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Subodh Sharma Dr.nat.tech.; Aquatic Ecology Centre, P.O. Box: 6250, [email protected].
Unit 2.1.(45 min)
2.1 Ecosystems: What they are,how they Work, and how they
Change?
PG diploma in Environment Education program
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Subodh Sharma Dr.nat.tech.; Aquatic Ecology Centre, P.O. Box: 6250, [email protected].
Ecosystem What They AreWhere did the concept come
from?
Sir Arthur Tansley, a Renaissance man
coined the concept in 1935
~ Karl Mobius (1877)
~ S. A. Forbes (1887)
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Subodh Sharma Dr.nat.tech.; Aquatic Ecology Centre, P.O. Box: 6250, [email protected].
EcosystemsEugene Odum
~ Took concept of Ecosystem and
brought it to the attention of theecological community and made it
a fundamental idea in society
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Subodh Sharma Dr.nat.tech.; Aquatic Ecology Centre, P.O. Box: 6250, [email protected].
EcosystemsEugene Odum cont
~1953 published classic
Fundamentals of Ecology
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Subodh Sharma Dr.nat.tech.; Aquatic Ecology Centre, P.O. Box: 6250, [email protected].
EcosystemsEugene Odum
cont~ Figure 2.1
mixesbiological
systems with
physicalcomponents
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Subodh Sharma Dr.nat.tech.; Aquatic Ecology Centre, P.O. Box: 6250, [email protected].
Ecosystems Eugene Odum cont
~ Faced
criticism
and
developed
Figure 2.2
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Subodh Sharma Dr.nat.tech.; Aquatic Ecology Centre, P.O. Box: 6250, [email protected].
EcosystemsEugene Odum cont
~ Advocated using the idea of ecosystem
beyond simply biology to the socialsciences--New Ecology
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Subodh Sharma Dr.nat.tech.; Aquatic Ecology Centre, P.O. Box: 6250, [email protected].
ECOLOGY :
interdisciplinary
science
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Subodh Sharma Dr.nat.tech.; Aquatic Ecology Centre, P.O. Box: 6250, [email protected].
It overlaps with many elements of physical and
biological sciences
ECOLOGY
HYDROLOGYGENETICS
ATMOSPHERIC
STUDIES
GEOLOGY
BEHAVIOR
BIOCHEMISTRY
PHYSIOLOGY
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Subodh Sharma Dr.nat.tech.; Aquatic Ecology Centre, P.O. Box: 6250, [email protected].
EcosystemsTHE RULES OF ECOLOGY
F. A. BAZZAZ:
1. Everything is connected to everything else.
2. Everything must go somewhere.
3. There is no such thing as a free lunch.
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Subodh Sharma Dr.nat.tech.; Aquatic Ecology Centre, P.O. Box: 6250, [email protected].
ECO + SYSTEM
Part of word relates
to the environment
Collection of related parts
that function as a unit
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Subodh Sharma Dr.nat.tech.; Aquatic Ecology Centre, P.O. Box: 6250, [email protected].
ECOSYSTEMDEFINITIONS
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Subodh Sharma Dr.nat.tech.; Aquatic Ecology Centre, P.O. Box: 6250, [email protected].
Any area of nature that includes livingorganisms and non-living substancesthat interact to produce an exchange of
materials between the living and non-living parts is an ecological system orecosystem.
(E. P. Odum(1959) Fundamentals of Ecology W. B. Sanders,Philadelephia.)
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Subodh Sharma Dr.nat.tech.; Aquatic Ecology Centre, P.O. Box: 6250, [email protected].
Due to that
definition
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Subodh Sharma Dr.nat.tech.; Aquatic Ecology Centre, P.O. Box: 6250, [email protected].
2 basic ECOSYSTEM
components are :LIVING - components
( biotic )
PHYSICAL- components
( abiotic )
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Subodh Sharma Dr.nat.tech.; Aquatic Ecology Centre, P.O. Box: 6250, [email protected].
Britannica def : the complex of living organisms,
their physical environment, and alltheir interrelationships in a particular
unit of space
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Subodh Sharma Dr.nat.tech.; Aquatic Ecology Centre, P.O. Box: 6250, [email protected].
Examples of ecosystems
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Subodh Sharma Dr.nat.tech.; Aquatic Ecology Centre, P.O. Box: 6250, [email protected].
also called Lo t i c Ec o s y s t em , any spring, stream,or river viewed as an ecological unit of the bioticcommunity and the physiochemical environment,within which mass and energy are exchanged.The waters are usually flowing (lotic) and exhibit
a longitudinal gradation in temperatures,concentration of dissolved material, turbidity, andatmospheric gases, from the source to themouth.
riverine ecosystems
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Subodh Sharma Dr.nat.tech.; Aquatic Ecology Centre, P.O. Box: 6250, [email protected].
boundary ecosystemcomplex of living organisms in areas where
one body of water meets another, e.g.,estuaries and lagoons, or where a body ofwater meets the land, e.g., marshes. The
latter are often called wetlands.
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Subodh Sharma Dr.nat.tech.; Aquatic Ecology Centre, P.O. Box: 6250, [email protected].
m a r i n e e co s y s t e m : complexof living
organisms in the ocean environment
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Subodh Sharma Dr.nat.tech.; Aquatic Ecology Centre, P.O. Box: 6250, [email protected].
Lacustrine - Pertaining to lakes includes
wetlands and deepwater habitats that may
be tidal or non-tidal but ocean derived salinityis less than one part per thousand (1 ppt). 1
ppt is the equivalent of one gram of sodium
chloride (salt) per liter of water.
lacustrine ecosystem
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Subodh Sharma Dr.nat.tech.; Aquatic Ecology Centre, P.O. Box: 6250, [email protected].
polar ecosystem : complex of livingorganisms in polar regions such as polarbarrens and tundra
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Subodh Sharma Dr.nat.tech.; Aquatic Ecology Centre, P.O. Box: 6250, [email protected].
Summary The ecosystem is the central theme.
It is man the geological agent, not so much asman the animal, .
Nature with our intelligent help, can cope withmans physiological needs and wastes, but shehas no homeostatic mechanisms to cope withbulldozers, concrete, and the kind of agro-industrial air, water, and soil pollution that will be
hard to contain as long s the human populationitself remains out of control.
(Odum, 1971 page 36 First edition)
