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The Rise of Nationalists and Sun Yat-Sen
Revolution of 1911
Radicalization of politics
Qing court Reformers
Peasants Revolutionaries
status quo
pre-1841 China
modern monarchy
republic
Marxism? nationalism?
The Revolution of 1911
• 1911-10-10, Wuchang Uprising– Qing dynasty was overthrown
• 1912-01-01, China became a republic
Republican Revolution (1912)• Sun Yat-sen (Sun Yixian)
– Founded Kuomintang (KMT) – Nationalist party
• Overthrew Manchu (Qing) dynasty
• Established a republic• President of Chinese Republic
who succeeded him – Yuan Shih-k’ai
Kuomintang symbol
Formation of the Chinese Republic
• Sun Yixian (Yatsen)– Leader of the Kuomintang
• Kuomintang China’s Nationalist Party• Overthrows Qing Emperor in 1911 and becomes
China’s first president, but…• “The Chinese people…do not have national spirit.
Therefore, even though we have four hundred million people gathered together in China…they are just a heap of loose sand.”
– Sun could not unite China– Turns over presidency to a top general who overturns
democratic reforms– China becomes a military dictatorship overrun by warlords
Three Principles of the People
• Book published by Sun Yat-Sen before his death in 19251. Principle of Mínquán
• Democracy – the people are sovereign
2. Principle of Mínzú• Nationalism – an end to foreign imperialism
3. Principle of Mínshēng• Livelihood – economic development, industrialization,
land reform, and social welfare – elements of progressivism and socialism
China after 1911
• The Revolution of 1911 was intended to create a modern republican form of government in China.
• Instead, the country broke up into warlord-dominated regions with increasing poverty and violence.
• The Kuomintang (Nationalist) Party led the revolution, but controlled few areas.
Dr. Sun Yixian (1866 – 1925)Dr. Sun Yixian (1866 – 1925)
(Dr. Sun Yat-sen)(Dr. Sun Yat-sen)
Kuomintang Party
• Sun Yat-sen was the main leader of the 1911 Revolution and the Nationalist Party (KMT).
• He died in 1925 and was succeeded as leader by Chiang Kai-shek.
• Chiang cooperated with the Communists for a time, but then massacred them in 1927.
Problems Facing Nationalists and Sun Yat-Sen
Republic of China: Weaknesses• Disunity
– Local warlords fought Kuomintang for control– Wars raged between 1912 and 1928
• Foreign imperialists– Americans, Europeans, and Japanese
• Poor transportation– 1914 – only 6,000 miles of railroad track
• 225,000 miles in the smaller United States– Few decent roads
The Warlords
They fought for control of Beijing, to be recognised as the official government of China . The effects were disastrous, particularly on the peasants who were raped and pillaged and forced to pay taxes up to 30 years in advance, for their “protection and safety”.
Li Yuanbong Zhang Zuolin Yan Xishan Feng Yuxiang
Warlords (1913-28)
Chinese Warlords, 1920s
Chinese Warlords, 1920s
Yuan Shi-kaiYuan Shi-kai
Role of World War One
Foreign Imperialists
• Twenty-One Demands (1915)– Japan attempted to make China a Japanese
protectorate– Action condemned and stopped by other leading
world powers• World War I and the Treaty of Versailles
– China attempted to abolish concessions and extraterritoriality
• Attempt failed– China did not sign the Treaty of Versailles– Japan gained mandate over most of Germany’s Asian
possessions and rights
World War I (1914-18)
• Beijing government– joined the
Allied forces– sent laborers
to Europe
World War I & The Treaty of Versailles
• In 1917, China declares war on Germany– China believed by fighting for the allies that at the end of
the war, territories controlled by Germany would be returned to the people of China
– Treaty of Versailles gave Japan the former German territory
World War I (1914-18)
• Japan drove German forces out of Qingdao• Paris Peace Conference in 1919
High expectations in Beijing
Treaty of Versailles (1919)
• All German privileges in China’s Shandong Peninsula were “transferred” to Japan
May Fourth Movement
May Fourth Movement
• On May 4, 1919 over 3,000 angry Chinese students gathered in Beijing to protest the Treaty of Versailles– Demonstrations spread
to other cities throughout China
– Sun Yixian believes he can regain power, but…
Student protests in Beijing
May 4th protests
Spread of the movement
• Boycott Japanese products• demand release of arrested students• workers and merchants joined in• Shanghai, Nanjing, etc.• Paris, California, etc.
Tsinghua University students burn Japanese goods.
Growth of Communism• Sun Yat-Sen appealed for Russian (Soviet) aid
following the Versailles Conference– 1921-1925 – China received advisors, arms,
communist propaganda, and loans– Russia revoked its imperialist rights in China
Chinese flag, 1912-1928
Nationalist Revolution• Sun Yat-Sen succeeded by Chiang Kai-shek• Communists expelled by Kuomintang• 1926-1928 – war to control the warlords• Capital moved from Peiping (a.k.a. Peking,
today’s Beijing) to Nanking (Nanjing)
Presidential Palace under Kuomintang Government in Nanjing
Nationalist Revolution Under Chiang Kai Shek or Jiang Jieshi
His brother in law and leader of the new army Chiang Kai Shek quickly took command and established himself as leader moving against the War Lords in the successful Great Northern Expedition.
Chiang Kai Shek
The Nationalist Party
- The Nationalist Republic of China was led by Jiang Jieshi after the death of Sun Yet-Tsen .
- hey improved transportation, provided a better education to more people, and encouraged industry.
- However, peasants and workers lives were not improved…
Jiang Jieshi Becomes President
of Nationalist China, 1928
Jiang Jieshi Becomes President
of Nationalist China, 1928
(Chiang Kai-shek)(Chiang Kai-shek)
Jiang Jieshi & the Nationalists
• After Sun Yixian’s death in 1925, Jiang Jieshi becomes the head of the Kuomintang
• Jiang– Feared communism– Supported by bankers
and businessmen– Over saw a corrupt
government
China in 1924China in 1924
Turn to Communism and Mao Tse-Tung
Frustrated nationalism
• China’s previous efforts to borrow from the West to achieve wealth and power all failed– military hardware and related technologies– economic institutions and organization– science, scholarship, and education– government, political processes and organizations
Frustrated nationalism
• China became weaker and poorer– continuous civil wars between warlords– Western privileges in China
• humiliated and abused in the world
Radical urban intellectuals
• multiplication of ism’s
The Kuomintang (KMT) is Split• Right wing
– Business people– Politicians
• Left wing– Communists– Intellectuals– Radicals– Students
New political parties
• Nationalist Party (GMD) was established– Sun Yat-Sen died in 1925– Chiang Kai-Shek was the military leader
• Communist Party was established in 1921– Mao ZeDong was one of its founding members
The Communist Party in China
• Many intellectual Chinese turned against Western Democracy (as you might imagine they would considering how the democracies treated China
• Communist Party – Lead by former university asst. librarian Mao
Zedong– Influence by the Russian Revolutions of 1917
Mao Tse-Tung
Mao Zedong• Student of Marxism
– However, he believed the communist revolutions would not begin with urban factory workers, but with RURAL PEASANTS
– “The force of the peasantry is like that of the raging winds and driving rain. It is rapidly increasing in violence. No force can stand in its way. The peasantry will tear apart all nets which bind it…They will bury beneath them all forces of imperialism, militarism, corrupt officialdom, village bosses and evil gentry.”
Mao Zedong As a Young Revolutionary
Mao Zedong As a Young Revolutionary
(Mao Tse-tung)(Mao Tse-tung)
Mao Zedong’s Life
• Mao was born in 1896 as the son of an affluent peasant in Hunan province.
• After service in a provincial army in the 1911 revolution, Mao attended a teacher’s college.
• He then attended Beijing University and worked in the library there.
Mao
• Mao was a leader of the Chinese Communist Party since its founding in 1921.
• While most Chinese Communists believed that urban workers were the group that would be the most important supporters of the revolution, Mao decided that peasants had more revolutionary potential.
Land Reform
• Mao discovered even in the 1920s that the Communists could win the support of the peasants by taking away land from the rich and sharing this with the poor.
• Mao learned how to get the vast majority of peasants on his side by concentrating the confiscations on a small minority of wealthy farmers.
Civil War in China
Civil War in China• 1927-1932 and 1933-1937 – war between
Communists and Nationalists• Communists – Mao Tse-tung (Mao Zedong)• Nationalists – Chiang Kai-shek• War halted 1932-1933 and 1937-1945 to fight
Japanese aggression• Communists were victorious in 1949• Nationalists retreated to Formosa (Taiwan)• End of imperialism in China
– Hong Kong returned to China in 1997
The success of the Northern Expedition surprised everyone as many of the Warlords were defeated or made peace with the GMD.
The march to Shanghai became a triumphal parade but left Chiang with a problem. He did not want to share power with his Communist allies, preferring the capitalist way of development which would ensure close ties with the USA.
He decided therefore to end the United Front which had been so successful in defeating the Warlords and to eliminate his communist allies. A bloody purge of the communists followed in Shanghai and in Guangzhou.
The massacre was successful and left Chiang free to march on Beijing and establish himself as China’s first strong ruler since 1911. He would be in a position to carry out Sun Yat Sen’s programme of modernisation of a united country.
Chiang Kai Shek Goes After Communists
Death in Shanghai
Death in Guangzhou
Chinese Civil War
• Jiang Jieshi starts a campaign against communists– Has troops and armed gangs kill members of the
Communist Party and union members on the city streets of Shanghai
• Nearly wipes out all members of the Communist Party
• In 1928 the US and Britain recognize Jiang Jieshi as president of China– The Soviet Union does not due to persecution of
Communist Party in China
China soon came to know him as the ruler of the country. He liked to be called the Genralissimo. He was able to modernise China as the electric cables for street cars shown in this picture demonstrate. Generally cities, particularly Shanghai, made great progress, even in the harsh economic climate of the 1930’s Great Depression.
Civil War
• The Nationalist Party and the Communist Party had many clashes over the years.
• In 1933 Mao Zedong led his followers, over 600,000 people, over 6,000 miles into the mountains to avoid capture by the nationalist. This is called The Long March.
Mao With His Children, 1930sMao With His
Children, 1930s
Chinese Civil War
• Mao forms the Red Army by recruiting peasants– Established themselves in the countryside of
south-central China– Trained Red Army in guerilla warfare with help
from Soviet Union
• Jiang sends Nationalists soldiers after them, but can’t completely wipe them out due to guerilla warfare
The Long March
Chinese Civil War
• The Long March– Jiang sends 700,000 men after Communists and
surrounds them– 100,000 Communists flee and begin a 6,000 mile-
journey (The Long March)• Tens of thousands die due to
– Starvation– Battle wounds– Exposure to the cold
– Mao and 8,000 survivors take shelter in the caves of northwestern China.
Long March
• Mao led a Communist area in Jiangxi Province in 1934, but attacks by the Kuomintang (Nationalist Party) government army forced them to undergo the “Long March” lasting over a year and covering 3700 miles to a new, safer area to the north in Shanxi Province.
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The Long March
The Long MarchThe Long March
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The Long March
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The Long March
“Down with the Imperialism”Red Army Propaganda Painting from the Long March
Luding Bridge
Red Army soldiers marching part of the 6,000 miles
Mao on the Long MarchCommunist leader addresses the survivors of the Long March
Cave dwellings in ShaanxiRed Army troops crossing the snowy mountains
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Mao’s Long March Poem
The Red Army fears not the trials of the March, Holding light ten thousand crags and torrents. The Five Ridges wind like gentle ripples And the majestic Wumeng roll by, globules of clay. Warm the steep cliffs lapped by the waters of Golden Sand, Cold the iron chains spanning the Tatu River. Minshan's thousand li of snow joyously crossed, The three Armies march on, each face glowing.
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The Long March• Ended December 1935, after 368 days, travelling
12,500 km• Less than 1/20 of those who set off survived• March ended in Wayabao• Red Army impressed peasants in areas that it passed• Mao declared it sowed the seeds revolution:
• “The Long March is a manifesto. It has proclaimed to the world that the Red Army is an army of heroes, while the imperialists and their running dogs, Chiang Kai-shek and his like, are impotent.”
Survivors of the March
Survivors of the March
Yanan Soviet
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The Yanan Soviet
• Chiang Kai Shek forced communists into Yanan, events with Japan stalled
• Communists needed create strategy• Problem of land reform
Yan’an, 1935-1948
• For over a decade, Mao and the Chinese Communist leadership operated from Yan’an in the north of China.
• Land reform was carried out in Yan’an.• During most of this time, the Communists were
fighting against both the KMT and the Japanese.• The Communists and the KMT competed in terms of
which best represented the national interests of China against the Japanese.
The Manchurian Incident
The Invasion of Manchuria• September 19, 1931: two artillery pieces installed at the Mukden officers' club opened up on the
Chinese garrison nearby.– response to the alleged Chinese attack on the railway.
• Zhang Xueliang's small air force was destroyed: 500 Japanese troops attacked aprox. 7000 Chinese soldiers
• Japanese had occupied Mukden at the cost of 500 Chinese and only 2 Japanese lives.• 19 September, Mukden was declared secure.• aircraft from the Chosen Army were landing at Mukden airport. • Zhang Xueliang, under implicit instructions from Chiang Kai-shek's Nationalist Government to
stick to a nonresistance policy, – It had already urged his men not put up a fight, and to store away any weapons in case the
Japanese invaded.• Therefore, the Japanese soldiers continued to occupy and garrison the major cities of Changchun,
Antung, and their surrounding areas with minimal difficulty.• November: Ma Zhanshan, the acting governor of Heilongjiang, began resistance with his
provincial arm.• January: Generals Ting Chao and Li Du with their local Jilin provincial forces. • Within 5 months of the Mukden Incident, the Imperial Japanese Army had overrun all major
towns and cities in the provinces of Liaoning, Jilin, and Heilongjiang.
Zhang Xuwliang
Zhang Xuwliang was Born on June 3, 1901 Zhang Xuwliang, also known as the “Young Marshal“, was the ruler of Manchuria during the Manchurian Incident.
It was troops under his rule that were blamed for blowing up the railway.
He spent 50 years under house arrest for helping start another incident called the X’ian incident but was referred as a hero for this.
Instead of fighting the Japanese he surprised them instead by retreating his troops when they invaded.
Seishiro Itagaki
Seishiro was ItagakiBorn on January 21, 1885, Seishiro Itagaki was a general of the Imperial Japanese Army during WII.
He was born into a samurai class family and graduated from the Imperial Japanese Army Academy on 1904
On 1931 he became the chief of the Intelligent Section of the Kwantung Army.
This was one of the reasons why he was chosen to help plan the Manchurian Incident
Another one would be because he was a military advisor for Manchukuo which was a puppet state for Manchuria.
This allowed him to have access to all the parts of Manchuria including the railways.
Controversy
• Different opinions still exist as to who blew up the Japanese railroad at Mukden.
• Strong evidence points to young officers of the Japanese Kwantung Army having conspired to cause the blast, with or without direct orders from Tokyo.
• Post-war investigations also stated that the original bomb planted by the Japanese failed to explode and a replacement had to be planted.
• The resulting explosion enabled the Japanese Kwantung Army to accomplish their goal of invading Manchuria and the subsequent establishment of the puppet state of Manchukuo.
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The Japanese Factor
• 1931 Japanese invaded Manchuria• 1933 Japanese spreading influence• GMD in difficult situation• CCP capitalised on this
Chinese Civil War: Japanese Invasion
• Time Out!!!– The Civil War between the
Nationalists and Red armies is suspended
• JAPAN INVADES MANCHURIA IN 1931
• By 1937 Japan invades all of China
• Nationalists and Communists unite to repel Japanese invasion
• TO BE CONTINUED AFTER WORLD WAR II…
Japanese troops entering Shenyang
The Japanese posed an even bigger threat,taking Manchuria and putting Pu Yi on the throne as a puppet. After 1937 they invaded and conquered the rich coastal plains and cities of China in a brilliantly successful but brutal campaign, culminating in the massacre at Nanjing where 300,000 civilians were slaughtered in an orgy of rape, pillage and execution.
It then became Chiang Kai Shek’s turn to flee to the interior of China and resist as best he could in Chung king until the Americans arrived with help.
Chinese defeat
Chinese refugees flee to the interior
The unlucky remain in Nanjing…
….to await their fate
Japanese Aggression
• Japan was a threat to China – 1894-1941• 1937 – Japanese invasion
– Japanese took control of north and areas along the coast
– Rape of Nanking– Chinese Communists and Nationalists
• Intermittently were at peace as they united to fight against the Japanese
• Guerrilla and scorched earth tactics• Received American aid against the Japanese
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The Sino-Japanese War
• Japanese launched full invasion 1937• Nationalists lost credibility by trading
with Japanese occupiers• Nationalist forces almost destroyed
the communist New Fourth Army in 1941
Japanese Aggression, 1931 - 1945
Japanese Aggression, 1931 - 1945
Victims of the Japanese bombing of Shanghai.
Victims of the Japanese bombing of Shanghai.
Japanese Soldiers March into Nanking
December 9, 1937
Japanese Soldiers March into Nanking
December 9, 1937
The Japanese Invasion, 1937
The Japanese Invasion, 1937
Remains of Chinese Children Bayoneted
by Japanese Soldiers
Remains of Chinese Children Bayoneted
by Japanese Soldiers
Japanese Bayonet Practice
Japanese Bayonet Practice
Beheadings Took Place in Public!
Beheadings Took Place in Public!
Chinese Prisoners Were Often Beheaded & Displayed
Chinese Prisoners Were Often Beheaded & Displayed
UNIT 731: Bio-Chemical Warfare
UNIT 731: Bio-Chemical Warfare
UNIT 731: Live Human Dissections
UNIT 731: Live Human Dissections
Reluctant and distrustful allies, Chiang and Mao
By 1941 the world was at war and China found a great ally in America who sent men and huge quantities of supplies. America also tried to bring the ever distrustful Nationalists and Communists together.
Chiang Kai Shek with “vinegar Joe” Stillwell
Role of World War Two
World War II• U.S. interest in China increased after Japanese
attacked Pearl Harbor in 1941• Cairo Conference (1943)
– Chiang Kai-shek met with Allied leaders– Discussed war in eastern Asia
• Westerners gave up imperialist rights in China• U.S. Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 repealed in
1943
The Americans tried hard to persuade the Communists to work with Chiang.
But with the Japanese defeated, the Civil War (1946-49) began again. Here a suspected communist is lead off to execution.
Yan’an, 2
• At the end of the Second World War, the Russians moved into Manchuria against the Japanese and were able to share some weapons with the Chinese Communists.
• Stalin urged Mao to ally with Chiang Kai-shek rather than to fight him.
It’s time for the Foreign Devils to go home. They had started the turmoil and the fall of the Empire a 100 years before after the first Opium War. Here they are seen escaping Shanghai as refugees from the advancing Red Army, the People’s Liberation Army. There would be no more unequal treaties.
The Communists had the best leaders, the best general Zhu De and the best tactics. America became disillusioned with the corruption of Chiang’s regime and withdrew support. Popular support for the communists among the peasants proved decisive and Chiang fled to Taiwan to set up his Republic of China.
The People’s Republic of China is declared. The Chinese have their first strong government for over a century.
Communist Victory
Communist Victory, 1949
• Due to corruption and inefficiency among the KMT leadership, the Communists took power in mainland China in October, 1949.
• The KMT leaders retreated to the island of Taiwan.
• Now Mao was in charge of the whole country.
Communists in Control – 1949• Communists and Nationalists resumed civil war
following World War II• Chiang Kai-shek’s Nationalist government wasted
foreign economic aid• Many Kuomintang deserted to Communists• Manchuria – taken over by Communists in 1948• December, 1949 -- Communists in control• Chiang Kai-shek and Nationalists retreated to
Formosa (Taiwan)
Taiwan
Taiwan: The Republic of China
Taiwan: The Republic of China
Jiang Jieshu (1887-1975)
Jiang Jieshu (1887-1975)
(Chiang Kai-shek)(Chiang Kai-shek)
Madame Jiang Jieshu
Madame Jiang Jieshu
Republic of China (Taiwan)Jiang and Nationalists:• Establish Republic of China• Violently repress Taiwanese • Govern as if they were CHINA• Enact land reform (no longer tied to Gentry)• Defended by US, 7th Fleet• Engage in business revolution• Brilliantly successful economy• Nationalist Dictatorship• Holds seat at UN as “CHINA”
Republic of China (Taiwan)Jiang Kaishek (Jishi) dies in 1984• Jiang Ching Kuo (son takes over)• Begins democratic reforms• Dies 1988• Real Democratic Elections in 1988
Tensions between Taiwan and China have been very tense and continue to be tense at times.
Taiwan today is economically advanced, wealthy and democratic society Officially still a province of China, but functioning as a separate nation
