkof]u,• pmhf{ pkof]udf sfo{bIftf,• kmf]xf]/ Go"gLs/0f / Joj:yfkg,• pknAw k|fs[lts ;|f]t;fwgsf] lbuf] Joj:yfkg,• xl/t sfo{ l;h{gf,

Drivers of Green Economy

• ;|f]tsf] bIftfk"0f{ pkof]u,• Go"g sfa{g pT;h{g pBf]u,• hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ng,• k|fs[lts ;Dkbfsf] lbuf]kg Joj:yfkg,

xl/t cy{tGqsf r'gf}tLx?

• xl/t sfo{ l;h{gf (Sustainability Consultant,Manager of Seafood etc.), gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ / rqmLo hLjg k|0ffnL (Ecosystem-Freshwater, Bio-diversity conservation) df nufgL j[l4 ug]{ cj;/ cfPsf] t/ k'/f ug]{ r'gf}tL 5,

• ;fdflhs, cfly{s / jftfj/0fLo ;dljsf; r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5,• xl/t cy{tGq / lbuf] ljsf;sf dd{ / efjgfnfO{ phfu/ u/L gLlt / ;+/rgfut Joj:yf af6

sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg' r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 .

xl/t n]vf+sg (Green Accounting)

kl/ro

ljQLo If]qsf gLlt lgdf{tfx?n] v"b ufx{:y pTkfbgdf jftfj/0fLo nfutsf] n]vf+sg ;dfj]z ug'{kg]{ cjwf/0ff p7fg u/]kl5 ljQLo glthfsf] ;u|tfsf nflu xl/t n]vf+sgsf] k|of; ePsf] b]lvG5 .

104

xl/t n]vf+sgsf] p2]Zo k/Dk/fut ljQLo n]vf+sg / jftfj/0fLo lqmofsnfksf] n]vf+sg aLr ;Defljt ;dfgtf vf]hL Joj;fonfO{ ;'ema'emk"0f{ agfpg] xf] . o;n] b'n{e k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] x|f;sf] dfkg, jftfj/0fLo x|f;sf] nfut / To;sf] ;+/If0f nfut ;d]tnfO{ ;dfof]hg ug]{ k|of; ub{5 .

k/Dk/fut n]vf+sg ljlw (System Of National Accounting-SNA, 1993) n] -s_ hldg, h+un, hn / vlgh h:tf k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] x|f;nfO{ pk]Iff ug]{, -v_ k|b"if0faf6 x'g] jftfj/0fLo x|f; cfFsng gug]{ / -u_ jftfj/0fsf] x|f;sf sf/0f ;dfhnfO{ kg]{ c;/sf] k|lt/f]wfTds sfo{df x'g] vr{ ;dfj]z gug]{ h:tf ;Ldfx? klxrfg u/L ltgsf] Joj:yfkg k|efjsf/L t'Nofpg UN n] cfˆgf] Statistical Division af6 The System of Environmental Economic Accounting-SEEA, 1993 sf] cEof; yfngL u/]kl5 UN, OECD, EU nufot ax';+Vos klZrdL b]zx?df o;sf] k|of]u cl3 a9]sf] kfO{G5 .

SEEA sf] hfgsf/L

b'n{e k|fs[lts ;|f]tx?sf] x|f; n]vf+sg / jftfj/0fLo x|f; / o;sf] ;+/If0f nfut dfkg u/L ;/sf/L / Joj;flos n]vfdf n]vf+sg ug]{ k4lt g} Green Accounting xf] .

j:t' tyf ;]jf pTkfbg ubf{ k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf ?kdf k|fs[lts ;|f]t / jftfj/0fdf cfpg] x|f;nfO{ dfkg u/L df}lb|s nfut sfod u/]/ /fli6«o n]vfdf ;dfj]z ug]{ k|0ffnL g} SEEA xf] .

Green Accounting dfgj dfqsf] sNof0fsf nflu h}ljs ljljwtf / hLj rlqmo k|0ffnLsf] of]ubfgnfO{ ;'Id cy{zf:q / ;fdflhs ;"rs leq k|ltljlDat ug]{ cjwf/0ff xf] .

Green Accounting jftfj/0fLo / k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] n]vf+sg ug]{ ;Gb{edf nf]slk|o zAbfjnL xf] h;n] b'n{e / x|f;f]Gd'v k|fs[lts ;|f]t / jftfj/0fLo ;Dklt /fli6«o / ;+:yfut n]vfdf ;dfj]z ub{5 .

SEEA n] ljQLo / jftfj/0fLo ;Dkltsf] ;'? / clGtd df}Hbftsf] d"No;Fu n]vf+sg cjlwdf ePsf] kl/jt{g ;d]t ;dfof]hg ub{5 . jftfj/0fLo df}Hbftdf pTkfbg / pkef]u h:tf df}lb|s tTj afx]s cGj]if0f, k|fs[lts ljkb / h}ljs k'g/f]Tyfg h:tf u}/ df}lb|s k4ltaf6 ;d]t kl/jt{g cfpF5 .

SEEA df ufx{:y pTkfbg u0fgf

/fli6«o n]vfÍg ljlw (SNA, 1993) n] Net domestic Product (NDP) sf] u0fgf lgdgfg';f/sf] ;'qaf6 ub{5 M

• NDP = Net Exports (X-M) + Final consumption (C) +Net Capital Accumulation (I).

o; ljlwdf k|fs[lts ;|f]t, jftfj/0fLo x|f; / k|lt/f]wfTds Ifdtfdf ePsf] vr{nfO{ pk]Iff ul/Psf] 5 .

• t/, SEEA cg';f/ Green NDP/EDP = (X-M) + C+ NAP.ec+(NAnp.ec-NA.np.n)

Where,EDP= Environmental Domestic product.

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NAP.ec= Net accumulation of produced economic Assets.NA.np.ec. = Net accumulation of non-produced economic Assets.Na.np.n= Net accumulation of non-produced natural Assets.

pNn]lvt ;'qfg';f/ jftfj/0fLo ufx{:y pTkfbg u0fgf ubf{ M

• b'n{e k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] x|f; n]vf+sg,• jftfj/0fLo Ifltsf] nfut / o;sf] ;+/If0f vr{sf] dfkgnfO{ hf]8 lbG5 .

• EDP u0fgf ubf{ M

o k|yd r/0fdf M jftfj/0fLo tYofs+nfO{ slt tonnes Emission eof] h:tf Physical Terms df pNn]v ul/G5 .

o bf];|f] r/0fdf M o; cfwf/df pNn]lvt Emission nfO{ k'g?Tyfg u/L cfh{g ug{ slt /sd nfUb5 ;f] d"NonfO{ df}lb|s ?kdf u0fgf ul/G5 .

Green Accounting sf p2]Zox?

• jftfj/0f ;+/If0f vr{, k|lt/f]wfTds Ifdtf ljsf; vr{ nufot jftfj/0f ;Da4 ;|f]tsf] k|jfx / df}Hbft k/Dk/fut n]vf k|0ffnLaf6 5'l§g] u/L n]vf+sg ug'{,

• ef}lts ;|f]tsf] n]vf / df}lb|s jftfj/0fLo n]vf aLr ;DaGw :yflkt ug'{,• jftfj/0fLo nfut / kmfO{bfsf] n]vfhf]vf M

o pTkfbg tyf dfusf nflu k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] pkof]u, o Psftkm{ k|fs[lts 36gf, k|b"if0f, pkef]u / pTkfbgsf sf/0f jftfj/0fsf] u'0f:t/df kl/jt{g

cfPsf] 5 eg] csf]{tkm{ o;sf] ;+/If0f ;Da4 lqmofsnfkn] kl/jt{g NofpFb5,• Tangible Wealth sf] dd{t ;Def/ vr{sf] n]vf+sg M

o SEEA n] dfgj lgld{t dfq geO{ k|fs[lts k"FhLsf] n]vf+sg ;d]tnfO{ ;d]6\5 .• jftfj/0fLo ?kdf ;dfof]lht pTkfbg / cfosf ;"rsx?sf] lj:tf/ / dfkg .

Green Accounting sf ;d:ofx?

• If]qLo e"uf]nsf k|fs[lts ;|f]tx?sf] n]vf g;d]l6g] x'Fbf o;n] Jofks k|fs[lts ;|f]t n]vf+sg ;dfj]z ug{ ;Sb}g,

• o;n] k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] k|jfx / ?kfGt/0fnfO{ pk]Iff u/L s]jn k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] ljQLo lqmofsnfknfO{ dfq b]vfpF5,

• o;sf nflu cfjZos kg]{ 9fFrfdf tYof+s pknAw x'g ;Sg] cj:yf gePsfn] n]vf+sg oyfy{ x'g ;Sg] b]lvFb}g,

• k|b"if0f x'g] Ps dfq sf/0f eP n]vf+sg ;xh xf]nf cGoyf sltko sf/0fx? g} klxrfg ug{ g;lsPsf] cj:yfdf / k|b"if0fsf] k|efj bL3{sfndf dfq kg{ ;Sg] cj:yfdf tTsfn n]vf+sg ug{ ;lsFb}g,

106

• ljQLo /fli6«o n]vfdf em}+ Green Accounting df ahf/ d"Nodf j:t' jf ;]jfsf] d"NofÍg ;xh x'Fb}g, kmntM ;j]{If0fsf cfwf/df jftfj/0f ;+/If0f vr{, k'gM:yfkgf vr{ / cfsl:ds vr{ n]vf+sg ug{ sl7g x'g] x'Fbf SEEA ;}4flGts / tby{jfbL dfq x'g] cj:yf b]lvG5,

• Green Accounting df /flvg] jftfj/0fLo rnx? (Environmental Variables) sf] df}lb|s d"No s]jn k|efj (Consequences) dfq xf] .

Green Accounting sf r'gf}tLx?

• jftfj/0f ;+/If0f / cfly{s j[l4 aLr tfbfDotf /fVg],• k|fs[lts ;|f]t / jftfj/0f ;Da4 gLltx?df ljt/0f k|efj d"NofÍg ug]{,• Jofkf/, jftfj/0f / k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;Da4 gLltx? aLr ;DaGw sfod ug]{ .

pNn]lvt ;d:of / r'gf}tLx? x'Fbfx'Fb} klg Green Accounting k/Dk/fut ljQLo n]vf k|0ffnL eGbf cfw'lgs / k|ultlzn b]lvG5, lsgeg] M

• k/Dk/fut n]vf+sg k4ltn] k|b"if0f ;+/If0f vr{, k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] x|f; / jftfj/0fdf k/]sf] k|efj cfFsng / n]vf+sg ub}{g h'g pTkfbg / pkef]u;Fu k|ToIf ;DalGwt /xG5 .

• t/ o;n] k|b"if0f ;+/If0f vr{, k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] x|f; / jftfj/0fdf k/]sf] k|efjn] NofPsf kl/jt{gx?sf] cfFsng / n]vf+sg ub{5 h'g pTkfbg / pkef]u;Fu k|ToIf ;DalGwt /xG5 .

• ;+lIfKtdf k|i6\ofpFbf 'Green GNP' pTkfbg ug{ ;Dej gePtfklg 'Greening Of GNP' xfl;n ug{ eg] cjZo ;lsG5 .

$= g]kfndf xl/t cy{tGq k|j4{g ;Da4 ljifo

;+ljwfgtM k|fs[lts ;|f]t / jftfj/0f ;DaGwL lqmofsnfkx?nfO{ efu $ /fHosf lgb]{zs l;4fGt, gLlt tyf bfloTjdf Jojl:yt u/L pRr k|fyldstfdf /flvPsf] 5 . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f %! -5_ cg';f/ M

!= /fli6«o lxt cg's"n tyf cGt/k':tf ;dGofosf] dfGotfnfO{ cfTdf;ft\ ub}{ b]zdf pknAw k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;fwgsf] ;+/If0f, ;+j4{g / jftfj/0f cg's"n lbuf] ?kdf pkof]u ug]{,

@= hn;|f]tsf] ax'pkof]uL ljsf; ug]{,#= gjLs/0fLo pmhf{sf] pTkfbg tyf ljsf; ug]{,$= hnpTkGg k|sf]k lgoGq0f / gbLsf] Joj:yfkg ug]{,%= hg;fwf/0fdf jftfj/0fLo :jR5tf ;DaGwL r]tgf a9fO{ ljsf;af6 jftfj/0fdf kg{;Sg] hf]lvdnfO{

Go"gLs/0f ub}{ jg, jGohGt', k+IfL, jg:klt tyf h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f, ;+j4{g / lbuf] pkof]u ug]{,^= jftfj/0fLo ;Gt'ng sfod ug]{,&= k|s[lt, jftfj/0f jf h}ljs ljljwtf dfly kg]{ gsf/fTds c;/nfO{ axg ug'{kg]{,*= jftfj/0f k|b"if0f ug]{n] ;f] jfkt\ yk bfloTj axg ug'{kg]{,(= k|fs[lts k|sf]kaf6 x'g] hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ug{ k"j{ ;"rgf, tof/L, p4f/, /fxt Pjd\ k'g:{yfkgf ug]{ .

107

o;/L g} cf=j+ @)&#÷&$ sf] ah]6df ljsf; / jftfj/0fnfO{ ;Gt'lnt t'Nofpg] ljleGg sfo{qmdx?nfO{ oy]i6 ah]6 ljlgof]hg ul/Psf] 5 .

g]kfndf xl/t cy{tGq k|j4{gsf ;d:ofx?

• ul/aL, hnjfo' kl/jt{g, kof{j/0f / e"ldsf] Ifo nufotsf jftfj/0fLo d'2fsf cGt/;DalGwt

tTjx?sf] dxTjnfO{ k|;f/ ug{ ;Da4 /0fgLltsf] vfFrf] /x]sf],

• jftfj/0fLo gLlt lgdf{0f ;Da4 cg';Gwfg, tflndsf] cefj Pjd\ k|f1sf] ;+nUgtf x'g g;s]sfn]

jftfj/0fLo lj1fg / ;fj{hlgs gLlt aLr vf8n /x]sf],

• ljleGg gLltx? aLr lj/f]wfefif, bf]xf]/f]kg / åGåsf] cj:yf,

• ;Lldt ;|f]tsf] cbIf pkof]u,

• jftfj/0fLo If]qdf Go"g nufgL,

• ;kmf, :jR5 lghL tyf ;fj{hlgs oftfoft Joj:yfsf] k|ljlw / k|0ffnLdf rf;f] gb]lvPsf],

• xl/t cy{tGqhGo lqmofsnfkx?sf nflu ljZjJofkL ;|f]tdf kx'Frsf] sdL / jftfj/0fLo k|efjsf]

n]vf+sg k|of; gePsf],

• jftfj/0fLo sfo{qmdsf of]hgf th'{df / sfof{Gjogdf sdhf]/ ;dGjo,

• xl/t j[l4sf nflu Go"g tyf k|efjxLg pTk|]/0ff / sdhf]/ tyf c;+ul7t lghL If]q .

;dfwfgsf pkfox?M

• jftfj/0fLo ;+/If0fsf] lbuf]kgf / hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ngsf] ljsf; ul/aL lgjf/0fsf d"n

/0fgLlt x'g eGg] hfgsf/L u/fpg' kb{5,

• jftfj/0fLo of]hgf / Joj:yfkg ax' ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] ;+nUgtf sfod ul/g' kb{5,

• klxn] k|b'lift t'NofP/ kl5 ;kmf ug{] k|j[lt x6fO{ ;kmf,:jR5 / r":t k|ljlw pkof]u ug'{kb{5,

• ul/aL Go"gLs/0f, sfa{g pT;h{g lgoGq0f / h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0fsf ax'nfex? xfl;n ug{

;d'bfodf cfwfl/t kof{j/0f ;+/If0f k4lt cjnDag ul/g' kb{5,

• ;/sf/L n]vf k|0ffnL ;'wf/sf] qmddf k|f]befjLdf cfwfl/t t'NofpFbf jftfj/0fLo n]vf+sg k4ltsf]

;d]t;Fu;Fu} ljsf; ub}{ n}hfg' kb{5,

• hLjgofkg / cy{tGqdf k|ToIf of]ubfg lbg] tTjx? (Fresh water,Food - including fish, wild fruits, herbs, honey, Medicinal and other plant products such as flowers and plant oils, Wildlife and rangeland products, such as wool, Raw materials such as bamboo, timber, non-timber forest products (NTFPs), minerals, Energy, especially hydropower) nfO{ rqmLo

hLjg k|0ffnL ;]jfsf ?kdf ljsl;t ul/g' kb{5,

• oL ;]jfx?sf] lgodg / ;dy{gdf ;xof]u k'¥ofO{ dfgjLo cfjZostf kl/k"lt{sf nflu lbuf] k4lt

cjnDag ul/g' kb{5,

108

• ;f+:s[lts ;]jfx? h;af6 cef}lts kmfObf x'G5 ltgLx?sf] k|j4{g / Joj:yfkg klg ul/g' kb{5, tL x'g\ M Aesthetic and spiritual renewal; recreation, mental health, ethnological diversity, tourism cultural heritage, indigenous knowledge and customs, inspiration for art and design.

lgisif{

xl/t cy{tGq s'g} cnu ljwf jf zf:q xf]O{g . ljsf;sf] Ps k4lt xf] . o; leq jftfj/0fLo,;fdflhs / cfly{s cfofd ;d]l6Psf x'G5g\ . cem a[xt cy{df ljZn]if0f ug]{ xf] eg] o;n] zf;sLo :j?ksf] u'0f:t/ ;d]t k"jf{g'dfg ub{5 . xl/t cy{tGqnfO{ ljsf; d}qL t'Nofpg /0fg}lts ultlzntf, If]qut PsLs/0f / ;dfof]hg, Joj:yfksLo ultzLntf, ;+/rgfut / gLltut Joj:yf x'g'kb{5 . xfdLn] lbuf] ljsf; / jftfj/0f ;+/If0fsf cjwf/0ffnfO{ ;+j}wflgs, gLltut, sfg"gL, of]hgf, ah]6 tyf sfo{qmdut ?kdf ljut nfdf] ;do b]lv k|fyldstfdf /fVb} cfPsf] ePtfklg o;sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog u/L cfly{s j[l4;Fu ;dfof]hg / PsLs/0f ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . xfdLn] ;+j}wflgs / sfg"gL Pjd\ sfo{qmdut ?kdf nfd} ;do b]lv jftfj/0f ;Da4 lqmofsnfkx? ;~rfng ub}{ cfPtfklg cfzfltt pknlAw x'g g;Sg'df o;sf] dfkg / n]vf+sg x'g g;s]sfn] xf] eGbf cltzof]lQm gxf]nf . casf k|of;df Green Accounting ;d]t ;dfof]hg ug'{kb{5 .

t;y{, xl/t cy{tGqsf cjwf/0ffut :j?k / ltgsf ljljw If]qx?sf] PsLs/0f u/L n]vf+sg ;d]tsf] cEof; cl3 a9fP/ xfdLsxfF b]lvPsf ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ ;lsPdf xl/t cy{tGqsf dfWodaf6 jftfj/0fLo ;+/If0f, lbuf] ljsf;;Fu;Fu} /f]huf/L l;h{gf u/L cfo j[l4 u/]/ ul/aL lgjf/0fdf 6]jf k'¥ofpg ;lsG5 .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L

• g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg• Hands out Training Programme on Development Issues: Green economy & Development,

Staff College• nf]stflGqs ;+ljwfgsf cfwf/x?, cu|;f/yL ;d"x, ;f]kfg k|];• ljleGg ;dodf ;f]kfg dfl;sdf k|sflzt n]vx?, 8Da/axfb'/ sfsL{• Google Search.

109

Gf]kfndf ;+3Lotf / sfof{Gjog kIf

— lblnk s'df/ >Ljf:tj*

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cfh b]zdf ;+3Lotf sfof{Gjogsf] hl6n cj:yfdf 5 . xfn Joj:yf ul/Psf k|b]zsf] ;Ldf+sg nufot s]xL k|d'v hl6ntfx¿sf] ;dfwfgsf] nflu k|d'v bnx¿ ldn]/ sfo{ ug{'kg]{ x'G5 . ljutsf ;/sf/n] /fhgLlts ;xdlts} cfwf/df :yfgLo lgsfosf] k'gM;+/rgfsf nflu cfof]u agfPsf] 5 . of] /fhgLlts k|s[ltsf ljifo ePsf]n] o;nfO{ ;xdlts} cfwf/df ;dfwfg ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . cGo ljifosf] sfof{Gjogdf ;/sf/ cfkm}+ cu|;/ x'g'kg]{ cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 . h:tf] ;+ljwfgsf] cg';"rLdf plNnlvt ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf] clwsf/ ;"rLx¿sf] / tbg'¿k P]g / lgodx¿sf] lgdf{0f, /fh:j ;|f]tsf] Gofof]lrt ljt/0fsf] dfkb08, k|fGtLo / :yfgLo :t/sf] k|zf;lgs ;+/rgf ;DaGwL cfjZos ljlw, ;+j}wflgs lgsfox¿sf] u7g, ;+qmd0fsfnLg Joj:yf cg';f/ :yfgLo lgsfosf] lgjf{rg, k|fGt / :yfgLo tx ;~rfng ;DaGwL sfg"g cflb . of] n]v ;+3Lotf / ;+3Lotf sfof{Gjog kIf;Fu ;DalGwt /x]sf] 5 .

*k|zf;sLo clws[t, g]kfn lj1fg tyf k|ljlw k|1f k|lti7fg -gf:6_

;+3Lotfsf] kl/efiff

;+3Lotf zAbsf] pTklQsf] lx;fan] of] Nofl6g efiffsf] Foedus zAbaf6 cfPsf] xf] . o;nfO{

cªu|]hLdf Federation elgPsf] xf] . o;sf] cy{ b'O{ jf b'O{eGbf a9L ;d"xsf] ;Demf}tf eGg] a'lemG5 . /fhgLlts cy{df a'‰g' kbf{ PseGbf a9Lsf] lqmofzLn /fHo ;+oGq eGg] a'lemG5 . s]Gb|df /x]sf] ;du| clwsf/ Pj+ ;Qf, zlQm, ;|f]t tNnf] lgsfo;Dd ljs]Gb|Lt ug'{ ;+3Lotf xf] . csf]{ zAbdf eGg' kbf{ cfly{s ;|f]t ;fwgnfO{ ;+3Lotfsf] ;a} bfo/fleq a/fa/L /fVg] ;f]r xf] . ljb]z gLlt, /Iffsf] dfdnf, d'n'ssf] d'b|f afx]s ;a} h;f] ljifox¿ :yfgLo jf /fHodf jf :jfoQ ;/sf/nfO{ g} x:tfGt/0f x'g] ;+3Lotfsf] :j¿k xf] . s'g} klg hgtfn] d'n'ssf] zf;sLo sfo{af6 cfk"m aflx/ gePsf] cg'e"lt g} ;+3Lotf xf] . Ps cfk;df lgoGq0f, zlQm ;Gt'ng / ljs]Gb|Lt zf;g ;Qfsf] sf/0f /fhgLlts kx'Frdf /fHosf] lg0ff{os txdf hf] sf]xLn] klg cfk"m ;dfj]z ePsf], cfTd pGgltsf] cj;/ ;dfg ¿kdf

110

kfPsf] cg'e"lt g} ;+3Lotf xf] . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] g]kfndf ;+3Lo k|0ffnLsf] k|Tofe"lt ul/;s]sf] 5 . ;+3LotfnfO{ zf;g ;~rfngdf ;a}sf] ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ug]{ zf;sLo ?kdf x]l/G5 . /fHo zlQmsf] afF8kmfF8, :yfgLo lgsfosf] :jfoTtf, lnlvt ;+ljwfg, ;+3x?aLr pTkGg ljjfbsf] lg/fs/0fsf nflu pko'Qm ;+oGq tyf txut ?kdf :jtGq, ;Ifd Gofokflnsf o;sf] ljz]iftf x'g / cf–cfˆgf] kl/j]z cg';f/ ;+3Lotfsf] :j?kdf leGgtf /x]sf] kfOG5 .

;+3Lo ;/sf/sf] kl/efiff lbFb} Aiyer's Judicial Dictionary df 'When two or more sovereigns or independent states mutually agree not to exercise certain powers incidental to their several sovereignties, but to delegate the exercise of those powers to some persons or body choosen by them jointly, there is said to be federal union of these states, and the person or body to whom the exercise of such power in delegated is called the federal government' eg]sf] 5 .

To;} u/L Black's Law Dictionary sf cg';f/ 'The system of government administrated in a nation formed by the union or confederation of several independent states. In strict usage, there is a distinction between a confederation and a federal government. The former term denotes a league of permanent alliance between several states, each of which is fully soverign and independent and each of which retains its fully dignity, organization and sovereignty, though yielding to the central authority a controlling power for a few limited purposes, such as external and diplomatic relation'... egL ;+3Lo /fHosf] kl/efiff u/]sf] 5 .

To:t} Wikipedia, Encyclopedia n] Federalism is a political philosophy in which a group of a members are bound together (Latin foedus, coveant) with governing representative head. The term federalism is also used to describe a system of the government in which sovereignty is constitutionally decided between a central government authority and constituent political units (like states or provinces). Federalism is the system in which the power to govern is shared between the national state governments, creating what is often called a federation. Proponents are often called federalists egL kl/efiff u/]sf] 5 .

To;} u/L s]=;L= lXjo/n] ;+3Lotfsf ;DaGwdf o;/L eg]sf 5g\ M ;+3fTdstfsf] l;4fGtsf] tfTko{ zlQm ljefhgsf] k|0ffnL;Fu ;DalGwt 5, h; cg';f/ s]Gb|Lo / k|fb]lzs ;/sf/x¿ cf–cfˆgf If]qdf :jtGq / ;dsIf /xg ;Sg'kb{5 .

g]kfndf ;+3Lotf

/fHonfO{ ljs]Gb|Ls/0f zf;g k|0ffnLsf cfwf/df ;~rfng ul/g] k|of; :j?k ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf k|of]u g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df @)$) ;fndf ufpF kms{ cleofgaf6 ;'? eO{ @)%% ;fn pk|fGt :yfgLo :jfoQ

111

zf;g P]g k|of]udf cfPsf] xf] . t/ o; P]gsf] sfof{Gjogsf] cfofd, kl/lw tyf k|fGt k|ltkmn s]Gb|Ls[t /fHo;Qfdf :yfgLo lgsfo k"0f{ clwsf/ ;dkGg x'g ;Sb}g . g]kfnsf] xfn;Ddsf] zf;sLo k|of]uaf6 juL{o, hflto, If]qLo, ;f+:s[lts, / n}+lus h:tf yk ;d:ofx? l;h{gf eO{ :jfyL{kgf xfjL ePsf ;fy} b]zleq emgemg cˆ7\of/f] l:ylt ljBdfg eO{ jf:tljstfnfO{ b[li6ut ub}{ @)^#÷@)^$ df b'O{ k6s ePsf] dw]; hgljb|f]xdf %$ hgf zxfbtsf] hudf s]Gb|Ls[t / PsfTds cfwf/df ;~rfng eO{ /x]sf] /fHosf] zf;sLo k|0ffnLnfO{ ;+3Lotftkm{ ?kfGt/0f ug{ c7f]6 b]zsf ;Qf ;~rfnsx?n] lnPsf] lyof] / To;} cfwf/df g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf k|yd ;+zf]wg u/L Kf|:tfjgf d} /fHosf] k'gM;+/rgf ul/g]5 eGg] pNn]v ePsf]n] ;+ljwfgn] ;+3Lotfdf hfg] k|lta4tf u/]sf] k|i6 5 .

g]kfnsf] Psn hflto jr{ZjjfbLx?sf] k/Dk/fut dfgl;stfn] ubf{ ljutdf ;+3LotfnfO{ j}wflgs ?kdf ;'lglZrt ub}{ /fHo k'gM;+/rgfaf6 cu|ufdL ?kfGt/0fsf] kIfsf ;d]t :j/ u|x0f u/]sf /fhgLlts zlQmaLr dtleGGftf r'lnFb} uPsf] kfO{G5 . cem} klg /fHosf] k'gM;+/rgfdf hfFbf lng'kg]{ lg0f{ox?sf] ;DaGwdf /fhgLlts bn / ltgsf g]tfx? cfˆg} k|sf/sf wf/0ffx? agfPsf] kfO{G5 . h;n] ubf{ of] k|lqmof cGof}n / ljjfbf:kb ag]sf] 5 . h;nfO{ ls:tfaGbLdf zlQm x:tfGt/0f ug]{ dgf]lj1fg / To;sf] pkhsf] ?kdf ;txdf b]lvg] s'r]i6fx?n] yk hl6n agfPsf] 5 . ;fy} s]xL zlQmx? g]kfndf ;+3Lotfsf] ljkIfdf klg /x]sf 5g\ t/ To;sf] ;+Vof clt sd 5 . ;+3LotfnfO{ /fd|/L Jojl:yt ub}{ nu]sf] v08df o;n] ;a} b]zjf;LnfO{ :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] ?kdf k|To]s 3/b}nf]df ;/sf/sf] kx'Frsf] cg'e"lt lbnfpg], zf;gnfO{ ;dfj]zL agfO{ g]kfnLx?sf] kx'Fr j[l4 ug]{ h:tf /fd|f kIfx? ljBdfg /x]sf 5g\ . To;}n] /fi6«sf] k'gM;+/rgf u/L ;+3Lotfdf hfFbf ljBdfg cj:yfaf6 g]kfn h:tf] ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zn] d'lQm kfpg'sf ;fy} ;a} If]q, ju{, hft, ;+:s[lt / lnËn] a9L eGbf a9L ;]jf, ;'ljwf, Gofo Pj ;/ntfsf ;fy k|fKt ug]{ u/L ug{'kg]{ r'gf}lt /fHosf] ;fd'Gg] /x]sf] 5 . o;nfO{ ;fdgf ug{ Psdt x'g' kg]{ cfjZos b]lvPsf] 5 .

;+3Lotfsf l;4fGt

/fHosf] clwsf/ / zlQm s]Gb|Lo /fHodf dfq g/xg] k|fGtLo /fHodf ;d]t /xg] dfGotf g} ;+3Lotf /fHo k|0ffnLsf cfwf/e"t dfGotf xf] . ljs]Gb|Ls/0f s]Gb|n] :yfgLo lgsfonfO{ k|bfg u/]sf clwsf/x¿sf] cEof; ug]{ k|0ffnL xf] eg] ;+3Lotf s]Gb|df dfq} zlQm g/xg] jf /fHo zlQmsf] afF8kmfF8 / Joj:yfkg k|lqmof xf] . ;+3Lotfn] /fHo;Qf / zlQmsf] ljt/0f tyf clwsf/sf] afF8kmfF8 ub{5 . o;sf ;fy} k|fb]lzs k|fyldstf / ljz]iftfsf] ;+/If0f ug]{ sfddf klg ;+3Lo ;+/rgfn] hf]8 lbG5 . ljZjdf b'O{ k|sf/sf ;+3Lo /fHox¿sf] k|rng b]lvG5 . o; dWo] ljleGg :jtGq /fHox¿ ldn]/ Pp6} ;+3Lo /fHo aGg] k|lqmof Pp6f xf] eg] csf]{ s]Gb|Ls[t / PsfTds /fHosf] k|fb]lzs 9fF+rfdf ¿kfGt/0f ug]{ jf /fHosf] k'gM;+/rgfåf/f k|b]zx¿sf] lgdf{0f u/L ;+3Lo /fHo k|0ffnL aGg] k|lqmof kb{5 . g]kfndf eg] Pp6f l;ªuf] /fHonfO{ k'gM;+/rgf dfkm{t ljleGg /fHodf ¿kfGt/0f ub}{ tL /fHox¿sf] ;+3Lo agfpg] df]8]n cGtu{t cEof; eO;s]sf] 5 .

112

;+3Lotf sfof{Gjog

ljZjdf ljleGg lsl;dsf /fhgLlts k|0ffnLaf6 /fHosf] Joj:yf ;~rfng ul/Psf] kfOG5 . s]Gb|Lo zf;g Joj:yfsf cfwf/df zf;g Joj:yf ;~rfng ubf{ ljs]Gb|Ls/0f, lgIf]k0f h:tf k|hftflGqs tj/af6 hgtfnfO{ ;xefuL u/fpg] ul/Psf] 5 . o;af6 hgtfn] cfkm"dfly cfkm}+n] zf;g ug{ kfpg] 3/b}nf]df jf ;a}eGbf glhs ;/sf/sf] pkl:ylt k|fKt ug]{ h:tf sf/0fn] ubf{ o;tkm{ ;a} d'n'ssf] Wofgfsif{0f eO{ /x]sf] cj:yf 5 . ;+3Lotfn] hgtfnfO{ g} dflns agfpF5 ;a} hfthflt, ju{, ;d"xnfO{ ;Ddfgsf ;fy pgLx¿sf] klxrfg k|bfg u/]sf] kfO{G5 . ;fdflhs Gofo / ;dfg clwsf/sf] kIfdf /xg] u/]sf] x'G5 . /fHo ;~rfngsf ;a} k|lqmof hgtfsf aLr kf/bzL{ agfOG5 . o;}n] ubf{ ;+3LotfnfO{ k|hftGqsf] pTs[i6 :j¿ksf ¿kdf lnOg] ul/Psf] 5 . xfd|f] b]zn] klg ;+3Lo Joj:yf cjnDag ug{sf nflu k|lta4tfsf ;fy sfof{Gjogsf] r/0fdf k|j]z ul/;s]sf 5 . ;+3Lotfdf hfFbf k"0f{:jtGq, c4{;+3Lo / s]Gb| zfl;t u/L tLg k|sf/sf ;+3Lo k|0ffnL k|rngdf /x]sf] kfOG5 . ;+3Lotfsf oL k|sf/dWo] s:tf] k|0ffnL pko'Qm x'g] xf] eGg] ljifo b]zsf] cj:yfdf lge{/ ub{5 . o:f k|sf/sf] cj:yf eg]sf] To; b]zsf] ef}uf]lns cj:yf, ;|f]t–;fwgsf] cj:yf, hftLo / wfld{s l:ylt, ;f+:s[lts kl/jt{g, ljsf; lgdf{0fsf] ult, ljleGg ef}uf]lns k|b]z aLrsf] cGt/ ;DaGw, ;'ud tyf b'u{d nufotsf sl7gfO{ cflb x'g\ . oL ;a} kIfdf hlt;Sbf] /fd|/L ljZn]if0f u/L ;+3Lotfsf] :j¿k ;f]xL cg'¿k lgwf{/0f ug'{ pko'St x'G5 . o; k|0ffnLdf ;femf klxrfg, ;a} gful/snfO{ ;fj{ef}d clwsf/ kbfg ug{ kl/l:ylt lgdf{0f, sfg"gL zf;g, ;'zf;g, ljleGg hfthflt, efiffefifL, wdf{jnDaL Pj+ ;+:s[ltsdL{sf aLr pRr:t/sf] ;dembf/Lsf ;fy ;Ddfgo'Qm jftfj/0fsf] l;h{gf ug'{ o; k|0ffnLsf] ;kmntfsf nflu clgjfo{ ;t{sf ¿kdf lnb} cfPsf kfOG5 . s]Gb|Lo zf;g Joj:yfaf6 ;~rflnt /fHo Joj:yfn] ha cfˆgf hgtfnfO{ ;Gt'i6 /fVg ;Sb}g, hgtf clwsf/ k|flKtsf nflu cfGbf]lnt x'g k'Ub5g\ / s]Gb|Lo ;+/rgf sdhf]/ xF'b} hfFbf ;+3Lo ;+/rgfn] lj:yflkt ul/lbG5 . o'uf]:nfleofaf6 af]l:gof xh{uf]legf cnu ePsf] o;sf] pbfx/0fsf ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 . Olyof]lkofdf ljb|f]xLn] ljho xfl;n u/]kl5 ;+3Lo Joj:yfnfO{ cjnDag ul/Fb} cfPsf] 5 . ljv08gsf] ;d:ofaf6 /fi6«nfO{ arfpg] pkfosf] /fd|/L cfTd;ft\ ul/Psf] x'G5 . ;a} /fHosf] Pstfsf cfwf/df ag]sf] s]Gb|Lo ;+3n] afXo cfqmd0f nufotsf] cj:yfaf6 /fi6«nfO{ ;'/Iff k|bfg ub{5 . ;fy}, ljb]z gLlt s]Gb|af6} ;~rfng ug]{ ul/G5 . PseGbf a9L k|b]zdf /x]sf] ;|f]t ;fwgsf ;dembf/L / k|lt:kwf{sf cfwf/df cTolws pkof]u ul/G5 . ;+3Lotfdf hfFbf ;f]leot ;+3 6'lqmPsf] 36gfaf6 kf7 l;Sb} s'g} klg /fHonfO{ cnu x'g kfpg] clwsf/ glbO{ cGo ;a} :jtGqtf k|bfg ul/Psf] cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/ lbg'kg]{ cj:yf /xG5 .

slxn]sfFxL ;+3Lotfn] ;d]t åGå x'g] u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . :jtGqtfsf] cTolws rfxgf /fVb} cl3 a9\bf cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/, o;df klg 5'l§g ;d]t kfpg] u/L clwsf/ lnO{ 5'l§g] / ufleg] u/]sf, 5'l§g / ufleg glbg] k|of; ;/sf/n] ubf{ ljleGg k|sf/sf åGå rls{Psf] b]zsf] ¿kdf tTsfnLg ;f]leot ;+3nfO{ lng ;lsG5 . hxfF y'k|} k|fGt 5'l§P/ cfkmg} klxrfg sfod u/L :jtGq /fi6«sf] ¿kdf /x]sf 5g\ . ;f]leot ;+3sf] cfsf/ v'lDrO{ /l;of aGg k'u]sf] 5 . o;n] k|fGtLo /fHonfO{ s]Gb|n] ;|f]t ;fwg

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ljlgof]hg ub}{ sdhf]/ / kl5 k/]sf /fHo tyf To:tf /fHodf /x]sf] sdhf]/ Pj+ kl5 k/]sf ju{nfO{ k|ult pGd'v u/fpg k|oTg ub{5 . o;sf nflu cNk;+Vos, ;LdfGts[t Pj nf]kf]Gd'v hfthfltsf ;+/If0fsf nflu ax';+Vos / ;DkGg ju{;Fu ;Demf}tf ul/Psf] x'G5 . o;sf cltl/Qm ;+3Lotf pTs[i6 nf]stflGqs Joj:yf ePsfn] o;af6 gful/sn] ;a} k|sf/sf nf]stflGqs clwsf/ lgjf{w ¿kdf k|of]u ub}{ ;a} k|sf/sf ;]jf ;'ljwf ;/n tl/sfn] pknAw x'g'kg]{ ck]Iff u/]sf] x'G5 . pNn]v ul/Psf ;a} cfwf/df s]Gb|Lt eP/ g]kfndf ;+3Lotfsf af/]df lg0f{odf k'Ug' kb{5 / sfof{Gjog ul/g' kb{5 .

o; ;Gbe{df xfn;Dd ;+ljwfg;efn] zf;sLo :j¿ksf] lgwf{/0f ug]{ ljifodf & k|b]z sfod u/L cl3 a9fO{ /fv]sf] 5 . xfnsf] k|zf;sLo ljefhgsf] cGt ub}{ & k|b]z sfod ubf{ ;]jf ;'ljwf k|fKt ug]{ ljifo hl6n aGb5 . To;}n], ;]jf ;'ljwf cfhsf] eGbf a9L k|bfg ug]{ u/L ;+3Lo ;+/rgfdf hfg' k5{ . oL ;a} kIfnfO{ b]zsf] k|fGtLo ljefhg ubf{s} ;dodf uDeL/tf k"j{s ljZn]if0f x'g'kYof{], t/ k|fGtLo ljefhg ubf{ o; ljifonfO{ vf;} Wofg lbPsf] kfOPg . ;|f]t ;fwgsf] ljifo cToGt hl6n 5 . k|fGtx¿ :jtGq x'G5g\ h;n] cfkmgf] If]qsf] ljsf;sf nflu ;|f]t ;fwgsf] ;+u|x ug'{k5{ . g]kfnsf] cj:yf cln cˆ7\of/f] lsl;dsf] 5 . lxdfnL If]q, dWo kxf8, sf7df8f+} pkTosf / t/fO{ If]qdf pknAw x'g] ;|f]t ;fwgdf 7"nf] leGgtf /x]sf] kfOG5 . b]zsf] sf7df8f}+, k;f{, ¿kGb]xL, df]/ª, emfkf, afFs]af6 dfq} s"n /fh:jsf] s/La *% k|ltzt ;+sng ePsf] cj:yf 5 . afFsL lhNnfaf6 !% k|ltzt /fh:j p7g] u/]sf] 5 . /fh:jsf] lx;fan] ;'ljwf ;DkGg lhNnf t'ngfTds ¿kdf wgL 5g\ . o:tf ;DkGg If]qsf nflu ;+3Lotf kmlnkmfk x'g ;S5 . afFsL lhNnf ljz]if u/L lxdfnL / kxf8L If]q, h;df d'n'ssf] b'O{ ltxfO{ efu k5{ . ;+3Lotfdf hfFbf oL If]qsf] k|ultsf af/]df cg'dfg ug]{ xf] eg], cfh eGbf w]/} kl5 kg{ hfG5 . clwsf+z efunfO{ kl5 kfg]{ u/L zf;sLo :j¿k lgwf{/0f ug'{sf] cf}lrTo x'Fb}g . ljleGg b]zdf ;+3Lotfdf hfFbf sdhf]/ k|fGtnfO{ s]Gb| zfl;t k|fGtsf ¿kdf /fVg] k|rng 5 . t/, g]kfndf slt If]qnfO{ s]Gb|sf] zf;gdf /fVg] < clwsf+z k|fGtx¿ s]Gb|sf] lgoGq0fdf /flvof] eg] ;+3Lotf c;kmn x'g]5 . g]kfndf klxrfgsf] ljifo hf]8tf]8sf ;fy pl7/x]sf] cj:yf 5 . hftLotfsf cfwf/df ;+3Lotfdf hfg] ljifonfO{ /fhgLlts bnn] ;:tf] nf]slk|otf cfh{g ug]{ u/L k|ltj4tf hgfPsf 5g\ . tYof+sn] hfthfltsf cfwf/df To;df klg cNk;+Vos hfthfltsf cfwf/df k|fGt aGg ;Sg] b]lvFb}g . s'g} klg hftsf] nf]slk|o JolQm To; k|fGtdf d'VodGqL aGg ;S5 . o;sf nflu hftLo /fHo 3f]if0ff ul//fVg' kb}{g . cNkdtn] nf]stGqdf ;Ddfg kfpF5 ;Qf kfpFb}g . cNkdtdf /x]sfnfO{ ;Qfdf k'¥ofpg] ljifo nf]stGqdf xf]Og, tfgfzfxLtGq / ;j{;Qfjfbdf vf]hL ug'{k5{ .

;+3Lotf nf]stflGqs d"No dfGotf ljkl/t cl3 a9\g} ;Sb}g . wd{sf] lx;fan] ;+3Lotfdf hfg] ljifodf k|j]z ug'{ h?/L g} x'Fb}g, lsgls b]z wd{ lg/k]If eO;s]sf] 5 . oltv]/ ;a} wd{n] ;Ddfg / k|ult k|fKt ug]{ cj;/ kfO/x]sf 5g\ . wd{ / hftsf cfwf/df /fhgLltnfO{ cl3 a9fpg' eg]sf] ;fDk|bflostf e8\sfpg' xf] . To;}n], hfthflt / wd{sf cfwf/df g]kfndf k|fGtLo ljefhg ug{ c;fGble{s x'G5 . ;+3LotfnfO{ 7"nf b]zdf k|of]u ubf{ dfq} kmnbfoL x'G5 eGg] ts{ klg ePsf] kfO{G5 . t/, ljZj kl/j]zdf x]bf{ cToGt ;fgf b]zdf ;d]t ;+3Lotf cjnDag ul/cfPsf] cj:yf kfOG5 . t;y{, b]zsf] cfsf/n]

114

;+3Lotf pTkfbs jf k|To'Tkfbs x'g] xf]Og . wfld{s / hftLotfsf cfwf/df ;d]t o;nfO{ sfof{Gjogdf nluPsf] kfOPsf] 5 . a]lNhoddf d'Vo b'O{ hflt 5g\ oL b'j} hfltnfO{ ;d]6]/ ToxfF ;+3Lotf cl3 a9]sf] 5 . a]nfotdf k|f]6]:6]G6 / Sofyf]lnsnfO{ wfld{s cfwf/df ;Daf]wg ub}{ PsfTds zf;gdf ;+3Lotfsf ljz]iftfsf] sfof{Gjog ePsf] 5 . a]nfotdf k|foM ;a} clwsf/ s]Gb|n] g} k|bfg ul/cfPsf] 5 . oL ;a} ;Gbe{df lrGtg ubf{ ljleGg vfnsf ;+3Lo cEof; k|foM ;a} ;+3Lo d'n'sdf kfOPsf] 5 . To;}n], km]l/ klg ;+3Lotfsf] :j¿k xfdLn] xfd|} kl/j]zdf vf]hL u/L lg0f{odf k'Ug' k5{ . ;+3Lotfdf hfg] b]zn] k|ult ug{ g;s]sf] u}/;+3Lo b]zx¿n] k|ult u/]sf] cj:yf ;d]t 5 . o; ;Gbe{df lrGtg ubf{ of] ljsf; lgdf{0fsf] sf]0faf6 lng] ljifoeGbf /fhgLlts clwsf/ k|fKt ug]{ rfxgfn] ;+3Lotfsf] dfu x'Fb} uPsf] kfOG5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu o'/f]k, cd]l/sf, c:6«]lnofdf ;+3Lotfn] /fd|} k|ltkmn lbO/x]sf] kfO{G5 . g]kfn ;fgf] b]z, ef}uf]lns ljifdtf o;sf] ljz]iftf xf] . oxfF y'k|} efiffefifL, hfthflt, wdf{jnDaLsf] ;femf ynf]sf] ?kdf kfO{G5 . g]kfn jt{dfg ;dodf ;+3Lotfn] ;a}sf] cfsf+Iffdf j[l4 u/]sf] 5 . t/, o;nfO{ Joj:yfkg ug]{ ljifo cToGt sl7g 5 . xfn;Dd pknAw ePsf /fhgLlts Joj:yfaf6 o;sf] /fd|/L Joj:yfkg ug{ ;Sg] ;Defjgfsf af/]df g]kfnLsf aLr ;Gb]x /x]sf] 5 . o;nfO{ /fhgLlts bn tyf cGo ;/f]sf/jfnfx?n] cfkmgf] :jfy{ TofuL b]z lgdf{0fdf Wofg k'¥ofpg' cfhsf] cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 .

lgisif{

;+3Lotfdf hgtfn] Gofof]lrt, k|efjsf/L, u'0f:t/Lo, hjfkmb]xL / lbuf] ;]jf k|jfxsf] ck]Iff u/]sf x'G5g\ . hgtfsf] ck]Iff cg';f/sf] ;]jf k|efjsf/L agfpg ;/sf/sf x/]s txx¿sf] sfo{ lhDd]jf/L :ki6 x'g' cfjZos 5 . ;+ljwfgsf] cg';"rLdf plNnlvt clwsf/nfO{ j:t' / ;]jfsf] pTkfbg, ;]jf k|jfx ljQLo Joj:yf, ;]jfsf] dfkb08 / lgodg h:tf ljleGg lqmofsnfkdf ljefhg u/L sfo{ut ljZn]if0f ug{ cfjZos 5 . ljleGg sfo{x¿sf] ljZn]if0fkl5 dfq P]g–sfg"gx¿sf] lgdf{0f ul/g' kb{5 . o;} u/L /fh:jsf] Gofof]lrt ljt/0f / ljQLo ;dfgLs/0f cg'bfg ljt/0fsf nflu klg ;/sf/n] sfd ug{'kg]{ x'G5 . ;+3Lotf sfof{Gjogdf b]lvPsf ;':tL tyf cj/f]wx¿nfO{ /fhgLlts :t/af6 ;Daf]wg x'g' kg]{ cfhsf] cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L

• lji0f' ;'j]bL, @)^$, k|zf;g, Joj:yfkg / nf]stGqsf gjLg cfofdx?, k}/jL k|sfzg, k'tnL;8s, sf7df8f}+

• k|zf;g klqsf ljleGg c+sx? M ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno, l;+xb/af/

• uf]/vfkq b}lgs klqsfsf] n]v /rgfx?

• lghfdtL ;]jf bk{0f, @)&@, lghfdtL ;]jf lbj;, d'n ;df/f]x ;ldlt, d'b|0f ljefu, l;+xb/af/, sf7df8f}+

115

lbuf] ljsf; nIo / ;"rsx¿ M g]kfnsf] k|ltj4tf tyf k|flKtsf r'gf}tLx¿

— eljZj/ l3ld/]]*

;f/f+z

;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] pRr:t/Lo sfo{bnn] b'O{ jif{sf] cys k|of;af6 @)#) ;Dddf k'/f ug]{ u/L /fi6«;+3Lo dxf;efaf6 @% ;]K6]Da/ @)!% df lbuf] ljsf;sf] nIo cg'df]bg u/]sf] 5 . lbuf] ljsf;sf] nIonfO{ ljZjJofkL nIo klg elgPsf] 5 . lbuf] ljsf;sf] nIox¿ UNDP sf] /0fg}lts of]hgf;Fu ;DalGwt 5g\ eg] lbuf] ljsf;, k|hftflGqs k|zf;g, zflGt :yfkgf tyf kof{j/0f / k|sf]k lgoGq0fdf s]Gb|Lt /xg] 5g\ . ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] k|ltlglwd"ns #) /fi6«sf] pRr:t/Lo sfo{bnn] hDdf !& nIo / !^( dfkgof]Uo ;"rsx¿ to ul/Psf] / k|fKt ug]{ cwf/x¿ klg :ki6 ul/Psf] 5, h;nfO{ ljZjsf] !(# /fi6«n] x:tfIf/ u/L cg'df]bg u/]sf 5g\ . ljZjnfO{ ef]s, clzIff, ul/aL, c;dfgtf / jftfj/0fLo c;Gt'ngaf6 d'Qm u/L :j:y, lzlIft, ;d'Ggt / ;'/lIft ljZj lgdf{0f ug]{ ljZjJofkL dxfcleofgsf] klxnf] ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIokl5 bf];|f] >[+vnfsf ¿kdf o;n] ljsf;sf] dfu{lrq :yflkt u/]sf] 5 . ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo o; ztfAbLsf] klxnf] 8]9 bzssf nflu ljZjJofkL ¿kdf lgwf{l/t ljsf;sf] klxnf] sfo{;"rL lyof] . To;}n] kof{Kt tof/Llagf g} Tof] 3f]if0ff ePsf] lyof] eg] w]/} nIox¿ clt dxTjfsf+IfL lyP . bf];|f], ;du| ljsf;nfO{ Wofg glbO{ ;fdflhs If]qnfO{ a9L dxTj lbOPsf] lyof] . t];|f], sfof{Gjog Ifdtfsf] cfFsnglagf nIox¿ lgwf{/0f ePsfn] tL cfsf+Iffsf] ;"rLh:tf dfq lyP . rf}yf], nIox¿ sfof{Gjog ug{ cfjZos ljQLo cfwf/ lgs} sdhf]/ lyof], sfof{Gjog ;+oGqdf Wofg lbOPsf] lyPg . ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ kIf /fi6«sf cfGtl/s gLlt sfo{qmd;Fu PsLs[t lyPgg\, h;n] ubf{ s;}n] ;fwg pknAw u/fPkl5 cfof]hgfsf ¿kdf nfu" ul/g] h:tf] a'emfO{ lyof] . tyflk, :j:y, lzlIft / ;'/lIft ljZjsf] !% jif]{ dfu{lrq lbPsf] lyof], h;n] ljZjsf ;a} d'n'snfO{ ;femf ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu ;femf k|oTg ug{

*tYofÍ clws[t, tYofÍ sfof{no, g'jfsf]6 .

116

k[i7e"ld

;g\ @)!^–#) ;Ddsf nflu ljsf;sf] sfo{;"rLsf] ¿kdf /fi6«;+3Losf] dxf;efaf6 cg'df]lbt lbuf] ljsf;sf] nIo (SDGs) n] ljsf;nfO{ lbuf] / lj:t[t agfpg cfjZos If]qx¿ ;a} ;d]6]sf] 5, h;n] cfwf/e"t dfgjLo cfjZostf k"lt{af6 sf]xL 5'6\g' x'Fb}g eGg] dfGotf /fv]sf] 5 . dfgj rfxgfsf] lbuf] k"lt{sf nflu cfly{s ;d[l4, ;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0f, jftfj/0fLo lbuf]kgf / ;+:yfut Ifdtf cfjZos 5g\ eGg] cfwf/df plePsf] 5 . o;sf !& nIo / oL nIo cGtu{tsf !^( dfkgof]Uo ;"rs 5g\ . ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] pRr:t/Lo sfo{bnn] v'nf 5nkmnsf nflu cl3 ;f/]sf] lbuf] ljsf;sf nIox¿df g]kfnn] klg cfˆgf] k|lta4tf hgfPsf] 5 . lbuf] ljsf;sf] nIox¿ tyf g]kfnsf nflu ;doj4 ;"rsx¿ o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\ M

nIo ! M ;a} k|sf/sf ul/aL cGTo (End poverty in all its forms everywhere)

x/]s :yfgdf ;a} k|sf/sf ul/aLsf] cGTo ug]{ ;DaGwdf tn pNn]lvt ;"rsx¿ ;g\ @)#) ;Dd k"/f ug]{ u/L g]kfnn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] 5 .

• ;g\ @)!$ df /x]sf] @$=* k|ltzt ul/aLaf6 lbuf] ljsf;sf] nIosf] klxnf] ;"rsaf6 ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lgsf hg;+Vof % k|ltztdf emfg]{,

• ;g\ @)!$ df /x]sf] %=^ k|ltzt ul/aL ;3gtf @=* k|ltztdf emfg]{,• k|ltJolQm /fli6«o cfo &&@ af6 @%)) cd]l/sL 8n/ k'¥ofpg],• s"n ah]6sf] !% k|ltzt ;fdflhs ;'/Iff If]qdf ljlgof]hg ug]{,• hg;+Vofsf] cfwf/df /f]huf/L cg'kft &% k|ltzt k'¥ofpg], • ;g\ @)!$ df /x]sf] @^=* cfly{s hf]lvd ;"rsaf6 !*=( df emfg]{ pknAwL ;"rs /fv]sf]

5 .

g}lts¿kdf afWo kfof]{ . ;g\ @)!% kl5 ljZjn] ljsf;sf nflu csf]{ !% jif]{ dfu{lrq lgwf{/0f ug]{ ;Gbe{df lbuf] ljsf;sf] nIosf] 3f]if0ff u/]sf] 5 . of] k|ultzLn 5 ls of] ;du| ljsf;sf] sfo{;"rL xf], of] lj:t[t 5 . o;n] cfly{s, ;fdflhs, jftfj/0fLo / ;+:yfut kIfnfO{ ;d]t ;d]6]sf] 5 . /fli6«o :jfldTj :yflkt 5, lj:t[t 5nkmnaf6 tof/ kfl/Psf] xf], sfof{Gjog Ifdtf / ;+oGqsf] cfFsng ul/Psf] 5 . xfl;n gePsf ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIonfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbOPsf] 5 . To;}n] of] cfsf+Iffsf] ;"rLeGbf dfly 5 / x'g' klg k5{ .

117

nIo @ M vfB ;'/Iff (End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture)

• s'kf]if0f k'/} x6fpg] .• vfB kof{Kttf Jojl:yt ug]{ . • bf]xf]/f] s[lif pTkfbg .• lbuf] vfB pTkfbg k|0ffnL ;'lglZrt u/L Jojxfl/stfdf hf]8 .• aLpm, la?jf, 3/ kfn'jf lhjhGt' tyf ;DalGwt h+unL hGt' cflbsf] j+zf0f' ljljwtf ;g\

@)@) ;Dd k|aGw ldnfpg] .• ckof{Kt vfB pkef]u sd ug]{ .• k|hggof]Uo dlxnf / afnaflnsfdf b]lvg] Plgldof ! k|ltzt eGbf sd ug]{ .• vfB pTkfbg %) k|ltzt eGbf a9Ln] j[l4 ug]{ .• kfFr jif{ d'lgsf afnaflnsfsf] lgwf{l/t tf}n eGbf sd x'g glbg] .

nIo # M :j:y hLjgsf] ;'lglZrttf (Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages)

• ;g\ @)#) ;Dd ljZjJofkL dft[ d[To'b/ !,)),))) lhljt hGddf &) eGbf sd ug]{ .• ;?jf/f]u, AIDS, TB, dn]/Lof tyf kfgLhGo cGo ;?jf /f]u /f]syfd ug]{ .• g;g]{ /f]u af6 x'g] d[To'nfO{ Ps ltxfO sd ug]{ .• cNsf]xn hGo tyf nfu'cf}ifwsf] k|efjnfO{ /f]syfd ug]{ .• of}g tyf k|hgg :jf:Yo / kl/jf/ lgof]hg lzIffsf] ljZjJofkL kx'Fr k'¥ofpg] .• % jif{ d'lgsf] d[To'b/ ! eGbf sd ug]{ .• HIV, TB, dn]l/of / cGo kfgLhGo ;?jf /f]u lgd{"n kfg]{ .• lzz' d[To'b/ ;g\ @)!$ df @# af6 ! df k'¥ofpg] .• !% b]lv @$ pd]/ ;d"xsf o'jfo'jtLdf HIV ;+qmd0f z"Godf k'¥ofpg] .• cfTdxTof b/ ! eGbf sd ug]{ .

nIo $ M ;a}sf nflu :t/Lo lzIffsf] cj;/ (Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all)

• ;g\ @)!$ df k|fylds lzIffsf] NER (^=@ k|ltztaf6 !)) k|ltzt k'¥ofpg] .• sIff ! df egf{b/ (% k|ltzt k'¥ofpg] .• k"j{k|fylds lzIffdf %) k|ltzt pkl:ytL sfod ug]{ .• &% k|ltzteGbf a9L o'jfx?df ;Lko'Qm lzIff k|bfg .• o'jf dlxnf tyf k'?ifdf u/L (% k|ltzt eGbf a9L ;fIf/tf / ;flª\Vos 1fg lbg] h'g ;g\

@)!$ df **=^ k|ltzt lyof] .• lzIffdf n}lËs c;dfgtf x6fpg] .• Human Assets Index ^^=^ af6 ;g\ @)#) ;Dd &^ k'¥ofpg] .

118

nIo % M n}l·s ;dfgtf / dlxnf ;zQmLs/0f (Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls)

• lzIffsf] ;a} txdf n}lËs c;dfgtf lgd{"n kfg]{ .• Pp6} sfdsf] nflu Hofnfdf lje]b x6fpg] .• ef}lts of}g ck/fw x6fpg] .• xflgsf/s Jojxf/ x6fpg] h:t} afnljjfx, hj/h:tL ljjfx cflb .• /fli6«o ;+;bdf dlxnfsf] :yfg $) k|ltzt;Dd :yflkt ug]{ .• lg0f{o tx / ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf sDtLdf @* k|ltzt dlxnf ;xeflutf u/fpg] .• pd]/sf] n}lËs cg'kft )=(^ af6 ! k'¥ofpg] .

nIo ^ M ;a}sf nflu vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfOsf] lbuf] pknAwtf (Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all)

• cfwf/e"t kfgLsf] Joj:yf (( k|ltzt 3/w'/Ldf k'¥ofpg] .• kfOkaf6 kfgLsf] Joj:yf (% k|ltzt 3/kl/jf/;Dd k'¥ofpg] .• v'nf zf}rfno lgd{"n kfg]{ .• ahf/ If]qsf ;a} 3/df 9n h8fg ul/;Sg] .• ;/;kmfO Joj:yfkg (( k|ltzt k'¥ofpg] .

nIo & M ;a}sf nflu cfw'lgs pmhf{sf] kx'Fr (Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all)

• (( k|ltzt 3/w'/Ldf ljB'tsf] kx'Fr k'¥ofpg] .• vfgf ksfpg sf7 k|of]u ug{ 3/kl/jf/ !) k|ltzt;Dd 36fpg] .• ljB't pTkfbg *!* d]ufjf6af6 a9fP/ sDtLdf !),))) d]ufaf6 ug]{ .

• zlQm tLj|tfsf] GDP )=* k|ltzt k|ltjif{ sfod ug]{ .• ;fj{hlgs oftfoftdf ljB'tLo ;jf/L ;fwgsf] dfq k|of]u ug]{ .

nIo * M e/kbf]{, ;dfj]zL / lbuf] cfly{s j[l4 Pj+ /f]huf/L (Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all)

• # k|ltzteGbf sdL /x]sf] k|ltJolQm GDP & k|ltzt;Dd j[l4 ug]{ . • ;g\ @)!$ df @* k|ltztsf] a]/f]huf/LnfO{ ;g\ @)@) ;Dd !) k|ltzt;Dd sd ug]{ . • afn>d lgd{"n kfg]{ .• lgdf{0f If]qsf] j[l4 &=! k|ltztaf6 !) k|ltzt;Dd k'¥ofpg] .• s[lif If]qsf] j[l4 @=( k|ltztaf6 % k|ltzt k'¥ofpg] .• cj}wflgs sfdbf/sf] ;+Vof lgd{"n kfg]{ .

119

nIo ( M ;an k"jf{wf/ (Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation)

• s]xL ;8s If]qdf rf/ n]g af6f] / k'n lgdf{0f ug]{ .• /fhdfu{ lj:tf/ ug{] .• clxn]sf] ;8s Ifdtf / k|efjdf ;'wf/ ug{] .• gbL If]qdf ;8sv08 pRr / w]/} agfpg] .• clxn]sf] )=$$ km\km2 Road Density af6 % km\km2 k'¥ofpg] .

nIo !) M c;dfgtf Go"gLs/0f (Reduce inequality within and among countries)

• pkef]u c;dfgtf (Gini coefficient) )=#@ af6 )=!^ df 36fpg] tyf cfDbfgL c;dfgtf )=$^ af6 )=@# df k'¥ofpg] .

• ;fdflhs, cfly{s / /fhg}lts ;zlQms/0f ;"rs )=& ;Dd k'¥ofpg] .• Hofnfb/ ;"rs !=^ af6 @ ;Dd k'¥ofpg] .• dfOqmf] kmfOgfG;;Fusf] kx"Fr s[ifs kl/jf/df @$ k|ltztaf6 $) k|ltzt;Dd k'¥ofpg] .

nIo !! M :j:y Pj+ ;'/lIft dfgj a;f]af; (Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable)

• ax'cfoflds ul/aL $$ k|ltztaf6 ;g\ @)#) ;Dd !! k|ltztdf 36fpg] .• ;'/lIft 3/df a:g]sf] cg'kft bf]Aa/ ug]{ .• jfo' k|b'if0f sd ug]{ .• k|sf]kaf6 x'g] d[To' / b'3{6gf sd ug]{ .• ;x/L hg;ª\Vof j[l4b/ @=% k|ltzteGbf a9L x'g glbg] .

nIo !@ M lbuf] pTkfbg / pkef]u (Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns)

• OGwg pkof]u !% k|ltztdf ;Lldt ug]{ .• OGwg cg'bfg lgd{"n ug]{ .• vfB gf]S;fgL sd ug]{ .• h}ljs r§fgsf] pTkfbgdf ;'wf/ .

nIo !# : hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf c;/ Go"gLs/0f (Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts*)

• sfa{gcS;fO8sf] pT;h{g cfwf ug{' .• cf]hf]g txsf] k|of]udf cfwf ug{' .• pBf]u, oftfoft tyf 3/af6 pTkflbt xl/t u[x Uof; cfwf sd ug{' .

120

nIo !$ : ;d'b| / ;d'b|L lsgf/sf] ;+/If0f / lbuf] pkof]u (Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development)

• g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{;Fu ;DalGwt 5}g tyflk k|fs[lts >f]t, kfgL, s[lif, ko{6s, jftfj/0f ;+/If0f cflb;Fu ;DalGwt ug{ ;lsg] 5 .

nIo !% : h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0f (Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss)

• ;fd'bflos jgsf] If]qkmn j[l4 u/L #( af6 $% k'¥ofpg] .• ;+/lIft If]q @# k|ltzt af6 @% k|ltzt k'¥ofpg] .• ;+/lIft tfn, tn}of, kf]v/L, l;d;f/ If]qsf] ;+Vof %))) ;Dd k'¥ofpg] .• cgfjZos jg s6fgL lgd"{n ug]{ .

nIo !^ : zfGt / ;dfj]zL ;dfh k|j4{g, Gofodf kx'Fr / hjfkmb]xL (Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels)

• dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf lj?4sf] lx;f, åGåaf6 x'g] d[To' cGTo ug]{ .• kf/blz{tf / hjfkmb]lxtf ;"rs # af6 % k'¥ofpg] .• ;'zf;gsf] ;"rsfª\s )=*# af6 @ df k'¥ofpg] .• hGd btf{ !)) k|ltzt ug]{ .• *) k|ltzt;Dd dtbfg clwsf/ Joj:yfkg ug]{ .• ;a}df Gofosf] kx'Frsf] k|Tofe"tL lbnfpg] .• /fHosf] u'0ffTds z';f;g cÍ #=! df j[l4 ug]{ .• % b]lv !& jif{ pd]/sf] afn>d #&=$ k|ltztaf6 z'Godf k'¥ofpg] .

nIo !& : lbuf] ljsf;sf nflu sfof{Gjog ;+oGqsf] ;jnLs/0f / ljZj ;fem]bf/Lsf] k'gjf]{w ug]{ -Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development_

• o; cGtu{t !( j6f ;"rsx¿ 5g\ tyfkL g]kfndf s'g} nIo lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5}g .

To:t} :jf:Yo, lzIff, /f]huf/L, cfly{s j[l4, vfg]kfgL / ;/;kmfO, pmhf{, ;'zf;g / oL ;a} nIo k"/f ug{ ljZj ;fem]bf/L sfod ug]{ nIo g+= !& sf pknAwL ;"rs :yfkgf ul/Psf] 5 .

o;y{ k[YjL, dflg; / ;d[l4sf nflu lbuf] ljsf;sf nIox¿ lgwf{/0f ug]{ ;Gbe{df /fi6«;+3sf] lj1 ;d"xn] s]xL cfwf/e"t kIfdf cg'dfg u/]sf] lyof], hf] !& nIo / !^( ;"rs :yfkgf tyf k"/f

121

ug]{ cfwf/ x'g\ . tL cg'dfg cg';f/ nIosf] uGtJo jif{;Dd ljZjsf] cfly{s pTkfbg bf]Aa/ x'g]5, cf}krfl/s ¿kaf6 k|jfx x'g] ljsf; ;xfotf Go"g cfo ju{sf d'n'sdf s]Gb|Lt x'g]5 .

ljleGg txdf ePsf] 5nkmn / ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIosf] ;dLIffn] !% kl5sf] ljsf; Ph]G8fnfO{ s;/L ck]Iffsf] ;"rLeGbf dfly sfof{Gjog of]Uo agfpg] eGg] k|Zg cxd\ ePsf] b]vfPsf] 5 . lsgeg] ;'emfjx¿df :jfefljs ¿kdf rfxgf cleJoQm x'g] u5{g\, t/ rfxgfnfO{ jf:tljstfdf cg'jfb ug{ ;|f]t, ;fdYo{, c7f]6, ;xsfo{ h:tf k"j{;t{ b]vf k5{g\ . lbuf] ljsf;sf] nIon] ljsf;sf] rfxgf / r'gf}tLnfO{ ;femf ¿kdf ;Daf]wg u/]sf] 5 . ;fy}, ljsf;sf r'gf}tLx¿ b]zut geP/ ;dli6ut x'G5g\ eGg] b[li6sf]0f klg :yflkt u/]sf] 5 . ljZj txdf 5nkmn / ;xsfo{sf] cfwf/ lbPsf] 5, h;sf] s]G›laGb'df ;dGofo / lbuf]kgf /fv]sf] 5 . ;fy}, lgwf{l/t nIo k|flKtsf nfluÚ ;a}sf] k|of; ;a} 7fpFdfÚ eGg] ;femf :j/ d'vl/t u/]sf] 5 . t/, ljsf;sf] o; cleofg TolQs} k"/f x'g] 5}gg\ . o; ;Gbe{df ljZjJofkL txdf s]xL k|Zg / r'gf}tL afFsL 5g\ . h:tf] ls, /fli6«o :jfldTjsf ;fy cleofgnfO{ s;/L pT;flxt kfg]{ < lghL If]qnfO{ ljsf;sf] cleofgdf s;/L ;dflxt ug]{ < :yfgLo txsf kfqx¿sf] e"ldsfnfO{ s;/L ;lqmo agfpg] < ljQ, k|ljlw tyf cGo ;|f]tnfO{ s;/L k|efjsf/L pkof]u ug]{ < ;a} k|sf/sf e"ldsf lgjf{xstf{sf] hjfkmb]xL ;'lglZrttf s;/L ug]{ <

g]kfnn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] lbuf] ljsf;sf nIo k"/f ug]{ ;Gbe{df cfGtl/s¿kdf klg y'k|} r'gf}tL /x]sf 5g\ . h;dWo] s]xL ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo sfof{Gjogsf ;Gbe{df klg b]lvPsf lyP eg] df}h'bf cj:yfdf tL bf]xf]l/g] ;Defjgf TolQs} 5 . lbuf] ljsf;sf nIo sfof{Gjog tyf k'/f ug]{ ;jfndf s]xL gofF r'gf}tL klg ylkPsf 5g\ . lbuf] ljsf;sf nIo k|flKtsf r'gf}tLx¿ :

• lbuf] ljsf;sf nIonfO{ cfjlws of]hgf / jflif{s ljsf; sfo{qmddf s;/L ;dfj]z ug]{,• :yfgLo txdf lbuf] ljsf;sf nIonfO{ s;/L ;+:yfut ug]{,• sfof{Gjog :t/nfO{ s;/L Up Scaling df sfof{Gjog ug]{,• lbuf] ljsf;sf nIo k"/f ug{ cfly{s >f]t s;/L kl/rfng ug]{,• /fli6«o tyf :yfgLo txdf Ifdtf ljsf;,• e"sDk tyf cGo k|sf]k / ljkb\kl5sf] Joj:yfkg / k'gMlgdf{0f, k'gp{Tyfg,• ljleGg txaLrsf] zf;sLo Ifdtf lj:tf/ / ;xsfo{df ;]jf k'¥ofpg], cflb .

lgisif{

dfly pNn]lvt r'gf}tLsf] ;fdgf u/L ;'/lIft, :j:y / ;d[4 ;dfhsf nflu lbuf] ljsf; nIo cfkm}+df Ps cj;/ klg xf] . g]kfndf klxnf]k6s hg;+Vofsf] sl/a ^) k|ltzt lx:;f sfd ug{ ;Sg] !%—^$ jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf] 5 . hg;f+lVosLo nfef+z -Demographic Dividend_ cy{ Joj:yfdf dfgj ;+;fwgsf ;sf/fTds / ;tt ljsf;nfO{ bzf{pFb5 . of] hg;+Vof 9fFrfdf a9bf] o'jf Pj+ sfo{zLn hg;+Vof -!% jif{b]lv ^$ jif{ cfo' ju{_ tyf 36\bf] cfl>ttf cg'kftsf kl/0ffd:j¿k pTkfbgdf

122

7"nf] dfqfsf ;[hgnfO{ k|blz{t ub{5 . o; l:yltdf hg;+Vof lk/fld8 pN6f] aGg]5 cyf{t o;df sd hg;+Vof cfwf/ eGbf dfly 7"nf] hg;+Voftkm{ a9\b5g\ . 36\bf] hGdb/ / a9\bf] cfo'sf sf/0f of] lx:;f casf] b'O{ bzsdf ^* k|ltztsf] xf/fxf/Ldf k'Ug] cg'dfg 5 . cyf{t\, xfn hg;+Vofsf] 7"nf] lx:;f pTkfbgzLn pd]/sf] 5 . o:tf] cj:yf ljsf;sf nflu ;'gf}nf] cj;/ dflgG5 . of] ;do w]/} ;do cGt/fndf Psk6s cfpg] 5 . o; ;do tyf cj;/nfO{ lbuf] ljsf; nIosf] k|fKtL;uF hf]8]/ sfof{Gjogtkm{ n}hfg' kb{5 . lbuf] ljsf;sf] nIo ljZjnfO{ ef]s, clzIff, ul/aL, c;dfgtf / jftfj/0fLo c;Gt'ngaf6 d'Qm u/L :j:y, lzlIft, ;d'Ggt / ;'/lIft ljZj lgdf{0f ug]{ ljZjJofkL dxfcleofgsf] klxnf] ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo kl5 bf];|f] z[+vnfsf ¿kdf ljsf;sf] dfu{lrq :yflkt u/]sf] 5 . ;g\ @)!% kl5 ljZjn] ljsf;sf nflu csf]{ !% jif]{ dfu{lrq lgwf{/0f ug]{ ;Gbe{df lbuf] ljsf;sf] nIosf] 3f]if0ff u/]sf] 5 . of] k|ultzLn 5 ls of] ;du| ljsf;sf] sfo{;"rL xf], of] lj:t[t 5 . h;nfO{ ;g\ @)#) ;Dd k'/f ug]{ u/L g]kfn ;lxt ljZjsf] !(# /fi6«n] x:tfIf/ u/L cg'df]bg u/]sf 5g\ .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L

• www.npc.gov.np• http://www.np.undp.org/content/nepal/en/home/post-2015/sdg-overview.html• http://www.npc.gov.np/images/download/23rd_Jan_final_for_print_Sustainable_

Development_Goals.pdf• http://www.np.undp.org/content/nepal/en/home/library/sustainable-development-goals-

national-report---nepal.html• UNDP_NP_Sustainable Development Agenda for Nepal• http://www.bbc.com/nepali/news/2016/03/160301_development_goals• http://imagekhabar.com/news/latest/business/351• http://archive.nagariknews.com/opinion/story/48292.html• http://www.np.undp.org/content/nepal/en/home/post-2015/mdgoverview.html

123

k'gMlgdf{0fsf nflu u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf] e"ldsf

— k|sfz b]jsf]6f*

;f/f+z

ljkb hlxn] klg lg/k]If x'G5 . o;n] dfgjLo / ef}lts Iflt k'¥ofpFb5 . g]kfndf ljutsf]

ljgfzsf/L e"sDkn] dfgjLo / ef}lts Iflt k'¥ofPsf] 5 . k"jf{wf/sf ;+/rgfx? Wj:t ePsf

5g\ eg] *,&() hgfsf] d[To' ePsf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs ejg, lghL ejg nufot k"jf{wf/sf cGo

;+/rgfx? IftljIft\ ePsf 5g\ . vf]h, p4f/ / /fxtsf] r/0f s/La k"/f e};s]sf] cj:yf 5 .

k'gMlgdf{0f / k'g:yf{kgf sfo{sf nflu /fli6«o k'gMlgdf{0f k|flws/0fsf] ;+:yfut u7g ePsf]

5 . o;n] ljleGg gLltut tyf Joj:YffksLo kIfsf] th'{df u/L sfof{/De ul/;s]sf] 5 .

k'gMlgdf{0f / k'g:yf{kgf sfo{sf nflu /fli6«o, cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+3 ;+:yf kl/rfng

;DaGwL sfo{ljwL, @)&@ :jLs[t u/L sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf] 5 . e"sDk k|efljt #! lhNnfx?df

k'gMlgdf{0f / lhljsf]kfh{g sfo{sf nflu ljleGg I/NGO's af6 kl/of]hgf k|:tfj dfu u/L

k|:tfjsf] 5gf}6 u/L lqkIfLo ;Demf}tf u/L sfo{ ug{ I/NGO's nfO{ sfof{b]z lbg] sfd /fli6«o

k'gMlgdf{0f k|flws/0fn] cf/De ul/;s]sf]] 5 . oBkL I/NGO's kl/rfng ;DaGwdf y'k|}

r'gf}tL / ;d:ofx? 5g\, oL ;d:ofx?sf] ;dfwfg ug{ cToGt h?/L 5 . vf;u/L I/NGO's

sf] j:t'lgi7 / Jofjxfl/s ?kn] cg'udg / d"Nof°g ug{ ;lsof] eg] k'gMlgdf{0f sfo{sf nflu

u};;sf] e"ldsf k|efjsf/L x'g] s'/fdf lglj{jfb 5 . t;y{, k'gMlgdf{0f sfo{sf nflu /fli6«o

k'gMlgdf{0f k|flws/0fn] :ki6 sfo{of]hgf, plrt dfgj;|f]t / k|ltj4tfsf ;fy cg'udg ug{

eg] la;{g' xF'Fb}g .

*zfvf clws[t, cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefu .

124

k[i7d"ld

ljkb eGgfn] ;'Vvf v8]/L, dxfdf/L, e"Ifo, lxdkft, cfFwLt'kmfg, cfunfuL, e"sDk cflbnfO{ a'emfpFb5 . d"ntM dfgjåf/f lgld{t / k|fs[lts u/L b'O{ k|sf/sf ljkb x'G5g\ . lj=;+=@)&@ j}zfv !@ / @( ut] uPsf] e"sDk qmdzM &=^ / ^=* DofUgLRo'8 /]S6/ :s]nsf] lyof] . klxnf] e"sDksf]] Epicenter uf]/vfsf] jf/kfs / bf];|f]] bf]nvf lyof] . e"sDk lg/k]If x'G5 . of] k|fs[lts k|sf]k xf] . e"sDk jf/]df j}1flgsn] ;Defljt cg'dfg dfq ug{ ;S5g\ t/ slxn] / sxfF o;sf] s]Gb|ljGb' sfod /xG5 eGg] s'/f pgLx?n] klg 7f]s'jf ug{ g;Sg] cj:yf x'G5 .

ut jif{sf] ljgfzsf/L e"sDk / tt\kZrft\sf k/fsDkx?n] 7"nf] dfqfdf dfgjLo / ef}lts Iflt k'¥ofPsf] lyof] . vf]h, p4f/ / /fxt sfo{df g]kfnL ;]gf, ;z:q k|x/L an, g]kfn k|x/L, lghfdtL sd{rf/L, u};;, gful/s ;dfh nufot ljleGg :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL p4f/sdL{n] 7"nf] cys kl/>d ug'{k/]sf] lyof] . g]kfnL ;]gfsf] ;dGjodf ljleGg d'n'ssf p4f/sdL{x? h:t}M :k]g, cNh]l/of, OG8f]g]l;of, rfOgf, hfkfg, ef/t, cd]l/sf, l;Ëfk'/ h:tf :yfgaf6 cfˆg} b]zsf] Air Force af6 ljleGg Resque Team, Snifing Dog ;lxt g]kfn cfO{ pgLx?n] vf]h, p4f/ / /fxtdf ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf lyP . of] Pp6f pbfx/0f dfq xf] . ljgfzsf/L e"sDkn] g]kfndf 7"nf] Iflt k'¥ofPsf] 5 . clt k|efljt / k|efljt u/L #! j6f lhNnfx? e"sDkaf6 IftljIft ePsf 5\g . ljkb\ kZrftsf] cfjZostf d"NofÍg cg';f/ *,&() hgfsf] d[To', @@,#)) hgf 3fOt] lghL cfjf; $,(*,*%@ / @,^%^ j6f ;/sf/L ejgx? k"0f{ Iflt ePsf 5g\ . k|ltj]bgn] ^ va{ ^( ca{sf] ah]6 k'gMlgdf{0fsf nflu k|If]k0f u/]sf] 5 . ljgfzsf/L e"sDkn] k'¥ofPsf] Ifltsf] k|f/lDes tYof+s s/La & va{ 5 . vf]h, p4f/ / /fxtsf] sfo{ ;DkGg e};s]sf] 5 . /fxtsf nflu Ifltk"lt{ :j?k ;'?df ! nfv $) xhf/ -d[tssf xsdf_ ?=!% xhf/ c:yfoL jf;:yfgsf nflu h:tfkftf vl/b lkl8tn] k|fKt ul/;s]sf 5g\ . Post Disaster Need Assessmendt (PDNA) sf] k|ltj]bg cg';f/ ljleGg bft[ ;d'bfon] sl/a ^=& Billion USD sf] ;xof]u k|ltj4tf hgfO;s]sf 5g\ . casf] ;do k'gMlgdf{0f xf] . of] Disaster cycle sf] dxTjk"0f{ r/0f xf] . o; r/0fdf ;/sf/, lghLIf]q, u};;, gful/s ;dfh ;a}n] xft]dfnf] u/]/ a9g h?/L 5 . ;/sf/ / u};;sf] ;xsfo{ o; sfo{sf nflu ckl/xfo{ 5 .

k'gMlgdf{0f

k|fs[lts / s[lqd k|sf]kn] IftljIft ePsf] ef}lts ;+/rgfx?sf] Rebuild, Reconstruction ug'{ g} k'gMlgdf{0f xf] . ef}lts ;+/rgfsf] dd{t, ;Def/ / gjlgdf{0f g} k'gMlgdf{0f xf] . k'gMlgdf{0f nfO{ sfg"gtM æe"sDkaf6 ePsf] Ifltsf] lbuf], bl/nf] / of]hgfa4 ?kdf ul/g] cfly{s, ;fdflhs ef}lts ljsf;nfO{ gjlgdf{0f tyf k'g:yf{kgf ;DaGwL sfo{ ;Demg' kb{5 Æ egL kl/efiff ul/Psf] 5 . ljkbkl5sf] cfjZostf d"NofÍg ;DaGwdf sf7df8f}+df ut h'nfO{ @%, @)!% df International Conference on Nepal Reconstruction (ICNR) cGt/f{li6«o ;Dd]ng ;DkGg eof] . pSt ;Dd]ngaf6 k|fKt ;Nnfx

125

/ ;'emfj cg';f/ /fli6«o k'gMlgdf{0f tyf k'g:yf{kgf P]g th'{df eO{ sfof{Gjogdf cfO;s]sf] 5 . pSt P]gsf] bkmf #! df o; P]gsf] clwgdf /xL /fli6«o k'gMlgdf{0f k|flws/0fn] cfˆgf] sfo{ ;+~rfng ug{ cfjZos lgb]{lzsf / sfo{ljlw agfO{ nfu" ug{ ;Sg]5 eGg] k|fjwfg cg';f/ k'gMlgdf{0f / k'g:yf{kgfsf nflu u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf kl/rfng ;DaGwL sfo{ljlw, @)&@ tof/ eO{ sfof{Gjogdf cfO;s]sf] 5 . o;}k|sf/n] k'gMlgdf{0f;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg sfo{ljlwx? tof/ eO{ nfu" e};s]sf 5g\ .

vf]h, p4f/ / /fxtsf] ;dodf ljleGg /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o u};;sf] of]ubfg ct'ngLo b]lvPsf] 5 . ;+;f/sf h'g;'s} If]qdf o:tf ljgfzsf/L ljkb cfOkbf{ oL ;+:yfn] dfgjLo p4f/ tyf /fxt ljt/0fdf ;/sf/nfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] sfd ub{5g\ . g]kfndf ljgfzsf/L e"sDk kZrft\ vf]h, p4f/ tyf /fxtsf] r/0f s/La cGTo e};s]sf] 5 . casf] r/0f eg]sf] k'gMlgdf{0f / k'g:yf{kgf xf] . Ifltu|:t ;+/rgfx? h:t}M lghL cfjf;, ;fj{hlgs ejg, c:ktfn, ljBfno cflb If]qsf] k'gMlgdf{0f -Reconstruction_ ug'{kg]{5 eg] csf]{lt/ k'g:yf{kgf / lhljsf]kfh{gsf] ljifo r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 . cfo cfh{g, tflnd tyf Ifdtf clej[l4 Pj+ ca lgdf{0f x'g] ;+/rgfx? lbuf], bl/nf] / e/kbf]{ u/L Resilient Structure agfpg' kg]{5 . casf] k'gMlgdf{0f sfo{ cem alnof] cyf{t\ Build Back Better -BBB agfpg' ckl/xfo{ 5 . g]kfndf ljgfzsf/L e"sDk cem+} klg gcfpg] eGg] 5}g . ljkb lg/k]If x'G5 t/ ljkbsf] Joj:yfkg ug{ eg] h?/L 5 . ljkb Joj:Yffkgsf nflu ;/sf/ dfq PSnf] cleoGtf geO{ u};;, gful/s ;dfh, lghLIf]qn] ;xof]u / lhDd]jf/L k'/f ug'{kb{5 .

k'gMlgdf{0f / k'g:yf{kgf sfo{sf nflu /fli6«o k'gMlgdf{0f k|flws/0f u7g ePsf] 5 . o; lgsfon] % -kfFr_ jif{;Dd cfˆgf] sfo{ ug]{ / cfjZostf ePdf Ps jif{ yk x'g;Sg] sfg"gL k|fjwfg 5 . o; k|flws/0fn] e"sDk k|efljt #! j6f lhNnfnfO{ cfˆgf] sfo{If]q agfPsf] 5 . ljkbkl5sf] cfjZostf d"NofÍgn] cf}+NofPsf] Ifltsf] k'gMlgdf{0f ug{ bftfn] ICNR sf] ;dodf ;xof]usf] k|lta4tf u/]sf 5g\ . g]kfn ;/sf/n] klg /fli6«o k'gMlgdf{0f k|flws/0fnfO{ kof{Kt gePklg ;|f]t ;fwg pknAw u/fpg] k|of; ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . kmn:j?k /fli6«o k'gMlgdf{0f k|flws/0fn] Ifltu|:t lhNnf uO{ k|fylds/0f u/L k|f/lDes r/0fdf bf]nvf lhNnfsf] l;+u6Laf6 k'gMlgdf{0fsf nflu lghL cfjf; cg'bfg sfo{qmd ;~rfng ;'? u/L clt k|efljt dWo]sf !! lhNnfdf sfo{qmd ;~rfng cf/De ul/;s]sf] 5 . ljleGg ;/sf/L lgsfo / u};;sf] ;xof]udf xfn}dfq k'gMlgdf{0f sfo{sf nflu /fli6«o k'gMlgdf{0f k|flws/0fn] % -kfFr_ jif{sf nflu -;g\ @)!^–@)@)_ Post Disaster Recovery Framework th'{df u/]sf] 5 . k'gMlgdf{0fsf nflu /fli6«o k'gMlgdf{0f k|flws/0f;Fu xft]dfnf] u/L cl3 a9\g ljleGg /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfonfO{ ;xof]usf] nflu cfXjfg u/]sf] cj:yf 5 . o; Recovery Framework n] I/NGO's, civil society ;a} If]qsf] 7f]; ;xof]u / of]ubfg vf]h]sf] 5 . k|fyldstfsf If]q tf]sL %-kfFr_ jif{df ;DkGg ug]{ u/L x/]s jif{sf nflu cfjZos kg]{ ah]6 cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 eg] csf]{lt/ ;|f]t ;fwgsf] ;'lglZrttfsf nflu /lfi6«o cGt/fli6«o ;d'bfonfO{ cg'/f]w ;d]t ul/Psf] 5 . /fli6«o, cGt/f{li6«o ;+:Yffx? dfkm{t\ k|fKt x'g] ;xof]unfO{ ;/n, ;xh / kf/bzL{, PsLs[t Pj+ k|efjsf/L 9+un] kl/rfng Pj+ tL ;+:yfsf] ;dGjo k|efjsf/L agfpg k'gMlgdf{0f P]gsf] dd{ / efjgf cg'?k sfo{qmdsf] th'{df, :jLs[lt, sfof{Gjog, cg'udg / d"NofÍg ug]{ sfo{df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg /fli6«o k'gMlgdf{0f k|flws/0fn] u}/;/sf/L ;+3 ;+:yf kl/rfng ;DaGwL sfo{ljlw, @)&@ sfof{Gjogdf NofPsf] 5 .

126

u}/;/sf/L ;+3 ;+:yf – u};;

u};; eGgfn] k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd btf{ ePsf] d'gfkmf/lxt ;+3 ;+:YffnfO{ a'emfpF5 . d'ntM gfkmf/lxt, :jo+d;]jL, /fli6«o ljsf;df 7f]; of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] p2]Zon] ul7t /fli6«o, cGt/f{li6«o ;+u7gx? u}/;/sf/L ;+:Yff x'g\ . oL ;+:Yff gfkmfsf] p2]Zon] u7g ePsf x'Fb}gg\ . u};;sf] p2]ZonfO{ cWoog ug]{ xf] eg] vf;u/L k/f]ksf/L -charitable_, ;]jfefjk"0f{ -service Orientation_, ;xeflutfd"ns -Participatory_/ ;zlQms/0fdf hf]8 lbg] k|j[lQsf x'G5g\ . sfo{:t/sf lx;fan] x]g]{ xf] eg] u};;x? ;d'bfo :t/df, :yfgLo :t/df, /fli6«o :t/df / cGt/f{li6«o :t/df /x]sf 5g\ . oL ;a}sf] p2]Zo eg]sf] Nation Building and social welfare g} xf] .

u};; kl/rfng ;DaGwdf xfd|f] b]zdf ljleGg gLltut kIf 5g\ . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] ;+3;+:yf kl/rfngnfO{ pRr k|fyldstf lbPsf] 5 . xfn} !$ cf}+ of]hgfn] u};; kl/rfng ;DaGwdf pRr k|fyldstf lbPsf] 5 . :YffgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g, lgodfjnL, ah]6 sfo{qmd tyf j}b]lzs nufgL gLlt, ljsf; ;xfotf gLlt, @)&! n] cGt/f{li6«o u};; kl/rfng ;DaGwdf JofVof ljZn]if0f u/L pRr k|fyldstf lbPsf 5g\ . ljz]ifu/L NGO's :yfgLo k|zf;gdf k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd btf{, gjLs/0f x'G5g\ eg] INGO's sf] xsdf ;dfh sNof0f kl/ifb\ / ;DalGwt ljifout dGqfno;Fu General Agreement / MOU u/L sfo{ ;~rfng ub{5g\ . xfnsf] cf+s8fnfO{ cWoog ug]{ xf] eg] s/La #%)) eGbf a9L NGo's / @%) eGbf a9L INGo's 5g\ . ;+of]hg u/]/ x]bf{ I/NGo's eg]sf ;/sf/sf ;xofqL x'g . logLx?n] ;/sf/nfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg' kb{5 . bzf}+ of]hgfb]lv I/NGo's nfO{ k|ToIf ?kdf ;/sf/sf ;xof]uL kfqsf ?kdf pNn]v u/]sf]] 5 . ;/sf/sf] gLlt, lgb]{zg adf]lhd oL ;+:yfn] xft]dfnf] u/L d'n'ssf] ;d[4 ljsf;sf nflu :ki6 of]hgf agfO{ sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug'{kb{5 .

ljgfzsf/L e"sDk kZrft\ d'n'ssf] cfly{s cj:Yff sdhf]/ ePsf] 5 . ef}lts ;+/rgfx?sf] k'gMlgdf{0f u/L gful/ssf] hghLljsfnfO{ ;xh / ;'rf? agfpg ;/sf/n] g]t[TjbfoL e"ldsf lgefpgsf nflu /fli6«o k'gMlgdf{0f k|flws/0fsf] u7g u/L sfo{sf] z'ef/De ul/;s]sf] Joxf]/f 3fdh:t} 5n{Ë 5 . u};; ;DaGwL ljleGg gLltut Joj:yf df}h'bf ePtfklg u};; kl/rfngdf ;xh, 5l/tf] / kf/bzL{ xf]; eGg] x]t'n] u};; ;DaGwL sfo{ljlw k|flws/0fn] NofPsf] xf] . /fli6«o k'gMlgdf{0f k|flws0fn] u};; kl/rfng ;DaGwdf ;"rgf k|sfzg u/L k|flws/0fsf] lgb]{zgleq cfj4 eO{ e"sDk k|efljt #! j6f lhNnfdf sfo{ ug{ cfÅjfg u/]sf] 5 . o;sf] dtna c? geO{ sfo{qmdsf] bf]xf]/f]kg gxf];, Ps?ktf / kfbblz{tf sfod xf];\ eGg] g} xf] . pSQ sfo{ljlwn] I/NGo's n] kl/of]hgf k|:tfj k]z ug]{ Joj:Yff ul/Psf] 5 . pSt k|:tfjnfO{ ;x ;lrj ;+of]hs /x]sf] l;kmfl/z ;ldltn] sfo{sf/L ;ldltdf k]z ug]{ k|fjwfg /x]sf] 5 . sfo{sf/L ;ldltdf k|d'v sfo{sf/L clws[t -CEO_ ;+of]hs /xg] k|:tfljt kl/of]hgf :jLs[t eO{;s]kl5 lqkIfLo ;emf}tf x'g] Joj:Yff 5 . lqkIfLo ;Demf}tfdf /fli6«o k'gMlgdf{0f k|flws/0f -klxnf] kIf_ ;DalGwt CLPIU (Centre Level Project Implementation Unit_ -bf]>f] kIf_ / t]>f] kIfsf ?kdf ;+DalGwt I/NGo's g} /xG5g\ .

127

ljutdf I/NGo's sf] ljifodf ljleGg l6sfl6Kk0fL gePsf] eg] xf]Og . h:t} Family Buisness, Religious mania / ;/sf/sf] ;dfgfGt/ zlStsf] ?kdf :yflkt x'g vf]Hg] kf/bzL{ / hjfkmb]zL gaGg] h:tf k|j[lQ klg gb]lvPsf xf]Ogg . tyflk I/NGo's eg]sf ljsf;sf ;fem]bf/ g} x'g oLgnfO{ ;+of]hg Accomodate u/L n}hfg] bfloTj g} ;/sf/sf] xf] o; d"ndGqnfO{ dWogh/ u/L /fli6«o k'gMlgdf{0f k|flws/0fn] e"sDk k|efljt If]qdf nfeu|fxLnfO{ 7f]; 6]jf k'¥ofpg gLltut lg0f{o u/L u};; kl/rfng ;DaGwL sfo{ljlw kfl/t u/L sfof{Gjogdf NofPsf] 5 . lghL cfjf; k'gMlgdf{0f ;fd'bflos ejg k'gMlgdf{0fdf I/NGo's sf] cxd e"ldsf /x]sf] 5 . vf]h, p4f/ / /fxt sfo{df klg I/NGo's n] pTs[i6 sfo{ u/]sf pbfx/0fx? k|z:t} 5g\ . Umbrella approach sf ?kdf NRA -National Reconstruction Authority) n] sfo{ljlw NofPsf] 5 . o;nfO{ cIf/;M kfngf eof] eg] kSs} I/NGo's e"ldsf k'gMlgdf{0f sfo{df pRr x'g] ck]Iff ug{ ;lsG5 . k'gMlgdf{0f sfo{ / u};;sf] 7f]; e"ldsfjLr ;+of]hg ug{ ;lsof] eg] ;fFlRrs} ?kdf Build Back Better sf] cfzo k'/f x'g;S5 . k'gMlgdf{0f / u};; kl/rfngdf tfbfTDotf ldnfpg] sfo{ r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 . ca x'g] k'gMlgdf{0f / gjlg{df{0f sfo{df /fli6«o k'gMlgdf{0f k|flws/0fn] u};;nfO{ pRr k|fyldstfsf ;fy ;+nUg u/fpg h¿/L 5 t/ r'gf}tL / ;d:of k]lrnf 5g\ .

;d:ofx?

g]kfndf u}/;/sf/L ;+3 ;+:yf kl/rfng ;DaGwdf ljljw ;d:ofx? 5g\ . tL dWo]sf s]xL ;d:ofx? b]xfo adf]lhd pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 .

• I/NGo's kl/rfng x'g] If]qsf] Mapping ug{ ;/f]sf/jfnf kIfn] g;Sg',

• b'u{d If]qdf I/NGo's kl/rfng ug{ g;Sg'

• e"sDk kZrft\ Ifltu|:t #! lhNnfx? dWo] clwsf+z u};;n] sf7df8f}+ pkTosf jl/k/L /x]sf lhNnfdf dfq kl/of]hgf k|:tfj ug{ rfxg'

• kl/of]hgfsf] sfo{qmd vr{sf] t'ngffdf k|zf;lgs vr{ a9L ug{ rfxg'

• u};;sf] clen]v Joj:Yffkg sdhf]/ x'g'

• ;/sf/n] u};;sf] sfo{ k|ult cg'udg ug{ g;Sg'

• k|ult ;dLIff, hgn]vf kl/If0f tyf ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{k|lt j]jf:tf x'g'

• u};;n] Demand base eGbf klg cfˆgf] ks8 ofg]sL Pocket If]qdf dfq sfd ug{ pT;'s x'g'

• k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf sfo{x? vf;u/L Road Connectivity, Hydropower h:tf Mega Project df I/NGo's sf] k|:tfj gcfpg', Technical support eGbf social awareness h:t} WASH, Educaton, Nutrition etc. output measurement ug{ g;lsg] cfof]hgfdf k|:tfj cfpg'

128

• u};; kl/rfng ;DaGwdf cy{ dGqfno, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, dlxnf afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh

sNof0f dGqfno / e/v/} sfof{/De yfngL u/]sf] /fli6«o k'gMlgdf{0f k|flws/0faLr a}7s a;L

I/NGo's sf] d"NofÍg x'g] jftfj/0f ;[hgf gx'g'

• ;dGjosf] sdhf]/ cj:Yff x'g'

• k'gMlgdf{0f ;Gbe{df Reconstruction ofg]sL Housing eGbf klxn] Livelihood sfo{qmdnfO{

k|fyldstf lbg'

• I/NGo's n] Local Partner sf ?kdf NGO nfO{ cfˆgf] Private Partner h:tf] u/L

NGo 5gf}6 ug'{

• I/NGO sf] k|:tfjdf k|zf;lgs vr{ @) k|ltzteGbf a9L gb]vfP klg Jofjxfl/s ?kdf of]

a9fpg] u/]sf], oyfy{ n]vf+sg, k/LIf0f k4ltk|lt ;DalGwt kIf pbf;Lg x'g'

• I/NGo sf] fund assure gx'g' (Social Welfare Council) ;Fu General Agreement kZrft Fund Raise ug]{ cj:yf x'g'

• ;/sf/sf s]Gb|Lo lgsfon] I/NGo's kl/rfng ;DaGwdf ;t{sf clwgdf /xL ;Demf}tf

u/]tfklg dftxtsf] lhNnf:t/sf] lgsfonfO{ pSt I/NGo's sf] jf/]df af]wfy{ tyf sfofy{

lbg cfgfsfgL ug'{

• I/NGO's n] hgtfsf nflu hgtf;Fu sfd ug{ grfxg'

• I/NGO's n] ;/sf/;Fu ;xhLs/0f / ;xof]ueGbf klg k|lt:kwf{, bftfsf] nljª, /fhgLlts

k|efj / wfld{s k|efj kfg]{ sfo{df a9L pT;fxL x'g' cflb .

;d:of ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿

ljkb cfkm+}df ;d:ofu|:t cjwf/0ff xf] . o;n] ;[hgfTds eGbf klg ljgfz lgDTofpF5 . ljkb\ Joj:yfkg pk/ w]/} r'gf}tL / ;d:ofx? 5g\ . oltdfq geP/ ljkb kZrft\sf] vf]h p4f/, /fxt sfo{df w]/} ;d:ofx? cfpg] ub{5g\ . lj=;+= @)&@ j}zfvsf] ljgfzsf/L e"sDk uP kZrft\ w]/} ;d:ofx? ljz]ifu/L hgzlSt kl/rfng, ;|f]t Joj:yfkg, /fli6«o cGt/f{li6«o ;dGjodf b]lvPsf ;d:ofx? xfd|f;fd' 5n{Ë / k]lrnf 5g\ . To;}u/L /fxt kZrft\ k'gMlgdf{0f, k'g:yf{kgf tyf lhljsf]kfh{gdf klg ;d:ofx? hNbfaNbf 5g\ . s]xL ;d:ofnfO{ dflyNnf] cg'R5]bdf p4[t ul/;lsPsf] 5 . k'gMlgdf{0f sfo{sf nflu ;/sf/ dfq PSnf] cleoGtf geO{ ljleGg u};;, gful/s ;dfh, /fhgLlts bn lhDd]jf/ 5g\ . oL ;/f]sf/jfnf kIfaLr ;dGjo, ;xsfo{ h'6fpg] sfo{ r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 . r'gf}tLk"0f{ sfo{nfO{ cj;/sf ?kdf pkof]u ug{ ;Sg'kb{5 . t;y{, s]xL ;'emfjx? oxfF k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

129

• k'gMlgdf{0f sfo{df /fli6«o cGt/f{li6«o u};; kl/rfng ug{sf nflu Need Assessment u/L sxfF s'g If]qdf u};;sf] ;xof]u cfjZos 5 cfjZostf gSzf+sg Mapping ug'{kb{5 .

• ;'ud eGbf klg I/NGo's nfO{ b'/b/fh cyf{t b'u{d lhNNffx?df sfd ug]{ jftfj/0f agfpg] k'gMlgdf{0f sfo{ nflu /fli6«o k'gMlgdf{0f k|flws/0fn] kxn ug'{kb{5 .

• I/NGo's n] kl/of]hgf k|:tfj ubf{ cToGt kl5 k/]sf u/La, l;dfGts[t Highly Vulnerable society nfO{ s]Gb|Lt u/L /fli6«o k'gMlgdf{0f k|flws/0f ;dIf k|:tfj ug'{kb{5 .

• sfo{qmd ;~rfng ubf{ I/NGo's n] k|zf;lgs vr{ @) -aL;_ k|ltzt eGbf a9L /fVg' x'Fb}g, ;|f]tsf] Uof/]G6L x'g'kb{5 .

• u};;sf] clen]v Joj:Yffkgsf nflu cy{dGqfnosf] Aid Management Platform -AMP_ df clgjfo{ ?kdf sfo{qmd / ;|f]tsf] ljj/0f k|lji6L ug'{kb{5 .

• lhNnfdf sfo{/t u};;sf] k|ult ;dLIff, hgn]vf k/LIf0f, ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{, sfo{qmd ;~rfng klxn] lqkIfLo ;emf}tf, k'gMlgdf{0f sfo{sf nflu NRA, ;DalGwt kIf / CLPIU aLr ;Demf}tf ug{ h?/L x'G5 .

• I/NGo's nfO{ Social awareness eGbf Technical support ug]{ cfof]hgf vf;u/L Hydropower, Road connectivity, irrigation project df I/NGo's kl/rfng ug'{kb{5 . k"jf{wf/sf] k'gMlgdf{0f eP kZrft\ lhljsf]kfh{gsf sfo{x? ;~rfng ubf{ pko'SQ x'G5 .

• u};; kl/rfngsf] ;Gbe{df /fli6«o k'gMlgdf{0f k|flws/0f, cy{dGqfno, dlxnf afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfno Pj+ cGo Line Ministry aLr cg'udg, d"NofÍgdf ;dGjo / ;xsfo{ x'g'kb{5 .

• ;dfh sNof0f kl/ifb\sf] e"ldsfnfO{ ;zSt / k|efjsf/L agfpg' kb{5 .• International organizations af6 Budget Assure ePkl5 dfq General

Agreement / Project Agreement ug'{kb{5 .• I/NGo's n] k'gMlgdf{0f ;DaGwL sfo{ ubf{ u}/wfld{s, Non ethinic and non

political eO{ sfo{ ug'{kb{5 cflb .

lgisif{ tyf ;'emfj

ljgfzsf/L e"sDkn] Ifltu|:t ;+/rgfx?sf] k'gMlgdf{0f ug]{ sfo{ r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 . k'gMlgdf{0f sfo{ % jif{leq ;DkGg ug]{ x]t'n] ;/sf/n] /fli6«o k'gMlgdf{0f k|flws/0f u7g u/L ljleGg gLltut / ;+u7gfTds Joj:Yff sfod u/L sfof{/De u/]sf] 5 . k'gMlgdf{0f sfo{df ;/sf/sf] dfq geP/ u};;, gful/s ;dfh, /fhgLlts bn tyf nAwk|ltli7t ju{ ;a}sf] ckgTj x'g h?/L 5 . k'gMlgdf{0f sfo{ j:t'ut oyfy{k/s

130

/ k|efjsf/L agfpg /fli6«o k'gMlgdf{0f k|flws/0fn] u};; kl/rfng ;DaGwL sfo{ljwL, @)&@ :jLs[t u/L nfu" u/]sf] 5 . kmn:j?k ljleGg /fli6«o cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+3 ;+:yfn] lghLcfjf; lgdf{0f ;fd'bflos ejgx? h:t} ljBfnox?, c:ktfn k'gMlgdf{0f ug{ nufot lhljsf]kfh{g ;DaGwL ljleGg r]tgfd"ns sfo{qmd, Ifdtf clej[l4 tyf cfocfh{g sfo{x? ug]{ ;DaGwL kl/of]hgf k|:tfjnfO{ cg'df]bg u/L sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{ pTk|]l/t ug'{kb{5 . k'gMlgdf{0f dxfcleofg ePsf]n] o;nfO{ tLj|tfsf ;fy cl3 a9fO{ e"sDkaf6 kLl8t gful/snfO{ /fxt lbg ;/f]sf/jfnf kIfn] e'Ng' x'Fb}g . k'gMlgdf{0f sfo{nfO{ lgwf{l/t ;dodf k'/f ug{ bx|f] ;f+ul7gs ;+/rgfsf ?kdf /fli6«o k'gMlgdf{0f k|flws/0fnfO{ ;'b[9 agfO{ ;|f]t cf+sng Pj+ kl/rfng ug{ ;a} kIfsf] k|ltj4tf ckl/xfo{ ePsf] ;Gbe{df I/NGO'S sf] e"ldsf cem} a9L pkof]uL / k|efjsf/L agfpg /fli6«o k'gMlgdf{0f k|flws/0fn] ljz]if dxTj / k|fyldstf lbg}kb{5 .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L

• g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg• /fli6«o k'gMlgdf{0f tyf k'g:yf{kgf gLlt, @)&@• e"sDkaf6 k|efljt ;+/rgfsf] k'gMlgdf{0f ;DaGwL P]g tyf lgodfjnL, @)&@• k'gMlgdf{0f / k'g:yf{kgfsf nflu u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf kl/rfng ;DaGwL sfo{ljlw, @)&@

131

;+3Lotf sfof{Gjog / k|zf;g k'gM;+/rgfdf ;+j]bgzLntf h?/L

— ;fu/ kl08t*

;f/f+z

d'n'sdf 7\'nf 7'nf /fhgLlts kl/jt{g ePsf 5g\ . kl5Nnf] k6s @)^@÷^# sf] hgcfGbf]ngn] d'n'snfO{ ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds d'n'ssf] ?kdf :yflkt u/]sf] 5 . ljZjd} ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGq ;a}eGbf pGgt zf;g k|0ffnL xf] . oxL zf;g k|0ffnLs} sf/0f o'/f]k nufot ljZjsf s}of+} d''n'sn] cfly{s qmflGt u/L cfkm'nfO{ ljsl;t / zlQmzfnL d'n'ssf] ?kdf :yflkt ug{ ;kmn ePsf 5g\ . xfdLsxfF klg @)&@ ;fnsf] ;+ljwfgn] ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds d'n'ssf] ;+:yfut cfwf/x? tof/ ub}{ cj b]znfO{ cfd hgtfsf] lxt, k|ult tyf ;d[l4tkm{ cuf8L a9\g dfu{ k|;:t ul/lbPsf] 5 . jf:tjdf /fhgLlt kl/jt{g dfq} x'g' 7'nf] s'/f xf]Og\ kl/jt{g kZrft\ d'n's ;+rfng ug]{ dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsfdf /x]sf /fhgLlts / k|zf;lgs g]t[Tj d'n'ssf] ljsf;, k|ult / ;d[l4sf] dfu{df PsLs[t ?kdf cl3 a9]/ d'n'snfO{ sfofkn6 ug{ ;Sg' dfq} 7'nf] s'/f xf] .

oltv]/ ;+3Lotf sfof{Gjog / k|zf;g k\'g{;+/rgfsf] ljifodf /fhgLlts g]t[Tj / k|zf;lgs g]t[Tj b'j} kIf stf stf sGkm\o\'hgdf ePsf] h:tf] b]lvG5g\ . ;+ljwfg hf/L ePsf] Ps jif{ ljlt;Sbf / xfnsf] ;+;bsf] kbfjlw Ps jif{ dfq} afFsL /x]sf] cj:yfnfO{ dWogh/ ug]{ xf] eg] ;+3Lotf sfof{Gjog / k|zf;g k'gM;+/rgfsf] lbzfdf vf;} sfd x'g g;s]sf] k|i6sf ;fy eGg ;lsG5 . /fhgLlts cl:y/tf / ;/sf/ kl/jt{g eO/xg] unt v]nsf sf/0f klg of] ;d:of cem} a9]/ uPsf] b]lvG5 . ;a}eGbf pGgt zf;g Joj:yfsf] ?kdf /x]sf] nf]stflGqs u0ftGq 8«fOe ug]{ dxTjk"0f{ lhDd]jf/L kfPsf /fhgLlts g]t[Tjsf] ?kdf /x]sf zf;sx? k'/ftgjfbL ;f]r / dfgl;stfaf6 d'Qm eP/ cuf8L a9\g'k5{ .

;+3Lotf sfof{Gjog ug{ eGb} k|wfgdGqLsf] cWoIftfdf u7g ul/Psf] pRr:tl/o ;+3Lotf sfof{Gjog tyf k|zf;g k'gM;+/rgf lgb]{zs ;ldlt / d'Vo ;lrjsf] ;+of]hsTjdf u7g ul/Psf] ;dGjo ;ldltn] ca lhDd]jf/Lk"j{s sfd ug'{k5{ . d'Vo ;lrjsf] ;+of]hsTjdf /x]sf] ;f] ;ldltn] ljleGg % j6f lyd]l6s u|'kx? jgfP/ / lj1x? ;d]t lgo'Qm u/L ;+ljwfg cg';f/

*cWoIf, g]kfn k|zf;g kqsf/ d~r .

132

ljifoj:t'

Jo'/f]qm];L / sd{rf/LtGqsf] cfd"n k'gM;+/rgf

;+3Lotfsf] OdfGbf/Ltfk"j{s sfof{Gjog ug]{ dxTjk"0f{ lhDd]jf/L eg] :yfoL ;/sf/sf] ?kdf /x]sf] Jo'/f]qm];Ls} xf] . o:tf] cj:yfdf dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsfdf /x]sf] Jo''/f]qm];Lsf ;b:ox?n] cfkm"df ljleGg rf/j6f u'0fsf] ljsf; u/fpg h?/L 5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf cfd sd{rf/Lx?df /fi6«k|lt ;dk{0fo'Qm efjgfsf] ljsf; u/fpg' k5{ . o;}u/L /fli6«otf, b]z / hgtfk|lt ;Ddfg / ;]jfefjsf] ljsf; cfd sd{rf/Lju{df u/fpg'k5{ eg] cg'zfl;t, g}lts / OdfGbf/ agfpg'sf ;fy} sd{rf/Ldf b]lvPsf] c/fhs k|j[lQsf] cGt u/fpg ;Sg'k5{ .

olb ;+3Lo zf;gnfO{ jf:tljs ?kdf ;kmn agfpg] xf] eg] sd{rf/Lsf] plrt Joj:yfkgsf ;fy ;fy} pgLx?nfO{ cfr/0fo'Qm / Ifdtfo'Qm agfpg h?/L 5 . To;}n] ;+qmd0fsfnLg Joj:yfkgdf o; sfo{nfO{ klg lgs} dxTjsf ;fy ;DkGg ug'{k5{ . ef]lnsf] ;+3Lo g]kfnsf] dd{ cg'';f/ sfd ug{ ;Sg] sd{rf/L tGqsf] ljsf; ug'{k5{ . Tof] ug{sf nflu Ifdtf ljsf; cTofjZos 5 . cfr/0fdf klg ;'wf/ ug{ h?/L 5 . xfd|f sd{rf/Lsf] gn]h :sLn a9fpg] s'/fdf s'g} ;d:of 5}g\ . pgLx? lgs} kf]Vt 5g\ t/ sfdk|lt s'g} nufj /fVb}gg\ . ctM sd{rf/LnfO{ sfdk|lt nufj / ;dlk{t agfpg ;Sg'k5{ .

ca sd{rf/LnfO{ lhDd]jf/ agfpFb} hgtfsf] sfd k|lt ;dlk{t u/fpg sfd ubf{ / gubf{ jf laufbf{ :ki6 ?kdf sf/jfxL x'g] Joj:yf ug'{k5{ . /fd|f] sfd ubf{ ljleGg dfkb08sf cfwf/df k'/:s[t ug]{ / g/fd|f] jf u}/lhDd]jf/ / sfdrf]/ k|j[lQ b]vfpg]nfO{ s8feGbf s8f sf/jfxL ug{ ;Sg] k|fjwfgnfO{ :i6?kdf P]g lgod / sfg"gdf g} Joj:yf ug'{k5{ .

ljb]z e|d0fdf HofbtL sfod}

sd{rf/Lx? cem To;df klg dflyNnf] txsf k|zf;sx?df ljb]z df]x cToflws b]lvG5 . ljb]z e|d0fdf hfgsf] nflu sd{rf/Lx?n] h:tf;'s} xs{t ckgfpg klg kl5 kb}{gg\ . ljb]zL 8f]g/x?sf] lgufxfdf ljb]z hfg] / ljb]zdf 3'd]/ cfPkl5 tL 8f]g/ Ph]G;Lsf] cfb]zdf s7k'tnL aGg] dxf/f]u k|zf;sx?df

;+3Lotf sfof{Gjogsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ If]qut df]8fln6L agfpg] sfd wdfwd eO/x]sf] hgfPsf] 5 . o;n] cfˆgf] sfo{nfO{ cem} ;lqmotfsf ;fy cl3 a9fpg' cj l9nfO{ ug'{ xF'b}g . oBlk ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo :t/sf ;+/rgfx? agfpg] sfo{df ;d]t of] ;ldltn] uxg ?kdf cWoog ug{ g;s]sf] u'gf;fx? klg ;j{q pl7/x]sf 5g\ . To;}n] ca ;+3Lotfdf k|zf;lgs k'gM;+/rgfsf] ult a9fpg} k5{ .

133

cToflws a9\bf] 5 . s]lx ;docl3 ljb]zL bft[lgsfosf] ;xof]udf k|zf;sx? ljb]z hfg gkfpg] lgod k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\ sfof{no cfkm}+n] nufPsf] ePklg clxn] cfP/ k|wfgdGqL sfof{non] To;sf] cg'udg ug{ g;Sbf clwsf+z dGqfno / lgsfosf k|d'vx? g} v'n]cfd ljleGg bft[lgsfosf] ;xof]udf ljleGg b]z 3'd]/ cfpg] / nfvf} ?k}ofF s'DNofpg] wGbfdf nLKt eO/x]sf 5g\ . ;+3Lo zf;gdf sd{rf/Lx? cfˆgf] sfdnfO{ eGbf klg ljb]z e|d0fnfO{ g} pRr k|fyldstf lbFb} ljb]zL bft[lgsfosf rªu'ndf km:g k'Ug] qmd a9]sfn] pgLx?af6 d'n'ssf] k|ult / ;d[l4sf] cfzf ug'{ a]sf/ h:t} x'g] t xf]Og eGg] k|Zg ;j{q l;h{gf x'g k'u]sf] 5 . ct ;/sf/L kIfn] o;df s8fO{ ug'{k5{ eg] k|zf;sx?n] cfTd;dLIff ug'{k5{ .

/fhgLlts g]t[Tj / k|zf;saLr ;'dw'/ ;DaGw h?/L

cfˆgf :jfy{x? ldNbf;Dd /fhgLlts g]t[Tj / k|zf;sx?aLr ;DaGw /fd|} x'g] u5{ t/ oL b'O{ :jfy{x?aLrdf 6s/fj b]lvg k'Uof] eg] oL b'O{ kIfdf Ps cfk;df åGåsf] cj:yf b]lvg k'U5 . oL b'O jLr åGå cfpg] cj:yfn] ;]jf k|jfxdf ;d]t uDeL/ ;d:of l;h{gf x'g] u/]sf] 5 . b\'j}n] cf–cfˆgf] :jfy{nfO{ lal;{P/ sfg"gn] lbPsf] clwsf/ cg';f/ sfd ug]{ xf] eg] oL b'O{df ;d:of cfpFb}g . /fhgLlts g]t[Tjn] xfd|f] dfG5]eGbf /fd|f] dfG5] vf]Hg] k4ltsf] ljsf; ug{ ;Sg'k5{ . casf] ;+3Lo zf;g k|0ffnLdf ;'zf;gsf] d"No / cfb{zk|lt ;dlk{t /fhgLlts g]t[Tj / k|ltj4 sd{rf/L x'g cfjZos 5 . /fhgLlts g]t[Tjn] gtLhfd'vL k|zf;g vf]Hg], k|lqmof 5f]6\ofpg] u/L sfg"gL Joj:yfx? ug'{k5{ . casf] /fhgLlts g]t[Tj e|i6rf/df z"Go ;xgzLntfsf] u'0f af]s]sf] x'g'k5{ . /fhgLltsf] /f8f/n] g]leu];g ug]{, lbzflgb]{zg ug]{ / lgoGq0f ug'{k5{ gsL sslk6df a;]/ hxfh cfkm}+n] p8fpg] k|of; ug'{xF'b}g . To;f] ul/Pdf pN6f] b'3{6gf x'g ;S5 .

k|zf;g sdhf]/ ePdf /fhgLltn] y]Ug ;Sb}g eg] /fhgLlt sdhf]/ ePdf k|zf;g lgsDdf x'g;S5 . oL b'j} Ps csf{sf] kl/k"/s ePsfn] b'j} kIfn] cfkm"–cfkm"df /x]sf sdL sdhf]/L x6fP/ PsLs[t ?kdf cuf8L a9\g ;Sg'k5{ .

lgisif{

ljz]if u/L ca ;/sf/n] ;+3Lotf sfof{Gjogsf] nflu k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf ;+/rgfx?sf] lgdf{0f ug{ h?/L b]lvPsf] 5 . ;/sf/n] ;+3Lotf sfof{Gjogsf] nflu ;j{k|yd k|b]z:t/df sfo{kflnsLo, Joj:yfksLo / GofokflnsLo Joj:yfkg ug{ ca l9nfO{ ug'{x'Fb}g . ;/sf/n] ljleGg ;ftj6f k|b]zdf pRr cbfnt u7g u/]/ ;+3Lotf sfof{Gjogsf] kxn yfn]sf] t 5 t/ Tof] dfq} Tolt kof{Kt aGg ;s]sf] 5}g . cem ;a}eGbf klxnf t sfo{kflnsLo Joj:yfkg h?/L ePsf] 5 . ef]ln k|b]z ;efsf] lgjf{rg ePkl5 k|b]zsf] sfo{kflnsfnfO{ ;~rfng x'g ;Sg] u/L ;f]xL cg';f/sf] ;+/rgf agfpgtkm{ ;/sf/sf] vf;} Wofg hfg ;s]sf] 5}g . ;+ljwfgn] tf]s] cg';f/sf] ;ft k|b]zdf s'gs'g dGqfno /xg] eGg]af/] clxn];Dd uDeL/tfk"j{s 5nkmn g} yflnPsf] 5}g . s]Gb|df /xg] dGqfnosf] af/]df ;d]t d'n's xfFSg] pRr /fhgLlts / k|zf;lgs g]t[Tj a]va/ h:t} ag]sf] 5 . o;df p;n] vf;} rf;f] lbg ;s]sf] 5}g .

134

;+ljwfgn] k|b]z sfo{kflnsfsf] ;jf]{Rr lgsfosf] ?kdf k|b]z k|d'vsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . k|b]zdf sfo{kflnsf u7g ePkl5sf] cj:yfdf g} k|b]z k|d'vsf] lgo'lQm ug]{ k|fjwfg /x]sf] 5 . t/ clxn] ;/sf/n] ;a} k|b]zdf k|fb]lzs ;+/rgfx? :yfkgf ug{sf nflu k|b]z k|zf;s lgo'Qm u/]/ k7fpg' k5{ . clxn] g} k|b]zdf k|b]z k|zf;sx? lgo'Qm u/]/ k7fpg ;lsof] eg] tL k|zf;sx?n] k|b]zdf cfjZos kg]{ cfjZostfsf] l;4fGt cg';f/sf] dGqfno ;+Vof / ;f]xL cg';f/sf] cGo ;/sf/L lgsfosf] ;+/rgfx? lgdf{0fsf] sfg"gL cfwf/ to ug]{5 . o;/L k|b]zdf cfjZos kg]{ ;+u7g lgdf{0fkl5 ;f]xL ;+u7g ;~rfngsf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ sd{rf/L ;+Vofsf] lgwf{/0f klg k|b]z k|zf;s ;lxtsf] 6f]nLn] g} u5{ . ct To; k|sf/sf] sfo{ ug{ ca s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/n] l9nfO{ gu/L ;f]xL lbzfdf cu|;/ x'g'k5{ .

o;} u/L ;+qmd0fsfnLg Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL, sfof{Tds ljZn]if0f, ;+/rgfTds Joj:yf / hgzlQm Joj:yfkgsf] ;fdfGo vfsfx? ;d]t agfpg ca l9nfO{ ug'{ x'Fb}g . s]Gb|df clxn] k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\ sfof{no ;lxt #! J6f dGqfnox? /x]sf 5g\ . jt{dfg ;+ljwfgn] s]Gb|df klg al9df @% eGbf al9 dGqfno g/xg] Joj:yf u/]sfn] s]Gb|df klg l56f]eGbf l56f] dGqfno 36fpg] sfo{df lsdfy{ l9nf] ug'{ x'Fb}g .

clxn] lghfdtL ;]jf leq *# xhf/ sd{rf/L /x]sf 5g\ . ;+ljwfg cg';f/ oL sd{rf/Lx? clxn] ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo tx s;}sf klg xf]Ogg\ . tL ;a} sd{rf/Lx? tTsfnsf PsfTds zf;g k|0ffnL cGtu{t /x]sf / ;+3Lo zf;g k|0ffnLdf ldnfg ug{ afFsL /x]sf sd{rf/L x'g\ . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #)@ cg';f/ klg oL sd{rf/LnfO{ ;dfof]hg ug'{kg]{ bfloTj ;sf/sf] xf] . sd{rf/L Joj:yfkg / ;dfof]hg ;DaGwL P]g agfP/ g} oL sd{rf/LnfO{ ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txdf ;dfof]hg ug'{k5{ . o;/L ;dfof]hg ubf{ sd{rf/LnfO{ ljleGg ;]jf ;'ljwf yk u/]/ ;dfof]hg ug'{k5{ eGg] dfu sd{rf/L jf6} cfO/x]sf] 5 . t/ d'n'ssf] cfly{s cj:yf / Ifdtfn] Eofpg] u/L dfq} pgLx?nfO{ ;]jf ;'ljwf yk ug'{k5{ . d'n's ;+s6df /x]sf] / ;+qmd0fsfnLg cj:yfdf /fi6«;]jssf] ?kdf /x]sf sd{rf/Ln] klg cyfx ;'ljwf vf]Hg' x'Fb}g .

;dfof]hg ug]{ t clGtd r/0fdf xf] . Tof] eGbf cl3 w]/} sfd ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . ;a}eGbf klxnf ;+3, / k|b]z / :yfgLo txdf cfjZos kg]{ ;+u7g ;+/rgf agfpg' k5{ . To; eGbf cl3 rflx ltgsf] sfo{ lg?k0f ug'[{k5{ ;+ljwfgsf] sfo{;"rLdf ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf] PS;Sn'l;e -;djtL{_ lsl;dsf] sfdx? pNn]v 5 . ltlgx?nfO{ cem} ldlxg lsl;dn] ljleGg Sni6/, ljleGg dGqfno / ;]S6/x? u/]/ 5'\6\ofpg' k5{ . To;/L 5\'6\ofPkl5 aNn ;+ljwfgsf] cg';"lr cg';f/ ;a} If]qsf] sfo{ ljj/0f k|i6 x'G5 . o;kl5 ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf] sfdsf] af“8kmf“8 :ki6 lsl;dn] x'G5 . ;a}eGbf klxnf sfdsf] 6'+uf] nufpg], sfdsf] 6\'+uf] nufPkl5 sfdsf] k|s[lt cg';f/sf] ;+u7g ;+/rgf agfpg'k5{ .

135

To;}n] clGtd r/0fdf dfq} hgzlQm afF8kmfF8sf] s'/f cfpF5 . klxnf] r/0fdf sfdsf] afF8kmfF8 , bf];|f] r/0fdf Tof] sfd ug{ cfjZos kg]{ ;+/rgf lgdf{0f clg t];|f] r/0fdf aNn Tof] ;+/rgfsf] nflu sfd ug{ lkm6 x'g] hgzlQmsf] Joj:yfkg ug'{k5{ . ef]ln uP/ k|b]z / :yfgLo txn] ;'?df g} cfkm"x?n] g} sd{rf/L egf{ ug{ kfpg' kg]{ dfu klg ug{ ;S5g\ To:tf] l:ylt cfpg gkfcf];\ eGgsf nflu clxn] g} s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/n] sfg"g ;a}nfO{ dfGo x'g] km08fd]06n l;4fGt agfpg' k5{ . ToxL l;4fGt leq /x]/ k|b]z / ;+3 ;~rfng x'g'k5{ . o;sf] nflu ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @*% cg';f/ Pp6f 5ftf sfg"g agfpg h?/L b]lvG5 . h'g 5ftf sfg"gn] g} b]ze/sf nflu ufO8nfOg lbg ;S5 .

ctM ca /fhgLlts g]t[Tj / k|zf;lgs g]t[Tj b'j} kIf ldn]/ ;+3Lotf sfof{Gjog tyf k|zf;lgs k'gM;+/rgf ub}{ clxn]sf] ;+qmd0fsfnLg cj:yfsf] plrt Joj:yfkg ug{ kxnsbdL lng} k5{ tfsL ;+qmd0fsfnLg cj:yfaf6 b]zn] l56} d'lQm kfpg ;sf];\ .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx?

• g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)&@• k|zf;g / ;+3Lo k|zf;g klqsf • zf;sLo ;'wf/ a'n]l6g • sd{rf/L ;dfof]hg ;DaGwL P]gsf] d:of}bf

136

dfgj ljsf; / jftfj/0f

— s'nrGb| cof{n*

;f/f+z

dfgj ljsf; eg]sf] ljsf; k|lqmofsf] clGtd nIo xf] . ljsf;sf] lbuf]kgf / cTo'Qd nfesf nflu cfly{s lbuf]kgf, ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts lbuf]kgf tyf jftfj/0fLo lbuf]kgf ;'lglZrt x'g'k5{ . k|fs[lts ;+;fwgsf] lbuf] tyf a'l4dQfk"0f{ pkof]u dfkm{t ul/Psf] ljsf;n] dfgjLo cfjZostfsf] kl/k"lt{ / lbuf]kgf ;'lglZrt ub{5 . jftfj/0f ljgfzn] dfgj ljsf;df cj/f]w / c;dfgtf l;h{gf ug]{ tyf c;dfg dfgj ljsf;n] jftfj/0f ;+/If0fdf r'gf}tL yKg] ePsfn] dfgj ljsf; / jftfj/0f Ps cfk;df cGt/;DalGwt ljifo x'g\ . jftfj/0fLo ljgfzsf] bL3{sfnLg c;/ dfgjLo cl:tTj;Fu ;d]t hf]l8Psf] x'Fbf lbuf] ljsf;sf] l;4fGtnfO{ cjnDag u/L ljsf;nfO{ jftfj/0f ;+/If0f ;Fu hf]8\g' ckl/xfo{ 5 .

*gfoa ;'Aaf, k//fi6« dGqfno .

dfgj ljsf; s] xf] <

dfgj ljsf; eg]sf] hgtfsf /f]hfOx?sf] lj:t[lts/0f, dfgjLo Ifdtfsf] clej[l4 tyf :jtGqtfsf] k|jw{g xf] . dfgj ljsf; cjwf/0ffsf hgs dxa'a pn xsn] dfgj ljsf;sf $ vDafsf] ?kdf ;dtf, lbuf]kgf, pTkfbsTj / ;zlQms/0fnfO{ lnPsf 5g\ . To:t} k|fWofks cdTo{ ;]gn] dfgj ljsf; eg]sf] ljsf; k|lqmofsf] clGtd nIo eg]sf 5g\ h;df cfly{s j[l4 jf cfodf a9f]Q/L Pp6f kf6f] dfq} xf] . dfgj ljsf;sf] bfo/fleq ;fdflhs k|ult, cfodf j[l4, Ifdtf ljsf;, ;dtf, ;xeflutf tyf :jtGqtf, jftfj/0fLo lbuf]kgf / dfgjLo ;'/Iff kb{5 . o;/L dfgj ljsf;sf] ;}4flGts cjwf/0ffn] g} jftfj/0fLo lbuf]kgfnfO{ ;d]6]sf] x'G5 . dfgj ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ff ;g\ !(() sf] bzsb]lv ;'? ePsf] ePklg ;g\ !(*) sf] bzsb]lv g} lbuf] ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ff ;'? ePsf] lyof] . /fi6«;+3sf] dfgj ljsf; k|ltj]bgn] ;'?jfttfsf dfgjLo /f]hfOsf] lj:t[tLs/0fdf k|fs[lts jftfj/0fsf] e"ldsfnfO{ klxrfg gu/]sf] ePklg jftfj/0f / lbuf] ljsf;sf ljifox? kl5Nnf jif{x?df pNn]Vo ?kdf ;dfj]z x'g] u/]sf 5g\ . vf;u/L ;g\ @))) df 3f]lift ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIodf klxnf]k6s dfgj ljsf; / jftfj/0fnfO{ cGof]Gofl>t kIfsf ?kdf l:jsf/ ul/Psf] xf] .

137

lbuf] ljsf; / jftfj/0fLo ;jfn

lbuf] ljsf;n] ljsf;sf qmddf k|fs[lts >f]tsf] ;d'lrt pkof]u u/L efjL k':tfn] klg >f]tsf] k|of]u ug{ kfpg] cj:yfsf] Uof/]G6L ug'{k5{ eGg] s'/fsf] jsfnt ub{5 . lbuf] ljsf;n] ljsf;sf jftfj/0fLo, ;fdflhs, cfly{s, ;f+:s[lts, dfgjLo / zf;sLo cfofd ;d]6]sf] x'G5 . ljsf;sf] k"/fgf] dfGotf h;n] >f]tsf] clwstd k|of]udfkm{t ljsf; k|lqmofnfO{ cl3 a9fpg'kg]{ dfGotf /fVbYof] Tof] c;kmn l;4 ag]sf] 5 . k|fs[lts ;+;fwgsf] lbuf] tyf a'l4dQfk"0f{ pkof]u dfkm{t ul/Psf] ljsf;n] jf:tjd} dfgjLo cfjZostfsf] kl/k"lt{ / lbuf]kgf ;'lglZrt ub{5 . ljsf; k|lqmof :jefj}n] dfgjLo :jfy{k"lt{sf] af6f] xf] . t/ k|s[ltsf] ;+/If0f / ;Gt'ng ug]{ bfloTj klg dflg;d} /x]sfn] ;gftg kof{j/0fLo rqmdf Go"gtd c;/ k'Ug] tl/sfn] dfgjLo lqmofsnfk ;+rfng x'g'k5{ . k|fs[lts >f]tsf] pkof]u gu/L dflg; lhljt /xg ;Sb}g t/ cfh k|fs[lts >f]tsf] cTolws bf]xg ul/of] eg] ef]lnsf] dfgj k':tfsf] cl:tTj ;+s6df kb{5 . ljsf;sf] lbuf]kgf / cTo'Qd nfesf nflu cfly{s lbuf]kgf, ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts lbuf]kgf tyf jftfj/0fLo lbuf]kgf ;'lglZrt x'g'k5{ .

dflg; e;]{; k|s[lt

ljZjdf clxn] …dfgjLo lqmofsnfk e;]{; jftfj/0fÚ Pp6f rf]l6nf] d'2f alg/x]sf] 5 . cfly{s ljsf;sf]

xf]8afhLdf jftfj/0fLo lbuf]kgf k|fyldstfdf kg{ g;Sbf / ljsf;sf] :jefljs /km\tf/ cl3 al9/xFbf

jftfj/0f k|b'if0f, xl/tu[x k|efj, hnjfo' kl/jt{g h:tf gsf/fTds c;/x? al9/x]sf 5g\ . dfgj

ljsf;sf] k|d'v ;"rssf] ?kdf /x]sf] cfodf ltj| ?kdf j[l4 x'Fbf dflg;sf] k|fs[lts >f]tsf] pkef]usf]

b/ klg al9/x]sf] 5 . dfgjLo lqmofsnfk :jefjtM k|s[ltsf] rqmsf] ;Gt'ng eGbf klg k|s[ltdf k|fKt

kbfy{ jf phf{nfO{ ;s];Dd al9 cfˆgf] lxtdf ?kfGt/0f ug{df s]Gb|Lt x'G5g\ . h;n] ubf{ k|s[ltsf]

;Gt'lnt rlqmo k|0ffnL vNalnG5 . >f]tsf] bf]xg a9\bf l;lh{t jftfj/0f ljgfzsf] kmn:j?k ljleGg

k|fs[lts k|sf]ksf] b/ tyf To;n] k"/fpg] Ifltdf ;d]t a9f]Q/L eO{/x]sf] 5 . a9\bf] cf}Bf]lus/0fsf

sf/0f sfj{g8fOcS;fO8 nufotsf xl/t u[x Uof;sf] dfqf a9\b} hfFbf pli0fs/0fdf j[l4 e}/x]sf] 5 .

tfkqmd j[l4n] lxdung / ;d'b|L ;txdf j[l4;Fu} ljleGg jftfj/0fLo hf]lvdx? lgDTofO/x]sf] 5 .

cltj[li6 , cgfj[li6, ;'Vvf v8]/L nufot …j]b/ PlS:6«dÚ sf 36gfx? al9/x]sf 5g\ . st} v8]/L st}

afl9klx/f] / tl6o If]qdf cfFwLa]x]/L h:tf k|fs[lts k|sf]ksf 36gfdf j[l4 e}/xFbf w]/} dflg; jftfj/0f

z/0ffyL{ x'g'k/]sf] 5 . hnk|b'if0f, jfo'k|b'if0f, nufotsf jftfj/0fLo k|b'if0fsf sf/0f /f]uJofwsf] hf]lvd

al9/x]sf] 5 . k|b'if0faf6 l;lh{t :jf:Yo ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfgdf x'g] vr{sf sf/0f u/La b]zx? emg} u/La

aGb} u}/x]sf atfOG5 . hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] ubf{ vfBfGg pTkfbg 36];Fu} ef]sd/Lsf] ;d:of al9/x]sf] 5

eg] kfgLsf >f]tsf] Iflos/0fn] ;d:ofnfO{ emg} rsf{pFb} 5 . dfgj ljsf;sf If]qx?dWo] vfgf, kfgL

/ phf{ o:tf tLg dxTjk"0f{ If]q x'g\ h;sf nflu dflg;n] k|fs[lts >f]tdfly cTolws lge{/ x'g'k5{ .

138

u'0f:t/Lo hLjgofkgsf nflu oL ltgj6} >f]tsf] cfjZostf 5, t/ ljZjsf clwsf+; u/La hgtfdf oL >f]tsf] kof{Kt kx'Fr 5}g . s'kf]if0f, k|fs[lts k|sf]k, hnjfo'hGo k|lts'ntf h:tf kIfx? ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zsf] cfly{s j[l4sf d'Vo afws aGg'sf ;fy} ;du|df dfgj ljsf;df tuf/f] ;fljt x'Fb} uPsf 5g\ .

jftfj/0f / dfgj ;'–;DaGw s;/L ;Dej 5 <

jftfj/0f ljgfzn] dfgj ljsf;df cj/f]w / c;dfgtf l;h{gf ug]{ tyf c;dfg dfgj ljsf;n] jftfj/0f ;+/If0fdf r'gf}tL yKg] ePsfn] dfgj ljsf; / jftfj/0f Ps cfk;df cGt/;DalGwt ljifo x'g\ . k|s[lt / jftfj/0fn] dfgj ljsf;sf nflu cfjZos j:t' tyf ;]jf pknAw u/fpF5 . dfgjdfqsf] u'0f:t/Lo hLjg / ;d[l4 jf:tjdf vfBfGg, kfgL, phf{ / h}ljs ljljwtfsf] dfqf / u'0fdf e/ k5{ . To;}n] jftfj/0fLo cj:yf g} xfd|f] cl:tTj, ljsf; / k|ultsf] lgwf{/s xf] . xfdLn] jftfj/0fnfO{ s:tf] Jojxf/ u5f}{+ jf k|fs[lts ;+;fwgsf] s;/L ;b'kof]u u5f}{+ To;df g} ljsf; ;Dej x'G5 . :jf:Yo, lzIff, cfo tyf n}+lus ;dfgtf, kof{j/0f rqm ;Gt'ng / phf{ h:tf ljifonfO{ Ps;fy ;Daf]wg u/]df dfq jftfj/0fLo lbuf]kgf k|fKt x'g;S5 . dfgjLo cfjZostf k"lt{ ;Fu} jftfj/0fsf] ;+/If0f / ;b'kof]u u/L lbuf] ljsf; k4lt cjnDag ug'{ clxn]sf] cfjZostf xf] . cfw'lgs dfgj ljsf; cjwf/0ffn] hn, phf{ / vfBfGgaLrsf] kof{j/0fLo tyf ;fdflhs cfly{s cGt/;DaGwsf] vf]hL ub{5 . jftfj/0f / ljsf;aLr tfbfDotf sfod /fVgsf nflu lgDg sfo{x? ug}{k5{{ M

• jftfj/0f ;+/If0f ;DaGwdf ag]sf gLlt, sfg"g tyf jftfj/0f tyf lbuf] ljsf; ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o tyf If]qLo :t/df u/]sf k|ltj4tfx?sf] s8fOsf ;fy sfof{Gjog ug]{ .

• ljsf;sf sfo{x? ;~rfng ug'{ k"j{ clgjfo{ ?kdf jftfj/0fLo Pj+ ;fdflhs k|efjsf] d"NofÍg ug'{kg]{ k|fjwfgsf] cIf/zM sfof{Gjog ug]{ .

• ;xeflutfd"ns Pj+ jftfj/0f d}qL ljsf; k4lt cjnDag ug]{ . • gjLs/0fLo tyf j}slNks phf{sf] k|of]u a9fpg], lhjfid OGwgsf] k|of]u 36fpg] .• ;x/Ls/0f tyf cf}Bf]lusLs/0fnfO{ Jojl:yt ug]{, j}1flgs e"ld;'wf/ tyf e"pkof]u sfo{qmd th'{df

u/L sfof{Gjog ug]{ .• lbuf] tyf kof{j/0fd}qL k|ljlwsf] k|of]u ug]{ . :yfgLo k'FhL, k|ljlw, >d / ;Lksf] pkof]unfO{

k|fyldstf lbg] .• k|fs[lts >f]tdf :yfgLo hgtfsf] :jfldTj tyf cu|flwsf/ sfod ug]{ . k|fs[lts >f]taf6 k|fKt

nfesf] ;dGoflos ljt/0fdf hf]8 lbg] . hgtfsf] hLjg:t/df j[l4 ug]{ .• k|b'ifsn] ltg]{ l;4fGtnfO{ s8fOsf ;fy sfof{Gjog ug]{, dfkb08 ljkl/tsf k|b'ifs ;jf/L ;fwgnfO{

s8fOsf ;fy x6fpg] . :jR5 kl/jxgsf] k|j4{g ug]{ .• xl/t cy{tGqnfO{ a9fjf lbg] . pBf]u, snsf/vfgfnfO{ sd k|b'ifs tyf :jR5 phf{ k|of]udf

k|f]T;fxg ug]{ . • 7"nf ef}lts k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f ubf{ ;s];Dd jg tyf h}ljs ljljwtfsf] sd Iflt x'g] ljsNksf]

vf]hL ug]{ . hyfefjL jg kmfF8]/ ef}lts ;+/rgf 78\ofpg] k|j[lQnfO{ lg?T;flxt ug]{ .

139

• ;j{;fwf/0fdf jftfj/0fLo r]tgf j[l4 ug]{, ljsf; sfo{qmdk|lt ckgTj j[l4 ug{] . ;xeflutfd"ns of]hgf tyf ljsf; k4lt canDag ug]{ .

• ef}lts k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f tyf ljsf; sfo{qmd ;+rfng ubf{ :yfgLo ;Dkbf, ;+:s[lt tyf cf:yfdf vnn k'Ug glbg] .

jftfj/0f / ljsf;sf] If]qdf ePsf ljZjJofkL kxnx?

;doqmd;Fu} ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ffut dfGotf tyf cfofdx?df ;d]t kl/jt{g cfPsf] 5 . ;g\ !(%) sf] bzsdf ;'? ePsf] Development To The People eGg] dfGotf ;do;Fu} kl/jt{g eP/ Empower People For Development tyf Improve People's Livelihood eGg] wf/0ff ;Dd cfOk'u]sf] 5 . ljsf;df jftfj/0fLo ;+j]bgzLntfnfO{ Vofn ug'{kb{5 / jftfj/0f tyf h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f ug'{kb{5 eGg] dfGotfsf] ljsf; ;g\ !(&) sf] bzsb]lv g} ;'? ePsf] xf] . o; If]qdf ePsf ljZjJofkL kxn lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ M

• ;g\ !(&! df lkmgNof08sf] x]nl;GsLdf jftfj/0fLo eljio ;DaGwL ;Dd]ngsf] cfof]hgf ul/Psf] .

• ;g\ !(&@, l:j8]gsf] :6sxf]ddf dfgj jftfj/0f ;DaGwL /fi6«;+3Lo ;Dd]ngsf] cfof]hgf . dfgj jftfj/0f ;DaGwL 3f]if0ffkq, :6sxf]d 3f]if0ffkq hf/L . h;n] dfgj clwsf/, k|fs[lts >f]t Joj:yfkg, k|b'if0f lgoGq0f tyf dfgj / jftfj/0faLrsf] ;DaGw nufotsf ljifodf l;4fGtx? to u/]sf] . ;Dd]ngn] g} o'PgOkLsf] :yfkgf u/]sf] .

• ;g\ !(*# a|'6Nof08 sld;gsf] u7g . o; cfof]un] ;g\ !(*& df ;fj{hlgs u/]sf] xfd|f] ;femf eljio zLif{ssf] l/kf]6{n] jftfj/0f / ljsf; aLrsf] cGt/;DaGwnfO{ k|sfzdf NofpFb} lbuf] ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ff ;d]t cuf8L ;f/]sf] .

• ;g\ !((@ df l/of] bL h]g]l/of]df klxnf] k[YjL ;Dd]ng cyf{t jftfj/0fLo ljsf; ;DaGwL /fi6«;+3Lo ;Dd]ngsf] cfof]hgf . ;Dd]ngn] @! cf}F ;tfAbLsf] jftfj/0fLo sfo{of]hgfsf] ?kdf Ph]08f @! Kffl/t u/]sf] . h;n] lbuf] ljsf; / jftfj/0f ;+/If0fsf nflu cGt/fli6«o ;fem]bf/Lsf] cfwf/ to u/]sf] . ;Dd]ngn] hf/L u/]sf] jftfj/0f / ljsf; ;DaGwL l/of] 3f]if0ffkqn] cfˆgf] ljsf;df ;xeflutf hgfpg] hgtfsf] clwsf/ kl/eflift ug'{sf ;fy} ;femf jftfj/0fsf] ;+/If0f ug]{ dfgj dfqsf] bfloTj ls6fg u/]sf] . ;fy} k|b'ifsn] ltg]{ l;4fGt, ljsf; k|lqmofdf jftfj/0f ;+/If0f cGt/lgxLt x'g'kg]{, lbuf] ljsf;sf nflu ljZjdf ul/aL lgjf/0f tyf c;dfgtfsf] cGTo x'g'kg]{ h:tf l;4fGt cl3 ;fl/Psf] .

• ;g\ @))) df ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] cfof]hgfdf ;DkGg ;x;|fAbL ljsf; ;Dd]ng . ;Dd]ngn] to u/]sf d'Vo * j6f ;x>fAbL ljsf; nIodWo] jftfj/0fLo lbuf]kgfsf] k|Tofe"lt Ps /x]sf] lyof] .

• ;g\ @))@ df blIf0f clk|msfsf] hf]xfG;ju{df lbuf] ljsf; ;DaGwL ljZj ;Dd]ng, bf]>f] cy{ ;ld6sf] cfof]hgf . lbuf] ljsf; sfof{Gjog of]hgf kfl/t .

140

• ;g\ @)!@ df a|flhnsf] l/of] lb h]g]l/of]df ePsf] lbuf] ljsf; ;DaGwL /fi6«;+3Lo ;Dd]ng -l/of] Kn; @)_ sf] cfof]hgf . ;Dd]ngn] lbuf] ljsf;sf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu k|i6 tyf Jojxfl/s ljlw ;lxtsf] b:tfj]h kfl/t uof]{ . ;fy} ;xefuL /fi6«x?n] ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIosf] hudf /x]/ lbuf] ljsf; nIosf] th'{df ug{ k|lqmof ;'? ug]{ lg0f{o klg uof]{ .

• cf]hf]g ljgf; ug]{ kbfy{df k|ltaGw nufpg] ;DaGwL df]lG6«on cle;GwL, !(**, xflgsf/s kmf]xf]/ kbfy{sf] l;dfkf/ cf];f/k;f/ ;DaGwL af;]n dxf;GwL, !(*(, l;dfkf/ jfo'k|b'if0f ;DaGwL h]g]ef dxf;GwL, !(&( cflb dxf;GwL .

g]kfnsf k|of;

• g]kfnsf] jt{dfg ;+ljwfgn] :jR5 jftfj/0fsf] xsnfO{ df}lns xssf] ?kdf /fv]sf] . wf/f #) df k|To]s gful/snfO{ :jR5 jftfj/0fdf afFRg kfpg] xs /xg], jftfj/0fLo k|b'if0f / x|f;af6 x'g] Ifltafkt kLl8tnfO{ k|b'ifsaf6 sfg"g adf]lhd Ifltk"lt{ kfpg] xs /xg] tyf /fi6«sf] ljsf; ;DaGwL sfo{df jftfj/0f / ljsf;aLr ;d'lrt ;Gt'ngsf nflu cfjZos sfg"gL Joj:yf ug]{ s'/f pNn]v /x]sf] .

• 5}7f}F of]hgfb]lv jftfj/0f ;+/If0fsf] ljifo cfjlws of]hgfdf k/]sf] .• cf7f}+ of]hgfsf] ljsf; cjwf/0ffdf lbuf] ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ cuf8L ;f/]sf] .• jftfj/0f ;+/If0f P]g, @)%# tyf lgodfjnL, @)%$ th'{df eO{ sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf . jftfj/0f

;+/If0f P]g, @)%# n] ljsf;sf h'g;'s} lqmofsnfkx? ;~rfng ubf{ klg k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f jf jftfj/0fLo k|efj d"NofÍgnfO{ clgjfo{ u/]sf] .

• /fli6«o jftfj/0fLo k|efj d"NofÍg lgb]{lzsf, @)%) tyf k"/s jftfj/0fLo k|efj d"NofÍg, @)&! .• g]kfnsf] nflu lbuf] ljsf; Ph]08f, @))# M o;n] g]kfndf lbuf] ljsf;sf] ;jf]{k/L nIo jt{dfg

gful/s tyf efjL k':tfx?nfO{ sDtLdf klg hLjgofkgsf cfwf/e"t ;fwgx? lg/Gt/ pknAw u/fO{ ul/aL Go"lgs/0f ug'{sf ;fy} ltgLx?sf hLjgsf ;fdflhs, cfly{s, /fhgLlts, ;f+:s[lts / kof{j/0fLo If]qsf Jofks cj;/x? pknAw u/fpg] k|lqmofnfO{ tLa| agfpg' /x]sf] egL kl/eflift u/]sf] . ;fy} cfo, :jf:Yo, hg;+Vof tyf a;f]af;, jg, kof{j/0fLo k|0ffnL / h}ljs ljljwtf, lzIff, ;+:yfut ;+/rgf / k"jf{wf/x? / zflGt tyf ;'/IffnfO{ lbuf] ljsf;sf] efjL Ph]08fsf] ?kdf to u/]sf] .

• /fli6«o lgs'~h tyf jGohGt' P]g, @)@(, kmf]xf]/d}nf Joj:yfkg P]g, @)^*, hn;|f]t P]g, @)$(, jg P]g, @)$(, cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$(, :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g, @)%%, k|flrg :df/s ;+/If0f P]g, @)!#, hnr/ ;+/If0f P]g, @)!&, e" tyf hnfwf/ ;+/If0f P]g, @)#(, ;jf/L tyf oftfoft Joj:yf P]g, @)$(, cf]hg txnfO{ gi6 ug]{ kbfy{sf] pkef]u -lgoGq0f_ lgodfjnL, @)%&, ;jf/L k|b'if0f dfkb08, @)%^ nufotsf P]g, sfg"gx? th'{df eO{ sfof{Gjogdf NofOPsf] cj:yf 5 .

141

• ;'zf;g P]g, @)^$ n] lg0f{osf cfwf/sf ?kdf jftfj/0f ;+/If0f / lbuf]kgfnfO{ lng'kg]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] .

• Rff}wf}F of]hgfsf] cGt/;DalGwt ljsf; gLlt cGtu{t jftfj/0f / hnjfo' kl/jt{g v08df :jR5 Pj+ :j:y jftfj/0fdfkm{t lbuf] ljsf; ug]{ ;f]Fr /flvPsf] . ;fy} jftfj/0fd}qL tyf hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"n x'g] k"jf{wf/ ljsf;df hf]8 lbg], xl/t cy{tGqsf] ljsf;nfO{ cfly{s lqmofsnfksf ;a} If]qdf cfGtl/sLs/0f ug]{, ;x/df gbLx?sf] k|b'if0f lgoGq0f, hn, hldg, jfo' tyf WjgL k|b'if0f /f]syfd ug]{, k|b'ifsn] ltg'{k5{ eGg] l;4fGt nfu" ug{ cfjZos ;+oGqsf] ljsf; ug]{, k|fs[lts >f]taf6 k|fKt cfosf] lglZrt k|ltzt /sd k|fs[lts >f]t / ;fwgsf] ;+/If0f tyf jftfj/0fLo cg';Gwfg / ljsf;df vr{ ug]{ nufotsf sfo{gLlt of]hgfn] lnPsf] 5 .

• Jfftfj/0f / h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0f, lbuf] ljsf;, hnjfo' kl/jt{g nufotsf If]qsf ljleGg cGt/fli6«o ;GwL ;Demf}tfx?sf] kIf/fi6« ag]sf] .

lbuf] ljsf; nIo

;g\ @)!% sf] ;]K6]Da/ @% df ljZjsf d'n'sx?n] lbuf] ljsf; Ph]08fsf] Ps kf6f]sf] ?kdf ef]sd/Lsf] cGTo, k[YjLsf] /Iff tyf ;a}sf nflu ;d[l4sf] Uof/]G6L ug]{ nIox? c+lusf/ u/] . ;g\ @)!^ b]lv @)#) ;Ddsf] !% jif{sf] cjlwdf k|fKt ug]{ u/L to ul/Psf !& j6f nIox?nfO{ g} lbuf] ljsf; nIo elgof] . lbuf] ljsf; nIonfO{ Unf]an uf]n cyf{t\ ljZjJofkL nIo klg eGg] ul/Psf] 5 . !& j6f d'Vo nIoleq ! ;o ^( j6f p2]Zo /x]sf 5g\ . ;g\ @))) b]lv @)!% ;Ddsf nflu to ul/Psf ;x;|fAbL nIos} hudf lbuf] ljsf; nIo to ul/Psf] xf] . lbuf] ljsf; nIon] vf;u/L kfFr kL -lkk'n, Knfg]6, k|f]:k]l/6L, lk; / kf6{g/;Lk_ cyf{t\ dflg;, k[YjL, ;d[l4, zflGt / ;xsfo{ h:tf cToGt} dxTjk"0f{ If]qx?df hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . /fi6«;+3n] to u/]sf lbuf] ljsf; nIox? lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ M

!= ;a} k|sf/sf] ul/aLsf] ;j{q cGTo ug]{ @= ef]sd/Lsf] cGTo ug]{, vfB ;'/Iff tyf kf]if0fsf] pknAwtf ;'lglZrt ug]{ / lbuf] s[lifnfO{ k|j4{g

ug]{#= :j:y hLjg ;'lglZrt ug]{, ;a} pd]/sf dflg;sf] ;':jf:Yo k|j4{g ug]{ $= ;dfj]zL tyf ;dtfd"ns u'0f:t/Lo lzIff ;'lglZrt ug]{, ;a}sf nflu hLjgko{Gt l;sfO cj;/

k|j4{g ug]{%= n}+lus ;dfgtf sfod ug]{, ;a} dlxnf tyf aflnsfx?nfO{ ;zlQms/0f ug]{^= ;a}sf nflu kfgL / ;/;kmfO{sf] pknAwtf tyf lbuf] Joj:yfkg ;'lglZrt ug]{ .&= ;a}sf nflu ;'ky, ljZj;gLo, lbuf] tyf cfw'lgs phf{sf] kx'Fr ;'lglZrt ug]{ .*= ;dfj]zL tyf lbuf] cfly{s j[l4nfO{ k|j4{g ug]{ . ;a}sf nflu k"0f{ tyf pTkfbgzLn /f]huf/L

pknAw u/fpg] .(= ;'b[9 ef}lts ;+/rgfsf] lgdf{0f, ;dfj]zL tyf lbuf] cf}Bf]lus/0f k|j4{g / cfljisf/sf] pGgog ug]{ .!)= /fi6«x?aLr tyf /fi6«leq} ;d]t c;dfgtf 36fpg] .

142

!!= zx/ tyf dfgj j:tLx?nfO{ ;dfj]zL, ;'/lIft, ;'b[9 tyf lbuf] agfpg] .!@= lbuf] pkef]u tyf pTkfbg k|f?k ;'lglZrt ug]{ .!#= hnjfo' kl/jt{g tyf o;sf c;/;Fu h'Wg tTsfn sbd rfNg] .!$= lbuf] ljsf;sf nflu dxf;fu/, ;d'b| tyf ;fd'lb|s >f]tx?sf] ;+/If0f tyf lbuf] ?kdf pkof]u ug]{ .!%= :ynLo kfl/l:ylts k4ltsf] ;'/Iff, k'g:yf{kgf tyf lbuf] pkof]u k|j4{g ug]{, jgIf]qsf] lbuf]

Joj:yfkg, d?e"lds/0f;Fu h'Wg] tyf e"ld Iflos/0f / h}ljs ljljwtf ljgf;sf] qmdnfO{ /f]Sg] .!^= lbuf] ljsf;sf nflu ;dfj]zL tyf zfGt ;dfhsf] k|j4{g ug]{, ;a}sf nflu Gofodf kx'Fr ;'lglZrt

ug]{ tyf ;a} txdf k|efjsf/L, hjfkmb]xL / ;dfj]zL ;+/rgfsf] lgdf{0f ug]{ .!&= lbuf] ljsf;sf nflu ljZjJofkL ;fem]bf/Lsf k|of;nfO{ k'g/f]Tyfg tyf ;zlQms/0f ug]{ .

Sustainable Development GoalsGoal 1. End poverty in all its forms every where Goal 2. End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable

agriculture Goal 3. Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages Goal 4. Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning

opportunities for all Goal 5. Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls Goal 6. Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all Goal 7 Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all Goal 8. Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive

employment and decent work for all Goal 9. Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and

foster innovation Goal 10. Reduce inequality within and among countries Goal 11. Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable Goal 12. Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns Goal 13. Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts* Goal 14. Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable

development Goal 15. Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably

manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss

Goal 16. Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels

Goal 17. Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the Global Partnership for Sustainable Development (http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/70/1&Lang=E)

143

lgisif{

jf:tjdf jftfj/0fLo lbuf]kgf ljsf; k|lqmofsf] dxTjk"0f{ kf6f] xf] . cfhsf] ljsf; k|lqmofdf jftfj/0fsf] ljgfz x'gk'Uof] eg] ef]lnsf k':tfsf nflu cfjZos cfly{s ;fdflhs ljsf;sf cfjZostf k"lt{ ug{ >f]t ;fwgsf] cefj x'G5 . k|fs[lts >f]tsf] k'gMe/0f x'g] k|lqmofeGbf pkof]usf] ult al9 eof] eg] c;Gt'ng l;h{gf x'G5 . To;}n] dfgjLo lqmofsnfkx? k|fs[lts c;Gt'ng u/fpg] vfnsf x'g'x'Fb}g / k|fs[lts >f]tx?sf] pkof]un] To;sf] k'gMe/0f -l/Kn]lg;_ ;Fu tfbfTDotf /fVg'k5{ . l;4fGttM jftfj/0fLo ljgfzsf] bL3{sfnLg c;/ dfgjLo cl:tTj;Fu hf]l8Psf] x'G5 . k|fs[lts >f]t l;l4Fb} hfFbf sfnfGt/df wtL{df a:g] dflg;sf nflu pkof]u ug{ s'g}klg k|fs[lts >f]t g/xg] cj:yf gcfpnf eGg ;lsGg . Oltxf;nfO{ x]g{ xf] eg] dfgj ;Eotfx?sf] pTyfg / ktgdf jftfj/0fLo ;+s6 s} xft /x]sf] 5 . kof{j/0fLo ljgfz jf k|sf]ksf sf/0f Oltxf;sf s]xL d'Vo dfgj ;Eotf ljlng ePsf 5g\ . To;}n] klg jftfj/0f hf]ufpg cfh rflng] sbdn] clxn]sf] dfjgdfqsf] eljiosf] lgSof}{n ug]{5 . lbuf] ljsf;sf] l;4fGtnfO{ cjnDag u/L ljsf;nfO{ jftfj/0f ;+/If0f ;Fu hf]l8of] eg] dfq bL3{sfn;Dd ljsf; ;Dej x'G5 . k|s[ltsf] cTolws bf]xg ug]{ lglj{j]sL ljsf;nfO{ g/f]Sg] xf] eg] To;n] dfgj ljsf;df k"0f{lj/fd nufOlbg]5 / dfgj ;Eotfdfly g} k|Zg lrGx p7fpg]5 .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L

• g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, sfg"g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt, @)&@ .• rf}wf}F of]hgf -cfly{s jif{ @)&#÷&$–@)&%÷&^_, g]kfn ;/sf/ /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u l;+xb/af/,

sf7df8f}F .• Sustainable Development Goals 2016-2030, National (Preliminary), Report, National

Planning Commission, 2015.• Sustainable Development Agenda for Nepal, National Planning Commission, 2003.• j]a;fO6x?• http://www.developmentprogress.org/blog/2014/09/10/race-ensure-both-environmental-

sustainability-and-human-development• http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/70/1&Lang=E• Wikipedia.com • Google.com

144

blnt lzIffM ljutsf] Oltxf;, jt{dfg cj:yf / eljiosf] af6f]

— ;fu/ zfxL, kLPr=8L=*

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g]kfnL blnt cfly{s, /fhgLlts, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[ltssf ;fy} wfld{s ¿kdf cToGt} k5fl8 kfl/Psf] ;d'bfo xf] . blnt ;d'bfon] P]ltxfl;s ¿kd} lzIffdf alxis/0f Joxf]b}{ cfPsf sf/0f cfh klg pgLx¿sf] z}lIfs l:ylt g]kfnsf cGo hftLo ;d'bfosf] t'ngfdf ;a}eGbf sdhf]/ /x]sf] 5 . blntx¿sf] z}lIfs cj:yf oyfl:yltdf /xg' / ;Gtf]ifhgs ;'wf/ gx'g'df ul/aL, hftLo lje]b, ef}uf]lns sl7gfO{, Go"g /fhgLlts k|ltlglwTj, Go"g blnt lzIfs÷lzlIfsf, r]tgfsf] cefj, lzlIft blntx¿sf] u}/–pQ/bfloTj, k|efjxLg ;/sf/L gLlt lgodx¿ / tLgsf sdhf]/ sfof{Gjog h:tf cgluGtL afwfx¿ 5g\, h'g Ps csf{k|lt cGof]Gofl>t ¿kdf ufFl;Psf 5g\ . ;/sf/n] blnt lzIffsf nflu ;+j}wflgs, sfg"gL pkfox¿sf ;fy} ljleGg gLlt, of]hgf / sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ul//x]sf] 5 tfklg lzIffdf blnt ;d'bfosf cfˆg} ljlzi6 d'2fx¿ /x]sf / tL d'2fx¿sf] uxgtfsf] cuf8L ;/sf/L k|of; ;f+s]lts ¿kdf dfq ;Lldt x'g k'u]sf 5g\ . pko'Qm, j}1flgs / u'0f:t/Lo lzIffn] g} ztfJbLcf}+ b]lv plTk8gdf k|tflk8 blntx¿sf] d'lQm ug{ ;S5 . lgM;Gb]x of] blnt ;d'bfosf] dfq} d'2f geP/ ;du| g]kfnL ;dfhsf] ;femf d'2f xf] . o;sf/0f blnt ;d'bfon] P]ltxfl;s ¿kd} ef]Ug' k/]sf] cTofrf/sf] k|s[lt / ulx/fO{sf] cfwf/df blnt lzIffsf] nflu ;/sf/, lghL If]q, blnt ;d'bfo Pjd\ u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿n] ljz]if z}lIfs gLlt, of]hgfsf ;fy} sfo{qmdx¿ nfu" ug{ l9nf] eO{;s]sf] 5 .

*sDKo'6/ ck/]6/, k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\\\sf] sfof{no, l;+xb/af/ .

ljifo k|j]z

g]kfnL ;dfhsf] P]ltxfl;s ljsf;qmd / jt{dfg /fhgLlts cy{zf:qLo kl/j]zdf blnt ;d'bfo cfly{s, ;fdflhs, /fhgLlts, ;f+:s[lts / wfld{s lx;fan] cToGt} k5fl8 kfl/Psf] ;d'bfo xf] . lxGb" hftLo ;f]kfgsf] ;a}eGbf lkFwdf /x]sf blntx¿n] ;w} cfkm"x¿nfO{ ;fdflhs / dgf]j}1flgs ¿kdf

145

;dfhsf] d'Vo wf/af6 cnUu} kfpg] u/]sf 5g\ . o;n] ubf{ pgLx¿ zlQmljxLg, cy{xLg x'g'sf ;fy} ;fdflhs 3'nldnaf6 ;d]t 6fl9g k'u]sf 5g\ . ;/sf/n] cem};Dd blntx¿sf] ;d:ofsf] ulx/fO{nfO{ dfkg ug{ g;Sbf clxn] ;Ddsf ;/sf/Lsf k|of;x¿ blnt ;d'bfon] ck]Iff u/] cg'¿k x'g ;s]sf 5}gg . blnt ;d'bfosf] d'Vo ;d:of eg]sf] pgLx¿ lj¿4 x'g] hftLo lje]b / 5'jf5't g} xf] h;n] ubf{ pgLx¿ x/]s If]qdf k5fl8 kb}{ cfPsf 5g\ . tYonfO{ :jLsf/] kl5dfq cuf8Lsf] af6f] vf]H g ;lsG5 / ;d:ofsf] h/f;Dd k'U g ;lsG5 . t/ ;/sf/L ;+oGqn] cem} of] tYonfO{ v'nf ¿kdf :jLsfg{ ;s]sf] b]lvb}g .

g]kfndf cfhsf] lbg;Dd klg blnt ;d'bfosf] lzIffsf] cj:yf Hofb} sdhf]/ /x]sf] 5 . dg':d[ltdf cfwfl/t lxGb" hftLo ;dfhdf s]xL hftLo ;d'bfonfO{ pgLx¿sf] hftLo klxrfgsf] cfwf/df alxis/0fdf kfl/b} cfPsf] s6' oyfy{ af/] Oltxf; ;fIfL g} 5 . lxGb" ;dfhdf ljBdfg hftLo Joj:yf s} sf/0fn] ubf{ of] ;dfh ljleG g hflt / ju{df ljeflht /x]sf] 5 . oxL ljefhgsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ P]ltxfl;s sfnb]lv g} blntx¿ 1fg / pTkfbgsf] ;fwgaf6 al~rtLs/0fdf kb}{ cfPsf 5g\ . 1fg / pTkfbsTjsf ;fwgx¿df blntx¿sf] kx'Fr gx'gfn] blnt / cGo hftLo ;d'bfox¿aLr ;fdflhs / /fhgLlts c;dfgtf cem} a9\g uPsf] 5 .

lxGb" hftLo ;dfhdf JolQmsf] IfdtfeGbf p;n] hGdbf k|fKt hftsf] cfwf/df JolQmsf] k]zf / ;fdflhs k|lti7f lgwf{/0f ul/g] k|rngn] ;dfhdf ljefhgsf] /]vfnfO{ k|uf9 kfb}{ uof] . o;k|sf/ blnt / cGo hftLo ;d'bfoaLr ;fdflhs / cfly{s leG gtf l;h{gf x'g'sf ;fy} blntx¿nfO{ 1fg / zlQmaf6 cnUofpg sfd eof] . g]kfndf pkNnf] hflt / ju{sf s'nLg ;d'bfon] lzIffnfO{ cfˆgf] k]jf 7fgL blntx¿sf] nflu lzIffsf] 9f]sf nfdf] ;do;Dd aGb /fv] . pgLx¿n] pTkfbsTjsf] d'Vo ;fwg e"ld -h;df pgLx¿n] slxn] klg sfd ub}{gy]_ df cfˆgf] clwsf/ :yflkt ug{ klg blnt nufotsf >dhLjL ju{nfO{ lzIffsf] kx'Fraf6 6f9} /fv] . e"ldsf] cefjdf blnt ;d'bfo;fd' /f]huf/L / lhljsf]kfh{gsf] nflu pkNnf] hfltsf hldGbf/x¿ ;dIf xft km}nfpg] afx]s cGo ljsNkx¿ /x]gg\ . /fHon] klg pgLx¿nfO{ lg/Gt/ alxis/0fdf ws]Nb} uof] . ;dfhsf Pln6x¿ o; lj/f;tsf] uf]6L aGb} uP . o;k|sf/ blnt ;d'bfosf] nflu lzIff Ps cfwf/e"t cfjZostf eGbf klg b"/ ojlgssf] k|kGrdf kl/0ft eof] . oxL cfnf]rgfTds b[li6sf]0fsf cfwfl/t /x]/ pknAw ;xfos ;|f]tx¿sf] cfwf/df k|:t't n]vn] g]kfnsf blnt ;d'bfosf] ljutsf] Oltxf;, jt{dfgsf] z}lIfs cjl:ylt / eljiosf] af6f]sf] ;DaGwdf ljZ n]if0f ug]{5 .

Oltxf;;Fusf] la5f]8

g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df ljleG g /fhgLlts kl/jt{gx¿ eP klg blntsf] lzIffsf] nflu pNn]vgLo sfd ePgg\ -Bhattachan et al., 2008_ . lzIffljb\ sf]O/fnfn] pNn]v ug{' eP cg';f/ lnR5jLx¿n] snf sf}znsf] ljsf; u/] t/ blntsf] lzIffsf] nflu s]xL klg sfd u/]gg\ To:t} dNnx¿n] dflyNnf] ju{sf]

146

;f+:s[lts / sd{sf08L lzIffsf] nflu dfq s]xL sfd u/] -Koirala, 1996_ . k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] g]kfn PsLs/0f u/] klg lzIffsf] If]qdf s]xL sfd u/]gg\ . /f0ffx¿n] lzIffnfO{ hlxn] klg cfˆgf] ;Qfsf] zq'sf] ¿kdf x]/] . o:tf] cj:yfn] ubf{ lj= ;+= @))& ;fndf (* k|ltzt hgtfx¿ lg/If/ lyP . o; cjlwdf blnt ;d'bfosf !)) hgfeGbf klg sd blntx¿ ;fIf/ lyP . lj=;+= @))& sf] kl/jt{g kl5 g]kfndf ljBfnox¿ :yfkgf x'g yfn] / blntx¿ klg ljBfno hfg yfn] . k~rfotL Joj:yfn] blntsf nflu ljZ jljBfno:t/sf] lzIff lgMz'Ns agfof] . tfklg la=;+= @)@) ;fn;Dd blntx¿n] sIff sf]7faflx/} a;]/ cWoog ug{'kg]{ cj:yf ljBdfg /Xof] .

lj=;+= @)$^ ;fnsf] kl/jt{gkl5 lzIffdf k|ult b]lvof] . k|fylds lzIff lgMz'Ns eof] . blnt ljBfyL{x¿sf] nflu 5fqj[lQsf] Joj:yfsf ;fy} PdlalaP;df cf/If0fsf] ;d]t Joj:yf eof] . g]kfnsf] /fhg}lts kl/jt{gx¿;Fu} k/Dk/fut cy{tGqdf ;d]t w]/} kl/jt{g cfof] . kl/jlt{t cy{tGqdf e"lddfq pTkfbgsf] d'Vo ;|f]t /x]g . pTkfbgsf cGo ;|f]tx¿sf] klg klxrfg x'Fb} uof] . lj=;+= @)$^ ;fnsf] hgcfGbf]ngn] k|hftGqsf] k'gM:yfkg u/]kl5 gofF /fhg}lts–cfly{s ax; z'¿ eof] . o;n] ubf{ blnt ;d'bfodf klg cfzfsf gofF ls/0fx¿ b]vf kg{ yfn] . /f]huf/Lsf gofF cj;/x¿sf] klg l;h{gf x'g yfNof] . k/Dk/fut lzIff k|0ffnLsf] k|e'TjnfO{ gofF lzIff k|0ffnLn] lj:yflkt u¥of] t/ lghL / ;fd'bflos ljBfno÷sn]hdfkm{t\ lzIffdf å}wtf sfod ug{ yflnof] . lghL, dx+uf / c+u|]hL dfWodsf] lzIffdf ul/a, blnt / l;dfGts[t ju{sf] kx'Fr k'Ug ;s]g . lzIff ;]jfsf] If]qaf6 qmdzM gfkmfsf] If]qdf ¿kfGtl/t x'g k'Uof] . o:tf] ljiffb\df klg ;dfhsf kl/jt{gsf zlQmx¿ df}g al;lbP . o;k|sf/ t'ngfTds ¿kdf blntx¿sf] lzIffdf kx'Fr klxn]sf] eGbf a9]sf] b]lvP klg Tof] tflTjs ¿kdf kl/0ffdd'vL aG g ;s]g .

lzIffnfO{ 1fgsf ;a} /Ëx¿ ;dflji6 x'g] Pp6f a[xt\ cjwf/0ffsf] ¿kdf lng'k5{ . t/ blntsf] xsdf eg] ;/sf/sf] lzIffsf] bfo/f eg] ;fIf/tfeGbf dfly p7\g ;s]sf] 5}g . ;/sf/sf] lzIff;DaGwL gLlt sfo{qmdx¿ / sfof{Gjogsf] ultnfO{ x]bf{ blntnfO{ lzIff k|bfg ug{' t 6f9fsf] s'/f k"0f{ ;fIf/tf agfpg ;d]t ;/sf/nfO{ w]/} ;do nfU g] b]lvG5 . ;fIf/tf b/sf] dfq s'/f ubf{ g]kfndf blntx¿ ;a}eGbf lkFwdf /x]sf ;d'bfo x'g . blnt ;d'bfosf] lzIffsf] cj:yf;DaGwL tYofÍx¿nfO{ ljZ n]if0f ubf{ ;d]t blnt ;d'bfosf] ;fIf/tfb/sf] cj:yfdf ;'wf/ Nofpg ;/sf/sf] e"ldsf cem} w/} afFsL /x]sf] b]vfpF5 . g]kfn h:tf] nf]s sNof0fsf/L /fHo k|0ffnL /x]sf] b]zdf blnt ;d'bfosf] ;fIf/tf b/df ;'wf/ Nofpg' ;/sf/sf] k|d'v bfloTjleq kb{5 . blnt ;d'bfonfO{ ;fIf/tf k|bfg ug{' pgLx¿nfO{ lzlIft agfpg'sf] klxnf] r/0f xf] . lzIffdf ePsf] nufgL g} b]zsf] nflu jf:tljs nufgL xf], of] tYonfO{ s'g} klg ;/sf/n] gsfg{ ;Sb}g .

clxn] g]kfnsf $) k|ltzt hg;+Vof lg/If/ 5g\ . cGo b]zsf] t'ngfdf g]kfnsf] ;fIf/tf b/ sd /x]sf] xf] . o;sf/0f klg g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lzIffsf] nufgL ;f/Iftf b/ j[l4 ug{df g} s]Gb|Lt /x]sf] 5 .

147

cem} lg/If/x¿ dWo] a9L ;+Vof blntx¿ s} /x]sf] 5 . o;f] x'g'sf] sf/0f klxNofpgsf] lglDt blntsf] cj:yfnfO{ Oltxf;sf] s;Ldf /fv]/ x]g{' kb{5 . dg'jfbL j0f{ Joj:yfdf cfwfl/t xfd|f] lxGb" ;dfhdf j|fXd0fx¿ dfq lzIffsf xsbf/ lyP . blntx¿n] n]vk9 u/] lha|f] sf6\g' kg]{ / ;'g]sf] v08df sfgdf tftf] klUnPsf] lzzf vGofpg];Ddsf] Joj:yf lyof] -ljZ jsdf{, @)^#_ . o;sf/0f o:tf P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"ldx¿nfO{ gljl;{O{ ;/sf/ blnt ;d'bfosf] ;fIf/tfdf dfq s]Gb|Lt geP/ pgLx¿nfO{ ;do;fIf]k lzIff k|bfg ug{'kg]{ b]lvG5 . blnt ;d'bfon] P]ltxfl;s ¿kd} ef]U g' k/]sf] cTofrf/sf] k|s[lt / ulx/fO{sf] cfwf/df pgLx¿sf] nflu ljz]if z}lIfs gLlt tyf sfo{qmdx¿sf] Joj:yf ul/g' kb{5 .

g]kfndf lzIffM Ps t'ngf

g]kfnsf blnt ;d'bfosf] lzIffsf] k|;Fu cfpFbf ;du| g]kfnsf] z}lIfs l:yltnfO{ cGo b]z;Fu t'ngf ug{' ;fGble{s x'g cfpF5 . g]kfnsf] z}lIfs tYof+ÍnfO{ cGo b]zx¿;Fu t'ngf / ljZ n]if0f ubf{ cfpg] tl:j/ xfd|f] nflu k|]/0ffbfoL 5}g . ljZ jsf cGo b]zx¿n] em} g]kfnn] klg lzIffnfO{ ljz]if dxTj lbPsf] 5 . g]kfnn] k|To]s jif{sf] jh]6n] lzIffsf] nflu /sd 5'§fpb} cfPsf] 5 . g]kfnLx¿sf] lzIffsf] cj:yfdf ;'wf/ Nofpg lzIff dGqfnosf] gfddf l;+uf] dGqfno g} u7g ul/Psf] 5 . dGqfno cGtu{t ljleG g ljefux¿ ;d]t /x]sf 5g\ . dGqfnon] blnt nufot cGo l;dfGts[t ;d'bfox¿sf] nflu 5fqj[lQ nufot cGo gfddf /sd klg ljlgof]hg ub}{ cfPsf] klg 5 . o:tf sfo{qmdx¿sf] afjh'b\ klg g]kfnsf] z}lIfs cj:yf ljZ jsf cGo b]zx¿sf] t'ngfdf k5fl8 g} 5 .

o:tf] cj:yfsf] l;h{gf x'g'df ljleG g sf/0fx¿ lhDd]jf/ 5g\ . g]kfnn] cfˆgf] s"n u|fx:y pTkfbgsf] ^ k|ltzt xf/fxf/Lsf] /sddfq lzIff If]qdf vr{ ug]{ u/]sf] 5 -cy{ dGqfno, @)&#s_ . h'g cGo b]zx¿sf] t'ngfdf Hofb} sd xf] . k"0f{¿kdf ;fIf/ /x]sf ljZ jsf ljsl;t b]zx¿n] klg s"n u|fx:y pTkfbgsf] ( b]lv !) k|ltzt;Dd jh]6 lzIff If]qdf vr{ ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ . o;n] lzIffsf] nflu g]kfnsf] nufgL ck|of{Kt /x]sf] ;+s]t ub{5 . g]kfndf lzIffdf /fHon] ug]{ nufgL jif]{gL 36\bf] 5 . ljutdf d'n'ssf] s"n ah]6sf] !& k|ltzt;Dd lzIffdf 5'6\ofOg] u/]sf]df jif]{gL 36\b} uP/ o; cf=j=df !! k|ltztdf em/]sf] 5 -cy{ dGqfno, @)&#v_ .

g]kfnsf] u|fdL0f If]qdf cjl:yt ljBfnox¿sf] ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] cj:yf Hofb} sdhf]/ /x]sf] 5 . sdhf]/ k"jf{wf/ / ;|f]t ;wfgsf] cefjaLr ljBfnox¿ ;+rfng eO/x]sf] cj:yf 5 . ul/aL tyf cGo sf/0fx¿n] ubf{ ljBfno 5f8\g] ljBfyL{x¿sf] ;+Vof klg sd x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . u|fdL0f If]qdf lzIfsx¿ sIffdf pkl:ylt x'g] b/ sd /x]sf] 5 ;fy} tflndsf] cefjdf pgLx¿sf] lzIf0f u'0f:t/ / lzIf0f l;sfO{ lqmofsnfk klg k|efjsf/L /x]sf] 5}g . oL jfx]s klg w]/} sf/0fx¿n] ubf{ g]kfnsf] z}lIfs l:ylt cGo b]zsf] t'ngfdf sdhf]/ /x]sf] 5 . d'Vo sf/0f t blnt nufot l;dfGts[t ;d'bfox¿ / tNnf] ju{sf ;j{;fwf/0fx¿df lzIffsf] dxTjnfO{ :yflkt ug{ ;/sf/ c;kmn /x]sf] 5 .

148

;fIf/tf / lzIffdf km/s ;fIf/tf eG g] zAbn] lzIffsf] k|f/lDes txnfO{ hgfpF5 . ;fIf/tfdf s'g} JolQm s'g} lnkL jf cIf/x¿ k9\g / n]V g ;Ifd x'G5g\ . g]kfnsf] hg;+Vof k|Z gfjnLdf k|rlnt dfGotfcg';f/ ;fIf/tf eG gfn] ;fdfGo ¿kdf k9\g n]V g ;Sg], cfˆgf] gfd cfkm} n]V g]÷k9\g] / clt ;fdfGo ul0ftLo lx;fa ug{ / ldnfpg ;Sg] cflb IfdtfnfO{ hgfpF5 -CDSA, 2014A_ . ;fIf/tfn] lzIffsf] nflu cfwf/ k|bfg ub{5 . o;n] JolQmx¿nfO{ n]V g / k9\g ;Ifd agfpF5 ;fy} lglZrt ;Ldf;Dd cfˆgf] JolQmut Ifdtfsf] cfwf/df s]xL 1fgsf s'/fx¿nfO{ a'‰ g ;xof]u ub{5 . of] k|lqmofn] lg/Gt/tf kfPdfq ;fIf/tfn] lzIffsf] a[xt\ If]qdf k|j]z kfpg ;S5 / JolQm lzlIft x'g ;S5g\ .

lzIff p2]Zod"ns tyf Jojl:yt tl/sfn] ljleG g ;|f]t / ;fwgx¿sf] k|of]u u/L l;Sg] cj;/ xf], hf] ljBfnodf dfq ;Lldt x'b}g . lzIffn] g} JolQmnfO{ cfkm"n] rfx] cg';f/sf] af}l4s cfsf/ k|bfg ub{5 . t/ of] JolQmn] k|fKt ug]{ lzIffsf] lsl;ddf lge{/ ub{5 . lzIffnfO{ ;fIf/tf kl5sf] r/0fsf] ¿kdf lnOG5 . ;fIf/tflagf lzIff k|fKt ug{ sl7g t 5 t/ c;Dej eg] 5}g . lzIffnfO{ ljleG g k|sf/x¿df ljeflht ul/Psf] x'G5 h:t}– cf}krfl/s, cgf}krfl/s, cfwf/e"t lzIff cflb . cfhsf] o'udf lzIffnfO{ g} d'lQmsfdL k|hftflGqs zlQmsf] ¿kdf lnOG5 h;n] hflt, lnË / ju{sf] cj/f]wx¿nfO{ l5rf]Nb} ;dfhdf hGd / cGo cfwf/df /x]sf c;dfgtfx¿nfO{ x6fpg ;S5 . lzIffn] r]tgfsf] :t/ a9fpg d2t ub{5 . o;n] dflg;df ljBdfg ;+r/gfn] s;/L ;fdflhs e]befj / lje]bk"0f{ zlQm ;DaGw Pjd\ cj;/sf ;+/rgfx¿nfO{ sfod /fV5 eG g] s'/fk|lt cfnf]rgfTds ;f]rfO{ /fV g / ltgsf] af/]df k|Z g ug{ d2t ub{5 . lzIffn] cfly{s k/lge{tfsf] k/Dk/fut k4ltaf6 d'lQm lbG5 / klxn]eGbf /fd|f] k]zfdf cj;/ k|bfg ug]{ ljZ jf; ul/G5 .

blnt lzIffsf] jt{dfg l:ylt

g]kfn lj= ;+= @))& ;fnkl5 k|hftflGqs / cfw'lgs o'udf k|j]z u/]sf] dfG g] xf] eg] klg g]kfnn] cfˆgf] ;f9] 5 bzssf] cd"No ;do u'dfO ;s]sf] 5 . t/ o; cjlwdf g]kfnsf] !% jif{eGbf dfly pd]/ ;d"xsf] /fli6«o cf};t ;fIf/tf b/ %(=^ k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 eg] ;f]xL pd]/ ;d"xdf kxf8L blntsf] ;fIf/tf b/ %!=* k|ltzt / t/fO blntsf] @@=* k|ltzt dfq /x]sf] 5 -CBS, 2011A_ . ;/sf/L tYof+Í cg';f/ #) k|ltzt blnt s]6fs]6Lx¿ cem} ljBfno aflx/ /x]sf 5g\ -DoE, 2012_ . ;/sf/L tYofÍcg';f/ cfwf/e"t tx -sIff ! b]lv * ;Dd_df ;a} blnt afnaflnsf ljBfno egf{ eO;s]sf 5g\ eg] dfWolds tx -sIff ( b]lv !@ ;Dd_df ltgsf] pkl:ylt /fd|} /x]sf] 5 t/ pRr lzIffdf eg] ljhf]usf] l:ylt /x]sf] b]vfpF51 . hlt hlt lzIffsf] tx a9\b} hfG5 blnt ljBfyL{x¿sf] ;+Vof klg kftlnFb} hfG5 . blntsf] nflu ;fIf/tfsf] 9f]sf t v'n]sf] 5 t/ ;fFrf] cy{df 1fg / lzIffsf] 9f]sf eg] v'Ng ;s]sf] 5}g .

1 cfwf/e"t txdf cf};t /fli6«o ljBfyL{ egf{b/ !)@, dfWolds txdf ($ / pRr lzIffdf &=& k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 eg] kxfl8 blntsf] qmdzM !!)=@, %@=% / !=@ k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 To:t} t/fO blntsf] qmdzM &)=!, #)=* / !=@ k|ltzt dfq /x]sf] 5 -CBS, 2011A_ . k|j]lzsf k/LIff pQL0f{ ug]{ blnt ljBfyL{x¿sf] !=^ k|ltzt / : gfts tx plQ0f{ ug]{ blntx¿ )=* k|ltzt dfq /x]sf 5g\ -CDSA, 2014B_ .

149

g]kfnL lxGb" ;dfhdf dlxnfx¿nfO{ dfof / ;[li6sf] ;|f]tsf] ¿kdf dflgG5 t/ ToxL ;dfhsf] afx'No /x]sf] xfd|f] b]zdf k'¿ifeGbf dlxnfsf] ;fIf/tf b/ sd /x]sf] 5 . lzlIft cfdfsf] nflu lzIffsf] dxTjaf/] ;a}n] a'‰b} uPsf 5g\ t/ klg lzIffdf dlxnflj¿4 lje]b cem} klg sfod 5 . blnt dlxnfsf] ;Gbe{df eG g' kbf{ pgLx¿ z}lIfs k5f}6]kgsf] sNkgf ;d]t ug{ ;lsg] l:ylt 5}g . lj=;+= @)^*sf] hgu/0ffaf6 k|fKt tYof+Íx¿sf] ljZ n]if0faf6 klg ;a} hftLo ;d'bfox¿sf] k'¿if / dlxnfsf]

z}lIfs cj:yfnfO{ lrlq0f ug{ ;lsG52 . g]kfnsf blnt ;d'bfodf /x]sf] afnlajfx ug]{ rngn] ubf{ klg blnt 5fqfx¿n] aLr}df ljBfno 5f8\g' kg]{ x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu t/fO If]qsf s]6Lx¿ cK7\of/f] l:yltdf 5g\, To;df klg blnt ;d'bfosf s]6Lx¿sf] cj:yf emg} bogLo 5 . oxfF ;fdfGotM tNnf] bhf{df w]/}h;f] s]6Lx¿ g} 5g\ . lszf]/ cj:yfdf k'Ubfgk'Ub} pgLx¿sf afa'cfdfn] pgLx¿sf] lajfxsf nflu ;f]R g yfNb5g\ . s]6fx¿sf] xsdf ljjfxkZ rft\ klg pgLx¿n] cfˆgf] cWoog lg/Gt/tf lbg ;S5g\, t/ s]6Lx¿nfO{ eg] ljjfxkl5 lzIff cuf8L a9fpg] cg'dlt 5}g . pgLx¿ ljBfnoaf6 ljbf x'b} lgoldt ¿kdf 3/]n' sfdwGbfdf dfq} ;+nU g x'g'k5{ . To:t} blnt afnaflnsfx¿sf] l;sfO{ pknlAw

cGo ;fdflhs ;d"xsf t'ngfdf Psbd sd /x]sf] 53 . ;du|df eGbf blnt ;d'bfosf] z}lIfs ;"rsx¿ Hofb} sdhf]/ /x]sf 5g\ . o;n] blnt ljBfyL{x¿sf] ;xeflutf lzIffsf ;a} txx¿ cfwf/e"t, dfWolds / pRr lzIffdf sdhf]/ /x]sf] OlËt O+lst ub{5 . lzIffsf] o:tf] cj:yfdf s]xL efUozfnL blntx¿n] afx]s ax';+Vos blnt ljBfyL{x¿n] u'0f:t/Lo lzIffsf] cj;/ k|fKt ug{ ;Sb}gg\ .

g]kfnsf ljleG g hfthflt cg';f/ ;fIf/tfsf] b/df klg cGt/ /x]sf] 54 . ;fIf/tfsf] t'ngf ubf{ t/fO÷afx'g If]qL ;a}eGbf /fd|f] cj:yfdf 5g\ eg] ;a}eGbf sdhf]/ t/fO blntx¿ 5g\ . cfwf/e"t

2 !% jif{eGbf dfly pd]/ ;d"xsf dlxnfx¿sf] cf};t ;fIf/tf b/ $*=* k|ltzt / k'¿ifx¿sf] &!=& k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 eg] ;f]xL pd]/ ;d"xdf kxfl8 blnt ;d'bfosf] dlxnfx¿sf] ;fIf/tf b/ $@=( k|ltzt / k'¿ifsf] ^)=# k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 To:t} t/fO blnt ;d'bfosf] dlxnfx¿sf] ;fIf/tf b/ !@=# k|ltzt / k'¿ifx¿sf] ##=$ k|ltzt dfq /x]sf] 5 -CBS, 2011A_ .

3 pbfx/0fsf nflu ljBfyL{ pknlAw /fli6«o d"NofÍg ;g\ @)!# df sIff * sf] ul0ft ljifodf blntsf] /fli6«o cf}ift pknlAw @$ k|ltzt dfq lyof] . hals afx'g÷If]qL, hghflt / dw]zL ;d'bfosf] pknlAw qmdzM $) k|ltzt, #^ k|ltzt / @( k|ltzt lyof] eg] To:t} cj:yf cGo sIffsf blnt ljBfyL{x¿sf] pknlAw d"NofÍgsf] kl/0ffddf ;d]t kfOPsf] 5 -ERO, 2015_ .

4 g]kfndf t/fO÷afx'g If]qL ;d"xsf] ;fIf/tf b/ *) k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 eg] t/fO blntsf] ;fIf/tf b/ @@=* k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 -CBS, 2011A_ . cfwf/e"t txsf] egf{ b/df kxfl8 hghfltsf] !!@=% k|ltzt, t/fO hghfltsf] !!@=% k|ltzt / kxfl8 afx'g÷If]qLsf] !)*=% k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 eg] t/fO blntsf] &)=! k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . kxfl8 blntsf] cfwf/e"t txsf] egf{b/ !!)=@ k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . dfWolds txsf] egf{b/df kxfl8 afx'g÷If]qLsf] !#@=@ k|ltzt

/x]sf 5g\ eg] t/fO blntsf] #)=* k|ltzt / kxfl8 blntsf] %@=% k|ltzt dfq /x]sf] 5 . pRr txdf kxfl8 afx'g÷If]qLsf] ;fIf/tf b/ !#=^ k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 eg] kxfl8 / t/fO blnt b'a}sf] egf{ b/ !=@ k|ltzt dfq /x]sf] 5 .

150

txdf ;a}eGbf /fd|f] cj:yf kxf8L hghfltsf] /x]sf] 5 eg] t/fO blntsf] egf{ b/ d'l:nd ;d'bfo eGbf dfq cl3 /x]sf] 5 . kxf8L blntsf] cfwf/e"t txsf] egf{b/ eg] /fli6«o cf};t eGbf a9L /x]sf] 5 . dfWolds txdf afx'g÷If]qL ;a}eGbf cuf8L 5g\ eg] t/fO blnt ;a}eGbf kl5 /x]sf 5g\ . pRr txdf klg kxf8L afx'g÷If]qLsf] g} ;a}eGbf /fd|f] cj:yfdf 5g\ eg] ;a}eGbf sdhf]/ blntx¿ g} 5g\ . ;dfhzf:q÷dfgjzf:q s]G›Lo ;+sfosf] cWoog cg';f/ blnt ;d'bfoleq klg ljleG g hfltx¿aLr

;fIf/tfsf] cj:yfdf cGt/ /x]sf] 5 -CDSA, 2014B_5 . blnt ;d'bfo cGtu{tsf s]xL hfltx¿sf] ;fIf/tf b/ cGo hfltx¿sf] xf/fxf/Ldf /x]sf] 5 eg] blnt ;d'bfo s} s]xL hfltx¿sf] ;fIf/tf b/ eg] k'5f/df /x]sf] cj:yf 5 . kxf8L blnt / t/fO blnt ;d'bfosf] t'ngf ubf{ lzIffsf] ;"rsx¿df t/fO blntsf] cj:yf kxf8L blntsf] eGbf w]/} k5fl8 /x]sf] 5 . blnt hfltleq s} s]xL hfltx¿sf] ;fIf/tfsf] b/ /fd|f] x'gdf blntx¿leq s} hftLo ;f]kfgdf pQm ;d'bfosf] cj:yf dfly x'g' / pgLx¿sf] cfly{s cj:yf cGo blnt ;d'bfosf] eGbf alnof] x'g' g} xf] .

blnt lzIff / /f]huf/Lsf] cj:yf

/f]huf/ ;w} lzIff;Fu hf]l8P/ cfpg] ub{5 . s'g} klg JolQmn] cf}krfl/s lzIff k|fKt u5{ eg] cfˆgf] z}lIfs of]Uotfcg'¿ksf] /f]huf/sf] cfzf klg /fv]sf x'G5 . To;sf/0f lzIff hlxn] klg cfly{s d"No;Fu hf]l8P/ cfpg] u5{ . s'g} klg JolQmsf] cfly{s l:ylt psf: g lzIffn] k' ¥ofpg] of]ubfg / ;du| b]zsf] cfly{s j[l4sf] nflu lzIffsf] e"ldsfnfO{ ;a} cy{zf:qLx¿n] :jLsf/ u/]sf 5g\ . ljleG g zf:qLo cy{zf:qLx¿ h:t} dfz{n / P8d l:dy cflbn] u'0f:t/Lo lzIffsf] cfly{s d"NonfO{ dxTj lbb} cfPsf lyP . lsG; / 6f]8f/f] h:tf gj cy{zf:qLx¿ cf};tdf pRr lzIff k|fKt JolQmx¿n] c¿sf] t'ngfdf a9L cfDbfgL ub{5g\ eG g] s'/fsf] jsfnt u/]sf 5g\ . dfS;{jfb\n] lzIffnfO{ pk/L ;+/rgf lgdf{0fsf] Ps cfwf/ dfGb} To;sf] e"ldsfnfO{ cfly{s ljsf; / cfwf/ ;+/rgf;Fu hf]8]sf] b]lvG5 . clxn]sf] dfgjLo k"FhLsf] cjwf/0ffdf lzIffnfO{ cfDbfgL / /f]huf/L;Fu hf]8]/ x]g{ yflnPsf] 5 . oxL cjwf/0ff cg'¿k g} ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3n] klg dfgj ljsf; k|ltj]bg k|sfzgnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbPsf] 5 h;df lzIff÷;fIf/tfnfO{ dfgj ljsf;sf] ;"rsfÍsf] dxTjk"0f{ cfofdsf] ¿kdf lnOPsf] 5 . g]kfnn] of]hgfut ljsf;sf] z'¿jft;Fu} b]z ljsf;sf] nflu lzIffsf] ckl/xfo{tfnfO{ l:jsf/ u/]sf] 5 . ;a} k~rjifL{o of]hgfx¿df lbuf] cfly{s j[l4sf] nflu lzIffsf] e"ldsfnfO{ dxTj lbOPsf] 5 . lzIffnfO{ g} ›'t cfly{s j[l4sf] ;fwgsf] ¿kdf lnOPsf] 5 . ;fy}, lzIffn] g} k|ljlwsf] ljsf;sf ;fy} :jtGqtf, ;fdflhs Gofo / ;dfg cj;/df cfwfl/t ;dfh lgdf{0f ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 eG g] ljZ jf; klg ul/Psf] 5 .

5 ufO{g]sf] ;fIf/tf b/ ̂ *=# k|ltzt, wf]jLsf] ̂ *=@ k|ltzt, ;fsL{sf] ̂ %=$ k|ltzt, sfdLsf] ̂ $=& / bdfO{sf] ̂ @=$ k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 eg] d';x/sf] @# k|ltzt, 8f]dsf] @(=# k|ltzt, xnsf]/sf] $)=* k|ltzt, lrl8df/sf] $*=( k|ltzt / kf;jfgsf] %!=# k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 -CDSA, 2014B_ .

151

/f]huf/ g} blntx¿sf] cfly{s / ;fdflhs pG gltsf] cfwf/ xf] hf] l;w} lzIff;Fu hf]l8P/ cfpg] ub{5 . lzIffn] g} blntx¿sf] /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/nfO{ km/flsnf] kfb{5 . t/ clxn]sf] ljZ jJofkLs/0fsf] o'udf 1fgsf] bfo/f klg km/flsnf] x'b} uPsf] 5 o;n] ubf{ /f]huf/Lsf] ahf/df k|lt:kwf{ a9\b} uPsf] 5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf ;fIf/tf a9fpgsf nflu dfq p4t xfd|f] z}lIfs k|of;x¿n] blnt ;d'bfox¿sf nflu yk /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ l;h{gf ug{ ;S5 eG g' Tolt kTofl/nf] x'Fb}g . clxn]sf] ;a}sf] nflu lzIff eG g] gf/fn] lzIffnfO{ ;du| b]z ljsf;sf] cfwf/lznfsf] ¿kdf c+lusf/ u/]sf] 5 . t/ g]kfn h:tf] b]z hxfFsf nueu $) k|ltzt hgtfx¿ cem} lg/If/ 5g\ / To;df klg blntx¿ hf] g]kfnsf] s"n hg;+Vofsf] !#=@ k|ltzt /x]sf 5g\, pgLx¿sf] ;fIf/tfsf] sdhf]/ cj:yfn] ubf{ of] gf/fsf] zflJbs dd{nfO{ g]kfnn] klxNofpg ;S5 h:tf] nfUb}g .

cfly{s c;dfgtf / ;fdflhs e]befj blnt;Fu hf]l8Psf ljifox¿ x'g\ . oL ljifox¿n] ubf{ g} clxn] klg blntx¿ ;fdflhs / cfly{s b'irqmdf lklN;g afWo 5g\ . o;n] g} blntx¿nfO{ JolQmut / ;fd'bflos ljsf;df cuf8L a9\g /f]s]sf] 5 . ;fdflhs / cfly{s cj:yfsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ cGo ;d'bfosf] t'ngfdf blnt lzz'x¿sf] k"0f{ zf/Ll/s / dfgl;s ljsf;df ;d]t afwf k'U g] u/]sf] 5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf blntx¿n] s'g} tx;Dd lzIff k|fKt u/] klg /f]huf/ ahf/df k|lt:kwf{ ug{ ;Sb}gg\ . ;a}sf] nflu lzIff eG g] gf/fleq ;a}eGbf klxn] P]ltxfl;s sfnv08b]lv g} lg/If/tfsf] df/df lklN;Psf blntx¿nfO{ ;d]6\g' kb{5 . ;fIf/tfn] g} lzIffsf] 9f]sf vf]N5 / z}lIfs ljsf;n] g} JolQm, ;d'bfo / b]zsf] cfly{s tyf ;fdlhs ljsf;df of]ubfg k'¥ofpg ;S5 .

csf]{lt/ @)^@÷)^# sf] bf];|f] hg–cfGbf]ngkl5 ;dfj]zL l;åfGt cg';f/ blnt ;d'bfonfO{ klg ;/sf/L /f]huf/sf] If]qdf cf/If0fsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . o;nfO{ cgf}krfl/s ¿kn] u}/–;/sf/L ;+3÷;+:yfx¿n] klg cg'z/0f u/]sf] b]lvG5 . t/, lzIffsf] ;'ljwfo'Qm kx'Frlagf -h;af6 blntx¿ pNn]Vo ¿kdf al~rt /x]_ of] cf/If0fsf] k|fjwfg slt k|efjsf/L x'G5, Tof] cfnf]rgfd'Qm eg] cjZo 5}g . a¿, blntsf gfddf ;DalGwt ;d'bfosf Pln6x¿n] g} cf/If0faf6 kmfObf lng] s'/fnfO{ c:jLsf/ ug{ klg ;lsb}g . o:tf] k|sf/sf] cf/If0fn] ax';+Vos blntx¿sf] cj:yf dfly p7\g ;Sb}g . o;sf] HjnGt pbfx/0f ef/tdf b]V g ;lsG5 hxfF cf/If0f nfu" ePsf] &) jif{kl5 klg s]xL d'¶Le/sf blntx¿ afx]s ax';+Vos blntx¿sf] jf:tljs cj:yfdf tflTjs leG gtf kfpg ;lsPsf] 5}g .

lzIffdf d]l/6sf] cjwf/0ff / blnt

g]kfndf lzIff k|0ffnL d]l/6df cfwfl/t 5 . lzIff k|0ffnLsf] ;du| d"NofÍg Ogk'6, k|f];]; / cfp6k'6 tLgcf]6} kIfsf] a/fa/ d"NofÍgåf/f ul/g' kb{5 t/ d]l/6df cfwfl/t lzIff k|0ffnLdf cfp6k'6nfO{ dfq a9L hf]8 lbOG5 . ljBfyL{sf] k|fKtfÍnfO{ z}lIfs u'0f:t/sf] k|d'v cfwf/ dflgG5 . clxn]sf] kl/j]zdf d]l/6df cfwfl/t glthfnfO{ dfq x]/]/ u'0f:t/Lotfsf] lgwf{/0f ul/g' Gofof]lrt x'b}g . d]l/6n] k/LIffsf] k|fKtfÍnfO{ g} d"NofÍgsf] lglj{sNk s8Lsf] ¿kdf :jLsf/ ub{5 . o;n] k]k/–k]lG;n 6]:6df ljlzi6tf xfl;n ug{'nfO{ g} pQd lzIff dfGb5 . lzIffsf] Jojxfl/s kIfnfO{ gh/cGbfh ub{5 . d]l/6sf] cfwf/df

152

d"NofÍg ubf{ sl7g kl/l:yltdf ;dfof]hg x'g ;Sg], ;fdflhsLs/0fsf 1fg, ;LknfO{ Jojxf/df ;xh} ptfg{ ;Sg], ;sf/fTds / l;h{gfTds lrGtg ug]{ / kl/l:ylt cg's"n Jojxf/ ug{ ;Sg] ljBfyL{sf] ;fFrf] d"NofÍg x'g ;Sb}g . o;sf] cy{ d]l/6sf] cfwf/df /fd|f] glthf k|fKt ug]{ ;a} laBfyL{x¿ ;fdfGo JolQmeGbf k5fl8 x'G5g\ eG g] xf]Og . cfzo oltdfq xf], u'0f:t/Lotf dfkgsf] cfwf/ d]l/6dfq sbflk x'g ;Sb}g . c;n ;+:sf/ lbg, ;+:sf/ cg's"n cfr/0f ug{ k|]l/t ug{, hLljsf]kfh{gsf] cfwf/ aG g, efOrf/f / ckgTjsf] efjgf ljsl;t ug{, ;fdflhsLs/0f / ;xcl:tTjsf] wf/0ff lgdf{0f ug{, /fli6«o efjgfn] cf]tk|f]t eO{ ;f] cg'¿k Jojxf/ k|:t't ug{ ;Ifd aG g, b}lgs hLjgdf cfOkg]{ ;d:of ;dfwfgsf] dfWod aG g ;s]df dfq lzIff u'0f:t/Lo x'g ;S5 . k|of]hgxLg d]l/6df cfwfl/t pkflwsf rfªsf] dfq s'g} cy{ /xG g . To;sf/0f k/LIffdf k|fKt pRr k|fKtfÍsf] cfwf/df eGbf ljBfyL{sf] Jojxf/, ;dfh / /fi6«nfO{ ltgLx¿n] k'¥ofpg ;Sg] of]ubfg, pgLx¿sf] cfr/0f, k|j[lQnufot ;du| dfgjLo u'0fx¿sf] cfwf/df pgLx¿sf] d"NofÍg x'g' Gofof]lrt 5 .

xfd|f] lzIff k|0ffnLdf ljBfyL{x¿n] k|fKt ug]{ a9L c+snfO{ g} d]l/6sf] k|d'v cfwf/sf] ¿kdf lnbf hfgL ghfgL ;Ifd / k|ltefjfg blntx¿nfO{ ;d]t unt tl/sfn] lzIffsf] d"n k|jfxaf6 6f9f /fv]sf] 5 . blnt ljBfyL{x¿n] h:tf] ;fdflhs / cfly{s jftfj/0fdf lzIff k|fKt ub{5g\ cGo hftLo ;d'bfosf ljBfyL{x¿n] o:tf] jftfj/0fsf] ;fdgf ug{' kb}{g . To;sf/0f blntx¿n] lzIff lng] jftfj/0fsf] n]vfhf]vf g} gu/L PstkmL{ ¿kdf d]l/6 cfwf/df blnt ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ sd ;Ifd / sdhf]/sf] wAaf nufpFbf blnt ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ Gofo ldNg ;Sb}g . d]l/6sf] dxTjnfO{ s;}n] klg gsfg{ ;Sb}g / lzIffdf klg d]l/6nfO{ :yfg lbg' kb{5 . t/ d]l/6nfO{ lgwf{/0f ug{ pko'Qm ljlwsf] cjnDag ul/g' kb{5 h;n] blnt ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ;d]t ;d]6\g ;sf];\ . s;}n] 3f]s]s} e/df klg /fd|f] c+s k|fKt ug{ ;S5g\ . To;sf/0f d]l/6nfO{ ljifout ¿kdf lng' kb{5 / kl/0ffdsf] cfwf/df tf]lsg' x'Fb}g . k|ltef d]l/6sf] nflu cfjZos x'G5 t/ xfdLn] s] la;{g' x'Fb}g eg] k|ltef b'O{ k|sf/sf x'G5 . Ps dfgjlgld{t / bf];|f] hGdhft . To;sf/0f s'g} klg JolQm k|ltefjfg x'g ;Sb5g\ . clxn]sf] d]l/6sf] a'emfO{n] blntdflysf] lje]bnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbPsf] 5 . pgLx¿ d]l/6 k|0ffnLsf] lzsf/ ePsf 5g\ . To;sf/0f blntx¿sf] nflu lzIffsf] s'/f ubf{ d]l/6 k|0ffnLsf] a'emfO{df ;d]t ;do;fIf]k kl/jt{g cfjZos 5 . ljBdfg cj:yfdf t6:ytfsf] l;4fGt / tyfslyt of]Uotf jf Ifdtfh:tf dfkb08 ;fdfGotM unt k'i6\ofOFsf ;fy blntx¿nfO{ lzIff / ljsf; k|lqmofaf6 aflx/} /fV g] pkfodfq} x'g] lgisif{ lgsfNg' sbflk unt xf]Og (Samata Foundation, 2015) .

blnt lzIffdf ljBdfg afwfx¿

lzIff k|fKt ug{ blntn] ef]U g' k/]sf afwf Jojwfg ljljw vfnsf 5g\ . ljBfnox¿df blnt afnaflnsfsf] sd ;xeflutfsf k5fl8 d'Vo sf/0fsf ¿kdf cfly{s–;fdflhs x}l;ot, k[ysLs/0f, ;fdflhs alxis/0f, zf/Ll/s lx+;f cflb /x]sf 5g\ . oL sf/0f ;a} dflyNnf z}lIfs txdf k'u]kl5 a9\b} hfG5g\ / c;xof]uL ljBfno jftfj/0fn] ltgnfO{ dnhn u/]sf] x'G5 . blnt afnaflnsfsf] lzIffsf ;Gbe{df ljBdfg s]xL afwf Jojwfg tn j0f{g ul/Psf] 5M

153

ul/aLM blnt ;d'bfosf] cfly{s cj:yf bogLo /x]sf] 5 . ;g\ @)!)÷!! sf] g]kfn hLjg:t/ ;e]{If0f t];|f]sf cg';f/ g]kfnsf] ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /xg]sf] ;+Vof @%=!^ k|ltztdf em/] tfklg $! k|ltzt blnt ;d'bfo ul/aLsf] /]vfd'gL /x]sf 5g\ -CBS, 2011B_ . kxf8L blnt ;d'bfodf ul/aLsf] k|ltzt $@=$ k|ltzt / t/fO blnt ;d'bfosf] $)=@ k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . pgLx¿nfO{ ;w} xftd'v hf]8\g] ;d:ofn] lk/f]ln/x]sf] x'G5 . g]kfnsf] cf};t k|ltJolQm cfo ¿= $!,^%( /x]sf] 5 eg] blnt ;d'bfosf] ##,&*^ dfq /x]sf] 5 . kxf8L blntsf] k|ltJolQm cfo ¿= #^,)@! / t/fO blntx¿sf] ¿= @&,%^@ /x]sf] 5 . g]kfndf @# k|ltzt blntx¿ e"ldlxg 5g\ . oL dWo] $*=& k|ltzt blntx¿;Fu )=! x]S6/eGbf sd hldg /x]sf] 5 eg] hDdf ! k|ltzt blntx¿;Fudfq pAhfpzLn hldg /x]sf] 5 . Hofb} Go"g ;+Vofdf ;/sf/L hflu/df ;dfj]z ePsf 5g\ . pBf]u wGbfdf nfU g] cj;/af6 al~rt kfl/Psf] 5 . blnt ;d'bfosf] k/Dk/fut k]zfdf klg lghLs/0f / ljZ jJofkLs/0fn] lgs} c;/ kf/]sf] 5 . blnt h:tf ;fdflhs ¿kdf lk5l8Psf hflt–;d"xsf] ul/aL al9/x]sf] 5 eg] o:tf ;d"xsf w}/}h;f] afnaflnsfn] lzIff k|fKt ug{df Jojwfg ef]lu/x]sf 5g\ (Chitrakar, 2009) . ul/aL s} sf/0fn] ubf{ clwstd ;+Vofdf afndhb'/x¿ blnt ;d'bfoaf6} cfPsf] tYo km]nf kf/]sf] 5 . @) k|ltzteGbf sd hg;+Vof ePsf ;d'bfo ePtf klg blnt ;d'bfoaf6 ^) k|ltzteGbf a9L afndhb'/x¿ ;"lrj4 ul/Psf] ;j]{If0fdf b]lvPsf] 5 (Samata Foundation, 2015) . o:tf kl/jf/x¿ cfˆgf afnaflnsf, ljz]if u/L 5fqfx¿sf nflu pknAw lgMz'Ns k|fylds lzIffsf] cj;/ ;d]t TofU g ljjz 5g\ . pgLx¿sf nflu ljBfno k9fpg' eg]sf] kfl/jfl/s cfo j[l4df afnaflnsfsf] of]ubfg u'dfpg' dfq} xf]Og, egf{ z'Ns tyf ljBfno :6]zg/L / kf];fsh:tf k|ToIf z}lIfs vr{df 3/fo;L ;|f]t;fwg l;Wofpg' ;d]t xf] .

hftLo e]befjM lzIff ljefusf cg';f/ ljBfyL{x¿n] aLr}df ljBfno 5f8\g'sf] d'Vo b'O{ sf/0fx¿df lzIffsf] dxTjaf/] cleefjsdf r]tgfsf] cefj tyf ljBfnodf lzIfs / ;fyLx¿af6 x'g] b'Jo{jxf/ x'g\ -DoE, 2010_ . ljBfnodf blnt ljBfyL{k|lt lzIfsx¿n] a]jf:tf ug]{, bf]xf]ofP/ cf/f]k nufpg] / blnt ljBfyL{nfO{ sdhf]/ egL clÍt ug]{h:tf ck|ToIf e]befj ug]{ ul/Psf 5g\ . o;sf ;fy} blnt afnaflnsfx¿n] ;fdfGotof cfˆg} sIffsf slyt dflyNnf] hftsf ;fyLx¿sf ;fy} ;d'bfosf ;b:ox¿af6 ;d]t e]b\ efjk"0f{ Jojxf/ ef]Ub5g\ . ;dfhdf blntx¿nfO{ lzIff lbg' eg]sf] Joy{ / vt/f xf] eG g] efjgfn] h/f uf8]sf] 5 . ;fdfGotof blntx¿ lzlIft x'g c;Ifd x'G5g\ / lzlIft blntx¿n] u|fdL0f ;dfhsf] >]0fL s/ / c;dfg zlQm ;DaGw pk/ xfFs lbG5g\ eG g] slyt dflyNnf] hftsf dflg;x¿sf] a'emfO /x]sf] kfOG5 . ljBfnox¿df hftkftdf cfwfl/t lje]b ljljw :j¿kdf cEof; ul/G5g\ . clxn]klg ljBfnox¿df lbpF;f]sf] vfhfdf e]befj, k"hf / k|fy{gfaf6 alxis/0f, vfg]kfgLsf] kx'Frdf e]befj, Jojxfl/s kfssIffaf6 lgisf;g, blnt ljBfyL{sf] lk6fOsf nflu lzIfsx¿af6 cnUu} n¶Lsf] k|of]u, blnt ljBfyL{ lj¿4 lzIfsaf6 ckdfghgs efiffsf] k|of]u, 5fqfaf;x¿df e]befj, 5fqj[lQx¿sf] b'¿kof]u, dfgl;s oftgf / k/LIffdf sd cÍ lbg] nufotsf hftLo e]befjsf cEof;x¿ ul/G5g\ (Bhattachan et al, 2003) .

;dfj]zLs/0f l;åfGtk|lt ;/sf/n] k|ltj4tf hgfpFbf hgfpFb} klg ljBfnox¿df blnt lzIfsx¿sf] ;+Vof a9]sf] 5}g . ;g\ @)!@ df k|fylds, lgD g dfWolds / dfWolds txdf blnt lzIfssf] cg'kft

154

qmdzM $=% k|ltzt, @=( k|ltzt / #=^ k|ltzt /x]sf] lyof] (DoE, 2011) . blnt ;d'bfosf] lzIfs k]zfdf sd pkl:yltn] klg blnt ;d'bfosf afnaflnsfx¿ / ljBfnosf] ;fdflhs b"/L a9\g uPsf] 5 . k9]sf blntx¿ klg cj;/af6 al~rt x'g' kbf{ /f]n df]8n aG g ;s]sf 5}gg\ . gjf} k~rjifL{o of]hgfdf ;/sf/n] Ps ljBfno, Ps blnt lzIfssf] cjwf/0ff cl3 ;f/]sf] lyof] t/ ;/sf/sf] of] gLlt slxNo} nfu" ePg . nfu" ePsf] eP * xhf/eGbf a9L blntn] /f]huf/L kfpg'sf ;fy} /f]n df]8nsf] ¿kdf blnt ;d'bfodf cfˆgf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ ;Sy] .

o;sf ;fy} kf7\oqmddf ;d]t blnt ;d'bfoaf/] ljleG g 9+un] e]befjk"0f{ lrq0f ul/Psf] kfOPsf] 5 . blnt ;d'bfosf ;dfh ;'wf/s, j}1flgs, P]ltxfl;s JolQmTj, snfsf/ / /fhgLlt g]tfx¿sf] hLjgL kf7\oqmddf ;dfj]z ePsf] kfFO{b}g . o;k|sf/ blnt ;d'bfosf JolQmTjx¿n] /fi6«sf ljleG g If]qx¿df lbPsf P]ltxfl;s of]ubfgnfO{ ;d]t afnaflnsfx¿af6 n'sfpg] sfd ePsf] 5 . o:tf ;fdfu|Lx¿ ;dfj]z gx'Fbf blnt afnaflnsfx¿ cfˆg} ;d'bfosf JolQmTjx¿af/] cgle1 x'G5g . o:tf JolQmTjx¿sf] klxrfg / pTk|]/0ffn] blnt afnaflnsfdf cfˆgf] ;Defjgf jf eljiosf] nIo k|fKt ug{ cfTdljZ jf; k|fKt x'g ;SbYof] t/ o;sf] ljk/Lt kf7\oqmddf e]befjhgs zAbfjnL /fv]/ blnt ;d'bfoaf/] gsf/fTds lrq0f ul/Fbf blnt ljBfyL{x¿df Go"g cfTdljZjf;sf] ljsf; x'g uO{ ljBfnox¿df hftLotfsf] ;+:s[ltsf] lg/Gt/tf sfod} /xg hfG5 . o;sf] ;fy} xfnsf kf7\oqmddf j0f{ Joj:yf / hftLo e]befj tyf 5'jf5'tsf] ljkIfdf s'g} ;fdfu|Lx¿ ;dfj]z gx'Fbf afnaflnsfx¿df hftLo lje]b / 5'jf5't ug{' dfgjtf lj/f]wL h3Go ck/fw xf] eG g] 1fgsf] ;f6f] blntx¿ bf];|f] bhf{sf dflg;x¿ x'g\ eG g] lje]bk"0f{ ;+:sf/n] 3/ agfO{/fV g] ;Defjgf /xG5 .

oL ;a} lqmofsnfksf sf/0f ljBfnox¿df blnt ljBfyL{ ;fdflhs alxis/0fsf] lzsf/ x'g] u/]sf 5g\ . o;sf] kl/0ffd :j¿k pgLx¿ sIffdf clgoldt pkl:yt x'g], cWoogdf sdhf]/ k|bz{g x'g], c;kmn x'g] tyf cWoog aLr}df 5f8\g] ;d:of cfpg] u/]sf] kfOG5 (Bishwokarma, 2010) csf]{ zAbdf eGbf o:tf e]befjsf r'gf}tL ;fdgf u/L hftefthGo zq'tfk"0f{ jftfj/0fdf lzIffnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg] yf]/} blnt ljBfyL{x¿ dfq x'G5g\ . ljBfnox¿df k|an ¿kdf hf/L /x]sf e]befj oyfy{df k|ToIf / ck|ToIf c;dfgtf / alxis/0fsf ¿kdf k|s6 x'G5g\ . lzIffdf blnt afnaflnsfsf] ;jf{ËL0f ;xeflutfsf nflu / cf}krfl/s lzIffdf pgLx¿sf] d"nk|jfxLs/0fsf nflu ;fdfGotof slyt pRr ;d'bfon] cfd blnt ;d'bfolj¿4 ug]{ tyf ljz]iftM ljBfnox¿df afnaflnsfnfO{ lzIfs / ;fyLx¿n] ug]{ hftLo e]befj g} d'Vo ;d:ofsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 .

ef}uf]lns sl7gfOM xfd|f] ;dfhsf] ;fdflhs ;+/rgfdf blnt a:tLx¿ ;d'bfosf] d'Vo a:tLeGbf 6f9f /xg] u/]sf] 5 . w/}h;f] blnt a:tLx¿df ljBfno :yfkgf ePsf 5}gg \. cfˆgf] a:tLb]lv w]/} 6f9f ePsf] sf/0fn] klg blnt afnaflnsf ljBfno hfg ;s]sf 5}gg\ . sltko cj:yfdf ;fdflhs kx'Frsf] cfwf/df ljBfnox¿ w]/} 3/kl/jf/ ePsf] blnt a:tLdf lgdf{0f gu/L yf]/} 3/kl/jf/ ePsf u}/blnt a:tLx¿df lgdf{0f ul/Psf] x'G5g . o:tf] ef}uf]lns sl7gfOn] ljz]if u/L aflnsfx¿sf] ;'/Iff

155

rf;f]nfO{ ;d]t a9fPsf] 5 . o;/L ;'/Iffsf] ;jfn / 3/df ;xof]uL xftsf] cfjZostfsf sf/0f blnt cleefjsx¿ cfˆgf 5f]/Lx¿nfO{ 6f9fsf ljBfno k7fpg clgR5's x'g] u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 .

Go"g /fhgLlts k|ltlglwTjM ufpF, lhNnf / /fli6«o txsf] /fhgLlts k|lqmofdf blntsf] ;xeflutf / ;/sf/df k|ltlglwTj pgLx¿sf] hg;+Vofsf] t'ngfdf guGo dfq} ePsf] 5 . /fhgLltdf blntsf] Go"g k|ltlglwTj x'g'sf] d'Vo sf/0f /fhgLlts bnx¿df slyt pRr hftx¿sf] ;jfl{\ws lgoGq0f x'g', 5'jf5't / hftLo e]befj cGTo ug{ / blntx¿sf] ;xeflutf / k|ltlglwTj a9fpg /fhgLlts bnx¿af6 kof{Kt dfqf kxn gx'g' tyf ;a}h;f] /fhgLlts ;+:yfdf afx'gjfbL lrGtg xfaL x'g' xf] . ;fdflhs–cfly{s k[i7e"ld / ;+/rgfut afwf Jojwfgn] ubf{ g} blnt g]tfx¿nfO{ cfˆgf bnleq k|efjsf/L / k|efjzfnL aG gdf afwf k'u]sf] 5 . blnt lj/f]wL /fhgLlts e]befjn] blnt ;d'bfosf] nflu lzIffsf] ljsf; ug{ gLlt lg0f{odf blnt g]t[Tjx¿n] k|efj kfg{ ;Sg] ;DefjgfnfO{ c;/ kf/]sf] 5 . /fhgLltn] blntx?nfO{ gLlt lgdf{0fsf] txdf ;xefuL u/fpg ;S5 / k|zf;lgs If]qnfO{ ;d]t x:tIf]k ug{ ;lsG5 . To;f] ePdf blntx?n] cfkm" cg's'n lzIff gLlt ;d]t agfpg ;Sb5g\ .

;du|df cfly{s sl7gfO tyf /fhgLlts–;fdflhs alxis/0fn] lzIff If]qdf blntsf] Go"g ;xeflutfnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbG5g\ . To;df klg ljBfnodf x'g] c;kmntfsf syf / cfˆg} a'emfO{sf] ;d:ofn] klg lzIffdf blnt ;d'bfosf afnaflnsfsf] ;xeflutfdf k|lts"n k|efj kf/]sf 5g\ . ;+/rgfut pTkL8gn] blntx¿df xLgtfaf]wnfO{ dnhn ub{5, h;n] ljBfno nufotsf ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf kx'Fr :yflkt ug{ / ltgsf] pkef]u ug{af6 pgLx¿nfO{ /f]Sb5 . ul/aLn] blnt ;d'bfoaf6 u'0f:t/Lo lzIff kfpg] clwsf/ sd pd]/d} vf];]/ lnG5 g}, pgLx¿nfO{ z}lIfs cWoog k"/f ug{af6 ;d]t al~rt u5{ . hftLo e]befjdf cfwfl/t ljljw / ax'rqmLo jl~rtLs/0f tyf k|0ffnLut sdL sdhf]/Ls} kl/0ffd:j¿k b]zdf u'0f:t/Lo hgzlQmsf] pTkfbg / pknAwtfdf gsf/fTds k|efj kb{5 . o;n] ubf{ /fi6« lgdf{0fsf] k|lqmofdf blntsf] ;fy{s ;xeflutfnfO{ u'dfpg' kg]{ x'G5 .

blnt lzIffsf] nflu ;/sf/L kxn

k|hftGqsf] cfudg kZ rft / cfw'lgsLs/0fsf] ;f9] 5 bzssf] cjlwdf blnt ;d'bfon] lzIffsf] If]qdf h] hlt pknlAw xfl;n u/]sf 5g\ To;df ;/sf/sf] e"ldsf k|d'v /x]sf] tYonfO{ gsfg{ ;lsFb}g . t/ klg ;/sf/sf] sfd u/fO{sf] ult / blnt ;d'bfosf] ck]IffaLr ;fd~h:otf /x]sf] 5}g . ;/sf/sf] sfd s5'jf ultdf cl3 a9L /x]sf] 5 eg] blnt ;d'bfosf] ck]Iff v/fof]sf] rfndf a9L/x]sf] 5 . ;/sf/ blntsf] lzIffsf] nflu lqmofzLn /x] klg o;sf] s5'jf ultsf] sfof{Gjogn] ubf{ ax';+Vos blnt ;d'bfosf] ;fdflhs / cfly{s cj:yfdf ;'wf/ b]V g ;lsPsf] 5}g .

;/sf/n] lzIffdf blnt / cGo lk5l8Psf ;d'bfosf] ;dfj]zLs/0f, clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / k|j4{gsf ;Gbe{df ljleG g ;+j}wflgs, sfg"gL gLltut pkfox¿sf ;fy} ljleG g of]hgfx¿ / sfo{qmdx¿ / ah]6 pkfodfkm{t k|ltj4tf JoQm u/]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf lzIffnfO{ clwsf/df cfwfl/t b[li6sf]0fsf]

156

¿kdf cjnDag ub}{ df}lns xssf ¿kdf ;Daf]wg u/L :jLsf/ ul/Psf] 5 . lzIffsf] clwsf/ ;'lgZ lrt ug{ / g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/fx¿ #!-!_, #!-@_, #!-%_ / $)-@_df ljleG g k|fjwfgx¿ ;dflji6 5g6 . To;} ul/ lzIff If]qdf ljleG g sfg"gL pkfox¿ klg ljBdfg /x]sf 5g\7 .

blnt lzIffsf] nflu ;/sf/n] cjnDag u/]sf ljleG g gLltut pkfox¿ ljleG g cfjlws of]hgfx¿ tyf ;+;b\ df ;/sf/sf tkm{af6 k|:t't ul/g] jflif{s gLltx¿sf 3f]if0ffdf kfpg ;lsG5 . ;/sf/n] ;j{k|yd rf}yf] k~rjifL{o of]hgf -@)@&–@)#@_ df blntx¿sf] nflu ;dfh ljsf; 5fqfjf;sf] :yfkgf ug]{ of]hgf ;dfj]z u/]sf] lyof] . blnt ;d'bfosf] lzIffsf] ;Gbe{df xfnsf] gLltut pkfo d'Votof b'O{ gLltut b:tfj]h rf}wf}+ of]hgfsf] cfwf/kq8 / ;/sf/sf] cf=j= @)&#÷&$ gLltdf9 ;dfj]z ul/Psf 5g\ . ;/sf/n] lzIffdf gLltut l;kmfl/; ug{ a]nfa]nfdf ljleG g lzIff cfof]ux¿sf] u7g ug]{ u/]sf] 5 . o:tf cfof]ux¿n] ;/sf/nfO{ ljleG g gLltut ;'emfj;lxt k|ltj]bg a'emfpg] u/]sf] 510 . oL k|ltj]bgx¿ dWo] @)%% ;fneGbf cl3sf k|ltj]bgx¿df blnt zAbsf] pRrf/0f g} ul/Psf] lyPg . oL k|ltj]bgx¿df blnt / cGo ;d'bfox¿nfO{ Pp6} 8fnf]df /flvPsf] lyof] . lj=;+= @)%% ;fnsf] k|ltj]bgn] blntsf] lzIffsf] nflu s]xL gLltut l;kmfl/; u/]sf] eP klg ;/sf/n] a]jf:tf ubf{ sfof{Gjog x'g ;s]g11 . lj= ;+= @)%* kl5sf /fli6«o lzIff cfof]usf k|ltj]bgx¿df klg blnt lzIffsf] nflu s'g} gLltut l;kmfl/;x¿ ePsf] kfOFb}g .

6 ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f $)-@_ df blnt ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ k|fyldsb]lv pRr lzIff;Dd sfg"g adf]lhd 5fqj[lQ;lxt lgMz'Ns lzIffsf] Joj:yf ul/g] / k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos pRr lzIffdf blntsf nflu ljz]if Joj:yf ul/g] pNn]v 5 -MLJPA, 2015_ .

7 ljBfno lzIffsf] Joj:yfkgsf nflu lzIff P]g / lgodfjnL d'Vo sfg"gL b:tfj]h x'g\ . To;}u/L pRr lzIff;DaGwL Joj:yfx¿ eg] ljZ jljBfno cg'bfg cfof]u P]g / lgodfjnLsf ;fy} ;DalGwt ljZ jljBfno P]g / lgodfjnLdf pNn]v ul/Psf x'G5g\ . 5fqj[lQ P]g / lgodfjnLdf blnt / cGo lk5l8Psf ;d"xsf nflu pRrlzIffsf s]xL ljz]if Joj:yf pNn]v 5g\ . ljz]if u/L lzIffdf blnt ;d'bfosf clwsf/sf nflu ljleG g sfg"gL pkfox¿ lzIff P]g, @)@*, lzIff lgodfjnL, @)^), ljZ jljBfno cg'bfg cfof]u sfo{ Joj:yfkg lgod, @)^), g]kfn ;+:s[t ljZ jljBfno P]g, @)$#, 5fqj[lQ P]g, @)@! / lgodfjnL, @))#, lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( / lgodfjnL @)%) / lzIfs ;]jf cfof]u lgodfjnL @))@ df Joj:yf ul/Psf 5g\ .

8 rf}wf}+ of]hgf -cfly{s jif{ @)&#÷&$–@)&%÷&^_n] cfly{s ¿kdf ljkG g nf]kf]Gd'v / ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfo / ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx¿sf] lzIffdf kx'Fr ;'lgZ lrt ug]{ /0fgLlt lnPsf] 5 . o;sf] nflu ljleG g cf7j6f sfo{gLltx¿nfO{ cl3 ;f/]sf] 5 -/f=of]=cf=, @)&#_ .

9 g]kfn ;/sf/sf] @)&#÷&$sf] gLltsf] a'Fbf g+= &^ df ;d]t blnt tyf l;dfGts[t ;d'bfosf afnaflnsfsf] nflu ;a} txsf] lzIff lgMz'Ns agfOg] gLlt pNn]v 5 -k|= d=tyf d=k=sf=, @)&#_ .

10 pbfx/0fsf] nflu /fli6«o lzIff cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg–@)!@, ;jf{lË0f /fli6«o lzIff ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bg–@)!*, /fli6«o lzIff k4lt of]hgfsf] k|ltj]bg–@)@*, zfxL pRr lzIff cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg–@)$), /fli6«o lzIff cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg–@)$(, pRr:tl/o /fli6«o lzIff cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg–@)%%, ljBfno lzIffsf] k|:tfljt sfo{gLlt / sfof{Gjogsf] cjwf/0ffkq–@)%* cflb .

11 pRr:t/Lo /fli6«o lzIff cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg–@)%% df blnt zAb g} pNn]v u/L ltgnfO{ lgMz'Ns kf7\ok':ts, ljBfno kf];fs, 5fqj[lQ / vfhf lbg' kg]{, blnt ;d"xsf nflu 5'jf5't lj/f]wL cleofg ;~rfng ug{' kg]{, SofDk;lkR5] blnt lzIff sf]ifsf] Joj:yf ug]{, blntsf k/Dk/fut ;Lksf] ;+/If0f ug{ Joj;flos tflndsf] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{, blnt ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ sdfpFb} l;Sb} ug]{ art sf]ifsf] Joj:yf ug{'kg]{ h:tf ljleG g gLltut l;kmfl/;x¿ ul/Psf lyP .

157

To:t} lzIffsf] ljsf;sf] nflu g]kfn ;/sf/n] ljleG g ;dodf ljleG g /fli6«o of]hgfx¿ nfu" ug]{ u/]sf] 5 . oL ;a} lzIff of]hgfx¿df blnt lzIffsf] nflu ;d]t sfo{qmdx¿ ;dfj]z ug]{ ul/Psf 5g\ . /fli6«o lzIff k|0ffnL of]hgf -;g\ !(&!–!(&^_n] ljz]if u/L b'u{d lhNnfsf blnt afnaflnsfsf nflu k|fylds txdf ;a} kf7\ok':ts lgMz'Ns pknAw u/fpg'sf ;fy} k|fyldsb]lv pRr lzIff;Dd lk5l8Psf If]q / blnt ;d'bfosf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ 5fqj[lQsf] Joj:yf ;d]t u/]sf] lyof] . cfwf/e"t tyf k|fylds lzIff u'¿ of]hgf -;g\ !((&–@))@_ n] b'u{d If]q, 5fqf, pTkLl8t / blnth:tf ljz]if nlIft ;d"xsf nflu 5fqj[lQsf] /sd / ;+Vofdf ;'wf/ ug{ vf]h]sf] lyof] . ;a}sf] nflu lzIff of]hgf -;g\ @))$–@))(_ n] blnt a:tL ePsf If]qx¿df afnaflnsfsf] PsLs[t ljsf;sf nflu k"j{ afnlzIff / ljsf; s]G› :yfkgf ug]{ / blnt afnaflnsfsf cleefjsnfO{ lzIffsf k|ToIf / ck|ToIf z'Ns Go"gLs/0f u/L ;xof]u k' ¥ofPsf] lyof] . ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ of]hgf -;g\ @))(–@)!%_ blnt nufot cfly{s ¿kn] sdhf]/ ;d'bfosf afnaflnsfx¿sf] lzIff If]qdf sdhf]/ ;xeflutf klxrfg ub}{ pgLx¿sf] ;xeflutf / ;kmntfsf nflu lgMz'Ns lzIff ;'lglZrt ug{df s]Gb|Lt lyof] . ;+j}wflgs, sfg"gL Joj:yf, gLlt, sfo{qmdx¿ ah]6dfkm{t sfof{Gjog eO/x]sf 5g\ . sfof{Gjog ul/Psf s]xL sfo{qmd cfd hgtfsf nflu ;dfg ¿kdf nfebfoL b]lvPsf 5g\, hasL cGo sfo{qmd eg] lglZlrt ;d'bfo / ;d'bfonfO{ nlIft ul/Psf 5g\ . cfly{s jif{ @)&#÷&$ sf] ah]6df ;d]t ;j{;'ne / u'0f:t/Lo lzIff lagf ;dtf, ;b\efj, ;';+:s[lt / ;Eotfsf] ;d"lrt ljsf; ;Dej gx'g] tYonfO{ Åbo+ud u/L blnt ;d'bfosf] lzIffsf] lgldQ ljleGg Joj:yfx¿ u/]sf] 512 .

;a}nfO{ lzIff lbg] gLlt xf], ;a} blntnfO{ s;/L lzIff k' ¥ofpg] eGg] s'/f /0fgLlt xf] / s] s] sfo{qmddfkm{t\ ;a} blntdf k'Ug] eG g] rflxF sfo{gLlt xf] -sf]O/fnf, @)&@_ . t/ blntsf] lzIffsf] nflu ;/sf/;Fu ljz]if gLltx¿sf] cefj 5 . ;/sf/n] blnt ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ cGo ;d'bfosf] ljBfyL{x¿;Fu} Pp6} 8fnf]df /fv]/ z'Ns dfkm ul/lbg], 5fqj[lQ lbg], sf]6f pknJw u/fpg], C0f ;'ljwf lbg], kf7\ok':ts lbg], vfhf lbg] / ljBfno kf];fs lbg]h:tf sfo{x¿ ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . oL ;/sf/L gLlt geP/ sfo{gLltx¿ dfq x'g\ . oL sfo{gLltx¿n] s]xL ;sf/fTds glthf ;d]t k|fKt u/]sf 5g\ h:t} – 5fqj[lQn] blnt afnaflnsfnfO{ k9fO{df k|f]T;flxt u/]sf] 5, sf]6f k|0ffnLn] blntsf] kx'Fr a9fPsf] 5, C0f ;'ljwfn] s]xL blntn] k9\g] yk cj;/ kfPsf 5g\, vfhf / ljBfno kf];fsn] ljkG gx¿nfO{ ;3fPsf] 5 / kf7\ok':ts lbgfn] blnt afnaflnsf nfeflGjt ePsf 5g\ . t/ oL sfo{gLltx¿sf s]xL

12 cfly{s jif{ @)&#÷&$sf] ah]6n] sf7df8f}+sf] ljh]Zj/Ldf blnt 5fqfjf;sf] ¿kdf cjl:yt ;dfh ljsf; 5fqfjf;nfO{ cTofw'lgs / ;'ljwf ;DkGg agfOg], cfwf/e"t lzIffnfO{ clgjfo{ / lgMz'Ns agfpg], dfWolds lzIffnfO{ qmdzM clgjfo{ tyf lgMz'Ns agfOg], cfwf/e"t lzIffsf] ;'lglZrt, lg/Gt/tf / l;sfO pknlAwdf ;'wf/ Nofpg nlIft ju{, If]q / ljkGg ;d"xsf afnaflnsfnfO{ k|f]T;fxgd"ns ;'ljwf PsLs[t ¿kdf pknAw u/fpg], blnt tyf nf]kf]Gd'v ;d'bfosf afnaflnsfnfO{ ;a} ljifodf pRrlzIff lgMz'Ns x'g] Joj:yf ldnfpg], o; k|of]hgsf nflu pTk|]/0ff 5fqj[lQ sfo{qmd ;~rfng x'g], afbL, x'lnof, uGwj{, d';x/, 8f]d, rdf/ nufot clt ;LdfGts[t ;d"xsf afnaflnsfnfO{ ljBfno 5gf]6 u/L k9\g kfpg] cj;/ pknAw u/fpg] / blnt tyf nf]kf]Gd'v ;d'bfosf sIff !) df cWoog/t 5fqfx¿sf nflu ;f}o{ pmhf{df cfwfl/t @% xhf/ ;f}o{ 6'sL pknAw u/fpg] h:tf Joj:yfx¿ ePsf 5g\ .

158

k|lqmofut q'6Lx¿ ;d]t /x]sf 5g\ h:t}– 5fqj[lQsf] /sd b'¿kof]u ePsf], kf];fssf] /sd /sdfGt/ ul/Psf], sd;n vfhf lbOPsf], C0f lkmtf{ x'g g;s]sf] cflb .

ljz]if u/L ljBfnodf blnt afnaflnsfsf] kx'Frdf ;'wf/ ug{ ;/sf/n] 5fqj[lQsf pkfodfly a9L Wofg s]Gb|Lt u/]sf] 5 . ;g\ !(($ b]lv g]kfn ;/sf/n] s]xL lglZrt lhNnfsf k|fylds ljBfnodf blntsf nflu jflif{s ¿= $)) sf b/n] 5fqj[lQ ljt/0f ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . ;/sf/n] 5fqj[lQ sfo{qmdaf6 blnt ;d'bfosf] egf{b/df j[l4 x'g'sf ;fy} aLr}df ljBfno 5f]8\g] b/ klg 36]sf] bfaL k|:t't u/]sf] 5 . t/ blnt 5fqj[lQx¿ ljBfnosf] k|ToIf vr{ / z'Ns ltg{sf nflu kof{Kt 5}gg\ . ckof{Kt 5fqj[lQ ;+Vof, :ki6 / kf/bzL{ ljt/0fsf] cefj, 5fqj[lQ / k|f]T;fxg eQf -;dtfdf cfwfl/t b[li6sf]0f_ ljt/0fdf /fhgLlts x:tIf]k h:tf ljljw k|zf;lgs r'gf}tL /x]sf] cj:yfdf 5fqj[lQ ljt/0f cfkm}df ;d:ofu|:t 5 . oL ;Dk"0f{ sf/0fn] lzIffsf] kx'Fr k|jb{\wgdf 5fqj[lQ Jojxfl/s ¿kdf ck|efjsf/L ePsf] 5 -DoE,

2010_ .

blntnfO{ s;/L a'‰g]< pgLx¿sf ;d:of s;/L klxNofpg]< pgLx¿sf ;d:ofx¿sf] lzIfs Pjd\ ljBfyL{ :t/Lo ;dfwfg s] x'g]< ltgsf] sfof{Gjog eof] ePg egL s;n] x]g]{< o:tf s'/fx¿sf] ;f]emf] pQ/ ;/sf/L gLltx¿df 5}gg\ . o;f] gx'Fbf blnt;Fu 6fFl;Psf k|d'v d'2f g} p7]sf] b]lvG g . ;/sf/n] lzIffnosf] k|of;åf/f hftLo 5'jf5'tsf] cGTo, blnt ;Lkx¿sf] ;+/If0f / cfw'lgsLs/0f, blnt cleefjssf] cfly{s ;anLs/0f, blnt lzIfssf] clgjfo{ Joj:yf, blnt lzIffsf nflu lk|mh gx'g] sf]ifsf] Joj:yf, blnt 1fg / ;Lkx¿sf] k|fl1s/0f / lzIffnodf ltgsf] k7gkf7gsf nflu gLltx¿ cl3 ;fg{ ;s]sf] 5}g h;n] ubf{ blnt lzIffdf gLltut vf8n ljBdfg /x]sf] 5 . o;afx]s ljBfno 5f8]sf, 5f]8\g] ;Defjgf ePsf / s'g} txsf] k9fO k"/f u/L /f]huf/Lsf nflu ef}tfl/Psf blntx¿nfO{ s] ug]{ eG g] s'/fsf] klg gLltut Joj:yf e]l6Fb}g . blnt lzIffsf] nflu kof{Kt 5fqj[lQsf] Joj:yf, cfly{s kf/blz{tf / cleefjssf] cfoj[l4 sfo{qmd cfhsf] k|d'v cfjZostf xf] t/ ;/sf/n] o;tkm{ vf; s]xL gLlt NofOPsf] 5}g . ;/sf/;Fu k|ltj4tfsf] cefj /x]sf] 5 . o;k|sf/ ;/sf/n] blnt lzIffsf nflu ljleG g sfo{x¿ ub}{ cfPtf klg ;/sf/sf] sfd u/fO{df klg ljleG g sdhf]/Lx¿ ljBdfg /x]sf 5g\ h:t}–

• blnt lzIffsf nflu tof/ ul/Psf ;/sf/L gLltx¿ cGo ;d'bfosf a'l4hLjLx¿sf] ;xeflutfdf g} aG g] u/]sf] 5 . cGo ;d'bfosf gLlt lgdf{tfx¿ aflx/L ¿kdf ;sf/fTds b]lvg] sf]l;; u/] klg pgLx¿sf] dg, dl:tis, /ut / ;f]rdf leh]sf] hftLotfn] ubf{ pgLx¿n] blnt ;d'bfosf] nflu lgdf{0f u/]sf gLltx¿ kIfkftk"0f{ x'g] u/]sf 5g\ . blntsf] nflu s:tf] lzIff cfjZos /x]sf] 5 / lzIff If]qdf pgLx¿sf] ;d:ofsf] h/f s] xf] eG g] oyfy{ cGo ;d'bfosf eGbf blnt ;d'bfosf a'l4hLjLnfO{ g} a9\tf 1fg x'G5 t/ ;/sf/n] lzIffsf] gLlt lgdf{0f / sfof{Gjogsf] k|lqmofdf blnt j'l4hLjLx¿nfO{ ;+nUg ug{ lxlRsRofPsf] cj:yf /x]sf] 5 .

159

• g]kfnsf ax';+Vos blntx¿ u|fdL0f If]qdf a;f]af; ub{5g\ . g]kfnsf k|foM blnt a:tLx¿ d'Vo u|fdL0f a:tLeGbf klg cnUu} /xg] u/]sf] 5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf ;/sf/n] g t blnt a:tLx¿df ljBfno :yfkgf g} ug{ ;s]sf] 5 g ePsf u|fdL0f ljBfnox¿sf] ef}lts k"jf{wf/df g} ;'wf/ Nofpg ;s]sf] 5 . blnt ljBfyL{x¿n] k9\g] ;/sf/L ljBfnox¿df ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] sdL /x]sf] cj:yf 5 .

• zx/L If]qdf blntn] ef]Ug'kg]{ 5'jf5'tsf] ;d:ofdf s]xL sdL cfP klg u|fdL0f If]qdf o;df cem} ;'wf/ b]V g ;lsPsf] 5}g . slt;Dd eg] ;dfhsf lzlIft JolQmx¿sf] ;f]rdf ;d]t o:tf] 5'jf5't / lje]b ljBdfg /x]sf] 5 . o:tf k|ToIf÷ck|ToIf 5'jf5'tsf] ;d:ofn] ubf{ blnt ljBfyL{x¿ ljBfno aflx/ /xb} cfPsf 5g\ . ;/sf/n] z}lIfs If]qdf ljBdfg o:tf] 5'jf5'tnfO{ sd ug{ s'g} k|efjsf/L sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g .

• blnt ;d'bfodf cem} lzIffsf] dxTjsf] af/]df hgr]tgfsf] cefj /x]sf] 5 . ;/sf/n] blnt ;d'bfonfO{ pgLx¿sf] cfly{s / ;fdflhs ljsf;sf] nflu lzIffsf] cxd\ dxTj 5 eG g] s'/f a'emfpg ;s]sf] 5}g . blntx¿df pgLx¿sf] cfly{s–;fdflhs ljsf;sf] nflu lzIffsf] dxTj 5 eG g] hgr]tgfsf] cefj cem} /x]sf] 5 .

!)= blntsf] lzIffsf] nflu casf] sfo{;"rL

lzIffsf] cfˆg} d"Nox¿ 5g\ . o:tf d"Nox¿ lagfsf] lzIff, lzIff x'g ;Sb}g . s'g} klg JolQm lzlIft t x'g ;S5g\ t/ lzIffsf] d"NonfO{ cfTd;ft ug{ ;s]gg\ eg] pgLx¿sf] cj:yf clzlIft JolQmx¿eGbf tNnf] /xG5 . cfhsf] cj:yfdf lzIffsf] d"No eG gfn] Goflos ;dtf, g}ltstf, k|ultzLntf, j}1flgs lrGtg, kf/:kl/s cfb/ / s[t1tf, ;dfhjfb, wd{lg/k]Iftf / k|hftflGqs l;åfGt cflbnfO{ hgfpF5 . cfhef]ln lzlIft ju{ klg b'O{ v]dfdf ljeflht b]lvG5g\ . Psn] lzIffsf d"Nox¿nfO{ u|x0f u/L ;dfhdf /x]sf ;d:ofx¿sf] xn lgsfNg]lt/ cfˆgf] Wofg s]Gb|Lt u/]sf 5g\ eg] csf]{tkm{ cGo lzlIft egfpFbfx¿n] lzIffsf d"Nox¿nfO{ u|x0f ug{ g;s]sf sf/0f pgLx¿ ;dfhdf /x]sf ;d:of cem aNemfpg / ;dfhdf åGåsf] l;h{gf ug{lt/ nflu k/]sf 5g\ .

dfly pNn]lvt b'a} ;d"xsf JolQmx¿df s] ;dfgtf 5 eg] b'a} lzlIft ju{ x'g\ t/ Psn] k|fKt 1fgnfO{ ;xL ¿kdf pkof]u ug{ ;Ifd 5g\ eg] csf]{n] k|fKt 1fgnfO{ dgf]slNkt / b]vfj6L d'No;Fu hf]8]/ ;dfhnfO{ u'd/fxdf /fV glt/ s]Gb|Lt 5g\ . klxnf] k|sf/sf] lzIffn] cfˆgf uNtLx¿nfO{ :jLsfg]{, uNtL ug]{x¿nfO{ Ifdfbfg lbg] / ;w} Gofo / ;dfgtfsf] kIfdf pleg] xfd|f] Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ub{5 eg] csf]{ vfnsf] lzIffn] Pp6f s'/f eG g] t/ csf]{ ug{ l;sfpF5 ;fy} o:tf] lzIffn] ;dfhdf Ps csf]{ ;d'bfox¿aLr 3[0ffsf] jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug{ / kf}/fl0fs Pjd\ dgf]slNkt lj1fgsf] cfwf/df j}1flgs cjwf/0ff / ljrf/x¿nfO{ v08g u/L ;dfhdf e|dsf] l;h{gf ug{ l;sfpF5 . To;sf/0f blntsf] nflu klxnf] k|sf/sf] lzIff pko'Qm lzIff xf], h;n] ;dfhdf ;sf/fTds ;f]rsf] ljsf; ug{ ;S5 . o:tf] lzIffn] blntx¿nfO{ ;fIf/dfq agfpFb}g jf:tljs lzIffsf] af6f]df cl3 a9fpF5 . o:tf] lzIff k|flKtsf] nflu eljiodf slDtdf klg s]xL sfo{;"rLx¿nfO{ cl3 a9fpg ;lsG5 h:t}M

160

• ef/tdf 8f= eLd/fj cDa]8s/, dxfTdf km'n], k]l/of/h:tf blnt ljåfg Pjd\ ;dfh ;'wf/sx¿n] blnt ;d'bfodf ;fdflhs / /fhg}lts r]tgfsf ;fy} lzIffsf] dxTjaf/] r]tgf km}nfPsf lyP . 8f= cDj]8s/n] t blntsf] pTyfg / ljsf;sf] nflu tLgj6f l;åfGt– lzIff, ;Fu7g / ;+3if{sf] gf/fnfO{ g} cl3 ;f/]sf lyP (Rao, 1990) . t/, g]kfndf s'g} klg blnt ljåfgx¿ / g]t[Tjn] blnt ;d'bfodf lzIffsf] ljsf;sf] nflu 7f]; of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf]] b]lvFb}g . g]kfndf k9]sf blntn] cfkm"nfO{ blnt egfpg rfxFb}gg\ / k9]kl5 w/ftn 5f8\g} kg]{ dfgl;stf /fVb5g\ . o;f] gePsf] eP k|To]s k9]n]v]sf blntx¿sf] a:tLdf blnt ;fd'bflos ljBfnox¿ x'Gy] -sf]O/fnf, @)^$_ . To;sf/0f lzlIft / cfly{s ¿kdf ;DkG g blntx¿n] cfly{s ¿kn] sdhf]/ / lg/If/tfsf] df/df lklN;Psf blntx¿sf] lzIffsf] nflu cf–cfˆgf] If]qaf6 clgjfo{ ¿kdf of]ubfg k'¥ofpg' clxn]sf] k|d'v cfjZostf xf] .

• cem};Dd klg cfˆgf afnaRrfnfO{ ljBfno k7fpg'kb{5 eG g] r]tgf blnt ;d'bfodf cfO;s]sf] 5}g . cem} klg s]xL blnt cleefjsx¿ cfˆgf] aRrfnfO{ ljBfno k7fP/ lzlIft agfpg] eGbf s;/L b}lgs u'hf/fsf] nflu cfDbfgL ug{ ;lsG5 eG g]tkm{ s]Gb|Lt 5g\ . To;sf cltl/Qm aRrfx¿nfO{ :j:y agfpg], ;kmf;'U3/ x'g l;sfpg] sfd ;f]r] h:tf] u/L blnt ;d'bfodf x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . cfˆgf] aRrfnfO{ ljBfno k7fP/ vr{ ug{'eGbf sfd u/fP/ k};f sdfpg], afn dhb'/ agfpg], xlnof agfpg] h:tf Jojxf/x¿ cem} ljBdfg /x]sf 5g\ . o:tf] cj:yfnfO{ lrg{ ;/sf/L, lghL tyf u}/;/sf/L If]qn] blnt ;d'bfonfO{ lzIffsf] dxTjaf/] a'emfpgsf] ;lqmo e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{'kb{5 .

• g]kfnL ljBfno / ToxfF b]lvg] alxisf/ / lje]b jf:tjdf g]kfnL ;dfh s} laDa xf] . P]ltxfl;s tyf /fhg}lts–cfly{s sf/0fn] g]kfndf l;h{gf ePsf ljljw c;dfgtf, txLs[t ¿k jf pFrgLrdo k/Dk/f, oxfFsf 3/flgofFx¿df kfOg] pRrjf]wtfsf] cfefif / o;sf] kl/0ffd aG g uPsf] leq / aflx/ cyjf xfdL / c¿sf] cjwf/0ff / tL aLrsf] ;fdflhs b"/L cflbsf] Pp6f laDa g]kfnL ljBfnox¿ x'g\ . P]ltxfl;s sfnb]lv g} lzIff alx:sf/L / lje]bsf/L /lxcfPcg'¿k g} g]kfnL blntx¿ z}lIfs tyf c¿ cj;/x¿af6 ;w} al~rt /x] . cfw'lgs g]kfnL ljBfno–k|0ffnLn] cem} o;} k/Dk/fnfO{ sfod /fVb} cfPsf] 5 . o; k/Dk/fnfO{ k|xf/ ug{ o; lj¿4 ljBfno kl/jf/, ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L If]qsf ;fy} ;d'bfoaf6 k|v/ cleofgsf] yfngL l9nf] gu/L ;~rfng x'g' h¿/L 5 .

• s8f ;+3if{ ub}{ s'g} blntn] cf}krfl/s lzIff xfl;n ug{ ;Ifd x'Fbf sdhf]/ cfly{s cj:yf ePsf pgsf cleefjssdf ca 5f]/f÷5f]/Ln] hflu/ vfg], b'O{ k};f sdfP/ cfkm"nfO{ ;3fpg] eG g] cfzf /x]sf] x'G5 . t/ k9fO{kZ rft\ klg ;/sf/L jf lghL If]qsf] /f]huf/L blntx¿n] k|j]z kfpg ;Sb}gg\ . pRr lzIff xfl;n u/]sf ;aeGbf a9L ;+Vofdf blntx¿ g} a]/f]huf/ 5g\ . sltko blntx¿ cWoog kl5 klg a]/f]huf/L ;d:ofn] ubf{ hLljsf]kfh{gsf nflu k/Dk/fut k]zf ug{ afWo 5g\ . To;}n] k9]n]v]sf JolQmx¿af6 lzIff cfh{g ug{ k|f]T;fxg gkfpFbf c¿ cleefjsn] afnaRrf ljBfno k7fpFb}gg\ . cflv/ hlt k9fP klg ToxL kmnfd s'6\g], n'uf l;nfpg], h'Qf agfpg] sfd ug]{ xf] eg] lsg k9\g] eG g] s'/fn] blnt ;d'bfosf] dgdf 8]/f hdfPsf] kfOG5 .

161

To;}n] lzIffsf] dxTj a'emfP/ dfq x'Fb}g, lzIffsf] dxTj / ;fGble{stfnfO{ arfpg ;/sf/n] lzIffnfO{ pTkfbgd"ns /f]huf/L;Fu hf]8\g ljleG g sfo{qmdx¿ h:t} blnt ;Lksf] pBdLs/0f, blnt o'jfnfO{ /f]huf/Lsf] ;'lglZrttf, blntx¿nfO{ k|fjlws÷Jofj;flos tflnd cflb ;~rfng ug{' cfjZos 5 .

lgisif{

lzIff Ps ax'cfoflds ljZ j–b[li6sf]0f / k|rlnt cEof; xf] . o;nfO{ /fHosf] bfloTj / gful/ssf] clwsf/ b'j} ¿kn] a'‰g' h¿/L b]lvG5 . k/lge{/ cy{tGq / ax'n ;dfhsf] bf];fFwdf /x]sf] g]kfnsf] lzIff k|0ffnLdf blnt ;d'bfosf cfˆg} ljlzi6 d'2fx¿ /x]sf 5g\, h;nfO{ gh/ cGbfh u/]/ casf] gofF g]kfnsf] eljio k|i6 x'g ;Sb}g . ;fdflhs Gofosf] Ps dxTjk"0f{ tTjsf ¿kdf lzIffsf] kx'FrnfO{ dfG g] xf] eg] of] cfw'lgsLs/0f / ljsf;sf] k|:yfg laGb' klg xf] . blntsf] nflu lzIff ;fdflhs kl/jt{gsf] d"ne"t sf/s / pgLx¿sf] ;fdflhs d'lQm Pjd\ cfly{s ljsf;sf] nflu Ps dfq cfwf/ xf] . /fi6« lgdf{0f k|lqmofdf blntx¿sf] ;d]t ;lqmo of]ubfg / ;DefjgfnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{ lzIffdf pgLx¿sf] Gofok"0f{ ;xeflutf lgtfGt h¿/L 5 . blnt lzIffsf] nflu clxn];Ddsf] ;/sf/L k|of; ;f+s]lts ;xof]u dfq x'g\ . blnt lzIffsf] nflu blnt ;d'bfo, blnt ;+3;+:yf Pjd\ ;/sf/n] ljz]if of]hgf nfu" ug{' kb{5 . ;du|df eGbf pko'Qm, j}1flgs / u'0f:t/Lo lzIffn] g} ztfJbLcf}+ b]lv plTk8gdf k|tflk8 blntx¿sf] d'lQm ug{ ;S5 . lgM;Gb]x of] blnt ;d'bfosf] dfq} jf blnt cfGbf]ngsf] dfq} d'2f geP/ ;du| g]kfnL ;dfhsf] ;femf d'2f klg xf] / x'g'k5{ .

;Gbe{ ;fdfu|Lx¿

• Bhattachan Krishna B., Tej Sunar and Yasso Kanti B. Gauchan (2008). Caste-based Discrimination in South Asia: A Study in Nepal. New Delhi: Indian Institute of Dalit Studies.

• Bhattachan, Krishna B., Kamala Hemchuri, Yogendra Bahadur Gurung and Chakra Man Bishwokarma (2003). Existing Practices of Caste-Based Untouchability and Strategy for a Campaign for its Elimination. Kathmandu: Action Aid Nepal.

• Bishwokarma, Dhurba Raj (2010). Caste-based Discrimination in School: A Study of Dalits in Ramechhap. An unpublished dissertation submitted to the Kathmandu University, in partial fullfillment of requirements for the Master degree in Education.

• Central Bureau of Statistics (2011A). National Population and Housing Census, 2011. Kathamdu: CBS.

• Central Bureau of Statistics (2011B). Nepal Living Standard Survey 2010/11. Kathmandu: CBS

• Central Department of Sociology/Anthropology (2014A). Poverty and Exclusion in Nepal: Further Analysis of Recent Survey and Census. Kathamandu: Central Department of Sociology/Anthropology, Tribhuvan University.

162

• Central Department of Sociology/Anthropology (2014B). Nepal Social Inclusion Survey 2012: Caste, Ethnic and Gender Dimensions of Socio-economic Development. Kathmandu: CDSA, Tribhuban University.

• Chitrakar, Roshan (2009). Overcoming Barriers to GirlsÚ Education in South Asia Deeping the Analysis. Kathmandu: UNICEF Regional Office for South Asia (ROSA).

• Department of Education (2010). A Study of Scholarship Management and its Effectiveness in Terms of Enrolment and Retention. Bhaktapur: DoE.

• Department of Education (2011). Flash I Report 2068 (2011-12). Bhaktapur: DoE. • Department of Education (2012). A Study on out of School Children and Verification of

Data. Bhaktapur: DoE.• Education Review Office (2015). National Assessment of Student Achievement: A

Glimpse of Result 2015. Bhaktapur: ERO.• Koirala, Bidhyanath (1996). Schooling and Dalits of Nepal: A case Study of Bungkot

Dalit Community. An unpublished thesis submitted to the University of Alberta, Canada, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctor or Philosophy in Education.

• Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs (2015). The Constitution of Nepal. Kathmandu: Law Books Management Board.

• Rao, C.N. Shankar (1990). Sociology: Principles of Sociology with an Introduction to Social Thought. New Delhi: S. Chand Publishing.

• Samata Foundation (2015). Nepal: Right to Education for Dalits. Lalitpur: Samata Foundation.

• cy{ dGqfno -@)&#s_ . cfly{s ;e]{If0f, @)&@ . sf7df08f}M cy{ dGqfno .

• cy{ dGqfno -@)&#v_ . cfly{s jif{ @)&#÷&$ sf] ah]6 jQmJo . sf7df08f}M cy{ dGqfno . • sf]O/fnf, k|f= 8f= ljBfgfy -@)^$_ . lzIffdf j}slNks lrGtg . sf7df08f}M u'8ljn k|sfzg .

• sf]O/fnf, k|f=8f= ljBfgfy -@)&@_ . lzIffdf ;f]rfGt/0f . sf7df08f}+M dfOn:6f]g k|sfzg tyf k|;f/0f ln= .

• k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\ sf] sfof{no -@)&#_ . Joj:yflksf–;+;bdf ;DdfggLo /fi6«klt >LdtL ljBfb]jL e08f/LHo"åf/f k|:t't cfly{s jif{ @)&#÷&$ sf] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] gLlt tyf sfo{qmd . sf7df08f}M k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\ sf] sfof{no .

• /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u -@)@&_ . rf}yf] k~raifL{o of]hgf -@)@&–@)#@_ . sf7df08f}+M /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u .

• /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u -@)&#_ . rf}wf}+ of]hgf -cfly{s jif{ @)&#÷&$–@)&%÷&^_ cfwf/–kq . l;+xb/af/, sf7df08f}M /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u .

• ljZjsdf{, tLy{ -@)^#_ . blnt ;d'bfosf] lzIffdf kx'Fr . /fHosf] k'gM;+/rgfdf blnt ;xeflutf . ;Dkfbsx¿ k|f=8f= ljBfgfy sf]O/fnf, /fhg v8\sf / /fh s'df/ a/fn . sf7df08f}M ;Dkfbsx¿ .

163

sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nof°g k|0ffnL

— dfwjs'df/ jfUn]=*

;f/f+z

JolQmutsf] s'g} klg sfd ug]{ tf}/ tl/sf] n]vfhf]vf g} sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nof°g xf] . o;sf] d"n Wo]o sd{rf/Lsf ;'wf/fTds kIfx? klxrfg u/L To;sf] ;'wf/ ug{' xf] . sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nof°g hgzlQm Joj:yfkgsf] gofF cjwf/0ff xf]Og . o; cjlwdf sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nof°gsf w]/} ljlwx? k|rngdf cfPsf 5g\ . lghfdtL ;]jf / lzIfssf] sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nof°g x]bf{ g]kfndf k'/fgf] 9fFrfsf] sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nof°g k4lt 5 eGg ;lsG5 . cfˆgf] ;+u7gnfO{ ;'wf/ ug{ ljZjs} /fd|f dflgPsf sDkgLx?n] jflif{s sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nof°gnfO{ alx:sf/ u/]/ gofF d"Nof°g k4lt cjnDag ul/;s]sf 5g\ . sdhf]/L ;'wf/]/ ;+u7gsf] cfjZostf cg's"n agfpg g;s];Dd sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nof°g k|efjsf/L ePsf] dfGg ;lsFb}g . clxn]sf] g]kfnsf] sfo{;Dkfbg dfkg k|0ffnL lgSs} k'/fgf] / pkof]uljxLg h:t} 5 . ljZjsf] sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nof°g k|0ffnL ?kfGtl/t e};s]sf] 5 xfdLn] k|of]u ul//x]sf sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nof°gsf PsfPs bf]if uGg' eGbf ca o;nfO{ km]g{] a]nf eof] eGbf pko'Qm x'G5 .

*gfoa ;'Aaf, cGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no, eQmk'/ .

ljifo k|j]z

sfdbf/x?sf] sfd ug]{ tf}/tl/sf ;Da4 JolQmut u'0fsf] n]vfhf]vf g} sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍg xf] . sfdbf/ jf sd{rf/Lsf] Ifdtf / p;sf] efjL sfo{;Dkfbgsf] ;Defjgf lgSof}{n ug{sf nflu sfo{;Dkfbgsf] n]vfhf]vf ul/G5 . ;+u7gdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx?sf] lgoldt d"NofÍg ul/Pdf pgLx?n] cfˆgf] :jd"NofÍg ug{], c?;Fu t'ngf u/L sdhf]/L kQf nufpg] / ;'wf/sf] k|oTg ;d]t ug{] x'G5g\ . sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍgaf6 k|fKt glthfnfO{ pgLx?nfO{ lbg] lhDd]jf/LnfO{ lgSof}{n ug{], ;?jf—kb:yfkg ug{], kfl/>lds lgwf{/0f ug{], a9'jf ug{], b08–;hfo tyf sf/jfxL ug{] / ;+u7gaf6 ljbf ug{] ;Ddsf sfo{df pkof]u ug{ ;lsG5 . o;y{ sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍg df}h'bf sfdbf/ jf sd{rf/Ldf /x]sf sdhf]/Lx? x6fP/ pTkfbg a9fpg] / u'0f:t/ ;'wf/ ug{] pkfo xf] . sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍg dfgj ;+zfwg pkof]usf] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ kIf xf] .

164

sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍg (Performance Appraisal) nfO{ sd{rf/L d"NofÍg (Employee Rating), sd{rf/L l;+xfjnf]sg (Personnel Review), k|ult ljj/0f (Progress Report), ;]jf d"NofÍg (Service Rating), Jojxf/ d"NofÍg (Behaviour Assessment), of]Uotf d"NofÍg (Merit Rating), h:tf pkgfdx? klg lbPsf] kfOG5 .

sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍg hgzlQm Joj:yfkgsf] gofF cjwf/0ff xf]Og . o;n] ´08} Ps ztfAbL nfdf] Oltxf; agfO;s]sf] 5 . k|yd ljZjo'4tfsf jfN6/ l8n :sf]6n] cd]l/sL cfdL{df sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍgsf] ;'?jft u/]sf lyP . ;g\ !(%) sf] bzsdf cfOk'Ubf sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍg ljZje/ kl/lrt e};s]sf] lyof] . ;g\ !(^) sf] bzsb]lv sd{rf/LnfO{ p2]Zo / nIo lbP/ sfdsf] d"NofÍg ug{ yflnof] . To;kl5sf] ;dodf sd{rf/Lsf] pTk|]/0ff / ;+nUgtfdf hf]8 lbg yflnof] . ;g\ @))) df cfOk'Ubf sd{rf/Lsf] :jr]tgf, ;~rf/, ;d"x sfo{, åGå Go"gLs/0f, g]t[Tj Ifdtf h:tf s'/fx?nfO{ ;d]t ;dfj]z u/]/ sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍg ug{] ax'cfoflds k4lt ;'? eof] .

sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nof°gsf] dxTj (Importance of Performance Appraisal)

sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍgn] ;+u7gdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lsf ;an kIfsf] phfu/ u/L ;f]xL cg'?ksf] lhDd]jf/L lbP/ ;+u7gn] To;sf] clwstd nfe k|fKt ug{ cj;/ l;h{gf ub{5 . sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍgn] sd{rf/Ldf ePsf sdL sdhf]/L klxrfg u/L sfo{bIftf / lgk"0f{tf a9fpg klg ;xof]u ub{5 . sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍgn] sd{rf/Lsf] jf:tljs sfo{;Dkfbg / p;af6 ck]lIft sfo{;DkfbgaLrsf] vf8nnfO{ phfu/ u5{ . o;n] sd{rf/Lx?sf] s] s:tf] 1fg ;Lk / bIftf xfl;n ug{ s]–s:tf tflnd tyf ljsf; sfo{qmdx? cfjZos 5 egL klxrfg ug{ ;d]t ;3fpF5 . tflndsf ljifoj:t' lgwf{/0f ug{, tflnd nufot sfo{qmd of]hgf tof/ ug{ ;d]t sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍg pkof]uL x'G5 .

sd{rf/LnfO{ lbOg] lhDd]jf/L PsLg ug{, ;?jf ug{, kb:yfkg ug{, a9'jf ug{ sfo{;Dkfbg dfkgn] dfu{ lgb{]z ub{5 . sfo{;Dkfbgsf cfwf/sf sd{rf/LnfO{ s] slt kfl/>lds lbg' k5{ egL lgwf{/0f ug{ ;d]t sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍg cfjZos 5 . kfl/>lds dfq} xf]Og sd{rf/L / sfdbf/sf nflu lbOg] ;]jf, ;'ljwf nufotsf ljifo lgwf{/0f ug{ sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍgn] ;xof]u ub{5 . sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍgn] ;+u7gdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lsf ;d:of, b'Mv, si6, cGofo cflb kIfsf] klxrfg x'G5 . o;n] Joj:yfkg / sd{rf/LaLrsf] ;'dw'/ / 3lgi6 ;DaGw :yfkgf ug{ ;d]t ;3fpF5 .

sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nof°g ljlw (Performance Evaluation Methods)

sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍgsf w]/} ljlwx? k|rngdf /x]sf 5g\ . o:tf ;du| ljlwx?nfO{ k/Dk/fut ljlw / cfw'lgs ljlw egL b'O{ efudf juL{s/0f u/]/ x]g{ ;lsG5 . k/Dk/fut ljlw cGtu{t lgaGwfTds ljlw, k/LIf0f ;"rL ljlw, bafad"ns 5gf}6 ljlw, ;+j]bgzLn 36gf ljlw, t'ngfTds ljlw cflb kb{5g\ . cfw'lgs ljlwdf Jojxf/ lgolGqt d"NofÍg ljlw, p2]Zod'vL ljlw cflb kb{5g\ . clxn] ljleGg ljlwx?nfO{ ldl>t ?kdf k|of]u ug{] u/]s]f kfOG5 .

165

s_ lgaGwfTds ljlw (Essay Method)

of] sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍg ug{] ;a}eGbf ;/n ljlw xf] . o; ljlwdf sd{rf/Lsf] s] s:tf u'0f Pj+ bf]if b]lvG5 eg]/ p;sf] ;'k/Lj]IfsnfO{ lgaGwfTds z}nLdf ljj/0f tof/ ug{ nufOG5 . ;'k/Lj]Ifsn] Ps kIfLo ?kdf tof/ kf/]sf ljj/0fx?sf cfwf/df sd{rf/Lsf] efjgf cg'e"lt nufotsf ljifo k|ltlalDat x'g] u/L sd{rf/Lsf] d"NofÍg ul/G5 . sd{rf/Lsf] JolQmTj, g]t[Tj Ifdtf, kbf]GgtLsf] ;Defjgf, 1fg ;Lk bIftfsf] cfjZostf / b'a{ntf ;'wf/sf pkfo nufotsf ljifodf s]Gb|Lt eP/ d"NofÍg ug{ ;lsG5 .

o; ljlwaf6 sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍdf s'g} hl6n of]hgf / kmf/fd tof/ ul//xg' gkg{] ePsf]n] of] ljlw ;/n x'G5 . sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍgsf] pkof]lutfdf s]Gb|Lt eP/ d"NofÍg ug{ ;lsG5 . o; lsl;dsf] d"NofÍgaf6 lj:t[t hfgsf/L k|fKt x'G5 . d"NofÍgaf6 b]lvPsf ljifo ;xh} ;DalGwt sd{rf/LnfO{ atfP/ sdhf]/L ;'wf/ ug{ ;lsG5 . csf{tkm{, o;sf] d"NofÍgaf6 k|fKt glthfnfO{ t'ngf ug{ ;lsGg . o:tf] d"NofÍgnfO{ j}1flgs d"NofÍg dflgFb}g . o; ljlwn] slt sfd u¥of] eGg'sf] ;§f s'g lsl;dsf] Jojxf/ b]vfof] eGg]df hf]8 lbG5 . ;'k/Lj]Ifssf JolQmut cfsf+Iff / dxTjsf+Iffn] d"NofÍgnfO{ k|efj kfb{5 .

v_ k/LIf0f ;"rL ljlw (Checklist Method)

o; ljlwdf ;'k/Lj]Ifsn] d"NofÍg ug{' kg{] sd{rf/Lsf] sfd;Fu ;DalGwt eP/ k/LIf0f ul/g] ljifox?sf] j:t'ut ;"rL tof/ ub{5g\ . ;'k/Lj]Ifsn] sfo{ :yndf k'u]/ sd{rf/Lsf] j:t'ut ;"rLdf ;"rLs[t u'0fx? 5 jf 5}g eg]/ /]hf nufpF5g\ . k/LIf0f ug{ vf]lhPsf ;a} ljifo j:t'df /]hf nufO;s]kl5 sd{rf/Ln] k|bz{g u/]sf] ;du| Jojxf/sf cfwf/df p;sf] sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍg ul/G5 . of] ljlw lgSs} ;lhnf] / k|rlnt ljlw xf] .

Ps} lsl;dsf sfo{ ug{] sd{rf/Lx? w]/} ePsf] ;+u7gdf of] ljlw k|efjsf/L x'G5 . d"NofÍgstf{ km/s km/s eP klg d"NofÍgstf{sf] JolQmut ?rL / dxTjfsf+Iffn] vf;} k|efj kfb{}g . o; ljlwaf6 d"NofÍg ul/Psf] tYofÍ t'ngfof]Uo x'G5 . km/s km/s sfo{ ug{] sd{rf/LnfO{ km/s km/s ;"rL tof/ ug{' kg{] ePsf]n] of] ljlw em0eml6nf] ;d]t x'G5 . hl6n k|s[ltsf] sfo{ ug{] sd{rf/Lx?sf] d"NofÍgsf] nflu of] ljlw pkof]uL dflgb}g . o; ljlwaf6 ;fdfGo lsl;dsf] sfo{ ug{] sd{rf/Lsf] dfq} sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍg ug{ ;lsG5 .

u_ bafad"ns 5gf}6 ljlw (Forced Choice Method)

o; ljlwdf sfo{;Dkfbg;Fu ;DalGwt ljifodf ljleGg pQ/ ;dfj]z u/L 5gf}6 ;"rL (Choice List) tof/ kfl/G5 . sd{rf/Lsf] sfd;Fu ;DalGwt eP/ ;dfj]z pQ/x? dWo] Ps jf a9L pQ/ clgjfo{ ?kdf 5fGg' kg{] ePsf]n] o; ljlwnfO{ bafad"ns 5gf}6 ljlw elgPsf] xf] . o; ljlwdf s'g pQ/ 5gf}6 ubf{ sd{rf/Ln] a9L c+s kfpF5 eGG]f s'/f yfxf gx'g] ePsf]n] o; ljlwaf6 d"NofÍg ubf{ kIfkft x'g] ;Defjgf x'Fb}g .

166

d"NofÍgstf{sf] kIfkftk"0f{ Jojxf/ sd u/]/ d"NofÍgnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg ;lsG5 . o; ljlwaf6 sd{rf/Lsf af/]df j:t'ut hfgsf/L a9L / ljifout hfgsf/L sd k|fKt x'G5 . of] ljlwnfO{ cK7\of/f] / dx+uf] ljlwsf] ?kdf lng] ul/G5 . o; ljlwsf 5gf}6 ;"rL tof/ ug{ lgSs} bIf d"NofÍgstf{x?sf] cfjZostf kb{5 . ;xL pQ/ hfgsf/Ldf gx'g] / s'g pQ/n] slt c+s ;'/lIft x'g] eGg] hfgsf/L gx'g] ePsf]n] o; ljlwn] d"NofÍg stf{x?nfO{ pT;flxt ug{ ;Sb}g .

3_ ;+j]bgzLn 36gf ljlw (Critical Incident Method)

o; ljlwdf sd{rf/Ln] ;+j]bgzLn cj:yfdf s;/L sfo{;Dkfbg u¥of] / s:tf] Jojxf/ k|bz{g u¥of] eGg] cfwf/df sd{rf/Lsf] d"NofÍg ul/G5 . d"NofÍgsf lglDt ljutsf vf;vf; ;+j]bgzLn 36gfsf] 5gf}6 ul/G5 . vf; jf gfh's ;dodf sfo{;Dkfbg ug{] Ifdtf / k|j[lQ g} ;Dk"0f{ sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍgsf] cfwf/sf ?kdf k|:t't ul/G5 . ;+j]bgzLn cj:yfdf sd{rf/Ln] ljj]szLn eP/ lg0f{o u5{ ub{}g < pTkfbsTj s'g :t/df sfod /fV5 < hfu?stf slt dfqfdf b]lvG5 < hf]lvd slt xb;Dd Joxf]5{ < ;dGjofTds Ifdtf slt b]vfpF5 < h:tf ljifodf s]Gb|Lt eP/ ;'k/Lj]Ifsn] d"NofÍg ub{5 .

of] ljlwn] sd{rf/Lsf] JolQmTj geP/ sfo{;Dkfbg z}nLsf] d"NofÍg ub{5 . sd{rf/LnfO{ p;sf] sfo{;Dkfbg :t/sf] hfgsf/L u/fP/ ;'wf/ ug{ of] ljlw lgSs} pkof]uL dflgG5 . of] ljlwaf6 ul/Psf] d"NofÍg t'ngfof]Uo eg] x'Fb}g . ;+s6sf] ;dodf sd{rf/Låf/f k|blz{t Jojxf/ d"NofÍg ug{' kg{] ePsf]n] of] d"NofÍgnfO{ unt ;dosf] d"NofÍgsf ?kdf klg lng] ul/G5 . s:tf] 36gfnfO{ ;+j]bzLn 36gf dfGg] eGg] lgwf{/0f ug{ klg ;xh x'b}+g .

ª_ :t/ lgwf{/0f ljlw (Rating Scale Method)

of] ljlw lgSs} k|rngdf /x]sf] ljlw xf] . o; ljlwdf sfo{;Dkfbg dfkgsf nflu klxNo} tof/ ul/Psf] kmf/fdsf] k|of]u ul/G5 . sd{rf/Lsf] :t/nfO{ clt pTs[i6, pTs[i6, cf};t jf ;fdfGo, sdhf]/, clt sdhf]/ h:tf ljleGg >]0fLdf juL{s/0f ul/Psf] x'G5 . sd{rf/Lsf Jojxf/ cGtu{t hfu?stf, g]t[Tj Ifdtf, pBdzLntf pT;fx, tgfa÷bafa vKg] Ifdtf, l;h{gzLntf, cg'zf;g, nfut, pTkfbsTj, sfo{ kl/df0f nufotsf tTjx?sf] cfwf/df :t/ lgwf{/0f ul/G5 .

o; ljlwaf6 sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍg ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 . d"NofÍg ug{ cToGt} sd ;dodf w]/} sd{rf/Lsf] d"NofÍg ug{ ;lsG5 . o; ljlwaf6 d"NofÍg u/L k|fKt u/]s]f tYo t'ngfof]Uo x'g'sf ;fy} a'em\g / JofVof ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 . o; ljlwaf6 d"NofÍg ubf{ q'6L x'g] ;Defjgf a9L /xG5 . Ps} lsl;dsf] u'0f ;a} JolQmdf x'Fb}g JolQmut u'0f / k|efjn] d"NofÍgnfO{ k|efj kf/]sf] x'G5 . d"NofÍg ljifout dfq} x'G5 .

167

r_ Jojxf/ lgolGqt d"Nof°g ljlw (Bahaviourally Anchored Ratting Scale, BARS–Method)

of] ljlw ;+j]bgzLn 36gf ljlw (Critical Incident Method) / :t/ lgwf{/0f ljlw (Rating Scale Method) ljlwsf] ldl>t ?k xf] . o; ljlwdf ;+j]gbzLn 36gf sfo{df ;'k/Lj]Ifsåf/f ck]lIft Jojxf/nfO{ hf]8]/ sd{rf/Lsf] d"NofÍg ul/G5 .

sfo{;Dkfbg dfkg ug{ of] ljlw lgSs} pko'Qm dflgG5 . o; ljlwdf bIf JolQmx?af6 sd{rf/Lsf] d"NofÍg ul/g] ePsf]n] d"NofÍg a9L z'4 x'G5 . of] ljlw sd{rf/LnfO{ p;sf] cj:yf af]w u/fP/ ;'wfg{sf nflu a9L k|efjsf/L dflgG5 . of] ljlwn] sfd / sfdbf/ b'j}nfO{ plQs} Vofn u/]/ d"NofÍg ub{5 . cGo ljlwx?sf] t'ngfdf of] ljlw cfw'lgs ljlw dflgG5 t/ o; ljlwaf6 sd{rf/Lsf] d"NofÍg ug{] sfo{ lgSs} hl6n x'G5 . o; ljlwn] p2]Zosf cfwf/df d"NofÍg ug{] s'/fnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ ;Sb}g . sfo{ k|s[lt cg';f/ k|To]s cfofdsf nflu BARS lgdf{0f ug{ s7Lg x'G5 .

5_ t'ngfTds ljlw (Comparison Method)

;dfg lsl;dsf sfo{ ug{] sd{rf/Lx?sf] d"NofÍg ug{ t'ngfTds ljlw pko'Qm x'G5 . ;fgf] ;+u7gdf cyf{t yf]/} sd{rf/L ePsf] cj:yfdf k|efjsf/L x'G5 . t'ngf ug{] ljleGg tl/sf x'g ;S5g\ .

JolQmut qmd lgwf{/0f (Individual Ranking) M d"NofÍgstf{n] sd{rf/Lx?sf] sfo{;Dkfbg :t/nfO{ klxnf], bf];|f], t];|f] u/]/ qmda4 u/L lgwf{/0f u/]/ sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍg ul/G5 . of] ljlw Hofb} ;/n / nfutsf] b[li6n] lgSs} lskmfotL x'G5 . t/ w]/} sd{rf/Lsf] d"NofÍg ug{ of] ljlw pko'Qm x'Fb}g . sfdbf/sf] qmd lgwf{/0f ul/g] ePsf]n] sd{rf/Ldf dgd'6fj jf c;Gt'i6L k}bf x'g] ;Defjgf /xG5 .

;d"xut qmd lgwf{/0f (Group Ranking) M sd{rf/Lsf] JolQmut sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍgsf] ;§f ;d"x ?kdf d"NofÍg ug{ ;d"xut qmd lgwf{/0f ul/G5 . o;/L d"NofÍg ug{ ;j{k|yd d"NofÍg ug{] p2]Zon] sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;d"x lgwf{/0f ug{'k5{ . k|To]s ;d"xsf] sfo{ d"NofÍg ug{'sf] ;§f s'g} Ps ;d"xsf] sfo{;Dkfbg;Fu t'ngf u/]/ ;d"xut ?kdf sfo{;Dkfbg dfkg ul/G5 . ;d"xut ?kdf sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍg ul/g] ePsf]n] JolQmut ?kdf kIfkft x'g] ;Defjgf Go"g /xG5 . of] ljlw sd{rf/Ln] cfˆgf] :t/ ;'wfg{ k]|l/t ug{] ljlwsf ?kdf lrlgG5 .

;xsdL{ t'ngf (Paired Comparison) M of] ljlwdf k|To]s sd{rf/LnfO{ p;sf k|To]s ;xsdL{;Fu t'ngf u/]/ d"NofÍg u/]/ klxnf] / bf];|f] 5'6\ofOG5 . k|To]snfO{ k|To]s;Fu t'ngf u/]/ klxnf] / bf];|f] 5'6\ofO{ ;s]kl5 ;a}eGbf w]/}k6s klxnf] x'g]nfO{ pTs[i6 dflgG5 . slt k6s klxnf] eGg] cfwf/df sd{rf/Lsf] d"NofÍg ul/G5 . o;/L d"NofÍg ubf{ q'6L x'g] ;Defjgf lgSs} sd x'G5 . of] ljlw j}1flgs klg 5 . t/ w]/} sd{rf/L ePsf] ;+u7gdf k|To]snfO{ k|To]s sd{rf/L;Fu t'ngf ug{ sl7g x'G5 . of] ljlwn]

sd{rf/LnfO{ sfo{{;Dkfbg :t/ ;'wf/ ug{ d2t ub{}g .

168

h_ p2]Zod'vL ljlw (Objective Oriented Method)

of] sd{rf/LnfO{ lglZrt ;dofjlw leq k"/f ug{] u/L kl/df0ffTds nIo tf]s]/ sfo{ lbg] / tf]lsPsf] ;dodf nIo k"/f eof] jf ePg eg]/ d"NofÍg ug{] ljlw xf] . o; ljlwdf lqmofsnfk s;/L eP eGg] ljifodf Wofg glbP/ nlIft p2]Zo k"/f eof] jf ePg egL d"NofÍg ul/G5 . of] p2]Zoåf/f pknAwL dfkg ug{] ljlw xf] .

o; ljlwsf] ;'?df ;xefultfd"ns 9+uaf6 sd{rf/Ln] ;'k/Lj]Ifs;Fu a;]/ nIo lgwf{/0f ub{5 . tL nIox? g} sfo{;Dkfbg dNofÍgsf dfkb08sf ?kdf /xG5g\ . nIo xfl;n ug{sf nflu sfo{of]hgf lgdf{0f u/L nfu" ul/G5 . o;/L ;~rfng ul/Psf lqmofsnfkx? nIo xfl;n ug{] lbzfdf 5g\ 5}gg\ dfkg ub{} lqmofsnfk cuf8L a9fOG5 . o; ljlwdf ;'k/Lj]Ifssf] e"ldsf ;'wf/fTds 9+un] nIo xfl;n ug{ ;3fpg' /x]sf] x'G5 . cfjlws k'g/fjnf]sg ub{} sfo{;Dkfbg cfjZos ;'wf/ ul/G5 .

JolQmsf] p2]Zo ;d]t ;dfj]z u/]/ p2]Zo lgwf{/0f ubf{ of] ljlw ;kmn x'G5 . p2]Zosf cfwf/df sfo{;Dkfbg dfkg ug{] of] ljlw j}1flgs 5 . o; ljlwn] ;xeflutfd"ns Joj:yfkgdf hf]8 lbG5 . sd{rf/LnfO{ sfo{:t/ ;'wf/ ug{ ;d]t ;xof]u ug]{ of] ljlw lgSs} k|of]u eO/x]sf] 5 . t/ ;xeflutfd"ns Joj:yfkg gePsf] ;+u7gdf o;/L sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍg ug{ ;lsGg . ;a} JolQmsf JolQmut p2]ZonfO{ ;+u7gsf p2]Zodf ;dfj]z ug{] s'/f cfkm}+df r'gf}tLk"0f{ x'G5 .

k[i7kf]if0f (Feedback)

pQd sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍg k|0ffnLdf /rgfTds k/fdz{åf/f sd{rf/Lsf] sdhf]/L x6fOG5 . sfo{;Dkfbg / ;'wf/sf ;Defjgfsf af/]df k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg ul/G5 . k[i7kf]if0fn] ubf{ sd{rf/Lx?n] cfˆgf] sfo{;Dkfbg s:tf] /Xof] / s]–s] s'/fdf sdhf]/L 5 egL hfgsf/L xfl;n u5{g\ / ;'wf/sf] cj;/ k|fKt ub{5g\ . k[i7kf]if0fn] ;+u7g / sd{rf/L b'j}nfO{ kmfObf k'U5 . sd{rf/Lx?n] sfo{;Dkfbg :t/df ;'wf/ u/L j[lQljsf;sf] cj;/ k|fKt ub{5g\ . ;+u7gn] d"NofÍgsf] glthf cWoog u/L k|lt:kwf{sf ljleGg lsl;dsf /0fgLltx? tof/ ug{ ;Sb5 .

k/Dk/fut cjwf/0ffdf ;'k/Lj]Ifsn] dfq} k[i7kf]if0f ug{] k4lt lyof] . Pshgfsf] dfq} k[i7kf]if0f pko'Qm x'Fb}g egL k[i7kf]ifsx? yKb} hfg] gofF–gofF wf/x? p7\b} cfP . k|To]s kIfsf k[i7kf]ifsnfO{ () l8u|L dfg]/ slt kIfaf6 d"NofÍg–k[i7kf]if0f ul/of] eg]/ x]g{ yflnof] . k[i7kf]ifsx? a9fP/ ;'k/L]j]Ifs / ;dsIfL, dftxt, / cfkm", cfk"lt{stf{, z]o/wgLx?, nufot ;a}nfO{ ;dfj]z ug{] cjwf/0ff ljsf; eof] . t/ s'g s'g k[i7kf]ifssf] s'g qmddf ylkg] eGg] ljifodf ljåfgx?sf km/skm/s dt /x] .

() l8u|L k[i7kf]if0f M ;'k/Lj]Ifsn] dfq} k[i7kf]if0f ug{] k|0ffnL xf] . o;df :jd"NofÍg ;dfj]z x'Fb}g . ;'k/Lj]Ifsn] cfb]z lbG5 / sd{rf/Ln] sdhf]/Lx? ;'wf/ ub{5 .

169

!*) l8u|L k[i7kf]if0f M ;'k/L]j]Ifs / ;dsIfLn] k[i7kf]if0f ug{] k|0ffnL xf] . o;df ;'k/Lj]Ifssf] d"NofÍg ;Fu;Fu} sd{rf/Ln] cfˆgf] d"NofÍg cfkm}+n] u/L ;'wf/sf k|oTgx? ub{5 .

@&) l8u|L k[i7kf]if0f M ;'k/Lj]Ifs / ;dsIfL / dftxtsfn] k[i7kf]if0f ug{] k|0ffnL xf] .

#^) l8u|L k[i7kf]if0f M ;'k/L]j]Ifs / ;dsIfL, dftxt / cfkm}+n] k[i7kf]if0f ug{] k|0ffnL xf] .

%$) l8u|L k[i7kf]if0f M ;'k/L]j]Ifs / ;dsIfL, dftxt, cfkm}+n] / u|fxs jf ;]jfu|fxLn] k[i7kf]if0f ug{] k|0ffnL xf] .

&@) l8u|L k[i7kf]if0f M of] #^) l8u|L k[i7kf]if0fnfO{ g} bf]xf]¥ofpg] k|0ffnL xf] . of] k[i7kf]if0f Ps}k6sdf u/]sf] d"NofÍg dfq} kof{Kt x'Fb}g k6sk6s ug{'k5{ eGg] l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t 5 .

g]kfndf sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nof°gsf] cj:yf

g]kfndf sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍgsf] cj:yf s:tf] 5 eg]/ hfGgsf nflu lghfdtL ;]jf, lzIfssf] sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍgnfO{ gd"gfsf ?kdf lnP/ jt{dfg ljZj;Fu t'ngf u/f}+ .

s_ lghfdtL ;]jfdf sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nof°g

lghfdtL ;]jfdf :t/ lgwf{/0f (Rating Scale) ljlwaf6 sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍg ug{] k4lt /x]sf] 5 . sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍgsf nflu Go"g, ;fdfGo, pQd / cltpQd rf/ :t/df ljefhg u/L d"NofÍg kmf/fd lglb{i6 ul/Psf] 5 . tf]lsPsf] cjlwdf cfk"mn] u/]sf ;a} sfdx¿ 5f]6s/Ldf ;d]6]/ pQm kmf/fd sd{rf/L cfkm}+n] e/L ;"k/Lj]Ifs ;dIf k]z ug{'kg{] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{;Dkfbg s"n rfln; c+sdf dfkg ug{] k4lt /x]sf] 5 . h;dWo] ;Dkflbt sfdsf] ;du| kl/df0f, nfut, ;do, u'0fsf cfwf/df hDdf @% c+s cyf{t\ d"NofÍgsf] ^@=% k|ltzt ef/ ;'k/Lj]Ifsdf /xG5 . k'g/fjnf]sgstf{;Fu @% k|ltzt / k'g/fjnf]sg ;ldlt;Fu !@=% k|ltzt d"NofÍgsf] ef/ /flvPsf] 5 .

/fhkqflÍt k|yd >]0fLsf lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿sf] d"NofÍgsf nflu gLlt ljZn]if0f ug{] Ifdtf, 5nkmn tyf jftf{ ug]{ Ifdtf, ljj]ssf] k|of]u, lg0f{o ug]{ Ifdtf / d"NofÍg, g]t[Tj / ;+u7gfTds Ifdtf, k]zfut ;+j]bgzLntf, Odfgbfl/tf, uf]kgLotf cflbnfO{ d"NofÍgsf] cfwf/ agfOPsf] 5 . /fhkqflÍt låtLo / t[tLo >]0fLsf lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] d"NofÍgsf nflu ljifoj:t'sf] 1fg / ;Lk, ljj]ssf] k|of]u, lg0f{o ug]{ Ifdtf, sfo{ rfk axg ug]{ Ifdtf, ;[hgzLntf / cu|;/tf, >f]t ;fwgsf] k|efjsf/L pkof]u k]zfut ;+j]bgzLntf, uf]kgLotf / dof{bf cflbnfO{ d"NofÍgsf] cfwf/ agfOPsf] 5 . /fhkq cglÍt sd{rf/Lsf] d"NofÍgsf nflu ljifoj:t'sf] 1fg / ;Lk, uf]kgLotf /fVg ;Sg] Ifdtf, lgb]{zg cg';f/ sfd

170

ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf, pkl:ylt, ;dokfngf / cg'zf;g, Odfgbfl/tf / g}ltstf cflb ljifonfO{ d"NofÍgsf cfwf/sf ?kdf /flvPsf] 5 . >]0fL laxLg sd{rf/Lsf] d"NofÍgsf] cfwf/ ljifoj:t'sf] 1fg / ;Lk, lgb]{zfg';f/ sfd ug]{ Ifdtf, sfddf ?rL, pT;fx, cf1fkfng / cg'zf;g, ;hutf / zL3|tf /flvPsf] b]lvG5 .

sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍgafkt ;'kl/j]Ifs jf k'g/fjnf]sgstf{n] (% k|ltzteGbf a9L jf &% k|ltzteGbf sd c+s k|bfg u/]sf]df ;f]sf] :ki6 cf}lrTok"0f{ sf/0f v'nfpg'kg{] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .

ljbf :jLs[t gu/fO{ jf ljbfsf] cfj]bg glbO nuftf/ tL; lbg eGbf a9L cg'kl:yt ePsf] jf gl;xt kfPsf] jf u|]8 /f]Ssf jf a9'jf /f]Ssfsf] ;hfo kfPsf] jf 5 dlxgfleq k]ZsL km5\of}{6 gu/fPsf] jf jif{e/L krf; k|ltzt nIo k"/f ug{ g;s]] jf cg'zf;gxLg sfd u/]sf] k|df0f ePdf jf Dofb leq cw{jflif{s sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍg kmf/fd geg]{ jf Dofb leq jflif{s tyf cw{jflif{s sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍg gug]{ sd{rf/LnfO{ a9Ldf pQd :t/sf] cÍ lbg ;lsg] k|fjwfg 5 .

sfo{;Dkfbg dfkgsf] cfwf/ o; k|sf/ /x]s]f 5 .

• tf]lsPsf] ;do / ;f] eGbf cufj} sfo{ ;DkGg ePdf – clt pQd —c+++s *)Ü b]lv !))Ü ;Dd• s'n sfddWo] *%Ü sfd tf]lsPsf] ;dodf ;DkGg u/]df– pQd — c+s ^%Ü b]lv &(=((Ü ;Dd• s'n sfddWo] &)Ü sfd tf]lsPsf] ;dodf ;DkGg u/]df– ;fdfGo — c+s %)Ü b]lv ^$=((Ü ;Dd • s'n sfddWo] &)Ü eGbf sd sfd tf]lsPsf] ;dodf ;DkGg u/]– Go"g—c+s %)Ü eGbf sd

lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;'k/Lj]Ifs / k'g/fjnf]sg stf{sf] d"Nof°g

sfo{;Dkfbgsf] :t/

;'k/Lj]Ifssf] d"Nof°g k'g/fjnf]sg stf{sf] d"Nof°g

:t/ s"n c+s clt pQd pQd ;fdfGo Go"g s"n c+s clt pQd pQd ;fdfGo Go"g

c+s ^=@% %=@% $=@% #=@% @=% @ !=% !;Dkflbt sfdsf] ;du| kl/df0f ^=@% @=%;Dkflbt sfdsf] ;du| nfut ^=@% @=%;Dkflbt sfdsf] ;du| ;do ^=@% @=%;Dkflbt sfdsf] ;du| u'0f ^=@% @=%

hDdf @% !)

lghfdtL ;]jfdf sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍgnfO{ nIo / kl/df0fd'vL agfpg] k|oTg u/]h:tf] b]lvG5 . d"NofÍgsf] sfd pNn]v ubf{ ;+u7gsf] p2]Zo cg'¿k / kbsf] sfo{ ljj/0f tyf jflif{s sfo{ of]hgf;Fu ldNg] sfo{dfq} pNn]v ug{'kg{] Joj:yf 5 . jflif{s nIo ;'?df g} tf]Sg gldNg] sfdsf] nflu jif{e/Ldf ;Dkfbg ul/Psf sfdx¿nfO{ g} jflif{s nIo dfGg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .

lghfdtL ;]jfleq lg0f{o k|lqmofdf sfo{;Dkfbg dfkgsf] pkof]u guGo dfqfdf ul/Psf] kfOG5 . o;sf] d"NofÍg ljlw g} k|efjsf/L gx'g' / a]jf:tf ul/g'sf] k|d'v sf/0f xf] . k'/:sf/sf] 5gf}6, k|f]T;fxg k|0ffnL,

171

5fqj[lQ, dfgkbjL k|bfg h:tf ljifodf sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍgsf] pkof]u ug{] k|oTg ul/P klg To:tf lg0f{ox?df sfo{;Dkfbg dfkgn] eGbf cGo ljifon] lg0ff{os e"ldsf v]Ng] u/]sf] b]lvG5 . lghfdtL ;]jf P]gn]] sfo{Ifdtfsf] cfwf/df x'g] a9'jfsf nflu d"NofÍg ubf{ sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍgjfkt\ rfnL; k|ltzt c+sef/ /flvPsf] 5 . /fhkq cglÍt k|yd >]0fL, /fhkqflÍt k|yd / låtLo >]0fLdf dfq} o; k4ltaf6 a9'jf x'g] Joj:yf 5 . lghfdtL ;]jf k'/:sf/sf nflu 5gf}6 ubf{ sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍgnfO{ cfwf/ agfOPsf] 5 t/ To;sf] ef/ lglZrt 5}g . sfo{;Dkfbg dfkgdf zt k|ltzt c+s k|fKt ub{}df k'/:s[t x'Fb}g . h]i7tf / sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍgåf/f ul/g] a9'jfdf klg sfo{;Dkfbg dfkgnfO{ cfwf/ agfOPsf] 5 . (% k|ltzteGbf a9L sfo{;Dkfbg dfkg ePsf] JolQm a9'jfsf] pDd]bjf/ x'g] u/L tf]lsPsf] 5 .

lghfdtL ;]jf P]g @)$( n] sd{rf/LnfO{ kb:yfkg ubf{ sfo{ljj/0f / sfo{ljj/0f cg';f/sf] sfdsf] d"NofÍg ug]{ ;"rsfÍ ;d]t pknAw u/fpg'kg]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . t/ lghfdtL ;]jfdf kb:yfkgf ubf{ sfo{ ljj/0f lbg] lylt g} al;;s]sf] b]lvFb}g . yf]/}sf sfo{ ljj/0f lbP klg To;df d"NofÍg ug{] ;"rs /flvPsf] kfOFb}g .

lghfdtL ;]jfsf] sfo{;Dkfbg dfkg ;DaGwdf k|z:t} ;d:of ljBdfg /x]sf] b]lvG5 . lghfdtL ;]jf 7"nf] ;+u7gsf] ?kdf 5 . w]/} sd{rf/LnfO{ Pp6} cfwf/df d"NofÍg ug{] kl/kf6L 5, hasL pgLx?n] ug{] sfdsf] k|s[lt km/s–km/s 5g\ . ;of}+ yl/sf 5g\ . ;'k/Lj]Ifsx? w]/} 5g\ ltgLx?sf] dfkgdf Ps?ktf 5}g . sfo{;Dkfbg dfkg s;/L ug{] / To;nfO{ q'6L /lxt s;/L agfpg] eg]/ k|oTg ePsf] b]lvFb}g .

sfo{af]emsf] ;dfg ljt/0f 5}g . sfo{af]emsf] d"NofÍg ul/Psf] 5}g . af]lemnf] sfo{ ug{] / z"Go sfo{ ug{] b'a}n] sfo{;Dkfbg dfkgdf zt k|ltzt c+s kfPsf] s'/f ‘cf]kg ;]qm]6’ g} xf] .

;dfg lsl;dsf sfo{ gug{]x? aLr t'ngf ug{'kg{] afWotf 5 . Ps} lsl;dsf sfo{ 5}gg\ km/skm/s sfo{ ug{] sd{rf/Lsf nflu ;]jf ;d"xdf To; cg'?ksf] ljljwLs/0f ul/Psf] klg b]lvFb}g . ;a}lt/ sfo{ jftfj/0f ;dfg 5}g .

;'k/Lj]Ifssf] Ifdtf j[l4 ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . ;'k/Lj]Ifsx?sf] lghfdtL ;]]jf lgodfjnLdf ePsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"NofÍg kmf/fd klg ;xL 9+un] ge/]sf] eg]/ ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnon] kl/kq g} ug{' k/]sf] cj:yf 5 . sfo{;Dkfbg dfkgnfO{ ;'k/Lj]Ifsx? cfˆgf] lhDd]jf/Lsf ?kdf :jLsf/} gu/] h:tf] klg b]lvG5 . a9'jfsf] ;Defljt pDd]bjf/ xf]Og eg] lsg sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍg kmf/fd e/]sf] < eg]/ k|Zg ug{] ;'k/Lj]Ifsx?sf] ;+Vof klg pNn]Vo 5 . ;'k/Lj]Ifssf] cfˆg} sfo{;Dkfbg ;Gtf]if hgs gePsf] cj:yfdf p;n] klg ;'k/Lj]If0f ug{ kfpg] cj:yf ljBdfg 5 . sd{rf/LnfO{ d]/f] ;'k/Lj]Ifsn] d]/f] sfo{;Dkfbg ;xL 9+un] dfkg u5{ eGg] ljZjf; lbnfpg ;lsPsf] 5}g . kmn:j?k sd{rf/Ldf ;dodf sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍg kmf/fd g} geg{] / a]jf:tf ug{] k|j[lQ 5 .

172

sd{rf/Ln] cfˆgf] sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍg kmf/fd tf]lsPsf] ;dofjlwleq btf{ ug{ g;sL lgj]bg lbPdf / ;'k/Lj]Ifsn] sf/0f dgfl;a b]v]df kGw| lbg;Ddsf] Dofb yk ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf 5 t/ To;/L btf{ ePsf]df k'g/fjnf]sg ;ldltn] s'n k|fKtfÍaf6 k'g/fjnf]sg ;ldltn] Ps c+s 36fpg] Joj:yf 5 . sfo{;Dkfbg dfkg ;'k/Lj]Ifssf] sfo{ xf] eGg] l;4fGt ljkl/t sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍg kmf/fd l9nf] a'emfpg'sf] dgfl;a sf/0f ePdf c+s 36fpg] Joj:yf ;'k/Lj]Ifsk|lt cf1fsf/L agfpg] p2]Zon] ul/Psf] b]lvG5 .

sd{rf/Lsf] jflif{s sfo{;Dkfbg tf]lsPsf] cjlwleq d"NofÍg u/L, u/fO{ To;sf] tLg k|lt tof/ u/L Ps k|lt nf]s ;]jf cfof]u, Ps k|lt a9'jf ;ldltsf] ;lrjfnodf k7fO{ csf]{ Ps k|lt ;DalGwt sfof{no÷s]Gb|Lo lgsfodf /fVg'kg]{ Joj:yf 5 . ;a} sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍg ;DaGwL tYofÍ Ps} 7fpFdf ;+sng ug{] sfo{ klg ;kmntfk"j{s ug{ ;s]sf] cj:yf 5}g .

sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍg kf/bzL{ agfpg d"NofÍg u/]sf] kmf/fd ;DalGwt lgsfodf k7fPsf] gfdfjnL ;lxtsf] ;"rgf cfˆgf] sfof{nosf] ;"rgf kf6Ldf k|sfzg ug'{kg]{ gLlt lnOPsf] 5 t/ cEof;df 5}g .

lghfdtL ;]jfdf sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍgnfO{ sd{rf/Lsf] ;an kIfsf] phfu/ u/L ;f] cg';f/sf] lhDd]jf/L lbg, ;?jf, a9'jf, kb:yfkgsf] cfwf/ agfOPsf] 5}g . sd{rf/Lsf] kfl/>lds, ;]jf ;'ljwf nufotsf] lgwf{/0fdf klg sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍgsf] k|efj /x]sf] b]lvFb}g . ljleGg sfof{nodf k|f]T;fxg eQf k|0ffnL nfu" ul/Psf] 5 . t/ To;sf] 5'§} sfo{ljlw agfP/ sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍgnfO{ æafO{kf;Æ ug{ vf]lhPsf] b]lvG5 .

;du|df lghfdtL ;]jfdf ePs]f sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍg k|0ffnL tTsfn} ;'wf/ ug{'kg{] cj:yfdf k'u]s]f 5 .

v_ lzIfsx?sf] sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nof°g

g]kfndf lzIfsx?sf] a9'jf dWo] &% k|ltzt a9'jf sfo{Ifdtfsf] cfwf/df ug{] Joj:yf 5 . lzIfsx?sf] sfo{;Dkfbg dfkgsf nflu klg lglZrt 9fFrfsf] sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍg kmf/fdsf] k|of]u ul/G5 . sfo{Ifdtf dfkgsf] #% k|ltzt ef/ dfq} sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍgsf nflu lbOPsf] 5 .

sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍgsf] #% c+s k|bfg ug{] cfwf/ o; k|sf/ /x]sf] 5 —

• ;DalGwt ljifodf ljBfyL{n] k|fKt u/]sf] pknAwL afkt !% c+s cyf{t\ $@=( k|ltzt

• lzIf0f sfo{;Fu ;DalGwt ljifodf cg';Gwfg u/] afkt % c+s cyf{t\ !$=# k|ltzt

• ljz]if lhDd]jf/L afkt % c+s cyf{t\ !$=# k|ltzt

• ;'k/Lj]Ifs / k'g/fjnf]sg ;ldltn] u/]sf] d"NofÍg afkt !) c+s cyf{t\ @*=^ k|ltzt

ljz]if lhDd]jf/L, z}Ifl0fs cg';Gwfg, ljBfyL{sf] pknAwL ;d]tsf] cfwf/df sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍg ug{] k4ltn] lzIfsnfO{ yk lqmofzLn agfpg, lhDd]jf/L axg ug{, / u'0f:t/ a9fpg xf};nf lbg] b]lvG5 . o;n] sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍgnfO{ j}1flgs ;d]t agfPsf] 5 . Pp6f lzIfsn] ;'k/Lj]Ifs / k'g/fjnf]sg ;ldltn] k|bfg ug{] bz c+s afx]s cfkm"n] slt c+s k|fKt u5{' eGg] s'/f lzIfs cfkm}+n] u0fgf ug{ ;S5 .

173

ljz]if lhDd]jf/Ldf k|wfgfWofks, ;xfos k|wfgfWofks, cltl/Qm lqmofsnfk ;+of]hs h:tf lhDd]jf/LnfO{ /flvPsf] 5 . z}Ifl0fs cg':fGwfgdf lzIfsn] cfkm"n] cWofkg ug{] ljifodf lzIf0f ;'wf/sf nflu ul/g] cg';GwfgnfO{ lnOPsf] 5 . ljBfyL{sf] pknAwLdf dfkg ;DalGwt lzIfssf] cfˆgf] ljifosf] sIffut pQL0f{ k|ltzt / ;|f]t s]Gb|sf] cf};t pQL0f{ k|ltztsf] cg'kftsf cfwf/df u0fgf ul/G5 .

lzIfsx?sf] sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍgsf] s/La @*=% k|ltzt ef/ dfq} ;'k/Lj]Ifs / k'g/fjnf]sgdf /flvPsf] 5 . ;ldltn] k|bfg ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . ;'k/Lj]Ifs / k'g/fjnf]sg ;ldltn] u/]sf] d"NofÍg afktsf] !) c+snfO{ klg *) k|ltzt ef/ ;'k/Lj]Ifsdf / @) k|ltzt ef/ k'g/fjnf]sg ;ldltdf /flvPsf] 5 .

lzIfssf] sfo{;Dkfbgsf] cfwf/df ;'k/Lj]Ifs / k'g/fjnf]sg ;ldltsf] d"Nof°g

sfo{;Dkfbgsf] :t/

;'k/Lj]Ifssf] d"Nof°g k'g/fjnf]sgstf{sf] d"Nof°g

:t/ clt pQd

pQd dWod ;fdfGo clt pQd

pQd dWod ;fdfGo

c+s !=) )=&% )=%) )=@% )=@% )=@) )=!% )=!)

lzIf0f k]zfk|lt lgi7f, nugzLntf, / cfrf/;+lxtfsf] kfngf

z}lIfs u'0f:t/ psf:g] tbf?stf, pQ/bfloTj axg / lhDd]jf/L af]w

cWofkg ljlw / ;Lksf] k|of]u

;dosf] kfngf, ;b'kof]u / sIff Joj:yfkg

cltl/Qm lqmofsnfkk|lt ;lqmotf Pj+ ;+nUgtf

z}lIfs ;fd|uL ;+sng lgdf{0f / k|of]u

ljBfyL{sf] clen]v cBfjlws /fVg] / cleefjsnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg]

hDdf

lzIfssf] sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍgnfO{ ljBfnodf k|wfgfWofks 5gf}6sf] cfwf/ ;d]t agfOPsf] 5 . k|wfgfWofks 5gf}6df lzIfssf] sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍgnfO{ @% k|ltzt ef/ lbOPsf] 5 . oBlk o;/L k|wfgfWofkssf] 5gf}6 ePsf] lj/n} kfOG5 . k|wfgfWofks 5gf}6nfO{ c? tTjn] g} k|efj kf/]sf]n] k|wfgfWofks 5gf}6sf nflu gofF dfkb08sf] cfjZostf dx;'; ul/Psf] 5 .

lzIfssf] sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍgdf ;'k/Lj]Ifssf] e"ldsf Go"g /flvPsf] 5 . t/ klg ;'k/Lj]Ifsn] JolQmut k|efjsf cfwf/df c+s lbg] u/]sf] kfOG5 . k|wfgfWofksn] cfˆgf] ljBfnosf ;a} lzIfssf] ;'k/Lj]Ifs x'g gkfpg] cj:yfn] sfdeGbf cGo ljifosf k|efjsf cfwf/df dfkg x'g] u/]sf] b]lvG5 .

174

lzIfssf] sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍgsf] pkof]u cToGt} sd If]qdf dfq} u/]s]f b]lvG5 . sfo{Ifdtfsf] cfwf/df x'g] a9'jf afx]s cGodf o;sf] k|efjsf/L pkof]u ePsf] b]lvFb}g . lzIfsnfO{ k'/:s[t ubf{ sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍgsf] cfwf/df ul/Fb}g . clen]v Joj:yfkgsf] cj:yf gfh's /x]sf] 5 . sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍg kmf/fddf s]/d]6 ;+zf]wgsf] ;d:of klg ljBdfg /x]sf] cj:yf 5 .

sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍgdf cg';Gwfgsf cfwf/df c+s lbg] k|fjwfg /x]sf]n] lzIfsx?nfO{ cg';GwfgfTds sfo{ ug{ / To;sf] k|ltj]bg tof/ ug{ k|]l/t u/]sf] b]lvG5 . lzIfsnfO{ ljz]if lhDd]jf/L jfkt\ lbOg] c+ssf sf/0f lzIfsx? ljz]if lhDd]jf/Laf6 efUg vf]Hg] k|j[lQnfO{ s]xL xb;Dd eP klg 36fPsf] 5 .

;'k/Lj]Ifs / k'g/fjnf]sg ;ldltn] lbg] c+ssf ;DaGwdf ;'k/Lj]Ifssf] JolQmut cfsf+Iffn] ;d]t k|efj kfl//x]sf] x'G5 . /fhgLlts cf:yf, ;fdflhs cj:yf / ;DaGwn] ;'k/Lj]Ifssf] d"NofÍgnfO{ ljz]if ?kdf k|efj kf/]sf] b]lvG5 . ljBfyL{sf] z}lIfs pknAwLsf cfwf/df d"NofÍg ul/g] ePsf]n] ax'cfoflds d"NofÍg k4lt dfGg ;lsG5 .

jt{dfg ljZjdf sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nof°g k|0ffnL

ljZjsf gfd rn]sf ;+u7gxx?n] k/Dk/fut sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍg k|0ffnLnfO{ sfd gnfUg] 3f]if0ff ul/;s]sf 5g\ . vf; u/L bhf{ lgwf/{0f / jif{sf] Ps k6s d"NofÍg ug{] (rank and yank) k|0ffnL ldNsfpg] a]nf ePs} xf] . clxn] s:tf s:tf k|0ffnL k|of]udf 5g\ eGg] ;Gbe{df s]xL gfd rn]sf ;+u7gsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"NofÍgsf af/]df pNn]v ug{' ;fGble{s x'G5 .

P8f]a sDkgLn] jflif{s sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍg k|0ffnL 5f8]/ lgoldt d"NofÍg k|0ffnL cjnDag u/]sf] 5 . lgoldt d"NofÍgdf ;sf/fTds / /rgfTds k|ltlqmof lbP/ sd{rf/LnfO{ af/Daf/ ;xfotf ul/G5 . o;n] Psflt/ sd{rf/Lsf] sfddf ;+nUgtf a9fPsf] 5 eg] csf{lt/ sd{rf/L kl/jt{g b/ (turnover) klg 36fPsf] 5 .

ljZjsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] ;]jf k|bfos sDkgL l8nf]O6n] jflif{s ?kdf d"NofÍg ug{], p2]Zosf cfwf/df dfkg ug{], / #^) l8u|L k[i7kf]if0faf6 d"NofÍg ug{] k4lt ;g\ @)!% b]lv g} x6fPsf] 5 . n]vfk/LIf0f, s/, Joj:yfksLo k/fdz{, Jofkfl/s hf]lvd nufotsf ;]jf k|bfg ug{] pQm sDkgLdf s/La ;f9] b'O{ nfv dflg;x? sfd ub{5g\ . o;n]] Ps jif{df @) nfv 306f ;do sfo{;Dkfbg dfkgs} lglDt vr{ ePsf] cfwf/df o:tf] lg0f{o lnPsf] lyof] . l8nf]O6n] nfu" u/]sf] gofF sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍg k|0ffnLdf k|To]s xKtfdf Psk6s 6f]nL g]tfn] cfˆgf] ;d"xsf k|To]s ;b:onfO{ k[i7kf]if0f u/L ltgLx?sf] ;fKtflxs sfo{ / k|fyldstf, l6Kk0fL 5nkmn / sf]lrË ;~rfng ug{] Joj:yf 5 . lgoldt d"NofÍgnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{ d"NofÍg sfo{ ;d"x g]tfn] geO{ ;d"xsf ;b:on] ;'? ug{] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . ;fKtflxs d"NofÍgnfO{ q}dfl;s ;dLIffåf/f ;dy{g ul/G5 . ToxfF k/Dk/fut ljlwdf h:tf] ;d"x ;b:osf af/]df s] dx;'; u¥of} eg]/ 5nkmn ul/Fb}g . ;d"x g]tfn] ;b:osf nflu s] ug{'k5{ eg]/ 5nkmn ul/G5 .

175

h]g/n On]lS6«s sDkgLn] bzsf}+;Dd lr/kl/lrt jflif{s d"NofÍg k4lt cjnDag u¥of] . rank and yank k4ltaf6 sd{rf/Lx?sf] d"NofÍg u/]/ sdhf]/ sfo{;Dkfbg ePsf !) k|ltzt sd{rf/LnfO{ p;n] sDkgLaf6 ljbf uYof{] . sfd gug{] sd{rf/LnfO{ /flv/xg' h?/L 5}g eGg] dfGotf /fVg] pQm sDkgLdf tLg nfveGbf a9L sd{rf/L sfd u5{g\ . o;n] klg ;g\ @)!% df jflif{s d"NofÍg k|0ffnL Tofu]/ af/Daf/ k[i7kf]if0f lgoldt 5nkmn k4lt cjnDag u¥of] . h;df cgnfOg / df]afOn PKnLs]zg dfkm{t p;sf k|ultx? /]s8{ ul/G5 . ltg} PKnLs]zg dfkm{t k|ltlqmofsf nflu cg'/f]w ul/G5 ;fyLx?sf] k|ltlqmof klg To;} Pkdf cfpF5g\ . Joj:yfksx?n] cem} klg jflif{s ?kdf sd{rf/Lx?;Fu ;+lIfKt 5nkmn u5{g\, ljt]sf] jif{sf] d"NofÍgsf] cfwf/df nIo to ub{5g\ . o:tf] 5nkmn cf}krfl/s 5nkmn h:tf] af]lemnf] rflxF x'Fb}g .

ljZjJofkL ?kdf Joj;flos ;]jf k|bfgug{] PS;]r/ sDkgLn] klg ;g\ @)!% ;]K6]Da/b]lv jflif{s d"NofÍg k|0ffnL 5f8]sf] 5 . o; sDkgL cGtu{t em08} rf/ nfv sd{rf/L sfd u5{g\ . ef/tdf dfq} o;sf Ps nfv eGbf a9L sd{rf/L /x]sf] atfOPsf] 5 . h]g/n On]lS6«sn] h:t} o;n] klg jflif{s d"NofÍg k|0ffnL Tofu]/ af/Daf/ k[i7kf]if0f / lgoldt 5nkmn k4lt cjnDag u/]sf] 5 .

vfB pTkfbg / ljt/0f ;DaGwL sfo{ ug{] sDkgL sflu{nn] klg jflif{s sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍg 5f8]/ b}lgs sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍg ljlw cjnDag u/]sf] 5 . o;df !%@ jif{ k'/fgf] pQm sDkgLdf Ps nfv krf; xhf/eGbf a9L sd{rf/L sfo{/t 5g\ .

lgisif{ (Conclusion)

sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍgsf] d"n Wo]o sd{rf/Lsf ;'wf/fTds sfo{ut / JolQmut kIfx? klxrfg u/L To;sf] ;'wf/ ug{' xf] . sdhf]/L ;'wf/]/ ;+u7gsf] cfjZostf cg's"n agfpg g;s];Dd sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍg k|efjsf/L ePsf] dfGg ;lsFb}g . clxn]sf] g]kfnsf] sfo{;Dkfbg dfkg k|0ffnL lgSs} k'/fgf] / cg'kof]uL h:t} 5 . ljZjsf] sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍg k|0ffnL ?kfGtl/t e};s]sf] 5 . dflysf] rrf{af6 xfd|f] sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍg k|0ffnL s:tf] 5 / ljZjsf] k|0ffnL s:tf] 5 eGg] k|i6 x'G5 . xfdLn] k|of]u ul//x]sf sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍgsf Ps Ps bf]if uGg' eGbf ca o;nfO{ k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ a]nf eof] eGbf

pko'Qm x'G5 .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L

• lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$(• lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%)• lzIffdf dfgj ;+;fwg Joj:yfkg— 8f= ljhos'df/ yfkf / cGo • lzIff P]g, @)@* -;+zf]wg ;d]t_• lzIff lgodfjnL, @)%(• z}lIfs Joj:yfkg / ;+u7gfTds Jojxf/— 8f= ljBfgfy sf]O/fnf / cGo

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Public Service Commission

— Laxmi Bilas Koirala*

* Joint Secretary, Public Service Commission

While working as a civil employee (nigamati karmachari) in the Public Service Commission, (PSC), i.e. Lok Sewa Aayog, I become nostalgic and recall my good old days. I came to Kathmandu from Chitwan thirty years ago to study Master's Degree in Tribhuban University. At that time, Chitwan was not well connected by good road and telephone service so that we had to travel long hours to arrive Kathmandu. It was also not easy to communicate with parent. We had to survive with a very limited budget sent from home. Having almost no money in the pocket, we used to face many difficulties. I was advised by my seniors to search for a job to survive in the capital. As a village innocent boy, who didn't know any influential persons, I found it very hard to find a job in Kathmandu.

However, I tried with all my patience and perseverance. I went and met the chiefs and other officers of corporations for a job. I visited one corporation to another corporation almost every day. Some scolded me. Some banned me to enter the institution. Some General Managers were seemed very polite and supportive and they never forgot to say me come tomorrow. Visiting office to office became my daily routine. Nevertheless, every evening, I was completely exhausted. Every night, when the flashback came to my mind, the humiliations, I had to face in the day, I committed for not going to any corporation next day. But, in the next morning, empty pocket didn't give me a permission to take rest even a single day. But, no one offered me a job.

Staying out from home and parents, is a struggling period. We were free but we had to manage everything ourselves. I realized managing budget is a hardest job in life. When I received some money from parents, that day, I used to think, I was the richest person in Kathmandu. But, unfortunately, all the money used to be completely finished at the same day.

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I spent most of the time in search of a job. Study went behind in the name of the searching job. I couldn't attend classes. I had hard to focus on my study. However, every day, I used to copy all notes from friends. I feel indebted to all of them till now. One day, when I was travelling on the road, I saw a gathering outside an office. I turned towards the crowd. That office was none other than the Public service Commission. I enquired and knew that Lok Sewa Aayog had just published the result of written examination of Section Officer. I saw a kind of rays in their face those who passed the exam. The scene gave me hope. It also gave me courage. All those who passed were almost from the similar backgrounds I belonged to. I thought that if graduates like me could pass the Lok Sewa Aayog why not me.

After that, I started reading all notices which were put on the walls of Aayog, for collecting more information about the Exams of the Lok Sewa. I bought a Panasonic radio to listen news as well as the message about PSC Exam from Radio Nepal every night. I went through the courses of Section Officer and began to visit libraries of Nepal Bharat Cultural Center, American library and TU library regularly. I mugged up the general knowledge and kept understanding on various acts and policies of Nepal. My hard and regular effort made me confident to appear for the free competition exam of a section officer. Besides, I also filed forms for officer post of other institutions in the same time. I passed the exams of Lok Sewa Aayog and five exams of other institutions. I felt proud about my own hard work. It is the only Lok Sewa Aayog that provided me the opportunity to enter into the government service twenty eight years ago.

Lok Sewa Aayog is centre of hope of citizen of Nepal. Even during the Rana regime, it was felt that only qualified personnel can perform well in the government jobs. The initiation was taken undervaluing pajani (spoil) system of Rana period. But, Lok Sewa Aayog was established as a constitutional body in the first of Asar 2008 B.C. It has been given high priority in all constitutions of Nepal.

The Aayog has developed several valued processes from the beginning, to make the exams merit–based, impartial, competitive, decentralized and inclusive. Established hard and closed processes of the Aayog can neutralize all kinds of unnatural behavior and outside pressures of the people automatically. Coming of age, Aayog has been changes in public service examination's system. Today, it believed that Aayog is the synonym of merit values. Therefore, The Aayog has done works successfully and earned fame, goodwill and credibility in the Nepali Society. It has instilled hope and confidence in people, especially in young candidates who don’t know any influential and powerful people to support for their career.

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As we know that, Lok Sewa Aayog has unique system to accomplish effectively entrusted duties. Aayog publishes its annual timetable, follows it and gets the entire program implemented. I believe that, based on the Aayog expertise in selecting qualified candidates for the government service, the Constitution of Nepal (2072) has also given more additional responsibilities to the Public Service Commission to organize written exams of army, police and organized public sectors. It has heightened the image of Public Service Commission higher.

The public Service Commission has already begun several initiatives for improvement of quality of its exam as a regular process. The Aayog is a responsible accountable institution which has already completed restructuring it's organization, reviewing it's general principles related to personnel administration of civil, army, police, corporations and amending the Act of Lok Sewa Aayog to deal with the given obligations.

The Lok Sewa Aayog is a constitutional body. It is mainly for the poor, helpless and voiceless people. I wouldn’t be here if there is no Lok Sewa Aayog. Therefore, I have supreme respect and gratitude for the esteemed Lok Sewa Aayog. I wish Lok Sewa Aayog, must be always successful to maintain its purity. My request always goes to every qualified candidate to appear Lok Sewa exams with hard work success will always be with you.

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A Collaborative Perspective of Interna-tional Peacekeeping: An Integrated Hybrid model of the UN and Regional Operations

— Yagya Puri*

AbstractInternational peacekeeping operations can involve either in interstate conflict or in intrastate conflict or in the case of terrorist’s attack. Peacekeeping operation can be defined as a third party state intervention that involves the deployment of military troops and or military observes and / or civilian police in target state. The framework and models of peacekeeping troop have been changed over the time. The UN-led initiation and Regional Organizations-led initiations are taken in a single issue and at the same time. The question is which initiation, the UN-led initiation or Regional Organizations-led initiation is better for successful peacekeeping. Argument for the UN-led operations is that it has a strong standing in international law, access to the global resources (finances, troops, logistics), and competence. SimiaLrly, argument for the Regional Organizations –led operations is that they may have more local knowledge and are thus more capable of dealing with local conditions, have equipment adapted to local conditions, are quicker to reach decisions on deployment, and are closer to the scene and consequently can be deployed more quickly than the UN. But, global practice is that both the UN-led operations and the RO's-led operations involve in the inter-state conflict as well as intra-state conflict. Many evidences show that the cooperation between the UN-led operations and the RO's-led operations seems crucial while deploying the peacekeeping troops.

In this regard, this paper takes a proposition that the collaborative integrated hybrid model operations seem much more efficient and successful in peace keeping. Since the international security environment has been changed from “bipoaLr opposition” in cold war period to “intra-state conflicts”, rising “regionalism”, “partnership” between peacekeeping actors in post cold war period, the Hybrid operations which can be categorized into three categories; integrated, Parallel and Sequential, seem more significant. Such operation follows a single chain of command so that it can maintain the unity of command. As the aLrgest contributing country to the UN, the US is intentionally involving in the peacekeeping issues. Although the US's involvement in security issues supposed to exert great influence in the strategies and modalities of peacekeeping, the designation of the operation seems being shifted from “Partnership in burden sharing” to “integrated hybrid model” which is supposed to meet "Brahimi Criterions" of peacekeeping operation .

* Section Officer, The Ministry of Federal Affairs and Local development

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Introduction

Although the gravity of the global governance has conceived as shifted from “peace and security” to global economic and social development administration, the importance of “peace keeping” or “peace building” or “ peace making”1 has not been diminished yet. International peacekeeping operations can involve either in interstate conflict or in intrastate conflict or in the case of terrorist’s attack. For instance, September 11 terrorist attack on New York drew the attention of the entire world. Afghanistan operation against Taliban, peacekeeping operation in Syria, security tension in Korean peninsula, civil unrest in Egypt and Ukraine's conflict are the latest representative examples. These all show that the importance of “peace and security” management has not been diminished yet.

The framework and models of peacekeeping troop have been changed over the time. But the question is which initiation, the UN-led initiation or Regional Organizations-led initiation is better for successful peacekeeping? If we see the fact about the peacekeeping missions, Regional Organizations (ROs) had involved in several conflicting country and have become success also. The European Union, Arab league, African Union and other ROs have played important role in maintaining international peace and order. Here, the questions arise, is the involvement of ROs is challenge for the UN peacekeeping mission? Can ROs bypass the UN in the peacekeeping process? How the UN should take the regional initiatives in international peacekeeping?

Defining “peace keeping”

There is no shortage of definitions of peacekeeping although different schoalrs give importance in different dimensionsand different functions of peacekeeping process. Wallensteen and Heldt define peacekeeping operation “as a third party state intervention that involves the deployment of military troops and or military observes and / or civilian police in target state.”2They describes peacekeeping operation as established for separating conflicting parties, monitoring ceasefires, maintaining buffer zones, taking responsibility for the security situation. It is neutral toward the conflicting parties but not necessarily unprejudiced against their behavior.3UN defines as

1 Grant Dawson, “Peacekeeping, Peace building, and Peacemaking: concepts, complications, and Canada’s Role,” PRB 04-06E, Parliamentary Research Branch.

2 Peter Wallensteen &BirgerHeldt, “International Peacekeeping: The UN versus Regional Organizations,”The politics of Global Governance: International Organizations in an interdependent world, edited by Paul F. Diehl &Prian Fred Erking, (Lynne Rienner, 2010), p. 144.

3 Ibid.

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“an operation involving military personnel but without enforcement powers, undertaken by United Nations to help maintain or restore international peace and security in areas of conflict.”4

It is clear that the existence of “conflict and conflicting parties” and “involvement of third party/ parties” for peacekeeping are essential for the existence of“peacekeeping”. Literally, it can be said that the peacekeeping is a process of maintaining the “status-quo”5 between / among the conflicting parties in the conflict-prone area by using the military mission on which the political and institutional process of peace-making stand.

This issue got much attention from the schoalrs in 1990s. Ronald Paris says that the numbers of articles in academic journals on this topic increased by 350% from 1980 to 1990.6 Regarding the above questions asked in introduction part of this paper, there are common positive arguments favoring the use of the UN peacekeeping and favoring the use of Regional peacekeeping missions.

The Arguments: favoring the UN-led operations or favoring ROs-led operations

The common argument favoring the use of UN for peacekeeping is that“it has a strong standing in international law, access to the global resources (finances, troops, logistics), and competence.”7Such UN peacekeeping missions or UN-led peacekeeping missions are often made in accordance with the UN Secretary-General’s report.8 Multilateral, the United Nations, peacekeeping operations make a positive difference. Multidimensional peacekeeping missions have extensive civilian functions, including economic reconstruction, institutional reform, and democratic election which remarkably improve the possibility of success of peace building missions.9 Troop Contributing Countries “(TCCs) can retain significant control over the operational employment of their peacekeepers, from determining that exact terms of their deployment, including the tasks that the peacekeepers may perform and the zone of deployment, to holding a veto over any changes to these terms by the UN.

4 Quoted on OldrichBures, “Wanted: A Mid-Range Theory of International peace keeping,”International Studies Review, Vol 9, (2007), p. 409.

5 Michelle Benson, “Status Quo Preferences and Disputes Short of War,”Department of Political Science, University at Buffalo, New York. See:http://www.polsci.buffalo.edu/contrib/faculty_staff/documents/benson/bensonStatusQuo.pdf

6 Ronald Paris, “Broadening the Study of Peace Operations,”International Studies Review 2 (3): 27-44.

7 Wallensteen&Heldt, “International Peacekeeping: The UN versus Regional Organizations.”8 Boutros Boutros-Ghali An agenda for peace, The United Nations, New York. 9 Michael W. Doyle &Nicholas Sambanis, “International peace building: A Theoretical and

Quantitative Analysis,”American Political Science Review, Vol. 94 No 4, (2000), pp. 779-802.

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In this sense, it follows that it would be more appropriate to consider peacekeepers to be under the dual or joint control of the UN and their TCC.”10

The arguments for the use of regional organizations(ROs) for peacekeeping is that they may have more local knowledge and are thus more capable of dealing with local conditions, have equipment adapted to local conditions, are quicker to reach decisions on deployment, and are closer to the scene and consequently can be deployed more quickly than the UN.11“Regional organizations have an increasingly prominent place in international peacekeeping as a result of both their own initiative and institutional desire on the part of the UN....In parallel; the UN has recognized that its effectiveness can be greatly enhanced by cooperation with regional organization.”12It is noticeable that since 1948 to 2005, the number of non-UN operations was 67 while the number of the UN- led operations was 59 in the same period.13The schoalrs who argue in favor of ROs-led operations usually take evidences of Rwanda and Congo as strong evidences of failure of UN operations. Non-UN missions seem to have a aLrger effect (smaller hazard ratio) rather than UN-led missions, but becauseof the smaller number of such missions, their contribution is estimated low.14 Organization of African Unity (OAU) involvement to maintain cease-fire in Algeria-conflict in 1964, The Arab-League observer mission to Yemen in 1972, and role of European in peacekeeping in the entire region, NATO peacekeeping operations, and role of African Union (AU) in international peacekeeping are the strong evidences for the argument favoring the use of regional peacekeeping operations.

Global patterns

Two types of arguments in favor of the UN led operations or in favor of the ROs-led operations, seem competing with each other. The UN operations and ROs operations of peacekeeping seem involving in both interstate conflict and intrastate conflict. Theoretically, “It is worth exploring, as intrastate conflict customarily has been seen to be outside the scope of international organization. For instance, global bodies have been regarded as more threatening to state sovereignty, partly as they appear to invite major power interests with in a state’s borders. Thus, interstate conflicts may get

10 Christopher Leck, “International Responsibility In United Nations Peacekeeping Operations: Command And Control Arrangements And The Attribution OfConduct,”Melbourne Journal of International Law, Vol. 10, (2009).

11 Wallensteen & Heldt, “International Peacekeeping: The UN versus Regional Organizations.”12 Suyash Paliwal, “The primacy of Regional Organizations in International Peacekeeping: The African

Example,”Virginia Journal of International Law, Vol. 51 issue 1: 185.13 Wallensteen&Heldt, “International Peacekeeping: The UN versus Regional Organizations,”p-146.14 Virginia Page Fronta,”Does peacekeeping Keep Peace? InternatioanalInterventation and the

Duration of Peace Civil War,”International Studies Quarterly(2004) 48, 269–292

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priority, particuaLrly for a global organization.”15 But, in practice, both Regional and the UN operations seem to be interestingly involved in interstate as well as intrastate conflicts.

Table 1: Peacekeeping Operations, by Region and Conflict Type (1948-2005)

UN-led Operations Non-UN-led Operations Interstate Conflict

Intrastate Conflict Interstate Conflict Intrastate Conflict

Africa 3 19 3 21Asia 3 6 6 9Americas 0 9 5 2Europe 2 9 0 14Middle East 9 0 4 4

Source: Heldt and Wallensteen (2006) for the period 1948-2004, and data collected by Heldt for 2005.

Table -1 shows an interesting fact about UN-led operations in American regions and Middle East regions. In Americas, no UN operations involved in interstate conflict during 1948 to 2005 while 5 non-UN operations involved in interstate conflict during the same period. The reason is that almost all non-UN operations involved in the same conflict and same location. The same reason applies to intrastate conflicts in Middle East. The uniqueness of Asian region is that nonintervention by regional actors. Ad- hoc coalitions of willingness rather than regional intergovernmental organization, and no institutional preparedness for peacekeeping are the major unique characteristics of Asian regions.16

Coordination between the UN –led operations and regional operations

Respecting the above arguments favoring the use of the UN-led missions and favoring ROs-led missions, here questions arises Are regional actors and global organizations competitors? Or a regional initiative challenges to the UN authority? Many schoaLrs try to answer theoretically and empirically these questions in their researches. Lesson Learned Unit of the UN consulted extensively with some regional organizations working for building international peace, including NATO, the organization of African Unity (OAU), the Organization of American States (OAS), Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), the European Union (EU), and made a frame work for cooperation with Regional Organizations/ arrangements in 1999. It outlines the forms of coordination between the UN and ROs as (i) consultation, (ii) diplomatic support,

15 Wallensteen&Heldt, “International Peacekeeping: The UN versus Regional Organizations,”.16 Ibid., 152.

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(iii) operational support, (iv) co-deployment, and (v) joint operations. 17The UN and regional organizations / arrangements are not competitors since 28 non-UN missions were welcomed, authorized, endorsed, commended, or approved by the Security Council during 1948 to 2005. They also suggest that the cooperative model of peacekeeping is the better option for peacekeeping operations in which global division of labor should be designed in order to promote effective coordination between the UN and ROs. There are three possibilities of the global division of labor: “(1) The UN takes on some missions, regional organizations (and informal coalitions) take on other missions, both basically doing the same type of peacekeeping, but in different situations; (2) UN-led and other operations coexist within one conflict and divide the tasks among themselves within that particuaLr settings; and (3) the UN takes on some types of missions (e.g., multidimensional operations) whereas regional actors focus on others (such as traditional peacekeeping).”18

In this regard, the UN has been coordinating with several regional organizations such as OAU in African region in the area of preventive diplomacy, peace-making, peacekeeping or humanitarian assistance. Simialrly, the UN has been coordinating with Central African Customs and Economic Union (CACEU) in the area of peace-building, with League of Arab States (LAS), with North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), with the Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC), with the Organization of American States (OAS), with Caribbean Community, etc.19Such coordination among peacekeeping operations helps to maintain accountability and uniformity among the peacekeeping activities carried out by all actors. On the other hand, burden sharing among the peacekeeping actors can make the peacekeeping operations feasible and success.

Collaboration: an integrated Hybrid operation

Respecting these three arguments; favoring the UN-led operations; favoring ROs-led operations; and favoring coordinative model operations, someone can raise a question of which model is better and more successful. In this regard, this paper takes a proposition that the collaborative integrated hybrid model operations seem much more efficient and successful in peace keeping. Many schoalrs use the words “cooperation” and “collaboration” interchangeably. Literally, the word “collaboration” refers to work together interdependently. The word “collaboration” is derived from Latin word

17 The United Nations, “Cooperation between the United Nations and Regional Organizations/Arrangements in a Peacekeeping Environment: Suggested Principles and Mechanism,” United Nations Lesson Learned Unit, (1999).

18 Wallensteen & Heldt, “International Peacekeeping: The UN versus Regional Organizations,”p-157.19 The United Nations, “Cooperation between the United Nations and Regional

Organizations/Arrangements in a Peacekeeping Environment,”(1999).

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“Collaborare” which means “co-labor” or working together.20Coordination can be made by communicating and assisting in each other’s activities while collaboration demands working interdependently with complementary skills and roles under a single chain of command in spite of bearing the “belongingness with separate organizations” in mind. Since the international security environment has been changed from “bipoalr opposition” in cold war period to “intra-state conflicts”, rising “regionalism”, “partnership” between peacekeeping actors in post cold war period, the Hybrid operations are more significant. The hybrid operations can be categorized into three categories; (i) integrated in which the UN and other ROs/IGOs operate under a single chain of command such as Darfur mission (UN and AU); (ii) Parallel in which the UN deploys in conjunction with other organizations, but no formal connection, for instance, Afghanistan peace keeping mission (UN, NATO, EU), Congo ( UN, EU); and (iii) Sequential under which UN forces follow other forces or are followed by other forces, for example Liberia peacekeeping (ECOWAS-UNMIL), Somalia, Kosovo, Burundi, Bosnia ( NATO-EU).21Here, the integrated operation is a good example of collaborative model of peacekeeping operation which follows a single chain of command so that it can maintain the unity of command.The integrated operation is a collaboration of the UN and regional organizations in which the UN mostly forms a single chain of command for all peacekeepers. The UN peacekeeper force is contributed by the member states and the regional peace making troops also consist the peacekeepers from different states from entire region. If a collaborative operation is formed, it is clear that the number of countries involved in peacekeeping and the varieties of tasks will be large. It is clear that the complexity of the operations will not be easy to manage perfectly. In 2000, the Panel on United Nations Peace Operations which was chaired by Lakhdar Brahimi published a report of the Panel called “Brahimi report.” on United Nations Peace Operations. It suggests the comprehensive criterions for future peacekeeping operations in which integrated form of peacekeeping operation is suggested. Such complex functions should be tactically managed in efficient way. For this, “result based budgeting system (RBB)” should be introduced.22 These “Brahimi Criterions” have become the hallmarks for evaluating peacekeeping operations that are supposed to be met by each operation although very few UN operations meet all these criterions. The UN agencies often play key role in the humanitarian and social issues and the international financial institutions and bilateral donors play vital role in economic sphere.

20 Oxford Advanced Learner dictionary, seventh edition, Oxford University Press.21 MayankBubna, “Peacekeeping Partnership: Cooperation or conflict” summary IDSA Issue brief.

See:http://www.idsa.in/system/files/IB_PeacekeepingPartnerships.pdf. 22 United Nations, “Report of the Panel on United Nations Peace Operations,”A/55/305 S/2000/809.

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During the past years, the UN is also trying to make continuous change in the structure and model of peacekeeping operations. In 2011, the UN Secretary –General Ban Ki-moon presented his proposals for reconfiguration of the department of Peace Keeping Operations. He proposed to reconfigure the Department into two departments: the Department of Peace Operations and the Department of Field Support. The Department of Field Support will administrate the field personnel, procurement, information and communication technology and finances for United Nations peace operations.

During the recent past years, the UN has been sharing the burden of peacekeeping with several regional organizations. Such ROs carry out the UN peacekeeping mandate. For instance UNMIS in Sudan has multidimensional operations to support the North- South peace agreement. The Hybrid model launched in Darfur gave a necessary effort and lesson for designation of international peacekeeping operations. Unlike other operations, UNMID was designed in single command structure. This was the shift from “partnership in operations” to “integrated hybrid model.”24

The US engagement in international peacekeeping

The United States is one of the great powers involving in international peace and security agenda. If we talk about international peacekeeping, the US military and diplomatic activities cannot be avoided. Several questions arise here; why the US engages in international peacekeeping? Or what is the significance of the US action in security issue? Is the US strategy is important or influential in the UN peacekeeping mission? In 2009, the US President Barak Obama said in his speech “We are willing to consider contributing more U.S. civilian police, civilian personnel and military staff officers to U.N. missions.”25 Many political scientists analyzed this speech as the intention of the US to increase involvement in international security agendas. As the a large contributing country to the UN, the US is intentionally involving in the peacekeeping issues. Although some controversies such as Iraq invasion occur, the US is closely involving and supporting to the UN missions. Ogunrotifa Ayodeji Bayo concludes in an article that “when the great powers have little or secondary interest in a particular state conflict, they would have less interest in peacekeeping mission, and would be less concerned about the success of the mission, although acertain

23 Marjorie Ann Browne, “United Nations Peacekeeping: Issues for Congress”CRS report for congress, Congressional Research Service, 2011.

24 TimoPelz& Volker Lehmann, “The evolution of UN Peacekeeping(1): Hybrid Mission,”FES New York Fact Sheet November 2007.

25 Don Kraus et al., “U.S. Engagement inInternational Peacekeeping:From Aspiration toImplementation,”A Project of the Partnership for Effective PeacekeepingWith support from The Compton Foundation, Citizens for Global Solutions Education Fund, 2011.

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measure of success may sometimes be achieved when a super-power does not have a fundamental interest at stake.”26

The United States is involving in the so-called campaign against international terrorism, although the US’s definition of terrorism has become a controversy in international politics. To explain this controversy and to answer what is the motive of the US to spend a lot of resources in international peace and security, a number of researches should be carried out. The US expenditure on military and peacekeeping becomes a hot issue in the US budgeting every year. Anyway, the US is contributing in the UN –led peacekeeping operations in various forms i.e. in terms of financing as well as providing personnel for the operations.

Table 2. UN Peacekeeping-Assessed Contributions FY 2009 Allocations, FY 2010 Enacted, and FY 2011 Request

(in millions of $)Operation FY 2009

AllocationsFY 2010 Enacted

FY 2011 Request

UNDOF (Israel-Syria) 7.660 10.290 12.990UNIFIL (Lebanon) 186.400 210.914 212.000MINURSO (W.Sahara) 8.400 14.097 16.440UNMIK (Kosovo) 20.000 0 13.480UNFICYP (Vyprus) 4.540 7.672 8.230UNOMIG (Georgia) 7.400 7.415 0UNMIT (E.Timor) 34.500 44.115 56.340MONUC ( Congo) 210.000 381.000 408.000UNMEE (Ethiopia/ Eritrea) 26.000 0 0UNMIL(Liberia) 123.400 135.400 135.400UNMIS ( Sudan) 208.900 257.325 280.780UNOCI (Cote d’Lvoire) 81.000 128.585 135.000MINUSTAH (Haiti) 114.400 164.154 177.250UNAMID (Darfur) 414.000 512.100 412.000MINURCAT (Chad) 39.400 205.700 220.500Peacekeeping Logistical Support, Somalia 0 0 55.918Subtotals 1,486.000 2,078.767 2,144.328War Crimes tribunals 31.000 46.233 37.972Supplementals 871.500 0 0TOTALS 2,388.500 2,125.000 2,182.300

Source: US Department of State. Congressional Budget Justification. Document for FY 2011.Note: FY 2009 Actual includes $ 150.5 million in bridge funding provided by the Supplemental

Appropriations

26 OgunrotifaAyodejiBayo, “The Factors Behind Successes and Failures ofUnited Nations Peacekeeping Missions: ACase of the Democratic Republic of Congo” Journal of Alternative Perspectives in the Social Sciences (2012) Vol. 3, No 4,

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The US has been contributing the UN missions with alrge amount of financial, logistic and technological supports. More than 25% of the expenditure of the UN budget is contributed by the United Nations and rest by other member states. In addition the US has been contributing in logistic support, technological assistance, etc. Thus, although there are some controversial arguments whether the US should engage in peace and security issues or not, nobody could refer another alternative that can substitute the activities of the US.

Conclusion

The issue of international peace and security is itself an important and very serious issue. The main propose of establishing the United Nations Organization was ensuring the long lasting global peace and order. After the Second World War, many new states are emerged and the bipoalrization of political ideologies began. This period, we know as Cold War period, carried out many intrastate and interstate conflicts until the 1990s. As a responsible global peacekeeping organization, the UN carried out many operations. Simialrly, the establishing regional organization took speed, and activities of these organizations regarding peacekeeping influenced in global politics. NATO, EU, OAU, AU also deployed the peacekeeping operations separately. But there was a problem to maintain the uniformity and accountability in the activities carried out by the UN missions and regional operations during the peacekeeping.

Thus UN felt the need of coordination between the international peacekeeping actors; the UN, Regional Organizations/ alliances, states, and other stakeholders. Then, partnership between the UN and regional actors were designed to enhance the effectiveness of the peacekeeping operations since the success and failures of the regional and the UN operations were almost fifty-fifty. After the Brhami report published, the designation of the operation has been shifted from“Partnership in burden sharing” to “integrated hybrid model” in which a single chain of command is followed by all peacekeepers. This Shift seems more effective and efficient in peacemaking although there are some pros and cons of this model too. This cooperative model can be useful not only for international peacemaking but also in international peacemaking and peace building.

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Level of Self-esteem among the Campus Students of Nepal

— Timothy Aryal, Ph.D.*

AbstractSelf-esteem Inventory developed by Usha Kiran Subba & Timothy Aryal was deployed. The questionnaires were administered to the campus level students of Kathmandu valley. The questionnaires consisted forty 1-5 scale statements related to self-esteem. Two hundred sixteen students were chosen to take part in the survey. The questionnaires cover the eight important aspects of healthy self-esteem e.g. power and authority, childhood and family background, wealth and financial background, intellectual ability, love need, likeability, purpose need and body function and appearance.

Out of two hundred sixteen students, fourteen participants (6.3%) were found to have very low- level self-esteem, One hundred forty-nine (67.1 %) were found to have low-level self-esteem, and fifty-three (23.9%) were found to have average level self-esteem. Bachelor level students (n=49), and unmarried (n=146) female were found (n=87) to have a low-level self-esteem in compare to male

Key word: self-esteem, love, likeability, purpose, appearance, childhood, power and authority,

Introduction

Although some researchers favor narrow and precise concepts of self-esteem, we shall use the term in a broad and wide-ranging sense. By self-esteem, we mean simply a favorable evaluation of oneself. The term self-esteem has acquired highly positive implications, but it has ample synonyms the connotations e.g. pride, egotism, arrogance, honor, conceitedness, narcissism, and sense of superiority. Although “common sense” suggests that self-esteem is important because it plays a major role in human behavior. Self-esteem has two interrelated aspects, e.g. a sense of personal efficacy and a sense of personal worth. It is the integrated sum of self-confidence and self-respect. It is the conviction that one is competent to live and worthy of living (Mruk, 2006).

* Associate Professor (Psychology), T. C. Campus (T.U.)

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However, various aspects of self-esteem have been differentiated e.g. sense of power and sense of worth “inner” and “outer” self-esteem (Franks & Marolla, 1976); evaluation and affection (Wells & Marwell, 1976); sense of competence and self-worth; self-evaluation and self-worth; and competence and morality. Common to these subdivisions is the distinction between (a) self-esteem based on a sense of competence, power, or efficacy and (b) self-esteem based on a sense of virtue or moral worth (Gecas, 1971).

Each person carries within himself a mental image of the kind of person he thinks he or she is. This picture shows him or her as handsome or ugly, capable or incompetent. Most of the times people tend to have mistaken ideas about themselves, this self-image is not always accurate and can cause great unhappiness. This is often true of a person who sees himself as inadequate, inferior, unlovable, and unpopualr. Such views are count wrong, and the result of such twisted mirror, a mistaken self-image is formed.

Often a person is his own worst enemy. What he thinks of himself shapes his idea of life. What we think of ourselves will determine the kind of lives we will live. Many people have twisted ideas about the self and their abilities. A healthy person sees his strengths and weaknesses fairly and accepts them. Positive self-esteem is a realistic appraisal of self but pride is an unrealistic appraisal of self. When we think we are better than others that will be the cause of our relational problems. Another hand the low self-esteem is an unrealistic appraisal of self. We think and act as we are not good as others are. These two things pride and low self-esteem will always create problems in our human lives, and we lose the best things of our lives.

Normally people born with a neutral self-image, neither positive nor negative. The new born babies do not have pride and low self-esteem. As a baby comes on this earth naked the parents start to cover up with different types of clothes same way various attitudes of self is learned and taught by the family members. Thus, attitudes about self develops during childhood. Feelings of inferiority or superiority are increased by the attitudes of parents, family members and by friends. The image of oneself is determined by relationships with other people. What we think others are thinking of us determines what we think of ourselves.

Our memories, both good and bad, also form our self-image. When children are abused with their abilities, they develop feelings of inferiority and weaknesses. Also, if a child is reared in a cold and hostile family environment, the child is likely to grow up believing worthlessness. The child believes he deserves hostility and coldness as well.

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Causes of poor self-esteem

When children are constantly criticized and scolded by their parents, they believe that they are inferior. Together this some parents behave with their children to make them more inferior by harshness, perfectionism, overprotectiveness, rigid in controlling, leniency, conditional love, cruel remarks, and parental absence. Through such behave the self-image of a person is warped negatively as the years pass. As the inferiority grows within a child, the child terribly becomes self-centered and selfish. The child thinks he or she is the most important person in the world. Such person will develop feelings of superiority to control and dominate others.

Feelings and attitudes of superiority, which is compensated inferiority, in turn, will bring more feelings of inferiority. Physical deformities e.g. a cripple, a speech defect, a divorced home, mentally weak and unable to compete and all other different types of handicaps will lead negative self-image. When the feelings of inferiority and worthlessness grow, that will lead to guilt, self-hate, self-condemnation, and hostility.

Performance, achievement, and doing well are all important and needed. But the more we are insecure and inferior we believe, the more we focus on performance and achievement. Such one-sided dedication may destroy our immune system to resist the disease and push us to have many kinds of physical problems. When people have the negative self-image, they are easily influenced by other people. Also, inferior people become easily threatened and always seek approval of others. If people think they are adequate, they will easily threaten by any challenges.

Objective of the studyTo find out the level of self-esteem among the college level students of Kathmandu valley studying at the different level.

ProblemCampus level students have self-esteem problems

MethodologySelf-esteem Inventory developed by Usha Kiran Subba & Timothy Aryal was used to collect the sample at Kathmandu valley. The Inventory includes eight factors of self-esteem e.g. power and authority, childhood and family background, wealth and financial background, Intellectual ability (competence), love needs, likeability, purpose needs, body function and appearance. High score in each area indicate high self-esteem, and a low score indicates the low self-esteem.

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The questionnaire was developed after analyzing the item analysis and computing the reliability test. The reliability, inter-item correlation matrix, and scale statistics were found highly positive.

Reliability StatisticsCronbach's Alpha Cronbach's Alpha Based on Standardized Items N of Items

.725 .726 8

Summary Item Statistics

Mean Minimum Maximum Range Maximum / Minimum Variance N of

ItemsInter-Item Correlations .249 -.038 .531 .568 -14.128 .016 8

Scale Statistics

Mean Variance Std. Deviation N of Items1.3870E2 370.930 19.25953 8

Sample area, sample size and sample procedure

The sample were taken in Kathmandu valley randomly to the students who were studying at the campus level. A person’s characteristic level of self-esteem may be measured by scoring his or her answers to a series of items on a questionnaire. The researcher contacted the participants at different campuses of Kathmandu valley. They were approached by the administration office. It took altogether 40 minutes to fill the survey sheet and altogether it took five months to complete the survey. The initial introduction and purpose of this survey motivated them to fill all the questionnaires with gladness.

Results or findings

Sex of the respondents

InterpretationSex of the respondents

Total Male Female

Very Low LowAverageHigh Very High

11623000

3872300

141495300

Total 103 113 216

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Marital status of the respondents

Interpretation Marital status Total Single MarriedVery Low LowAverageHigh Very High

131464900

13400

141495300

Total 208 8 216

Education level of the respondents

InterpretationEducation level

TotalCertificate Bachelor Master

Very Low LowAverageHigh Very High

12982000

2492700

02600

141495300

Total 130 78 8 216

Interpretation

Level ofMarital adjustment Frequency Percent Valid

PercentCumulative

Percent

Very low 14 6.3 6.5 6.5Low 149 67.1 69.0 75.5AverageHighVery High

5300

23.900

24.500

100.000

Total 216 100.0

Discussion and conclusionThe majority of students who study at campus level have below level self-esteem. The present survey indicates that fourteen participants (6.3%) were found to have very low-level self-esteem, one hundred forty-nine (67.1 %) were found to have low-level self-esteem. These students have a low score in all components of self-esteem. Bachelor level students (n=49) were found to have low-level self-esteem in compare to certificate and master level, and unmarried (n=146) female (n=87) were found to have low-level self-esteem in compare to male.

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The expert in the field of psychology had given different terms and names for the self-esteem e.g. self- real and ideal self (Karen Horney, Rogers), self as identity (Erickson), introverts or extroverts (Carl Jung), self-esteem, and self-actualization (Maslow, Rogers). When one's needs for being loved and for loving others have been reasonably gratified, they will focus on self-esteem needs. Maslow divided these into two sets e.g. self-respect and esteem from others. An individual needs to know that he or she is capable of mastering tasks and challenges in life. Esteem from others includes prestige, recognition, acceptance, attention, status, fame, reputation, and appreciation. In this case, people need to be appreciated for what they can do, i.e., they must experience feelings of worth because their competence is recognized and valued by significant others.

According to Karen Horney, a child with loving parents, peers, and teachers may help the child to overcome abuse, neglect, sickness, parent's death, divorce or to cope with insecurity and basic anxiety. Adler and Rogers consider unconditional positive regard, need for positive regard, love, approval, respect, attention essential for healthy growth and development otherwise it leaves the child with low self-esteem.

Developing positive self-esteem

A person can improve self-image by paying proper attention to four avenues e.g. physical self, relationships, performance, and status. We can develop our physical self-paying attention on our appearances, food, and dress up and hygiene. To develop our mental ability we need to think positively, eating properly, involving exercise and recreation, all these enhance our self-esteem from a physical prospective.

The relationship is another important aspect that makes our self-image positive. By others’ comments and attitudes, we see how they view us. When other do not praise us, we feel rejected and hurt. That leads to building walls of protection, withdrawal, and usually lot of hostility. This unresolved anger cases all kinds of psychosomatic illnesses and social problems. From the very beginning, a child needs love and acceptance. There must be a loving, and accepting environment in the family, societies, and educational institutions.

Achievement is another way to build the positive self-image. Performance and achievement are the sources of positive self-image whereas the failures are the source of low self-esteem. Failure shatters a person who seeks to build an identity on achievement. Successful people don’t have poor self-esteem problems, but they have pride and self-exalting problem. Status includes the symbols that people use to build self-esteem e.g. the types of a house they live, the name of school or college they

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enroll; the type of mobile they use, a location they live, and social status of their life partner and so on. Putting confidence in such thing is harmful to psychological health. Thus, status symbols are a false sense of positive identity (Ryckman, Thornton, Gold, & Burckle, 2002).

Adlerian therapy uses birth order, early recollections, and dreams to foster courage, self-esteem, and social interest. As the self-system develops, people begin to form a consistent image of themselves. Sullivan (1953) called security operations “a powerful brake on personal and human progress” (Feist & Feist, 2008). Maslow (1970) identified two levels of esteem needs-reputation and self-esteem. Reputation is the perception of the prestige, recognition, or fame a person has achieved in the eyes of others, whereas self-esteem is a person’s own feelings of worth and confidence. Self-esteem is based on real competence and not merely on others’ opinions.

Conclusion

The psychological health of any country can be measure through the health of young people. The majority of young students have below level self-esteem which is to be amended using effective strategy. For this, healthy psychological education for the students, teachers and parents are essential. There is a functional paper for B. A. third year students if it is adopted as a compulsory course for bachelor level students in all faculties that will improve the self-esteem level of Nepalese students.

References• Mruk, Christopher J. (2006). Self-Esteem Research, Theory, and Practice. Toward

a Positive Psychology of Self-Esteem. Springer Publishing Company, Inc. 11 West 42nd Street, New York, NY 10036. P. 17-18

• Gecas, V. (1971). Parental behavior and dimensions of adolescent self-evaluation. Sociometry, 34(4), 466–482.

• Franks, D. D., & Marolla, J. (1976). Efficacious action and social approval as interacting dimensions of self-esteem: A tentative formulation through construct validation. Sociometry, 39(4), 324–341.

• Wells, E. L., & Marwell, G. (1976). Self-esteem: Its conceptualization and measurement. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

• Ryckman, R. M., Hammer, M., Aczor, L. M., & Gold, J. A. (1990). Construction of a hypercompetitive scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 55, 630–639.

• Feist, Jess & Feist, Gregory J. (2008). Theories of Personality (7th Ed.). McGraw−Hill Primis. P 221

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Escalating CONFLICT, Ongoing Black Economy And Shadow of Narco-Market

— Shreewastav Suraj*

AbstractNepal has been experiencing increasing internal conflict for the last fifteen years. Conflict views a social process inherent in any society but Nepal had not faced such a long conflict of this magnitude in the past. Solid conflict transformation and peace building have become the demand of the day, but it is still in fluid state, or in transition phase. This paper is basically on analysis of uprising Black money, Terror, web of Narco- market and its impact on administrative governance and the people of entire Nepal. The main objectives of this paper are to find out the basic prevailing problems and to assess the impact of Black economy, armed conflict including the role of Narco- economy on rural and urban zone of Nepal. Research had investigated and explores the different problems and exploitation faced by the citizens, and this analyzed piece of work is aimed to play significant role in the process of achieving the goal of sustainable peace and human development. We hope the paper will help to all students, researchers, community developers, policy makers who are related with conflict and shadow economy based issues. I hope the paper will support to a large extent to the readers seeking information and knowledge in this area how black economy works against national economy? The paper will be more useful as the reference especially for those who are seeking the role of Narco- economy and armed activities in the border area of the nation.

Keywords: Armed Forces- ATM- Black economy- Conflict- Crime- Development- Marijuana- Money laundering- Narcotics- Natural resources- Peace- Poppy- Poverty- Psychotropic- Rebel- Transition- Unemployment- War- Weapons

Introduction

Conflict is a significant source of historic changes; to deplore all conflict is to argue for the dominance of established patterns and to fail to understand how society changes. Interests of diverse groups lead people to struggle and through these struggle societies are changed,

* Audit Officer, Office of the Auditor General, Nepal

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sometime mal forming the society. Unequal distribution of scarce resources in a system precipitates conflict between the dominant and the subordinate groups in social systems. Poverty and social inequalities have prevailed in Nepal for centuries, which make Nepal susceptible all kinds of conflict.

Nepali society is stratified on various grounds such as caste, ethnicity, class, gender, age, religion, and the like. In addition to these socio-cultural and economic factors, there are ecological and regional variations, too. Nepal’s Hilly and Mountainous regions are less accessible and connected compared to its Terai region. But the Terai faces a heavy influx of population both from the north and the south resulting in a range of cultural diversity, but in latest contest, cultural congestion, and even dangerous cultural encounters. Moreover, its porous border has become a brooding place for several evil activities. Nepal is waiting to reconvert to its safe, secure, placid productive soil leaving behind ‘self said’ insurgencies and all evil activities. Nepal entered into a modern multiparty republic parliamentary political system of governance. However neither the social and economic structures were changed nor was the political behavior different from the previous malpractice of nepotism, favoritism, partiality, and discrimination.

In Nepal even now social exclusion is rampant. So understood as an inevitable always not acceptable and universal phenomenon, conflict can be managed to reduce its adverse affects in the short run and in the long run, all the aspects of conflict can be transformed slowly to bring about more desirable forms, although it is a tedious way. This paper is oriented to elicit the socio-economic conditions and present rising narco- economic circumstances in the border area, which increases underground money and armed behaviors, to find out its root causes and problems faced by Nepal.

Conceptual understanding of Conflict

According to the Malthus, reduced supply of the means of subsistence is the cause of conflict. According to Darwin, the principles of struggle for existence and survival of the fittest are the main causes of conflicts (Bhushan and Sachdeva, 1994). Conflict has always been central to sociological and economical theory and analysis, conflict theory is the label generally attached to the sociological economical writing of opponents to the dominance of structural functionalism, in the two decades after the Second World War. It proponents drew on Max Weber and Karl Marx to construct their arguments, giving differing emphases to economic conflict (Marx), and conflict about power (Weber). Conflict is described as “a battle, contest of opposing forces, discord, antagonism existing between primitive desires and instincts and moral, religions or ethnical ideals” (Webster’s new international dictionary, 1847).

Latent Conflict is one in which an objective conflict can be identified although there may not yet be clear behavioral evidence of that conflict. In latent conflict, the subordinate groups of society hold enormous grievance against the establishment but their corresponding action is not manifest in the public sphere. And Nepal is suffering from the latent conflict in its post conflict phase.

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Misconception about the peace process is that it is not cognizant of other forms of danger to peace. The emergence of regional armed groups both in the Terai and the hills extends the danger zone much farther and deeper than it was supposed before. It has been further compounded by increasing in security, violence political murders, and impunity, all of which suggest that the life of the citizens is extremely insecure.

Narco- market/ economy

The term narcotic/psychotropic originally applied to all compounds that produce insensibility to external stimuli through depression of the central nervous system, but now applied primarily to the drugs known as opiates—compounds extracted from the opium poppy and their chemical derivatives. Also classed as narcotics are the opioids, chemical compounds that are wholly synthesized, but which resemble the opiates in their actions. And economic behavior based on illegal drugs is known as Narco- economy.

Nepal is full of political issues today and region has various problems. Nature has given different interests to the human being. Regions differ in terms of natural resources, endowment, political issues, and population status, strategic situation and a whole of other variables, which determine the peaceful existence of the countries. Yesterday one of the resources of Nepal especially ‘forest’ is under control of one insurgent but today it is frequently exploited and destructed on the behalf of different mushroom kinds of armed groups, political parties, smugglers etc.

In past centuries ‘Poppy’ and ‘Marijuana’ (locally known as ‘Ophim’ and ‘Ganja’) farming in the Terrain plot was general; But it begins and acts as the Bank of Armed outfits, now i.e. running frequently under the shadow of transition state of the country, it is considered as the tree of money for the another self said rebels groups; or exactly work as money spinner for them, or creates the web of black economy. It is the bitter fact, maximum population lives in Terai and the big side of the nation are under poverty, unemployment, injustice, threat; and the government is increasing the numbers of armed force, police and their post on the name of various security troops and showing their responsibility is end. But that is only increasing the shadow on economy of the country same as the ratio of adding ghee on burning fire.

Now a day the trend of armed conflict and its success gives birth of about four dozens armed group who starts kidnapping, blast, murder, taking donation etc. They all are acting as criminal inside the cover of political ideology. And i.e. the only result of shadow money earned by

Conflicts

│ ‘A’ ‘B’

Violence

│ ‘A’ ‘B’

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‘Marijuana’ or others Narcotics sell, which supports to import arms from outside the country. Within 3 days, there is dozen culprit have caught along with a half quintal of processed Marijuana (Charesh) in Bardia and Rolpa districts. Similarly during recent session, about 4049 Ropani of Marijuana farm and 8 Kattha of Ophim farm has already smashed by police in Makawanpur district and destruction of these is continuing till (Date:09,10 December 2012, Kantipur Daily). That is enough to spot the webs impact of Narco- market in our country.

Development as buzzword Development not only refers to quantitative and structural changes in economy but also designates as an improvement in the "quality of life" of people. A better quality of life signifies not only higher income but also better education, higher standards of health and nutrition, less poverty, a cleaner environment, more equality of opportunity, greater individual freedom and a richer cultural income (World Bank 1991: 4).

The term development has also become a catchphrase in the context of Nepal. Nepal has adopted various policies into the periodic plans of the country ever since the first Five Year Plan launched in 1956, and up to now the Ninth Plan had been completed and the Tenth Plan is underway. More than 20,000 NGOs and 130 INGOs are constantly working for the betterment of life of the Nepalese people over the last 15 years or so. These development programs have touched upon in every field of Nepalese life such as the elimination of caste-based discrimination, social and economic development (access to education and health) empowerment, gender equity and human resource development and so on. However, the quality of life of Nepali peoples has not improved much and Nepal has remained one of the poorest countries in the world even today. Compared to many developing nations in general and South Asia in particular, the performance of Nepal is not satisfactory in socioeconomic development. In recent years, the term "inclusive development" is used, suggesting "overall development of people" in question.

What is Black or Shadow economy?All unofficial economic activities that have a say to observed gross national product but are currently unregistered are considered as Black economy. “Shadow Economy is mainly increasing burden of taxation, social security contributions and excess state regulatory activities combined with labour market restrictions that heavily contributed to the growth of underground economies”. M. Boev

The causes of uprising Black economyBlack economy has its own features that determine it is in the sphere of black economy or not. We know, due to its illegal characteristic, it is harmful for the nation in maximum moment. Central authority attempts the remedies for curbing the black economy.

• Socialization of conflict Triggers in Nepal

Society unwontedly accept the conflict triggering activities such as forced donation, forced sharing of information, interception of telephonic conversations, excessive flow of state resource in the war. People do not speak truth or fear to bring any abuses into public.

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Communities do not help to the victims simply because of fear of retaliation or threat to society accepts all these activities as normal social phenomenon.

• Armed conflict and criminalization of society

Criminal activities sharply increase in Terai. Such criminal actions are either supported by the powerful actors, or ignored by them. Often state security apparatus is not able to control crimes at the time of war or it is not their priority, as the limited number of security force has to stretch to fight against crime as well as to control crime. Occasionally some people of the security forces themselves engage in committing social crimes or in defending culprit. Criminal use messy security situation to retaliate their enemies those who oppose their action. When people do not get anticipated support from the state to contain criminal activities they accept it as an unwanted reality and socialize it. Youths are misguided and running behind the fake objectivity of ‘Mobile, Moterbike and Muscles’.

• Armed conflict, natural resources and the web of Narco Economy

Yesterday forest was the shelter of one of the insurgent, today it is of another rebel group. The expensive woods and forest extracts are smuggled for their interest/expenses. River beds are empties for sand and boulder, and forests frequently cut down for timber and smuggle. ‘Poppy’ and ‘Marijuana’ (locally known as Afeem and Ganja) farming occupies the significant space in these districts as the cash crops, Terai’s rebels are managing their economic source by the extortion, forest resources and now by the Ophim and Ganja farming. Now Terai and lower hill is running on the way of Taliban of Afghanistan, those are managing their income by Poppy farming. In other side, Terai is going to capture itself under Nacro –Economy and Mafia Raj. With the result that signals are making as confused and Terai is under increasing siege of self said rebels.

• Corruption

Corruption is the major element that boosts the shadow economy in every corner of the world. In 2011 AD, Nepal was ranked in the 154th place among 182 countries and 139th ranked in latest report in 2012 AD in the Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI), according to Transparency International (TI), a global corruption watchdog. Crime and money make a heady cocktail in parliament today that is one of the root causes of increasing conflict in marginalized spatial location. The recent antics of the country declare that dream of moderns, progressive and charismatic Nepal is everyone’s nightmare.

• Dispute between rural and urban zone

Urban –rural linkage is required for all-round development of any country, but adversely, urban areas, that means violation of all laws in the construction of public properties, shopping mall, water and sewerage pipes, roads. In rural areas, it means violation of all environmental, forest and common property resources. The concept of Central Place System is advocating proportionate relationship between the urban and rural zone for their development. It is the basis for understanding the growth of urban centers and their relations with rural zone. The basic components of the central place system are ‘range’ and ‘threshold’, which are used to describe the people are prepared to travel to obtain

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services. And the threshold is a quantity index determined by the minimum number of people required to support the function in the central place. But our system is running against the central place theory was First originated with Walter Christaller in 1933 and followed by August Losch for the betterment of both zones independently.

• The Web of Narco or Opium Economy and Armed group

With time, population and family size grew in geometrical progression but the land per household remained nearly constant. This could not meet the growing need and demand of the family, so people were concentrated on gaining more and more income from small available land and the cash crop was their first choice of which notorious 'Marijuana' and 'Opium Poppy' was eminent, these are locally known as 'Ganja' and 'ophim'. And this study reported there is significant relationships between the Narco economy and armed conflict of Terai. In the armed group's stronghold area the opium and marijuana farming is taking its space under the shadow of ongoing latent conflict. It is to be noted that illegal smuggling constitute major fraction of underground money i.e. the income of armed forces. This situation has been worsening by the present transition period of the state. What so ever is the root cause of branching growth of Marijuana farming? Yes, it is a dangerous threat for the economy, peace, and stability of Terai and the nation as whole. It should be noted that 'Poppy' and 'Marijuana' farming is used to be backbone of Taliban economy and armed outfits of Nepal are advancing it on the same path.

ConclusionConflict is a burning issue, and we realize it has ideological and philosophical connation; it is the responsibility of every individual to improve the understanding in order to change the country through social, economic, and political transformation. So if there is any ideological clash that causes to lead conflict then it’s ok, there is nothing to say, the dealt with such self said war or conflict, which is leading our nation towards the desolation. But, about 95% issues related with conflict demonstrate the other scenario of Terai including the entire Nepal i.e. more than political ideology. So development of Nepal is not possible without the structural transformation of our society. And to decipher the circumstance we need strong understanding of ongoing latent conflict. If the religion is opium, ideologies are no better. They are based on the false pretext of the reasons. There are no reason-spider and reason-cobweb which can be dragged out to be presented as the rational explanation of any socio-cultural phenomena. So, this effort to study conflict should first avoid all interpretations which support arguing that poverty brings armed conflict; they are trapped within the vicious traps which the armed groups have constructed over the years of transition with so many efforts.

Not only this, the study shows another side of conflict that shapes the web of Narco economy, criminalizing the society and increasing impunity on the name of political war. So more, there is need of immediate solution of continuing war. Also the accessibility of natural resources in Nepal and right of little people on them is damaging the bridge between the members of the society, so the protection of synchronization and brotherhood is the basic requirement of Nepal. It will be the ultimate check against ethnic revanchism that may yet destabilize the democratizing process. It will also ensure that despite the formalities of power sharing

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the rights of the minority could be entrusted to a national institution. Here in Terai, culture of crime is fueling daily, so state should make clear- cut vision to handle crime and then for peace-talk with the stakeholder armed group. Firstly manage the stable security that will guarantee the fair justice, state should hook the illegal farming of Opium and Marijuana in farm land. Stop over consumption of natural resources like stone, sand, boulder, and forest. Also manage the inclusive use and distribution of such resources including development to all marginalized groups with any discrimination. Government should solve such problem by completing the commitment of formation of new Constitution very soon. State should break the transition epoch by doing so.

Immediate Recommendation

Based on an analysis of the research, the present escalated devastating political situation, some of the practical recommendations are possible to implement as early as possible within the present state structure. I believe that these immediate recommendations help for the social transformation and peace in Nepal and remedies for curbing the Black money.

a. Strengthen the functioning of judicial system.b. There is need of implementation of strict law and rule to stop the sources of armed

outfits as illegal farming of opium and ganja (Poppy and Marijuana) in rural sides of the districts.

c. A key component of transition from conflict to peace is related to the successful implementation of fair social justice.

d. Stop exploitation of natural resources and establish clear control of state. On such pockets include big project, potential mines for sand and boulder, forest, exotic herbs and wildlife and drugs. That will stop the required source of income to run their insurgency.

e. Create option to produce potential human resources for conflict managementf. Peace and conflict impact assessment (PCIA) to reduce negative effect of conflict and to

restore peace.g. Nepalese require economically active living style with productive line like better irrigation

and veterinarian services for livestock, which is an important domestic business for their households.

h. Narcotics and smuggling/crime web penalizing the rural part of Nepal, which is able to restore illegal timber collection, marijuana and Narcotics opium poppy farming and smuggling. And in Urban part, levy, abduction, killing, blast, threat for extortion etc are the expanding nature of business i.e. turning our nation towards Afghanistanism. So it must require massive public campaign against Narcotics and the Black money spinning methodologies.

i. Create reform and amnesty against underground money and the procedure of money laundering. For this it is necessary to implement strict and legal provisions for prevention of Money Laundering Nepal.

j. Establish strong and independent monitoring authority to sharp their sight towards ATM transactions in India, especially in border side branches to hook up the illegal outgoing of black money and to stop artificial deflation of domestic currency.

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BibliographyA. Books

1. Collier, P. and Eliot, V.L.2003, “Breaking the conflict trap: civil war and development policy”, Word Bank.2. Huntington, D. et al (2002),"Security and Risk Management Report for DFID Nepal",

Huntington Association3. Sharma Nilam k and Bista B, (2068), “Public economics”, Pairavi Prakashan4. Upreti, B.R. (2062),"Dwanda Byabsthapan", BAP, India. 5. Upreti, B.R. (2002b), "Management of social and natural resource conflict in Nepal:Realities and Alternatives" Adroit Publishers, India.6. Vermani R.C. (2005),"An Introduction of Political Theory and Thought", Gitanjali

Publicing using, New Delhi B. Year book /Periodic Magazine /Daily Newspaper /Report Papers

1. CBS, (20063/64),"Four monthly Tathyank Gatibidhi", Vol. 88, No. 2, NPC2. Conflict related Training Material, ICPD 3. Human Rights Year Book (2009), INSEC4. International forum, (2009),"Nepal Year Book", Vol.7, No. 2415. NRB, (2062),"Mirmire Year Book", Vol. 2366. UNDP, (2004),"Nepal Human Development Report", Nesac

C. Thesis1. Shreewastav, S., (2007),"Terai and Conflict; Effect of Armed Conflict on Development"

An unpublished Master's Degree Thesis, Central Department of Rural Development, TU.

D. Websites 1. http://www.inseconline.org

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The New Public Governance: Third Genera-tion of Public Administration

— Chet Nath Dahal*

AbstractAlong with the development of the contemporary society, the western public sector began to set off a upsurge of “new public administration”, which changed the paradigm of the field of public administration from “the new public management” to “the new public governance”. “The new public governance” as a new paradigm of public administration, provided a new mode of practice for the modern government of public affairs management. The author focused the mainly the characteristics; comparisons, and relevancy of “the new public governance “paradigm in developing countries, especially for Nepal’s current public administration reform in context of implementation of federalism and decentralization provision of New Constitution of Nepal.”The new public governance” paradigm and it had important reference value and significance especially for Nepal’s current New Constitution and reform of administrative system and building the theory system of public management and public administration.

Introduction

Since 1980, Contemporary society and western government has initiated the change in public service provision lead a movement the New Public Management paradigm, which made great contribution to the government management and the public administration science at that time. However, “the New Public Management” paradigm was always opposed by civil society and social inclusion scientists as well as questioned by the public administration field and the practices of government public sectors.

By the effects and some weakness in this paradigm was leading to the formation of “the New Public Governance “paradigm. The paradigm, whose theoretical source was sociology of organization and social network, had important significance to

* k"j{ lgb]{zs, cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefu

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reform of present administrative system and construction and perfection of public administration theory system (XU Runya[a], Qigui[b], & Wei[b], 2015).It is a new mode of practice for the modern government of public affairs management.

The author focused the mainly the characteristics; comparisons ,and relevancy of “the new public governance “paradigm in developing countries, especially for Nepal’s current public administration reform in context of implementation of federalism and decentralization provision of New Constitution.

Characteristics

The New Public Governance” was a theoretical paradigm that more adapted to the contemporary government public administration. According to Chen the change was not a small in reform of the transaction or the method of management, but a profound change in the government role and the relationship between government and civil society (Chen, 2000 retrieved from (XU Runya[a], Qigui[b], & Wei[b], 2015)p.11).There was a criticism of the traditional public administration theory which emphasized on impersonal, institutionalization and rigorous logic specification.

The traditional theory of public administration was a political creation of mechanized mass production period and greatly improved the efficiency of the work at that time.

“The New Public Management” was theoretically based on traditional economic and enterprise management. It was different from the linear structure hierarchical bureaucracy, emphasizing the dual structure of the government and the market. However, this dual structure focused too much on the market power in the allocation of social resources and solving the problem of public, but it ignored the effect of other organizations in the public administration. “The New Public Governance”, as the new paradigm of public administration science, emphasized pluralism, attached great importance to the links between internal and external organizations, and paid attention to organizational governance. “The New Public Governance” paradigm had different names, such as “the New Public Governance” (Osborne, 2006retrived from (XU Runya[a], Qigui[b], & Wei[b], 2015)), “New Governance” (Rhodes, 1996 retrived from (XU Runya[a], Qigui[b], & Wei[b], 2015)), and “Public Governance” (Skelcher, 2005 retrived from (XU Runya[a], Qigui[b], & Wei[b], 2015)) etc.. Although these names were different, but basically they all showed a trend that a change from the new public management theory and practice to the new public governance theory and practice, and this trend was seemed as the emergence of a new paradigm of the New Public Governance.

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Development and Comparisons between Public Administration Theories:

• The Traditional Public Administration

The key elements of the traditional public administration can be defined as the following points:

a. Comply with the standardized proceduresb. Separation of thinking and actionc. The separation of policy formulation and implementationd. Political and administrative dichotomye. The government takes charge in public product

Originated in the late 19th century the Traditional Public Administration was reached its peak at “Welfare British “in 1945. Which can satisfy all the needs of society, but it has come into end in about 100 years with the change of time. As a historian of administrative, Dwight Waldo thought that Weber’s bureaucracy agencies would be replaced by a more democratic and flexible organization in the future world. After the criticism from academia (Ostrom & Ostrom, 1971;

Dunleavy, 1985), criticism came from the political elites that traditional Public Administration was not suitable for the development of the public sector (Mischra, 1984).

• The New Public Management

The new management movement of “the New Public Management “was seen in western countries, when traditional Public Administration theory failed to provide effective theoretical guidance for the contemporary government management. It started with the “small government “and “financial management innovation”, carried out by the Thatcher government in 1980s, and followed “the Citizens’ Charter Movement” of the Major government and “the Third Way” of the Blair government ,these are the most representative theories of the new public management theory system was “the Entrepreneurial Government” proposed by Osborne and

Gaebler (1993) it is also known as “Reform of the Government”.

They thought that the key elements of new public management can be summarized as the following points:

a. The task of the government is steering instead of rowingb. Put competition mechanism into service

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c. The government should pay more attention to job performanced. The object of government service is “customer”e. Government should meet the needs of customers, not the need of bureaucracyf. Government decentralization: from hierarchical to participation and

collaborationg. The government should treat market as guidance

As “the New Public Management” theory excessively pursued efficiency and entrepreneurship, schoaLrs in field of public administration began to question and criticized “the New Public Management”, including that the new public management had different role depended on the audiences, included ideology, management, and research role (Dawson & Dargie, 1999); the use of the new public management theory was limited to countries such as Britain, the United States, Australia, and northern Europe, while the old public administration was still dominant in other countries (Kickert, 1997); and in fact, due to the lack of real theoretical basis and rigorous, the concept of new public management was seen as a branch of the old public administration theory (Frederickson & Smith, 2003). Some critics argued that the New Public Management mistaken the object of government as “customer” instead of “citizen”. Critics are represented by Robert Denhardt proposed the theory of “New Public Service”. Its critique to the New Public Management included the following points:

a) To serve citizens rather than customers, b) Public interest was a goal rather than a by-product, c) Attached great importance to the citizenship more than entrepreneurial spirit, d) Strategic thinking and democratic action, e) Responsibility was not simple, f) Service, not steer, g) Attached great importance to the people, not just focused on productivity

(Denhardt & Denhardt, 2002).

• New Public Governance

In the 1960s, Warren G. Bennis predicted that there would be an adaptive and rapid temporary organization system. These organizations were task teams, composed of relative strangers who had different background and skills and were arranged according to the problem to be solved.

This prophecy has been gradually evolved into the “New Public Governance” paradigm. So, what were content and characteristics of “the New Public Administration” paradigm? The western public management schoaLrs and practitioners had different summary and description:

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According to the Rhodes in the “The New Governance: Governing without Government”, “governance” has gradually replaced the “government” and it involved in six different usages: Smallest country, common governance, new public management, good governance, social ecological system, self-organizing networks. At the same time, Rhodes (1996) emphasized that “governance “was a process that market and third sectors participated in public products and services with government. In the book” the New Public Governance “, Stephen P. Osborne (2009) summed up the “New Public Governance” was based on organizational sociology and social network theory, had the characteristics of pluralism, paid attention to the management of organizations, emphasized the process and results of service, used trust as governance mechanism.

a. What Government is?

Since the 1990s, western schoaLrs from all over the world have put forward five main points of views of governance. (a) The main body of governance was not limited to the government and other public sector, but and had value of neo-corporatism. In Governance as theory: five propositions, Gerry Stoker 1999) made five brief introduction to “the New Public Governance”. a) The government was not the only power centre. Various public and private institutions as long as their authority of power were recognized by the public, they can be power centers on different levels. b) Paid attention to public responsibility transfer trend that from the government to the non-governmental organizations and individuals. c) Public administration main bodies depended on each other. d) This power dependency must form a self-organization network. e) The governments needed to pass new tools to coordinate and integrate social resources, instead of using the authority and command also included social public institutions and other actors.

b. Comparison among the Traditional PA, NPM, NPS and NPG

PA NPM NPS NPGValue orientation

Regime & procedure Efficiency Democracy Democracy

&efficiency

Theoretical basis

Bureaucracy system,political administrative dichotomy

Economic theory, managementPhilosophy of private sector

Democracy citizenship, civic society, umanisticTheory of org., post modern admn.theory

Contractualism,Integrity theory, collectivism

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Behavior

Policy-making &execution-Separating, centralized government

Government serviceOutsourcing &marking

Cultivation of government service spirit, cooperation with third sector

Citizen independent, public deliberation, polycentric governance

Role of citizen Leader Customer By the service of

the citizensParticipate in decision

Research method

Institutionalism research method

Positive researchmethod

Humanism research method

Collectivism research method

The Public Governance was a kind of administration mode that the governance body, such as the government, social organizations and the private sector, governance public affairs through consultation, negotiation and other democratic way. Tony Bovaird (2003) thought that “Public

Governance” was a kind of interaction among interests subjects to influence public policy effect. The connotation of the Public Governance was smaller than that of Governance. It emphasized on “public” but the “public “here did not mean publicity of the governance body but that of content of governance, emphasizing on public resources configuration, struggled for public interest and public affairs management.

The New Public Governance was relative to the New Public Management and the New Public Service, and the “new” was reflected by how transition of the governance concept adapted to modern social public affairs. The Public Governance focused on the allocation and management of public resources and the New Public Governance did more on the collective effects of thinking and behavior of individual citizens. The New Public Governance covered many management concepts such as “polycentric governance”, “electronic government”, “multi-level governance”, “global governance” and “regional governance” and “organizational governance”.

In conclusion, we defined the New Public Governance as an administration mode that pluralistic governance body, which included the government, the private sector, non-profit organizations and a series of social groups, consulted and negotiated to adapt to the changing social affairs.

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c. The Characteristics of the New Public Governance

According to the generalization of schoaLrs the paradigm features of “the New Public Governance “the six aspects of NPG are as follows. They are:

1. The New Public Governance emphasizes the dispersion of power. According to “the New Public Governance”, in addition to the government and the market, other organizations in the society also have the right to participate in public affairs management, and at the same time have the decision right to participate in solving public problems.

2. The New Public Governance stresses the coordination of the government. For a long time the government has been regarded as the center of the public administration, from policy formulation to implementation. The New Public Governance tries to turn the government from paternalism to a coordinator and from “big government” to small one, and coordinates more social interests, builds dialogue platform, and integrates public resources.

3. The New Public Governance forms a complex network. Different from Single-line structure of the traditional administration and government-market dual structure of the New Public Management, the New Public Governance integrates social organizations and individuals to form a complex network contained concentration and restriction of power from all aspects. The members of this network contain government, market, society, public organizations, community and individual citizens, etc.

4. The governance network is based on the resource exchange. According to the New Public Governance, the network form by public products and services can provide its members abundant social resource to exchange, included currency, information, and technology. Under the formal or informal rules, its members obtain resource, making profit and being independent to other members. The New Public Governance introduces a mechanism of sharing into public administrative management, in order to satisfy different needs from interest subjects and citizens

5. The governance network relies on trust and stability of the contract. Maintaining the stability between the interior and exterior is relied on power according to the traditional administrative management. The New Public Governance relies on a special contract depended on trust of status and reputation of members. In other words, the Public Governance is not relied on restriction, specific and effective rules and systems, but on a kind of informal trust, which makes public governance network more flexible and changeful.

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6. The value the role of social public organizations.“The New Public Management” pays attention to output and result of public sectors, regards the subjects of public service as customers not citizens, and emphasizes the market role in providing public goods and service process. However, according to “the New Public Governance”, the essence of public service is to service citizens and pursuit public interests. So it is important that value the impact of public organizations. Social public organizations provide public goods and services not to make profits but solving social problems in a way of voluntary cooperation.

Nepalese context

A centralized government imposing initiatives from above cannot solve Nepal's problem of development. What one sees in Nepal's decentralization is that central elites are seeking to extend control over the political, economic and social lives of Nepali people and turning some state activities to their own advantages. The lack of commensurate resources limits the effectiveness of many of the economic and political reform initiatives undertaken from above. The promise of democratic reforms has been further stymied by the inability of the polity to punish the corrupt and wrongdoers. The political obstacles faced by decentralization are more difficult to change, as they are rooted in the predominantly patrimonial mode of political culture. It is enmeshed with institutionalized and dominant state interests and patron-client relations between party leaders and specific interest groups of society (Dahal, 2001). This holds equally true for many cases of donor-consultancy, NGOs and civil society relationships. Patron-client relationships are typically oriented towards the status quo and cannot provide critical feedback on either policy improvement or greater transparency and accountability nor even effect economic transformation. The three priority areas for immediate action-a framework for implementing decentralization achieve poverty alleviation, development of a viable fiscal system at the local level and coordination among donor agencies-identified recently by the peer review report of decentralization by six donor agencies only reinvented the already obvious problems of decentralization and, therefore, failed to illuminate persistent ills that continue to plague decentralization in Nepal. (Denhardt, 2002)

Conclusion

The New Public Governance” firmly rooted in sociology and social network theory, making schoaLrs do a lot of research on network and organizational strategy. It emphasizes on design and evaluation to the lasting relationship among organizations and its core mechanism are trusted, relationship capital and relational contract. The New Public Governance is a conclusion to the Traditional Administration and

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“The New Public Management. It not only focuses on the organization operation mechanism, but also pays more attention to the efficiency of the public administration and citizens’ participation in governance issues (Chen, 2000). “The New Public Governance” has provided research field of public administration in 21st century more extensive contents and framework and public governance practice mode to reference for all countries and area in the world. In some degree, “The New Public Governance” has opened a new road, pointing the development direction of public administration that is globalization, network, and diversification.

References• Chen, Z. M. (2000). A review of “The New public management”. Social Science

in China, 6, 73-207 , 73.

• Dahal, D. R. (2001). Grassroots Goverance in Nepal:Reinventing Decentralisation. Sahabhagita , Retrived from Vol.3&4 No.2 pp.33-47.

• Denhardt, J. (2002). The new public service:serving,not streering. Newyork: M.E.Sharpe Press.

• Drason, s. (1999). New public management:An assessment and evaluation with special referencein health. Public Management Review , Retrived from 1(4),459-82.

• Kirchler, E. (2007). The Economic Psychology of Tax Behaviour. USA: Cambridge University Press.

• Osborne, D. &. (1993). Osborne, D., & Gaebler, T. NewYork: Penguin Press.

• XU Runya[a], *., Qigui[b], S., & Wei[b], S. (2015). The Third Wave of Public Administration: The New Public Governance. Canadian Social Science,Vol. 11, No. 7, 2015, pp. 11-21 , 11.

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