21

ScScandium

45

53

IIodine

127

10

NeNeon20

58

CeCerium

140

…is a method of obtaining knowledge about the world through observation and experimentation. Science uses testable explanations and makes predictions about the universe.

Time to Spend Studying by Course

Hierarchy of Science

Logic and Mathematics

Physics and Chemistry

Biological

Ecology

Cellular

Biochemistry

Molecular

Earth Science

Astronomy

Meteorology

Geology

Oceanography

A knowledge of physics and chemistry makes other sciences easier!

“But that’s just a theory…” “Science has

Proven…”

Batman, evolution is just a theory…

A scientific theory is very well evidenced

you idiot!

Aristotle (384-322B.C.) claimed that an object that was twice as heavy as another object would fall twice as fast. This HYPOTHESIS is testable but apparently it never dawned on Aristotle to conduct an experiment.

2lbs1lb

Galileo (1564-1642) conducted experiments where he rolled balls of different masses down inclined planes. The results conclusive showed that objects fall at equal rates regardless of their weight.

Galileo also dropped objects of different masses off the Leaning Tower of Pisa. The result: they hit at the same time regardless of their mass difference.

Aristotle had monumental authority as a great thinker in antiquity and his hypothesis was accepted by many for nearly 2000 years until Galileo tested it. In science, experimentation and data trumps everything.

Metric System and Units

Metric System is based upon powers of 10.

SI vs English UnitsUnit Name and

Symbol Murica What does it measure?

Meter| Kilometer Feet | Miles Length

Gram | Kilogram Ounce | Pound Mass

Second Seconds Time

Kelvin or Celsius Fahrenheit Temperature

Converting Units is ImportantCountries in Red have not adopted the SI system of measurement.

Collaboration

1. Nasa MCO2. Gimli Glider

3. Overpriced Rice4. Medication

Stoichiometry!

Base, Derived and Special Units!

• What is the difference?

7 BASE SI Units

Unit Name and Symbol Dimension Symbol What does it

measure?

Meter (m) L

Kilogram (kg) M

Second (s) T

Ampere (A) I

Kelvin (K) Θ

Mole (mol) N

Candela (cd) J

7 BASE SI Units

Unit Name and Symbol Dimension Symbol What does it

measure?

Meter (m) L Length

Kilogram (kg) M Mass

Second (s) T Time

Ampere (A) I Electric Current

Kelvin (K) Θ Temperature

Mole (mol) N Amount of substance

Candela (cd) J Luminous Intensity

Other units are DERIVED units

• Meters/Second• Miles/Hour• Feet/Second

• Energy = joules• 1 Joule = kg m2/s2

• Feet/Second

• g/cm3

• m/kg3

Some Units Get Special NamesScientists are Lazy!

• A NEWTON is the force required to accelerate a one kilogram object at a rate of one meter per second squared.

Instead of writing (kg)(m)/(s2) physicists just use Newton (N) instead.

• Thus 1N = 1(kg)(m)/(s2)

Pressure = Force/Area

• Force = (kg)(m)/(s2) • Area = m2

• Units for pressure

= 1 Pascal=

Units on One side of an Equation must equal the units on the other

• Meters/Second• Miles/Hour• Feet/Second

• Energy = joules• 1 Joule = kg m/s2

• Feet/Second

• g/cm3

• m/kg3

Units on One side of an Equation must equal the units on the other in order to

be dimensionally correct!

• This formula is saying a measure of length divided by some measure of time is equal to half of a mass squared. Is this valid?

• Speed in miles/hour = a distance (miles) divided by a time (hours). This is valid.

Metric Mania

• How many feet long is the room?

• Who tells a ruler how long to be?

• The Royal Foot vs Standard Foot

• We need a standardized system.

What Ruler Measures Rulers?

1ft = 12in

1ft = 12in

m-k-s systemA Meter is defined by the speed of light. A meter is defined as the length light will travel in 1/299792458 of a second.

A kilogram measures mass and it is equal to an international prototype. Meaning there is an object in a museum that was arbitrarily chosen to have a mass of 1kg. All other masses (including pounds, grams, etc.) and weight are based upon this object.

A second is defined as the duration of 9,192631770 periods of the radiation of a cesium atom between two hyperfine levels of the ground state cesium-133 atom.

Img via BIPM

Conversion is Easier

Three Yards into Feet

• 3 goes to 36• We have a new number.

Three Meters into Centimeters

• 3 goes to 300• Decimal moves two places

Just moves the decimal to left or right. Much more convenient especially when dealing with the very large and small numbers of science.

Conversion is Easier

5 miles into feet 5 kilometers into meters

Metric System is a Base 10 system (think Scientific Notation!) where decimals move.

LADDER METHOD

Decimal moves to the right.

Decimal moves to the left.

Kilo1000 units

BASE1 unit

Hecto100 units

Deka10 units

Deci0.1 units

Centi0.01 units Milli

0.001 units

Decimal moves to the right.

Decimal moves to the left.

100

101

102

103

10-3

10-2

10-1

Conversions:

155cm m25km m2km cm

3,400mL L3.4L mL

256g kg45kg g

KING HENRY DIED BY DRINKING CHOCOLATE MILK

Base Units:

MeterLiterGramSecond

tera

giga

mega

pico

nano

micro

milli

deci

centi

Base

Deka

Hecto

Kilo

101

103

102

106

109

1012

100

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-6

10-9

10-12

1 Unit

1,000,000 Units

1,000,000,000 Units

1,000,000,000,000 Units

0.01 Units

100 Units

10 Units

0.1 Units

0.001 Units

0.000001 Units

0.000000001 Units

0.000000000001 Units

1,000 Units

Decimal moves to the right.

Decimal moves to the left.

Tera = TGiga = G

Mega = MKilo = k

Hecto = hDeka = da

Deci = dCenti = cMilli = mMicro = μNano = nPico = p

Meter Liter Gram Second

Base Units:

Assignment• What is the difference between base, derived and special units? Provide two examples of

each? Do not use the special units covered in this presentation.• Why is a standard international set of units helpful and necessary in science?• Should the United States Adopt the Si system of measurement? What changes would this

entail? How much would it cost?

• Convert the Following Units using the stair step method:• 360cm _____m 2345mm _____m 25m _____km 2,345cm _____da • 400mL _____L 2L _____mL 234dL _____mL 13kL _____ L

• 934g _____kg 2.3kg _____g 445mg _____g 0.4kg _____g

• Compare using <, > or = to.• 56cm 6m 7g 698mg 1500mL 1.5L 1500mL 1.5L

• 43mg 6g 36cm 0.36m 3,445mL 3.5L 5kg 500g • The ceiling in Mr. O’Connell’s living room is 2.4 m high. He has installed a new hanging lamp

that hangs down 61 cm. He is approximately .175dekameters tall. Will he hit his head on the hanging lamp? Draw a sketch and show your work!

Rules for Converting Units1. Units cancel in division.2. Units combine in multiplication.3. Units stay the same in addition and subtraction.

What is a Conversion Factor?1. A ratio written in fraction form that can express the

same value or quantity in two different units. 2. Conversion Factors are going to essentially equal one.3. Any number multiplied by one does not change.

How many inches are there in 50 feet?

1. Start with the unit you want to change.2. Multiply it by a blank fraction.3. The unit you want to change goes in the denominator.4. The unit you want to convert into goes into the

numerator and answer.5. Insert the values for your conversion factor.6. Solve the problem.

How many inches are there in 50 feet?

1. Start with the unit you want to change.2. Multiply it by a blank fraction.3. The unit you want to change goes in the denominator.4. The unit you want to convert into goes into the

numerator and answer.5. Insert the values for your conversion factor.6. Solve the problem.

xft =50ft

in in121

600

How many feet is 744 inches?

1. Start with the unit you want to change.2. Multiply it by a blank fraction.3. The unit you want to change goes in the denominator.4. The unit you want to convert into goes into the

numerator and answer.5. Insert the values for your conversion factor.6. Solve the problem.

How many feet is 744 inches?

1. Start with the unit you want to change.2. Multiply it by a blank fraction.3. The unit you want to change goes in the denominator.4. The unit you want to convert into goes into the

numerator and answer.5. Insert the values for your conversion factor.6. Solve the problem.

in744

How many feet is 744 inches?

1. Start with the unit you want to change.2. Multiply it by a blank fraction.3. The unit you want to change goes in the denominator.4. The unit you want to convert into goes into the

numerator and answer.5. Insert the values for your conversion factor.6. Solve the problem.

xin744

How many feet is 744 inches?

1. Start with the unit you want to change.2. Multiply it by a blank fraction.3. The unit you want to change goes in the denominator.4. The unit you want to convert into goes into the

numerator and answer.5. Insert the values for your conversion factor.6. Solve the problem.

xin =744in

ft ft

How many feet is 744 inches?

1. Start with the unit you want to change.2. Multiply it by a blank fraction.3. The unit you want to change goes in the denominator.4. The unit you want to convert into goes into the

numerator and answer.5. Insert the values for your conversion factor.6. Solve the problem.

xin =744in

ft ft

121

How many feet is 744 inches?

1. Start with the unit you want to change.2. Multiply it by a blank fraction.3. The unit you want to change goes in the denominator.4. The unit you want to convert into goes into the

numerator and answer.5. Insert the values for your conversion factor.6. Solve the problem.

xin =744in

ft ft

121 62

Basic Template

x =

Unit you want to change

Unit you are changing into

Conversion

Factor

How many seconds are 3 hours?

1. Start with the unit you want to change.2. Multiply it by a blank fraction.3. The unit you want to change goes in the denominator.4. The unit you want to convert into goes into the

numerator and answer.5. Insert the values for your conversion factor.6. Solve the problem.

How many seconds are there in a day?

How many seconds are there in a day?

Convert 60mi/hr into m/s!1 mile = 1.609km.

Convert 60mi/hr into m/s!1 mile = 1.609km.

CONVERSION PROBLEM OF THE DAY: If someone were to drink 18 cans of Guinness at 14.9 Fl.Oz. per can and there are 130 calories per 12oz, how many calories did that person drink?

CONVERSION PROBLEM OF THE DAY: If someone were to drink 18 cans of Guinness at 14.9 Fl.Oz. per can and there are 130 calories per 12oz, how many calories did that person drink?

Which one is the better deal? How much do you pay for one pad in each case?

If Mr. Sapone eats a whole bag of Doritos, how many calories will he

consume?

How much does one Dorito cost?

How many calories are there in one Dorito?

If one fruit by the foot roll is 3 feet long, how much does 4 feet of Fruit by the Foot cost?

Unit Conversions1. On the planet Shnoidia, everyone earns 80 Quatloos a day. One Zerumba (a favorite food item)

costs 7 Quatloos. How many Zerumba’s can be purchased if someone works for 3 days?2. A clock goes from 1:15pm to 12:30am, how many seconds went by?3. A shark swims 35 ft/s. Express this speed in mi/hr assuming 1 mile is 5,280 feet.4. There are 3 teaspoons in a tablespoon, 16 tablespoons in a cup and 16 cups in a gallon. How many

teaspoons are in a gallon?5. Eggs are shipped from the farm to market by truck. They are packed 12 eggs to a carton and 20

cartons to a box. Four boxes are placed in each crate. Crates are stacked on a truck 3 crates wide, 3 crates deep and 2 crates high. How many eggs are on the truck?

6. If your heart beats 72 times per minute, how many times does your heart beat in a day.7. How many hours are there in 5 and a half weeks? 8. The new hybrid cars get 65 miles per gallon. How many miles can you drive on 5 gallons of gas? 9. How many nickels are in 126 dollars? 10. On your 18th birthday, how many minutes will you have lived?11. A single rain drop is made up of about one million cloud droplets. How many cloud droplets make

up 150 rain drops? 12. How much does 1 Hershey’s kiss cost assuming a bag costs $4.99 and the label tells you the

following information:Serving Size 9 pieces Servings per container 13 Calories per serving 200

13. How many calories are in the whole bag?

Scientific Notation

What is it, why do we need it and how do we do it.

Scientific Notation

• How long would it take to count to one million?

• How many atoms are in one cup of water?

• What is the mass of the earth in grams?

• What is the rest mass of a single electron?

Scientific Notation

23 days.• It might not seem like it

but a million is a big number but small when compared to other much larger numbers in science.

Scientific Notation

24,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000

• One glass of water has that many atoms in it. That is more atoms than there are cups of water in all the oceans.

Scientific Notation

24,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000

• One glass of water has that many atoms in it. That is more atoms than there are cups of water in all the oceans.

sextillion septillion quintillion quadrillion trillion billion million thousand hundred

Scientific Notation

6,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000g

The mass of the earth!

Scientific Notation

The rest mass of a single electron!

0.000000000000000000000000000000911kg

Scientific Notation

Which number is easier to use?

0.000000000000000000000000000000911kg or 9.11x10-31kg

24,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000g or 2.4 x1025

6,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000g or 6 x1027

Calculating the force of gravity the sun exerts on the earth.

Multiplication and Division are easier!

Scientific Notation

An abbreviation for very large and very small numbers in science.

1a) Identify five objects smaller than the eye can see.1b) Briefly Describe what the object is.1c) Express its size in scientific and standard notation.

2a) Find five objects bigger than the sun.2b) Briefly Describe what the object is.2c) Express its size in scientific and standard notation.

3) Is the sun a large object on astronomical scales?

4) What is scientific notation and why do we use it?

Click the Picture of a Link, if that is Down Click Here.

Order of Magnitude: Using the scale of the universe app, what order of magnitude do the following objects have in meters?

Express them in scientific notation and include a fact about them.

• A Human Being• Titanic• Boeing 747• Hummingbird• Mitochondrion• A Blue Whale• Angel Falls • Tyrannosaurus Rex• String• Up Quark• Water Molecule• Mount Everest• Ant• Ganymede• Proxima Centauri

• Observable Universe• Total Human Height• Sirius A• Kuiper Belt• Gomez’s Hamburger• Glucose• Tarantula Nebula• Andromeda Galaxy• A Light Year

ESTIMATE• Height of School• Telephone Pole• Length of CT• Distance of US

• Length of Mall• Height of Holy Land• Diameter of Golf Ball• Length of Pencil• Thickness of Paper

The Number of Golf balls that could fit:

• On a school bus.• In a suitcase• In our classroom• In a bathtub

BINGO! Guess How Many Jelly Beans are in the Jar and Win it!

Some number written in the form A x 10B

one non-zero number to the left of a decimal point.Move decimals left or right and count the spaces.

Moving Left = positive exponent (big numbers)Moving right = negative exponent (small numbers)

Multiplying or Dividing a

number by 10 ONLY moves the decimal point!

100 1000 24,000

365,445 2

0.0010.000001

0.00009045.03 x 106

4.3x10-8

1. Where is the decimal?2. Where do I want it?3. How far did I move it?4. Negative or Positive?

1234 1,020,000

18,30054,234,0124 million

0.00109

0.00000000340.0000904

1/1012 thousandth

2.345x109

3.03 x 108

2.1x10-6

9x10-31

Convert to Scientific Notation

Convert to Standard Notation

• Rule 1

• Example

• Rule 1

• Example

Multiply the leading numbers and add the exponents!

Calculating the force of gravity the sun exerts on the earth.

6.67 x 1.9891 x 5.97219 x 10 (-11 + 30 + 24)

1.496 x 1.496 x 10 (11+11)

(3x108) x (6x101) =

(2.235x108) x (6.453x101) =

• Rule 2

• Example

• Rule 2

• Example

Divide the leading numbers and subtract the exponents!

(8x108)(4x101) =

(3x104)(6x107) =

Exponent Rules

• Proof from Rule 1:

• Example

(2x102) + (4x101) =

(2.5x104) + (4.4x103) =

Convert to same power.Keep the exponent.Add the leading numbers

(4.45x109) x (3.43x100) =(2.5x105) x (3x106) =(4x1013) x (3x102) =(2x104) x (3.5x102) =(2.5x104) - (4.4x103) =(2x102) - (4x101) =(3.6x105) + (4x106) =

Convert to same power.Keep the exponent.

Add the leading numbers

Multiplying

Multiply the Leading numbersAdd the Exponents

Divide the Leading numbersSubtract the Exponents

Dividing

Adding and Subtracting(9x106)(3x104)

(9.34x106)(3.85x104)

(4x104)(8x106)

(12x106)(3x107)

=

=

=

=